Adaptations for survival 1EL: To see what we already know about adaptations and begin learning about different types of adaptations

ActivityComplete first column of the Adaptations Biq Questions worksheetPut any other questions you have about adaptations at the endHand in when you are done (dont keep it!!!) youll get it back at the end to see how much you have learnt!

What is survival?Organisms that are considered successful at surviving in their environment:

Survive to reproductive age

Reproduce and have enough young to ensure survival of the next generation

AdaptationsAn adaptation is a feature that seems to equip an organisms for survival in a particular habitat.Adaptations can be structural, behavioural or physiological.

Examples of Adaptations

Type of AdaptationAnimal ExamplePlant ExampleStructuralBehaviouralPhysiological

Structural AdaptationsFeatures of the shape and structure of the organism that help it to survive in its environment

Think of one example in an animal and one example in a plant and write it down in your table.

Structural Adaptations

Behavioural AdaptationsBehaviours undertaken by an organism that help it to survive in its environment

Think of one example in an animal and one example in a plant and write it down in your table

Behavioural Adaptations

Physiological AdaptationsFeatures of the organisms internal physiology (e.g. body temperature, water balance, heart rate, blood pressure ect) that help it to survive in its environment

Think of one example in an animal and one example in a plant and write it down in your table

Physiological Adaptations

activity/homeworkPage 291, qu 19, 22Page 292, Biochallenge qu 5Page 295 qu 11Animal adaptations worksheet (to be handed in next lesson)

ReflectionFrom completing the big questions, how would you rate your pre-existing knowledge of adaptations from 1 (terrible) to 10 (very good)?

Adaptations for Survival 2: PhysiologicalEL: To begin learning about physiological adaptations, focusing on homeostasis

HomeostasisOrganisms cannot survive unless they are able to control the internal environment of their body, despite continual changes in their surroundings.

Homeostasis = The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Homeostasis

What needs to be kept within narrow limits?M.I.T.G.O.W.B + pH + wastes

Metabolites (eg blood glucose concentration)Ions (eg salts)TemperatureGases (eg CO2 and O2)Osmolarity (ie water balance)Wastes (e.g. urea)Blood PressurepH

Stimulus-response modelResponseStimulusReceptorControl centreEffectorTransmission - nervesTransmission nerves or hormones

Stimulus-response model exampleNegative FeedbackTransmission - nervesTransmission - nervesNegative feedback response counteracts the stimulus

Watch click view movie

ActivityIndividually or in groups of up to 4 people, use the stimulus-response model to explain homeostasis. You can do this by either:Performing a role playWriting and performing a song or rapCreating and performing an interpretive danceCreating a poster and presenting it to the class

To be finished and presented next lesson

Reflection and HomeworkWhat have you learnt about homeostasis?

Homework: Quick check qu: 1-4 pg 301

Adaptations for Survival 3: PhysiologicalEL: To demonstrate our understanding of homeostasis and to learn about the involvement of the nervous system

ActivityPresent your homeostasis piece to the class

The nervous systemThis communication system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

Maintains homeostasis by detecting change and coordinating the action of effector organs

Responsible for unidirectional, fast communication by electrical impulses

The Central Nervous System (CNS)Consists of the brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)Nerves extending out to the rest of the body from the CNS

Includes all sensory neurons, motor neurons, and sense organs

Nerve cells: NeuronsThe basic functional unit of the nervous system.

Send impulses to and from the CNS and PNS and the effectors (muscles/glands)

Nerve cells: Neurons

StructureDescriptionFunctionSoma/cell bodyThe control center of the neuronDirects impulses from the dendrites to the axonNucleusControl centre of the somaTells soma what to doDendritesHighly branched extensions of the cell body Receive and then carry information towards the cell bodyAxonExtension of the cell bodyCarries information away from the cell bodyMyelin sheathInsulating layer around axon made of Schwann cellsIncreases speed of impulseNodes of RanvierGaps between Schwann cells. Saltatory conduction i.e. speed of an impulse is greatly increased by the message jumping the gapsSynapseGap between axon or one neuron and dendrite of anotherCommunication between nerve cells

Types of NeuronsAffector/sensory neuron: Receive incoming stimuli from the environment to CNSlocated near receptor organs (skin, eyes, ears).

