adaptive, ecosystem-based management of the …...adaptive, ecosystem-based management of the great...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Adaptive, Ecosystem-Based Management of the …...Adaptive, Ecosystem-Based Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Reserve Network A globally significant demonstration of the](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060308/5f0a359c7e708231d42a8a99/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Adaptive, Ecosystem-Based Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Reserve Network
A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves
Laurence McCook, Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation, ARC Centre of Excell. Coral Reef Studies
(& Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority), &
Very many GBR scientists
Pew Fellows Program in Marine Conservation
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A science & management team effort & consensus statement • Tony Ayling • Mike Cappo • J. Howard Choat • Richard D. Evans • Debora M. De Freitas • Michelle Heupel • Terry P. Hughes • Geoffrey P. Jones • Bruce Mapstone • Helene Marsh • Morena Mills • Fergus Molloy • C. Roland Pitcher • Robert L. Pressey • Garry R. Russ • Stephen Sutton • Hugh Sweatman • Renae Tobin • David R. Wachenfeld • David H. Williamson
• GBRMPA & Pew Fellows Program • AIMS • ARC Centre of Excellence for Reef Studies • MTSRF & RRRC • JCU Marine & Tropical Biology &
JCU School of Earth & Environmental Sciences • CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Sciences
• FRDC; QFMA
• MANY GBRMPA STAFF; esp. • Mick Bishop, James Aumend, Reg Parsons, Mark
Read; Spatial Data Centre • James Innes, Ingrid van Putten & GBRMPA Social-
Economics team; • S. Gaines, J. Lubchenco, K Grorud_Colvert, S.
Lester; • N Stoeckl, J. Quiggan and G. Lange
Pew Fellows Program in Marine Conservation
Generous contributions of EXTENSIVE Unpublished data
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Outcomes: a tribute to good process….
• “Overall, zoning of the GBR marine reserve network appears to be making major contributions to the protection of biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and social and economic values of the GBR Marine Park.”
• Overall, the available evidence suggests that the large-scale network of marine reserves on the GBR is proving to be an excellent investment in social, economic and environmental terms.
• “The breadth and extent of benefits reflect very well on the scientific and engagement processes involved in the development and implementation of the 2004 Zoning Plan, especially
• the value of larger reserve size and high proportion of overall area in reserves to provide margins of error.”
• Global best practice… significant demonstration of success$ • Tribute to collaboration between managers, team & leadership, scientists,
politicians & community.
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Outline: • Background: EBM, Adaptive Management, etc • Results:
– Fish & sharks – direct effects (+/- 2004) – Corals & Foodwebs – indirect effects – Non-reef habitats & shoals; – Species of Conservation Concern:
Dugong & Turtles; – Compliance – Economics – Social impacts
• • Take Homes: Reef benefits…
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GBR: A globally significant case study of paradigms of marine reserve networks
• Scientific significance: – LARGE, replication, before-after, no-entry zones; gradients, background
science. • Best practice implementation - CARR, Operating Principles etc; • Regional scale • Lots of results - new & old zoning; • Exceptional breadth: fish compliance $$ • (Not including process, governance, etc.) • Joint management integrated with GBR Coast Marine Park
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Ecosystem-based
management
GBRMP Act now defines “ecosystem-based management” as:
“An integrated approach to the management of an ecosystem and of matters affecting that ecosystem with the primary goal of maintaining ecological processes, biodiversity and functioning biological communities”.
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Spatial Management within Ecosystem Based Management:
• Fundamental component of effective ecosystem-based management BUT….
• Only 1 element of integrated package of management strategies used in the GBR to sustain biodiversity & different uses;
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Management Approaches • Education & Community Partnerships • Water Qual Partnerships, incentives & regulations • Zoning; • Permitting; • Environmental Impact Management; • Compliance & Enforcement: • Dugong protection areas; • Fisheries Management Plans: Gear Restrictions
(Bycatch reduction); Size Limits; Bag Limits • Temporal closures (eg. fish spawning) • Economic instruments (eg. Environment
Management Charge) • Industry Codes of Practice • Assessment & Influencing activities outside jurisdiction (EPBC);
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Many important „activities‟ NOT primarily managed by zoning :
• Defence • Shipping • High use tourism
areas • Research
• Indigenous use • Special Management
Areas • Spawning closures • World Heritage Area
These are better addressed by other planning approaches
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More than just no-take zones
• 7 marine zones + Commonwealth Island zone,
• each clear objective to manage different aspects of use and conservation;
• challenge for monitoring...
