adapting mineral nutrition of monogastric animals for optimizing environment and product quality -...

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Adapting mineral nutrition of monogastricanimals for optimizing environment and

product quality

Yves NYS and Agnès NARCY

INRA UR83, Poultry research unit37380 Nouzilly, France

[email protected]

.01Nys Y. / Mineral nutrition of pig and chicken

Challenge for animal production

2050: world population expected to rise by 33%, +2.3 billions,Food demand increases with higher inhabitant‘s incomeAsia-Africa: 80% population but only 36%corn, 13% soybean, 50% wheat

We must increase food security globally

particular demand from the consumers:

nutritional value, hygienic and sensorial quality,

Need to take into account welfare in production system

Sustainability of production, environmental concernCompetition for landShortage of feedstuffs (about 20 years for inorganic Zn)Eutrophication, plant phytotoxicityCompetition with other food industry and low economical margin

Produc on of high quality products for human nutri on taking into account sustainability of production systems and environment.

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Challenge for innovative feeding systems in monogastrics

What is the impact on mineral nutrition in monogastric animals?

Meat, eggs

Product quality

manureControl mineral

excretion

Welfare issue

Save resources

Feeding Systems

RequirementsMineral implicated in numerous functions in animals (organ, tissue, celllevels) :growth, bone formation, enzymatic activities …• Variable response to nutrient depending on animal parameters

(performance or tissue composition)

Requirements established on performanceneeds for other functions ??

Adjusting mineral supply to requirement• Mineral contents in feedstuffs and mineral sources• Interactions between dietary components

Improve bioavailability of mineral

Macro-elements: P, Ca (g/kg)Trace-elements: Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Se (mg/kg)


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Novel constrains for Phosphorus

PHOSPHATE MARKET CRISIS

• problem of security in phosphorus supply

dietary cost0

100

200

300

400

500

j-07

f-07

m-0

7

a-07

m-0

7

j-07

j-07

a-07

s-07

o-07

n-07

d-07 j-08

f-08

m-0

8

a-08

dolla

rs/to

nne

Changes in phosphorus cost

ENVIRONMENT

•Phosphorus excre on in poultry manure pollu on : eutrophication of ground water

• non-renewable resource

Phosphorus, a key element

Involved in many metabolic functions: nucleotids, nucleic acids,phospholipids (cellular membranes), bone mineralisation (hydroxyapatite),regulation of acid-base balance

Specific requirement in phosphorus for growth , egg formation and bone mineralisation

Constituent of nucleotides nucleic acids: DNA - RNA

Components of phospholipids cell membrane

Intracellular energy transfer

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PHYTASE

Dietary phosphorus

total P = phytic P (PP) + non phytic P (PNPv) + non phytic P (PNPm)

• 50-80% total P

Low availability monogastricschelation of cations, proteins and starch

phosphoproteins, phospholipids

Plant Phytase (cereals)

Microbial Phytase

Plant feedstuffs Phosphates

mono-, di-, mono, di-calcium phosphate

r = 0.89

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4P phytic (g/kg)

6 8 10

Zn (mg/kg)

Factors affecting intestinal retention of PP

PPi PPs PisSol.PP Hydr. PiiSol.Pi

Metabolic functiongrowth

Absorption

lumen

Cowieson AJ et al., 2007, 2008 Létourneau-Montminy MP & al., 2010a, 2011Onyango EM et al., 2009; Selle PH & al., 2009Jondreville C et al, 2007; Schlegel P et al., 2010

P

OE

Ca2+Zn2+

Ca2+ Zn2+

Intestinal track

PHYTASE

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Evaluation of phosphore in feedstuffs and mineral sourcesPigs

Apparent Digestibility (direct measure)Broilers

Bioavailability France, Japon (relative value/growth, bone), Europe2013 (direct measure, ileal digestibility)

Relative biological value (VBR) phosphates

INTERACTIONS with OTHER DIETARY COMPONENTS Calcium, microbial phytase and plant phytase improvement of feeding systems

through diet composition (feed formulation)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Phytic P Non-phytic P

AvailableP

Total P

g/kg

Corn

Wheat

Barley

Soybean mealPhytase Activity(UP / kg)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

How to optimizephosphorus supply in

monogastrics

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Evaluation of digested phosphorus in growing pigs