Effector/motor neuron:Carry impulses from CNS to effectors to initiate a responselocated near effector (muscles and glands)

Connecting neuron/interneuron:Relay messages between other neurons such as sensory and motor neurons. Usually found in brain and spinal cord.

Types of Neurons

Fun Fact: Where can the largest cells in the world be found?The giraffes sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!!

Types of receptorsMechanoreceptors respond to mechanicalenergy (e.g. ear drum)

Thermoreceptors respond to heat or cold (e.g. nerve endings in skin)

Electromagnetic receptors respond to electromagnetic energy (e.g. ampullae of Lorenzini in sharks)

Photoreceptors respond to visible light and UV radiation (e.g. eyes).

Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli (e.g. olfactory)

Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRkPNwqm0mM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-NgGKSNiNw

ActivitiesComplete Quick check qu 5&6 pg 308Complete Chapter Review Question 3 on page 237

Reflection and homeworkHow did the group activity help you to understand homeostasis better?What did you learn about the nervous system today?

Homework: Complete any unfinished questions

Adaptations for Survival 4: Physiological EL: To learn how the endocrine system is involved in homeostasis, as well as how animals regulate temperature

Endocrine SystemUses chemical signals for cell to cell communication

Coordinates the function of cells

Response to an endocrine signal occurs within minutes to hours

Endocrine SystemEndocrine glands Release hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones Chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts. body.

Endocrine system

Controlling Glucose levelsYour cells need an exact level of glucose in the blood.

Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver

This is regulated by two hormones produces by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon

If there is too much glucose in the blood, insulin converts some of it to glycogenGlycogenInsulinGlucose in the blood

If there is not enough glucose in the blood, glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose.Glycogen GlucagonGlucose in the blood

ActivityComplete quick check qu 7 pg 308Complete Nerves and Senses Worksheet

Detecting temperature changeMost organisms have an optimal internal and/or external temperature rangeE.g. Humans: internal temp approx 37oCE.g. coral: external temp approx 26oC

Why? Optimal temperature for enzymes and other internal processes. Above or below can lead to lower functioning and possibly even death.

Detecting temperature change: HumansExternal temp change detected by receptors in skin one type for detecting cooling, another for heating

Internal temp receptors found deep within body mostly within brain, near spinal cord, around large veins and in digestive system

Affector (sensory neurons) relay the information to the hypothalamus the temp control centre of the body

Maintaining core temperatureInteraction of nervous and endocrine systemsMaintenance requires heat gain balancing heat loss done in a number of ways

Losing heatHeat can be lost through radiation , conduction, convection and evaporation

Losing heat

Losing heatOrganism may also undertake behaviours to lower temperature, such as:

Licking arms or legs to increase evaporative coolingIncreasing the amount of surface area exposed

Gaining heatHypothalamus initiates heat generation or reduction of heat loss

Heat can be generated through:muscle contractions converted to heat energy through shivering metabolic heat generation involving the pituitary gland

Heat loss can be reduced though:Constriction of blood flow to the skin (i.e. vasoconstriction)Piloerection of hairs on the skin

Gaining heatOrganism may also undertake behaviours to lower temperature, such as:

Moving around (e.g. jumping up and down)Sheltering, putting on extra clothes, putting heater onHuddling, reducing surface area exposed

Surface Area to Volume RatioIn a cold temperature surface area exposed to the cold air is reduced.

On a very hot day, surface area is increased so that more body heat is lost.Cat on a cold day curls up to reduce its SA:V ratioCat on a hot day flattens out in a shady location, increasing its SA:V ratio

Big or small?Do you think big or small animals stay warm more easily? Write it down and why.

Take a look at page 314 and see if you were correct!

Animals adapted to the coldIf the water in cells freezes, the cells are killed as ice crystals pierce the plasma membrane.