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Zoning Plan- pre 2004
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Preservation Zone – ‘ no go’ 0.2% (0.1%)
Marine Nat’l Park - no-take 33.3% (4.6%)
Scient. Research 0.05% (0.01%)
Buffer Zone – trolling only 2.9% (0.1%)
Conservat’n Park – limited fishing 1.5% (0.6%)
Habitat Protect’n – no trawling (66%) 28.2% (15.2%)
General Use – all reasonable uses 33.8% (77.9%)
Revised ZP Old ZP
117,000 km2
Zoning Plan- 2004
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2004 New Zoning Plan: A global standard for marine protection
• 33% protected in no-take areas;
• 20% of each of ~70 bioregions;
• ~66% no-trawl
Process: • 11 biophysical operating principles • 4 social & economic operating
principles • Community consultation – 31,500
submissions
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B. Offshore Reefs Numbers Biomass
A. Inshore Reefs Numbers Biomass
Monitoring the zoning network- Target fish
2006 2007 2008
0
5
10
15
20
2006 2007 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50Mackay
2006 2007 2008
0
5
10
15
2006 2007 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
2006 2007 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cairns - Innisfail
Townsville
Swains
Capricorn - Bunkers
Abundance o
f cora
l tr
out
1,0
00m
-2
2006 2007 2008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2006 2007 2008
0
5
10
15
20Mackay
2006 2007 2008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2006 2007 2008
0
5
10
15
2006 2007 2008
0
5
10
15
Cairns - Innisfail
Townsville
Swains
Capricorn - Bunkers
Bio
mass o
f cora
l tr
out
(kg.1
,000m
-2)
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Monitoring the zoning network Monitoring the zoning network- Target fish- Previous Zoning
Clear, widespread evidence for long-term benefits of no-take zones
• Unpublished data • ELF modelling of management • Depletion by 1984…
0
5
10
15
20
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fis
h /
1000m
2
1984
D. Redthroat emperor catch surveys
0
1
2
3
4
Lizard Townsville Mackay Swains
Fis
h /
lin
e h
our
C. Coral trout catch surveys
0
4
8
12
Lizard Townsville Mackay Swains
Fis
h /
lin
e h
our
B. Coral trout visual surveys
0
0.5
1
Lizard Townsville Mackay Swains
Fis
h /
250 m
sq. Fished
No-take
Offshore Reefs: Effects of Line Fishing Experiment;
Inshore Reefs: Williamson et al. 2004; Evans & Russ 2004
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Effects on ecosystem-wide fish populations: • Benefits to other reserves; to fished areas;
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Effects on ecosystem-wide fish populations: • Benefits to other reserves; to fished areas; • Limited adult export (esp. coral trout); • Larval exchange & subsidies:
– Transport between reefs – Jones et al... ongoing – Relative reproductive output – reserves : fished reefs
Big fish -> disproportionate reproductive output; e.g. Green 2.5x blue zones; scaling by area => fished reefs no
loss of reproductive input (Evans et al 08); Russ et al ongoing; – Dispersal distances
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Connectivity & mpa networks: Maintain range of dispersal distances
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30 30-32 32-34 34-36 36-38 38-40
Nearest neighbour dis tance (km)
% o
f re
efs
All reefs
No-take to no-take
No-take to fis hed
F is hed to no-take
Outcome of OTHER design principles
99.5%
75% 90%
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0
0.1
0.2
Whitetip Grey Blacktip All Sharks
Sh
ark
s / lin
e h
ou
rMonitoring the zoning network- Sharks
Catch Rates - Effects of Line Fishing Expt: Heupel et al. 2009
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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Whitetip G rey
Sh
ark
s p
er
he
cta
re F is hed
F is hed
No-take
No E ntry
Monitoring the zoning network- Sharks
Visual surveys- Robbins et al. 2006
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Whitetip G rey
Sh
ark
s p
er
he
cta
reMonitoring the zoning network- Sharks
Visual surveys- Ayling & Choat 2008
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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Whitetip G rey
Sh
ark
s p
er
he
cta
re F is hed
F is hed
No-take
No E ntry
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Serranids Redthroat Emperor Lutjanids
Fis
h p
er
hecta
re
Fished
No-take
No-entry
Monitoring - No-entry zones, wide-spread depletion & compliance
• (Pre-2004 zoning)
• Compliance problems • (no-entry easier to enforce) • Shifting baseline & depleted
stocks – 66% & 31% area??!!
Target fish from Ayling & Choat 2008
Sharks- Robbins et al. 2006
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Whitetip G rey
Sh
ark
s p
er
he
cta
re
Visual surveys- Ayling & Choat 2008
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Crown-of-thorns starfish, Corals & Reef Resilience: Indirect effects
Proportion of reefs with
COTS Outbreaks
• No-take zones appear to benefit coral abundance –very basis of physical habitat & reef construction
• 1st demonstration of indirect effects not herbivory/destructive
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Fished (24 reefs)
No-take (5 reefs)
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f re
efs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% C
ove
r o
f c
ora
l
Fished reefs No-take reefs
Coral Cover
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Fished
No-take
Southern regions shoals:
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Common
Coral Trout
Redthroat
Emperor
Red
Emperor
Venus
Tuskfish
Gray Reef
Shark
MaxN
Inter-reefal shoals:
• Results vary with region, sites, spp… • Central: more fish in open zones- confounded
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• Lack of background knowledge for zoning: • Seabed biodiversity project: • Proportion in no-trawl zones (Pitcher et al. 2007).
