ADAPTED BY R. HORNER FROM M. ELLINGTON, N. MILLER AND J. ROZENSWEIG

Development of Political Parties and Key Elections

Phases of the Party System

First Party System – late 1790s and early 1800s Parties not really legitimate

institutions Factions Federalist / Republican

(Hamilton / Jefferson) Second Party System – mid -

1800s Politics of the people

(Jackson) Democrats / Whigs

Third Party System – post war Republicans / Democrats Close elections and high

electoral turnout Highly personal elections Ends with McKinley

Fourth Party System – 1896 – 1932 Republican party dominance

(28 of next 36 yrs) Decreasing voter participation

and weakening political parties

Rise of new issues: industrial regulation and labor issues

Fifth Party System Started with FDR and the New

Deal Period of Democratic

dominance

All periods, except the 5th, were about 40 years long.

Development after the Revolutionary War

Continuity from the Revolutionary WarPolitical Parties in the 1790s

Essentials of a political party Issues that mattered

Hamilton’s PoliciesSplit over Foreign AffairsAlien and Sedition ActsParties by 1800

First Two Party System

Federalists V. Republicans 1780’s-1801Federalists favored strong central

governmentRepublicans favored states’ rightsIn practice the generalization about the two

parties were often blurred and sometimes contradicted

Second Two-Party System

Democrats v. Whigs 1836-1850Democrats were the party of traditionWhigs were the party of modernization

Mid-19th Century Political Crisis

Disputes over slavery in the territories first erode, then destroy what had become America’s second 2 party system. The erosion began in the 1840s as various factions opposed the post Jackson Democratic political coalition begin to form.

Liberty Party: Run abolitionist candidate Free Soil Party: Not abolitionist but opposed to the

expansion of slavery in the territoriesWhigs: Split over slaveryAmerican Party: “Know Nothing” partyRepublican Party: Formed in 1854, a coalition of

independent Dems, Free Soilers, and Conscious Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Bill

The Election of 1860

Democrats: Split at 1860 convention when a platform defending slavery was defeated and Deep South walked out.

Republicans: Overtly sectional and opposed to slavery. Platform favored homestead act, protective tariff, and transportation improvements.

Politics of the Gilded Age Crisis

Republicans and Democrats: Party differences blur, loyalties determined by region, religious and ethnic differences.

Populist party: Formed in 1891 by remnant of the Farmers’ Alliances

Progressive Era Politics

1900-1920Covered 3 presidencies: TR (Repub). Taft

(Repub) and Wilson (Dem)

The Republican Era

1921-1933Both Presidency and Congress dominated by

RepublicansPresidents: Harding, Coolidge and Hoover

The Political Legacy of the New Deal

Created a Democratic party Coalition that would dominate American Politics for many years

1933-19521948 The “Liberal” or Dem coalition split into

two branches States’ Rights and Progressive Party

Post WW2 Politics

Democrats and RepublicansDems: organized labor, urban voters and

immigrantsRepublicans: Pro Business

Nixon’s New Federalism

Democrats: by 1960’s deeply fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing with the violence and turmoil, social and political, caused of Vietnam

Republicans: Opposition to the War in Vietnam and to growing federal social programs “converts” southern Democrats to vote Republican in increasing numbers

Reagan and the “New Right”

Democrats: Support environmental legislation, limiting economic development, halting the production of nuclear weapons and power plants

Republicans: fueled by the “liberal” social agenda of the Dems and spurred on by the rise of a militant and well organized Evangelical Christianity most southern states begin voting Republican in considerable majorities.

Key Elections

Election of 1800

-"Revolution of 1800"-Sweep by Jeffersonian Republicans-Jefferson ties w/Burr

Leads to passage of 12th Amendment

-peaceful transfer of power-less long-term impact than anticipated

Election of 1824

-4 way presidential race (Adams, Jackson, Clay, Crawford)

-decision in House of Reps.-Clay's "corrupt bargain" with J. Q. Adams-Ends "Era of Good Feelings"

Election of 1828

Jackson vs. J.Q. Adams-"mudslinging"-"Revolution of 1828"-power of the common man and the West

Election of 1860

4 way race (Lincoln, Douglas, Breckinridge, Bell)

-severe regional allegiances-results lead directly to S.C. secession

CIVIL WAR!

