adapting openfoam for turbomachinery applications
TRANSCRIPT
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop, Zagreb, 7Workshop, Zagreb, 7--9 June 20079 June 2007
Adapting OpenFOAM for Adapting OpenFOAM for TurbomachineryTurbomachinery ApplicationsApplications
Maryse Page and Martin BeaudoinIREQ, Hydro-Québec’s Research Institute
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20072
Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation
ContextOpenFOAM for hydraulic turbines
DevelopmentsHigh-performance computingGPLFuture development
Validation for hydraulic turbines
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20073
HydroHydro--QuQuéébecbec
Québec’s electric utilityPower generationTransmissionDistribution
35 GW installed capacity97% power generation based on hydroelectric resources50+ generating stations350 hydroelectric generating units
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20074
MATH: Hydraulic Turbine Analysis ModelsMATH: Hydraulic Turbine Analysis Models
Runner (rotor)
Stay vanes & guide vanes
(stator) Draft tube (diffuser)
The MATH technology:Analyze the hydraulic behaviour of hydraulic turbine by CFD
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20075
MATH technologyMATH technology
Improve the performance of hydraulic turbine by the design of tailor-made modification
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60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
before modificationafter modification
CFD CFD analysisanalysis OnOn--site site implementationimplementation
PresPres RecoveryRecovery CoefCoefOnOn--site Turbine site Turbine EfficiencyEfficiency
modified runnermodified runner
original runneroriginal runner
modified runnermodified runner
original runneroriginal runner
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MATH technologyMATH technology
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20077
OpenFOAM: new addition in OpenFOAM: new addition in ourour CFD CFD toolboxtoolbox
Open Source: potential for collaborationNo runtime licensing feesHigh quality C++ source codeSound software architecture
Object oriented design and implementationEncapsulation through librariesAlready parallelized for high-performance computing
Strong and active community with experts still actively involved in the development
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20078
Objective:
Multiple Frames of Reference (MFR)Boundary conditionsInterfaces:
– General Grid Interface (GGI)– Cyclic GGI– Mixing plane
CGNS file converters
OpenFOAM for OpenFOAM for turbomachineryturbomachinery
Developing basic steady-state capabilities for hydraulic turbines
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 20079
TurbomachineryTurbomachinery modelingmodeling
Unsteadiness from relative motion of rotating and stationary parts
Requires 3D flow modeling of all the hydraulic components
Simplification by introducing:cyclic BCMFR – no relative mesh motion
For steady-state flow, more simplifications by:
neglecting transient interactionaveraging (mixing plane) between rotating/stationary parts
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200710
Multiple Frame of Multiple Frame of ReferenceReference (MFR)(MFR)
No frame change at interface between stationary and rotating domainsApplication: simpleMFRFoam
RANS formulation
rotating frame(absolute velocity)
rotating frame(relative velocity)
inertial frame(absolute velocity) 0)( =Iudiv r
( ) )(/)( III ulappgraduudiv rr νρ +−=⊗
0)( =Rudiv r( ) )(/2)( RRRR ulappgradruuudiv rrrrrrrr νρ +−=×Ω×Ω+×Ω+⊗
0)( =Iudiv r( ) )(/)( IIIR ulappgraduuudiv rrrrr νρ +−=×Ω+⊗
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TestcaseTestcase: ERCOFTAC centrifugal pump: ERCOFTAC centrifugal pump
Ubaldi, Zunino, et al., LDV Investigation of the Rotor-Stator Aerodynamic Interaction in a Centrifugal Turbomachine, 1996.