BW: body weight, PP: phytic P,NPPm-a: mineral-meat mealnon-phytic P,NPPp: plant non-phytic P,PhytM/100: microbial phytase,PhytP/100: plant phytase

Létourneau et al., 2012

• Digestibility of PP = 20,8%• Digestibility of plant and meat meal P = 78,4%• Correction due to negative interaction of dietary calcium

Average Daily gain vs digested P

Létourneau-Montminy MP & al., 2010c, 2011Narcy A et al., 2011

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Digested P(g/kg)

Average daily gain(g/j)

non phytate P, g/kg

GMQ; 0 FTU/kgGMQ; 500 FTU/kgPdig; 0 FTU/kgPdig; 500 FTU/kg

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Retained Phosphorus

Létourneau-Montminy MP & al., 2010c, 2011Narcy A et al., 2011

Calcium is required for phosphorus deposition in bone

0.7

1.1

1.5

1.9

2.3

2.7

0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5Non phytate phosphorus P (g/kg)

Retained P(g/kg)

Ca 5 phyt 0Ca 5 phyt 500

Ca 8 phyt 0Ca 8 phyt 500

P loss in urine due to low dietary Ca

33 à 55%PHYT

= Economic loss= environmental contamination

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Bon

e m

iner

al (g

)

Body weight (kg)

CCC

LCC

LLC

LLL

LLC vs CCC 40 % dietary phosphorus intake 18 % Phosphorus in manure

Compensation of performance in pig fed low dietary P

Supply of digested Phosphorus:Low dietary supply = 65% C

L: low phosphorusC normal

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Growth model– INRA Pig

Digestive tract

extra-cellular Fluid

Bone deposition soft tissue deposition

Cadiet Pdiet

Cadigested Pd

PecCaextra-cells

Cabone Pbone Casoft-tissue Psoft-tissue

Caurine Pur

model used to estimate P requirement

Cafaecal Pféc

ENVIRONMENT

BONE mineralisationGrowth performance

Wellfare

Differential Responses multiples: growth performance and bone mineralisation

Narcy et al., 2011 NPP (g/kg)

Phy

tase

4,03,53,02,52,0

500

250

0

> – – – < 640

640 680680 720720 760

760

J4-J21BWG

Weight gain J4-J21

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Narcy et al., 2011

PPs PisHydr. PiiSol.PiAbsorption

Ca

PPiPPi Sol.PPSol.PPPPi Sol.PP

PHYTASE

GROWTH CaP

Pe

0.2

0.3

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

0.500.87

1.25

Dietary NPP (%)

Ret

aine

d P

(g/d

)

Dietary Ca (%)

PHYTASE 0 240-270210-240

180-210150-180120-15090-120

0.2

0.3

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

0.50 0.87 1.25

Dietary NPP (%)R

etai

ned

P (g

/d)

Dietary Ca (%)

PHYTASE 500240-270

210-240

180-210

150-180

120-150

90-120

Differential Responses : Retained phosphorus

Rousseau et al., 2013

Differential Responses : pododermatitis

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Growth model– INAVI

Digestive tract

extra-cellular Fluid

Bone deposition soft tissue deposition

Cadiet Pdiet

Cadigested Pd

PecCaextra-cells

Cabone Pbone Casoft-tissue Psoft-tissue

Caurine Pur

model used to estimate P requirement

Cafaecal Pféc

ENVIRONMENT

BONE mineralisationGrowth performance

Welfare

Cumulated Exportation of egg mass, phosphorus and calcium through a laying period

20

Weeksof age

Egg Mass* Phosphorus (g) Calcium (g)

Kg X body weigth egg urine shell

60 15,7 X 8 32 136 750**

80 22,6 X 12 45 205 1130***Calculated for Brown eggs, 2012** Corresponding to 1,89 and 2,82 kg eggshell

weeks of age 15 25 50 70 Medullary bone (%) 0 11.1b 12.1b 16.8aTibia BBS (N) 26.5a 28.2a 18.2b 19.5b

Change in egg bone quality with hen age

PHOSPHORUS EXPORTATION IN LAYING HENS

Risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures

Normal bone

Osteoporotic bone


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NPP 18-24 wks, g/kg 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.2 4.8

Egg prod at 24W 85c 88b 89ab 93ab 94a

Feed intake 85b 86b 88ab 92a 92a

Egg weight 49b 49b 49.4ab 50.1a 50.3a

Bone breaking strength * kg 12b 14ab 16ab 18a 19a Bone density g/cm2 0.26b 0.3ab 0.36ab 0.4b 0.4b