Election of 1876

-Hayes vs. Tilden-Disputed electoral votes in the South-"Compromise of 1877"--Hayes is President--Reconstruction ends

Election of 1896

McKinley vs. Bryan-"Cross of Gold" speech-Mark Hanna and the "Gold Bugs"-Beginning of 4th Party System

Election of 1912

-4 way race (Taft, Wilson, T. Roosevelt, and Debs)

-"Bull Moose" Progressives split Republican vote

-Wilson only Democratic Pres. in 4th Party System

Election of 1920

-Harding vs. Cox-Referendum on the League of Nations-"A Return to Normalcy"

Election of 1932

-FDR vs. Hoover-A "New Deal" for the "Forgotten Man"-"Happy Days Are Here Again"-"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."-Beginnings of 5th Party System

Election of 1948

-4 way race (Truman, Dewey, Thurmond, and Wallace)

-Dixiecrats and Wallace's Progressives divide Dem. Vote Dixiecrats: candidate Strom Thurmond

To protect their way of life against an “oppressive federal government”

-"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN“ The beginnings of modern professional polling: a

cautionary lesson

Election of 1960

-JFK vs. NixonLBJ as vp choice to attract S

“balancing the ticket”-Impact of television on the election-Southern electors defect

14 unpledged Democratic electors from Alabama & Mississippi vote for Harry Byrd

First Catholic presidentBoth houses of Congress are D“the New Frontier”

Election of 1968

-LBJ chooses not to run-RFK is assassinated-Riots at Chicago convention

Anti-war protesters Presidential Commission report: “a police riot”

HHH runs, saddled with war issue-Nixon wins (ushering in Republican

dominance)

Election of 1980

-Reagan vs. Carter-Attack on "big government"-Rise of the "new conservatism" and the

"religious right"

Elections of 1992 and 1994

-G.H.W. Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot-"It's the economy, stupid"-Clinton misreads anti-incumbent election as

Dem. triumph

-'94 election, Republican Contract with America

-Reps misread anti-incumbent election as conservative mandate

Checking for Understanding

In groups of 3 you will be making 2-3 multiple choice questions for a class quiz. The purpose is to see if people understand the concepts for the lecture well enough to pass an AP Exam.

Each group will be assigned a topic from the lecture: Using your knowledge of the Ap Exam (look over your

notes from Discussing the AP exam), and your practice with Ap style language, you will create TWO multiple choice questions

As each group has a variety of topics to cover you will need to synthesize and connect the ideas in order to make questions that adequately cover your given topics

Be sure the multiple choice options are from A-D only You have 20 minutes to create the questions and email it

to me to put in one document. Be sure to include the Answer!

Groups Period 5

Group 1: Faiz, Kirsten, JacquieGroup 2: Taylor Beckham, Lauren, Taylor BrooksGroup 3: Chris, Stephanie, AnnaGroup 4: Felipe, Sami, JessicaGroup 5: Miki, Paige, YasminGroup 6: Annelise, Tristan, Ker LeeGroup 7: Madison, George, TaliaGroup 8: Grant, Joanna, JoshGroup 9: Jenni, Nate, JoJo Group 10: Kai, Matt

Groups Period 6

Group 1: Rachel, Ellyn, AlliGroup 2: Elayne, Emily,BenGroup 3: Jillian, Daniel, JackGroup 4: McKenzie, Grant, KatieGroup 5: Courtney, Jamie, WesGroup 6: Michele, Libby, ZoeGroup 7: Ben, Joey, RyanGroup 8: Mimi, Keara, JonJoGroup 9: Natalie, Mason, HenryGroup 10: Tang, Kevin, Nicole, Spencer