Pure water freezes at 0C, but cytosol with dissolved materials in it has a lower freezing point, eg. Some salty solutions freeze at -18C.

Emperor penguins have number of adaptations to equip them for survival in freezing conditions. These include:

Animals adapted to the coldA high metabolic rate - convert chemical energy in their food into heat energy. This heat is retained by excellent insulation; layers of fat underneath the skin and a thick covering of feather layers.They huddle together to reduce their surface areas exposed to the cold wind.Circulation changes to slow heat loss through the feet.Counter current heat exchange in their flippers.Large body size to reduce SA:V ratio.

Ectothermic vs EndothermicEctotherms: depend on external sources of heat to generate body heat (what are some egs?)

Endotherms: generate their own body heat through internal chemical reactionsInteresting fact: 80% of the energy mammals get from their food is used to maintain core body temperature!

Activityquick check qu 8-12 on pg 317Biochallenge pg 336chapter review qu 2, 5, 7

Thermoregulation in mammals worksheet

Reflection and homeworkWhat did you learn about thermoregulation today?Homework: Complete any unfinished questions.

Adaptations for Survival 5: Physiological EL: To demonstrate thermoregulation

ActivityIn groups of 3-4, complete activity 8.1 The skin and temperature control

Complete report INDIVIDUALLY on to sheet and hand in

Reflection and homeworkWhat did this experiment confirm or contradict about thermoregulation today?

Homework: Complete prac report

Physiological Adaptations for Survival 6EL: How aquatic animals and plants thermoregulate

Thermoregulation in aquatic mammalsWater is a much greater thermoconductor than air: i.e. heat is lost to water much faster than it is to the air

However, aquatic mammals, such as whales, dolphins and seals, are endothermic and breathe air

In order to thermoregulate in water, aquatic mammals have special adaptations that help them to survive

Thermoregulation in aquatic mammals1. Blubber: insulating layer of fat below the skin and sometimes around internal organs. Can be up to 50cm thick.

Thermoregulation in aquatic mammals2. Fur: Seal, sea lions and otters have a dense (thick) layer of fur that traps a layer of air next to the skin so that their skin never gets wet.

Thermoregulation in aquatic mammals3. Countercurrent exchange: Involves vascular tissue in fins, flukes, tails and other appendages. An outgoing artery from the body carrying warm blood transfers its heat to an incoming vein carrying cold blood. This reduces amount of heat lost through skin and ensures blood returning to the body is at the right temperature

Thermoregulation in aquatic mammals

Thermoregulation in plantsPlants in a hot environment thermoregulate through:Radiating heat to the environmentTranspiration of water - evaporative cooling (like sweating) Leaf shape increasing leaf edge to surface area ratio

Thermoregulation in plants contProtecting enzymes using heat-shock proteinsLeaves orientating themselves away from the direct rays of the sun (e.g. Eucalypts)Structural adaptations such as the ability to hold water (e.g. succulents, bottle trees)Reducing leaf surface area by dropping leaves

Activity Control of body temperature worksheet quick check questions 13-18 on pg 322, & 19-21 on pg 325chapter review questions 6&8 on pg 339

ReflectionWhat did you learn about thermoregulation in aquatic mammals and plants today?

Homework: Complete any unfinished questions/worksheets

Adaptations for Survival 7: Physiological EL: To investigate how animals and plants osmoregulate

Why osmoregulation is importantOsmoregulation = maintenance of constant internal salt and water concentrations in internal fluids

Controlling water balance is important to ensure the cells of the body are in equilibriumToo much water outside cells and the cells will absorb it, possibly explodingToo little water inside cells and the cells will release water, possibly collapsing

Water balance in vertebratesKidneys eliminate nitrogenous waste and control water balance in all vertebrates

The basic structure that filters nitrogenous waste from blood is the loop of Henle .

The differences in the length of the loop of Henle are related to the differences in need to conserve water.

Water balance in vertebratesThe longer the loop of Henle, the more water can be reabsorbed into the bloodstream, and the more concentrated their urine.

Beaver lives in fresh water, has a very short loop of Henle and produces weak urine compared to its body fluids.