Rao et al 1992 PS 71 691

Phosphorus

pre-laying diet (2,2% Ca, 0.35 NPP) or layer diet should be introduced before the first eggsFavour the formation of medullary bone and avoid any cortical bone resorptioninduced by Ca deficiency in early mature hens

EFFECT OF HIGH DIETARY CALCIUM OR PHOSPHORUS LEVEL BEFORE THE ONSET OF EGG PRODUCTION ON LAYING HEN

PERFORMANCE


78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65

NPP, %

Egg production, %

Egg Weight

0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 NPP 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 NPP

Shell specific gravity

0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 NPP

Hen body weigth

EFFECT OF INCREASING DIETARY PHOSPHORUS ON EGG PERFORMANCE

AND EGG QUALITY (22-62 SEM)

Sohail and Roland, 2002, PS 81,75

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EFFECT OF CALCIUM PARTICLE SIZE ON LAYING HEN'S BONE

Guinotte and Nys, 1993

Particle size Source originBone quality ground coarse marine limestone

Bone breaking strength (N) 97b 114a 103 108

Stiffness (N/cm) 930b 1099a 995 1058

Ash content (%) 50.1b 53.4 51.6 52.5

calcium 15wks 25ws 50wks 70wks

Medullary bone (%) powder 0 11.1b 12.1b 16.8a

Medullary bone particle 0 11.5 14.8 21.4

Tibia BBS (N) Powder 26.5a 28.2a 18.2b 19.5b

Tibia BBS (N) particle 26.1ab 28.2a 22.5b. 23.6b

Fleming 2008 Proc Nut societ 67-17—2008

Increased in bone mineralisation by about 20 % (Whitehead and Fleming, 2000, Saunders-blades et al., 2009)

How to reduce zinc in monogastrics manure

and phytotoxicity

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Zn FUNCTIONS* Repartition : 60 % muscle, 30 % bone

* Constituents and cofactors of more than 300 enzymesSynthesis and degradation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids Various types of enzymes: oxido-reductase, transferase, hydrolase, isomerase

* Main functionsGene Expression (transcription factors) and cellular replicationStabilisation of protein (3D), hormone structure, membranes..Essential in growth of bones : alkaline phosphatase, collagenase and

crystallinity of apatite

Zn essential element for the immune system Metalloenzymes (replication, transcription)

regulation of immunological transcription factors

cofactor for the thymus hormone, thymulin

.025Nys Y. / Mineral nutrition in Swine and chicken

Element SuppliedBy manure

Plant Requirement**

Excess (%)

Zn 1,52 0,20 660Fe 6,41 1,50 330

N 170 170 0

0,41 0,06 580Cu1,93 0,35 450Mn

** Coïc et Coppenet, 1989

Excess : Reducing contamination of the environment by poultry manureComparison of manure supply (170kg N/ha following legislation) to mean plant requirement: Risk of eutrophication (P) and plant toxicity (Zn Cu, Mn)

Nys, 1999, 12th ESPN, Beckbergen; Mohanna and Nys, 1999, BPS40,108

Means to reduce Zn excretion

- Adjusting dietary level to broiler requirements

- Improving availability of plant Zn

- Use of source with high Zn availability

190 110 90 76 630255075

100125150175

Dietary Zn (mg/kg)

- 75 %

mg/kgExcreta Zn

Avoid high level of dietary Zn


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Bioavailability of Zn sourcesBioavailability

– Part absorbed and used for normal metabolic functions in healthy bird (can include Zn storage, bone , liver for some authors)

– Depends on sources, diets, physiological parameters (intestinal solubility), experimental test.

Reduction of Zn availability by phytic acid, reinforced by Ca.– High correlation between phytate and Zn in feedstuffs– phytase decrease this negative interaction (10mg)

Antagonism between trace elements when chicks fed on marginal dietary levels Cu-Zn.