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MFR example: ERCOFTAC centrifugal pumpMFR example: ERCOFTAC centrifugal pump
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BoundaryBoundary conditionsconditions
Walls:Rotating walls for MFRDictionary parametersEvaluated at every time iteration
draftTubeCone
type turboWallFixedValue;frameType “rotating”;velocityType “minusOmega”;omegaWallRPM 0.0;
Counter-rotating
runnerConeTurbine99
type turboWallFixedValue;frameType “fixed”;velocityType “plusOmega”;omegaWallRPM -595;
SpinningBoundary Field dictionary entryType of wall
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BoundaryBoundary conditionsconditions
Inlet / outlet profilesRadial and meridian profilesFile format: CSV files (as CFX-5)Evaluated at every time iteration
inlet
type cfx5ProfileFixedValue;filePath “inlet-operA.csv”;fileFormat “CSV”;profileType “Radial”;fieldName “Velocity”;
Draft tube inlet
Boundary Field dictionary entryType of profile
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InterfacesInterfaces
GGI interface:New type of interface introduced by HrvojeJasak in OpenFOAM 1.3_devBased on PatchToPatchInterpolation
– Not a sliding interface– No remeshing required for the neighbouring cells
of the interfaceGeneralization needed:
– cyclicGGI– partialGGI– mixingPlaneGGI
On-going validation
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200716
InterfacesInterfaces
Generalization of GGI using simple transformations
mixingPlaneGGIpartialGGI
cyclicGGIGGI• Not 1-to-1
abutting• Weighted
interpolation across interface
• Not 1-to-1 abutting
• Weighted interpolation
• Partial overlap with cyclic
• Circumferential averaging across the interface
99999999999999999999555555555555555555555555555559090
GGI
Outlet
Inlet
Cyclic (1-to-1)
Cyclic(1-to-1)
9090555555590
9999999999
Outlet
CyclicGGI
9999999999
Inlet
CyclicGGI
• Generalization of cyclic for not 1-to-1 abutting
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Support for the CGNS file formatSupport for the CGNS file format
AIAA standard for CFD data (www.cgns.org)Archival and data exchange between toolsImporting and exporting:
Mesh, solution, BCInterface:
– Automatic reconstruction of 1-to-1 cyclic• Relaxed criteria for matching faces• Cyclic patches for non-planar surfaces
– GGI: on-going activityConverters:
– cgnsToFoam– foamToCGNS
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200718
HighHigh--performance computing with OFperformance computing with OF
Recent acquisition of a supercomputer at IREQIBM 1350 Beowulf cluster500 AMD Opteron 64-bit CPUs (1000 cores)250 x 8 GB = 2 TB of distributed RAM30 TB of fast storage (IBM GPFS parallel file system)Infiniband 4x interconnect (10 Gbps)Water-cooled rear door heat exchangers Running NPACI Rocks 4.2.1 (Centos 4.4)
OpenFOAM will be an important application for this cluster:
Optimization loopUnsteady simulationsFluid-structure interactionsLES in diffuserFree surface simulations
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HighHigh--performance computing with OFperformance computing with OF
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HydroHydro--QuQuéébec and the GNU GPLbec and the GNU GPL
The GNU General Public License (GPL) covers the activities of copying, distributing and modifying software source code.Users of software covered by the GPL are free or have the rights to:
Execute the software, for whatever purpose.Have access to the source code.Redistribute copies of the software, including the source code.Modify the software and distribute the modifications to the public.
The GPL does not extend to the input data nor to the results generated with GPL covered software.The GPL will automatically extend to libraries or source code linked with the original software.For more information about the GPL:
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200721
HydroHydro--QuQuéébec and the GNU GPLbec and the GNU GPL
Hydro-Québec wants to protect the Intellectual Property coming from its R&D activities, including software source code. By default, we cannot “give away” our source code.HQ R&D CFD team wants to contribute actively to the development of OpenFOAM.We strongly believe in the added value of collaboration through Open Source development.We had to explain the ramifications of the GPL to HQ R&D managers and researchers, and we got the approval to share our work related to OpenFOAM with the community.
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Future development Future development
Optimization loop with OpenFOAM as the principal computing engineBalancing the allocation of large computing resources between parallel and distributed processing
Partitioning parametersAvailable computing resources Size of problem
Source code contributions
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ValidatingValidating OpenFOAM for OpenFOAM for TurbomachineryTurbomachinery
Testcases:ERCOFTAC conical diffuserTurbine 99 draft tubeDraft tube
Computational parameters:divScheme for momentum equation:
– limitedLinearV– linearUpwind
application:– simpleFoam– transientSimpleFoam
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200724
ERCOFTAC ERCOFTAC conicalconical diffuserdiffuser
Clausen, Koh and Wood, Measurementsof a swirling turbulent boundary layer developing in a conical diffuser, Exp. Thermal and Fluid Science, 1993.
Second Second OpenFOAMOpenFOAM Workshop Workshop Zagreb 7Zagreb 7--9 June 20079 June 200725
ERCOFTAC ERCOFTAC conicalconical diffuserdiffuser
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Turbine 99 Workshop 3Turbine 99 Workshop 3
CSII
CSIIICSIb
CSIVb
CSIa
http://www.turbine-99.org
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Distance [m]
elbow
corner
OpenFOAMcfx-5
experiments
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elbowOpenFOAM
cfx-5experiments
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
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Ib II III IVa
OpenFOAMCFX-5
cprm
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OpenFOAMcfx-5
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T99T99--w3, Engineering w3, Engineering quantitiesquantities
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DraftDraft tubetube
2 runner configurations:original runnermodified runner
near best efficiency for the hydraulic turbine.
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DraftDraft tubetube
application: simpleFoamdivSchemes:
div(phi,U): limitedLinearV 1
original runner modified runner
residual stagnation
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DraftDraft tube tube -- simpleFoamsimpleFoam
modified runner
original runner
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DraftDraft tubetube
application: transientSimpleFoamdivSchemes:
div(phi,U): limitedLinearV 1ddtSchemes: Euler
original runner
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DraftDraft tube tube –– transientSimpleFoamtransientSimpleFoam
unsteady phenomenaquasi-periodic
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DraftDraft tube tube -- OpenFOAMOpenFOAM
timetime
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DraftDraft tube tube -- OpenFOAMOpenFOAM
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DraftDraft tube tube –– CFXCFX--55