Kangaroo rat lives in desert, has a very long loop of Henle and produces concentrated urine compared to its body fluids.

Water balance and blood pressureAs water balance varies, so too does blood pressureIncreased water = increased blood pressure (and vice versa)

Two major hormones involved are antidiuretic hormone (ADHD or vasopressin) and renin

Desert animalsAbiotic factors in the desert environment include:Low rainfallLow humidityHigh daytime temperaturesLow night temperatureLow soil moistureIntense solar radiation

Organisms struggle to:Find free waterStay hydratedKeep cool

What behavioural changes would you need to make to survive in the desert?

Camel adaptationsCamels can survive for several days without drinking water, even in very high temperatures. They have several special features that enable them to survive the extreme conditions they encounter in the desert. These adaptations include:

A fluctuating core temperature, can be as low as 34C & as high as 41C

Large roundish body, fat concentrated in the hump & extremely thin legs

Can drink over 150L of water when available to rehydrate quickly

A slower metabolic and breathing rate in summer

Blood with a high water content

Extremely dry faeces

Lying down for long periods during day

Urinating down its legs

Water wise the spinifex hopping mouseIt does not need to drink. The seeds, insects and roots that it eats provide enough water to live on. It has no sweat glands. Its droppings are almost completely dry. Its kidneys waste very little water (its urine is one of the most concentrated of any mammal). It is active at night (when it is cooler). It lives together in burrows (this increases the humidity in the burrow and reduces water loss). It even uses metabolic water efficiently. Mothers produce very concentrated milk (and drink the urine of their young).

Water balance in plantsPlants are 90-95% water

Up to 98%of water absorbed by a plant is lost through transpiration

They cannot move around to search for water

Water balance in plantsFeatures that help them to obtain and retain water includingWaterproof cuticle on leavesSunken stomataRolled up leavesLarge vacuoles for water storage (eg cacti and succulents)Cylindrical leaves (e.g. hakea)No leaves (e.g. acacia)

Activity

quick check qu 22-24 on pg 330 quick check qu 25-30 on pg 335chapter review qu 9-15 on pg 338-40

Reflecton and homeworkWhat did you learn about osmoregulation in animals AND plants today?Homework finish activity 10.3 and any questions

Adaptations for Survival 7: Physiological EL: To demonstrate water balance in animals

ActivityWater balance in animals experiment

Reflection and HomeworkWhat did your experiment conclude about osmoregulation in animals today?

Homework: Complete prac report

Adaptations for Survival 8: Behavioural EL: To explore innate behaviours

Starting to think about behaviours..Abiotic factors in these polar environments include:Freezing temperaturesGale force windsVariable sunlight with seasonsBlizzards Organisms struggle to: Stay warmEnsure cells dont freezeGather enough foodAvoid predationSuccessfully rear offspring

What behavioural changes would you need to make to survive in Antarctica?

EthologyThe study of animal behviour

What are some behaviours that ethologists might study?

What are innate behaviours?Behaviour that is essentially the same in all members of a species and which can occur without an individual having had prior experience of the behaviour

What are some human examples of innate behaviours?

What are some examples of innate behaviours in other animals?

Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEO35Dq1rA8

Development of innate behavioursInnate behaviours are not necessarily fully developed at birth and may be modified by learningE.g. swimming and diving in Australian fur seal pupsE.g. feeding in laughing gull chicks

Activity simple innate behaviourWith a partner, move out of direct lightLook into your partners eyes and note down the size of their pupilShine a light into your partners eye BRIEFLY and note down what happensExplain how this innate behaviour relates to the function of the eye and why it is important

Innate vs learned behaviours

ActivityWork in groups of 4. Each group will be assigned one type of innate behaviour from pg 344-356 of the text book.

In your group, you have 5 minutes to work out the best way to demonstrate the behaviour to the rest of the class in a way that helps them learn more about it (i.e. hangman may not be your best option)

You have a max of 3 minutes to present your lesson

ActivityDemonstrate simple innate behaviour

Reflection and homeworkWhat did you learn about innate behaviours today?