Measure of bioavailability – Comparison the slopes of response (growth, Zn deposition) to different levels of

a source of dietary Zn relative to a reference source


Zn availability: interaction with phytate

Phytates reduce zinc absorption

Ingested phytic acid (g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.50

Abso

rptio

nof

Zn

(%) Rye

Barley (bread)Barley

Triticale (bread)Whole wheat

Whole oats

Triticale

Oats

Sandström et al., 1987

Phytates present in plant feedstuffslimit plant zinc availability

r = 0.89

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

Zn (m

g/kg

)

Phytic P (g / kg)

Zinc present in plant feedstuffs is partly linked to phytates

Rodrigues-Filho et al., 2005

Phytate molecule in wheat

ZnZnZn

Zn

Revy, Jondreville, Dourmad , Guinotte, Nys 2002, Anim. Res. 51, 315

Evidence of the antagonistic effect of phytates on zinc availability

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Zn availability : influence of physiological parameters

ba

a

B A

013467810111314

020406080

100120140160180200

P+ P+/Enz P- P+ P+/enz

Solu

ble

zinc

in s

tom

ach

(mg

/ kg

DM

)

Bone

zin

c (m

g /

kg D

M)

Bone zinc Soluble zinc in stomach/gizzard

pH = 4pH = 5

High pHLow level soluble zinc in stomach and large increase with phytase

Low pHHigh soluble zinc in gizzard even without phytase

30 mg Zn as sulfate

5 mg Zn as sulfate

In a maize-soybean meal diet, 500 FTU microbial phytase permit to replace

Revy, P.S.; Jondreville, C.; Dourmad, J.Y.; Nys, Y.; J.An. Physiol.An. Nut.50, 90Revy, P.S, Jondreville, C.; Dourmad, J.Y.; Nys, Y.; 2004, An. Feed Sc. Technol , 116, 93

Mohanna and Nys, 1999, BPS 40, 108; ; Jondrev ille, Schlegel, P., Hillion, S.,Chagneau, A.M., Nys, Y., Livestock Science , Vol. 109 ; 60

amidon

OPO3H-

1

OPO3H2

5

-HO3PO

2 OPO32-

3

OPO32-

4

-HO3PO

6

Ca

2+Zn

2+Feamidon

OPO3H-

1

OPO3H2

5

-HO3PO

2 OPO32-

3

OPO32-

4

-HO3PO

6

Ca

OPO3H-

1

OPO3H2

5

OPO3H2

5

-HO3PO

2 OPO32-

3

OPO32-

4

-HO3PO

6

Ca

2+Zn

2+Fe

phytase

Phytase more efficient in pig than broilers for increasing Zn solubilityIn chick, dietary Zn more soluble intestine and more available/pig

mg/kg diet Legislation(Europe)

RecommandationINRA

NRC 2012 + 500 FTU phytase/kg = 30 ppm Zn (ZnSO4)

10-20 kg 150 100 165 135

20-60 kg 150 100 125 95

60-100 kg 150 100 100 70

100-115 kg 150 100 75 45

Total Zn from weaning to slaughtering (g/pig)

Intake 41 27 29 21

Retained 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3

%intake 6 9 8 11

Excreted 39 25 27 19

-36%-31%

-50%

Reduction in Zn excretion with feeding system

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Mineraland product quality

Homeostatic Regulation• Intestinal absorption

(Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn)• Renal Excretion

(Co, I, Se)

Egg and meat quality TISSUES

KIDNEY

Urine

Impact on meat quality• Fat (Cu) prevention of cardiovascular diseases• Tissue oxidation (Cu, Fe) flavour, texture, colour, smell

(rancid), nutritional value• glycogen store and pH (Mg) colour, water retention

Egg, meat enrichment (Fe, Se et I) func onal food, humanheath (prevention of deficiencies, antioxidant state )

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Amer et Elliot, 1973; Ho et Elliot, 1974; Lauridsen et al., 1999; Pettigrew et Esnaola, 2001

Quality of surface fat in pig

• Production of soft fat (due to higher desaturation):• AG saturated (stearic and palmitic)• AG mono-unsaturated (oleic and palmitoleic)• AG desaturase (liver and and fat tissue)

but low magnitude effect (vs effect of rape oil)

Fat composition and quality : CupperCu

Lipid content broilers• Breast Muscle : lipid and cholesterol Skrivan M et al, 2002

cholesterol, PuFA, SFA (35 ppm vs C), MuFA (175 ppm vs 35 and C) Sevcikova S et al, 2003

• Abdominal fat: saturated Fa y Acid, PuFA:SFASkrivan M et al, 2000

Reduced lipid oxidation by adding dietary cupper

Decreased lipid oxida on in muscle increased SOD ac vity

TBARS muscle and liver

Lauridsen et al, 1999

b b

a

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

0 35 175

SOD

(U/m

g pr

otei

ns)