Homework: quick check qu 1-4 pg 357

Adaptations for Survival 10: Behavioural EL: To explore learned behaviours

Learned behavioursBehaviours that develop or change as a result of experience

Innate vs learned behaviours

ConditioningClassical conditioning defined by Ivan PavlovLearning through reward (or punishment!)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI

Operant conditioningLearning through trial and errorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

HabituationResponse to a repeated stimulus gradually decreaseshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kfu0FAAu-10Why is this important in nature?So that animal isnt wasting energy responding to non-threatening stimulus

InsightAnimal applies previous experience to the solution of a new problemhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcMI1NAew3ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPz6uvIbWZE

ImprintingRapid and irreversible learning occurring during early stages of an animals lifehttp://videopundits.blogspot.com/2008/01/shaun-sheep-whos-mummy.html

Activitybiochallenge on page 368quick check questions 5-8 pg 362chapter review qu 2-7 pg 369-372

Reflection and homeworkWhat did you learn about learned behaviours today?

Homework: Complete unfinished questions

Adaptations for Survival 11: Behavioural EL: To learn about plant behaviour

Plant tropismsA plant growth response to an external stimulusLight = phototropismGravity = geotropismThigmotropism = touch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZuZ_1cQnv4&feature=related Growth towards the stimulus is a positive tropismGrowth away from the stimulus is a negative tropismResponses rely upon chemical (endocrine) signals in plant cells

Geotropism What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?ThigmotrophismThigmotrophismGeotropism PhototropismPhototropism

Plant communicationPlant cells will send signals to one another to tell them:When trees to drop their leaves.When to start new growth.When to cause fruit to ripen.When to cause flowers to bloom.When to cause seeds to sprout.Leaf DropFruit RipeningSprouting Corn SeedsCactus BloomingTree Budding

Plant hormonesPlant cells produce hormones that travel throughout the plant causing target cells to respond.

In plants, hormones control: Plant growth & developmentPlant responses to environment

Movement of hormoneHormone-producing cellsTarget cells

Plant hormones

What causes plants to grow toward light?

Phototropism experiments with coleoptiles

AuxinInvolved in photo-and gravitropismStimulates cell elongationMade in the shoot apexTravels down the stem

Auxin promotes root growth

Other Effects of AuxinApical dominancePrevents leaf abscission (ie leaf shedding)Enhances fruit growth

Auxinhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zctM_TWg5Ik

Photoperiodism Photoperiodism is a biological response to a change in relative length of daylight and darkness as it changes throughout the year. Phytochrome, and other chemicals not yet identified, probably influence flowering and other growth processes. "Long-day plants" flower in the spring as daylength becomes longer (e.g. spinach). "Short-day plants" flower in late summer or early autumn when daylength becomes shorter (e.g. broad beans). "Day-neutral plants" flower when they are mature.

ActivitySet up activity 11.4 and 11.5We will make observations at the beginning of class for he next few weeks

Reflection and homeworkWhat did you learn about plant behaviours today?

Homework: quick check questions 9-13 pg 367Chapter review questions 8-10 pg 372

Adaptations for Survival 12: ReproductiveEL: To explore reproductive strategies in animals and plants

Type of reproductionASEXUALSEXUAL

Gender systemMale and FemaleHermaphrodite

Parthenogenesis

Mode of fertilisationInternalExternal

Mating systemsMonogamyPolygamy (polygyny and polyandry)

And promiscuity

Breeding patternsSome animals have a set breeding/spawning/ mating season ensures eggs and sperm available at same time and that environmental conditions are favourableCan be influenced by internal (i.e. hormones) and external factors (i.e. temperature, day length)

Breeding patterns: MammalsFemale mammals produce eggs during oestrus cycle length varies depending on species:28 days in humans (more commonly called menstrual cycle)4-6 days on rats and miceone per year in wolves, foxes and bearsUnlike humans, most mammalian females will only accept mating during oestrus, when eggs are released into the reproductive tract

Signs of oestrus

Number of offspringQuick and many: r-selectionReach sexual maturity earlyProduce large numbers of offspring and/or breed more frequently (i.e. high fecundity)High mortality rates of offspringE.g. common octopus: 100,000-400,000 eggs!