P<0,07

P<0,08

Effect of supplying dietary Cu for reducing lipid oxidation in muscle

Effect of dietary Cu on superoxide dismutase activity in psoas major

muscleMalondialdehydemg/kg

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,20 40 80 120 160

Timing (min)

0 mg Cu35 mg Cu

175 mg Cu

Dietary Cu

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Magnésium

Dietary magnesium supplyplasma concentration of cortisol and catecholaminestress useful in case of long distance transportation improve

meat colour, PSE ( pH, delayed post-mortem glycolysis)

Apple et al, 2005

Effect of supplying Mg (pigs of 44 to 103 kg) on post-

mortem pH in longissimusmuscle

increased initial pH and pH after 45’ post-mortem in longissimus muscle of pig during transportation

NS: NO transportationTS: transportation

Transport + Mg

transport

NO transport

PH

Magnesium

Apple et al, 2005

a

bab

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

NT-0%Mg TS-0%Mg NT-2,5%Mg TS-2,5%Mg

Glycolytic potential

µmol

/g d

ry ti

ssue

NT: No transportationTS : transportation

Decreased glycogen store of pig longissimus muscle induced by transportation corrected by Mg supply impact on pig meat quality (DFD)

No additional Mg Supply of 2,5 % Mg

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Meat and EggENRICHMENT

Selenium enrichment of meat

• Selenium glutathione peroxidase: protec on against oxida on• Protection of cellular membrane against oxidation : improve water retention

capacity of muscle • Decrease water loss, reinforce colour (Mateo et al, 2007)

Mahan et al, 2005Se : RDA adults = 50 à 60 µg per dayAdded benfit at 250-300 µg/j (Schrauzer, 2009)

100 g pig meat = 42 à 52 µg Se (0,15 to 0,3 ppm: +24%)

NRC NRC

LIVER Muscle

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Selenium and technological properties of meat qualityWater loss in muscle of pigs supplied

with increased dietary selenium (organic vs inorganic sources)

Mateo et al, 2007

y

x x

b a a

0

20

40

60

80

control Na Se Meth-Se

U/m

g

Liver GSH-Px activityMuscle GSH-Px activity

a b c

x

yy

0

20

40

60

80

100

Control Na-Se Meth-Se

nmol

/mg

Liver MDAMuscle MDA

• Decreased water loss (Mateo et al, 2007)

• Increased glutathione-peroxidase activity in liver and muscle

• Lower lipid peroxidation in liver and muscle (Zhan et al, 2007)

Egg Selenium enrichment

• Se : RDA adults = 50 to 60 µg per day• Added benefit at 250-300 µg/day (Schrauzer, 2009)

• Legislation : max = 300 µg/day in hen diet (even if no toxic effect are observed at 510 µg

Bennett et Cheng, 2010

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Egg Iodine enrichment

Iodine : RDA adults = 150 µg per dayThe iodine deficiency is frequent throughout the worldLarge potential of egg iodine enrichment , egg a convenient nutrientReglementation for laying hens: max 5 mg/kg

b

aa

y

x x

0

4

8

12

16

20

control 1 mg/kg 2 mg/kg

µg o

r col

ours

core

[Iodine] / yolkyolk colour

[iodine] × 2

Opalinski et al, 2012

Pig meat can be enriched in iodine (clearly observed at 10 mg/ kg, yield is depending on sources)Reglementation : max 10 mg/kgNo effect on thyroid hormones

Iodine enrichment of pig meat

Li et al, 2012

[iode] × 3 in Muscle

120,7 362Muscle mg/kg

10 mg/kg0,13 mg/kg

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FEEDING STRATEGY• Animal Requirements change with criteria: need to take into account various parameters to optimise performance

need to take into account complexity due to variability of response and interac on, no single dose response

Availability of new tools to integrate complexity (model for dietary formula on) • Feed recommendation in sustainable system should integrate three objectives: production performance, environment and welfare

Product Quality • Limited influence on lipid fraction • Effects on oxidation remains controversial

an oxidant vs pro-oxidant interac ons between level and dura on of trace elements dietary level, ssue,

slaughtering conditions, product packaging and transformation, cooking. • Good potential of product enrichment in trace mineral but limitation due to Regulation in animal and human feeding and due to toxicity level for animals

Conclusions