Number of offspringSlower and fewer: K-selectionReach sexual maturity slowly and breed later Produce fewer and larger offspring (i.e. low fecundity)Extensive parental care, lowering mortality rateE.g. humpback whales

Modes of offspring productionOviparity: Embryo/s develops externally in eggs released by mother with nutrients from egg yolk.Viviparity: embryo/s develop within mothers body and are born live. Egg yolk viviparity e.g. grey nurse sharksPlacental viviparity e.g. placental mammalsMarsupials strange case!

Born to breed: The Antechinushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv7b-KPg9hY

Flower structure

Flower structure

How do plants reproduce?Plants are sedentary, so need to transport their reproductive cells (pollen) to the eggs of another plant. How?Blown by wind what sort of flower would these have?Carried by an animal vectors (e.g. bees) what sort of flower would these have?

Pollen transferWind pollinatedVector pollinated

Dispersing offspringEmbryo encased in a seed (sometimes found in a fruit) that can be dispersed through:windWaterIn or on animalsThink, pair, share: What would be some adaptations the seeds would need for each of these dispersal methods?

Video: Private Life of Plantshttp://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-private-life-of-plants/http://www.documentary-log.com/you-are-watching-the-private-life-of-plants/

Activity: Parental careUse the information provided and pg 388-390 in your text book to complete the Parental Care worksheet

Complete biochallenge (pg 401) with a partner

Reflection and homeworkWhat did you learn about reproductive strategies in animals and plants today?

Homework:quick check questions 1-25Chapter review questions 2-13 pg 402-404

Adaptations for Survival 17EL: To apply our knowledge of adaptations to Australian Fur Seals

ActivityVisit http://www.sealeducation.org.au/pinp_index.html and other websites on different species of sealsIn pairs, Use the information to complete the following table. You will need to share one adaptation at the end of the lesson

AdaptationType of adaptation (e.g. structural)Increases survival byVariation in other seal speciesOther information

Reflection and homeworkHow did looking in-depth at the Australian fur seal help you to further understand adaptations for survival?

Homework: Study for adaptations test by reviewing notes, completing concept maps and finishing any unfinished chapter questions

Adaptations for Survival 18EL: To test our understanding of adaptations for survival

ReflectionHow well do you think you did on your test today? How could you improve your test performance next time?

Adaptations for SurvivalEL: To use our knowledge about habitats and adaptations for survival to create a documentary- By the end of this lesson, you will have decided on your species of investigations and written a rough timeline and plan

ReflectionDo you think your timeline and plan will allow you to complete the assignment in time and to a high quality? What letter grade are you aiming for on this piece of work?

N.B. Please submit this reflection to me.

***All Antechinus species except for A. swainsonii are semelparous, which means that an individual will usually only live long enough to breed once in its lifetime. Breeding occurs in winter (usually AugustSeptember) at a time when there is little food available in the environment. The male can spend up to 12 hours mating to ensure breeding success. To accomplish this the males strip their body of vital proteins and also suppress the immune system so as to free up additional metabolic energy. In this way an individual male trades away long-term survival in return for short-term breeding success, and following the breeding season there is a complete die-off of physiologically exhausted males.[1] Breeding is intensely competitive. Males produce large amounts of testosterone and mate-guarding occurs in the form of protracted copulation (up to twelve hours in some species).The females can store sperm for up to three days in specialized sperm-storage crypts in the ovary and do not ovulate until the end of the breeding season. Many litters have multiple paternity (i.e., several fathers contribute to a single litter). Females can live for 23 years. However, this is unusual, and most females die following the weaning of their first litter. Litters size depends on the number of teats in the pouch. There are as few as 4 teats, usually 8, and in some populations up to 10 can occur. It is currently unknown why teat number varies. However, it is likely that in food-poor environments selection has tended towards fewer teats so that there is a greater parental investment per offspring.Antechinus babies can weigh as little as 4 grams and are some of the smallest Australian native animal babies

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