Inter-reef seabed habitats: 95% of the Marine Park & “megadiverse”
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• Lack of sufficient, detailed biodiversity knowledge for direct zoning: • i. Use of physical proxies; + ii. Seabed biodiversity study: • Proportion in no-trawl zones (Pitcher et al. 2007).
Biodiversity level Measure Pre-2004
2004 Zoning Average increase
850 Species > 20% of biomass 685 / 850
850 / 850 30%
38 Species . Groups
> 20% of biomass 28 / 38 38 / 38 27%
16 Species . Assemblages
> 20% area 9 / 16 16 / 16 36%
9 Seabed . Habitat Types
> 20% area 5 / 9 9 / 9 31%
Inter-reef seabed habitats: Retrospective accounting
• Outcome of good process- biodiversity proxies
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Dugong (& turtles) in the GBR
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1960
1970
1980
1987
1992
1994
1999
Aerial surveys since mid 1980’s:
• Dugong large, mobile, low reproduction: scale
• Major decline Sthn GBR • Dugong Protection Areas in key
habitats + No-take zones • Traditional Use agreements,
gear restrictions • Zoning beneficial
but not sufficient • Complementary spatial & non; • Risk assessment approach
estimated
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Social & economic information: Failure of collapse in recreational fishery
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
75000
80000
85000
Dec
-01
Jun-
02
Dec
-02
Jun-
03
Dec
-03
Jun-
04
Dec
-04
Jun-
05
Dec
-05
Jun-
06
Dec
-06
Jun-
07
Dec
-07
Jun-
08
Dec
-08
Jun-
09
2004
Zoning
Plan
Recreational vessel registrations:
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Social effects of zoning: • 77% Qlders support no-take zones (2007) &
79% sthn Aust. capital cities ″ ″ ″;
• 59% recreational fishers support the zoning; 18% charter fishing operators ″ ″ ″ 7% commercial fishers ″ ″ ″
BUT • 77%, 85% & 65% agree:
protecting diversity of marine life most important goal for reef management…
• (What about ≠ fishers…?!)
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Social effects, perceptions & engagement- a mismatch?… Lack of support & key beliefs:
i. Major rezoning unnecessary;
ii.Zoning had –ve effects on
fishing businesses; iii.Zoning has not reduced
fishing impacts on GBR; iv.Fishers not adequately
consulted
A serious mismatch: Clear evidence previous
zoning inadequate; Considerable structural
adjustment $ … n x estimates
It has (data) & not intended to manage fisheries… Extensive & meticulous
public consultation (31,500)
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Redistribution of recreational fishing effort…
CapReef: • Only 1/9 preferred sites lost (7%); • Catch rates dipped & recovered- size limits • Rec fishing ~ commercial & unaffected by catch & bag
limits; De Freitas: • Compensation further inshore
(pending commercial & charter results); • Displaced effort? How much do no-take network subsidies balance displaced
effort?
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Compliance
0
200
400
600
800
1999 -
2000
2000 -
2001
2001 -
2002
2002 -
2003
2003 -
2004
2004 -
2005
2005 -
2006
2006 -
2007
2007 -
2008
2008 -
2009
Foreign Fishing
Recreational Fishing
Commercial Fishing
Commercial Trawling
Commercial Line
Total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Serranids Redthroat Emperor Lutjanids
Fis
h p
er
hecta
re
Fished
No-take
No-entry
• “There seems a strong case for increasing investment in compliance to protect such a valuable asset & revenue source…”
Recorded Offences:
New evidence: fishing line in green zones; removed line & it returned…
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
$ B
illi
on
s
2004-05 2005-06
Revenue
2006-07
Tourism
Commercial
Fishing
Recreational
Use
Revenue Cost Cost Cost Revenue
2004
Zoning
Plan
Social & economic information invaluable for community/political concerns.
0.704% 0.850% 0.755% 0.270% 0.260% 0.242%
36.6x 36.8x
31.7x
• Income $5.5b & ~53,800 full time jobs; increasing
• Enforcement expenditure <0.3% ↓
• Total GBRMPA <0.9% ↓ • Structural adjustment:
$211m- ~ 3.9 % of 06-07 revenue;
• Strategic investment?
• Tourism = 32-36x fishing
0
10
20
30
40
$ M
illio
ns
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2002-03 2003-04
2004
Zoning
Plan Other
Management
Costs
Field
Management
• Compliance -25%/7 fold
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Take Home messages- Benefits to the GBR • Powerful, scientifically credible consensus statement • GBR Marine reserves have significant
ecosystem benefits – Fish, sharks, corals, even dugong…
• Probable fisheries benefits: (watch this space)…
• Not enough for dugong, sharks (need more, not less!);
• Complementary EBM • No-entry zones: compliance issues & shifted baseline; • Social information as basis for engagement: fishers are
concerned about conservation- direction… • Marine reserves cost-effective… cf. popular commentary
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Take Homes & challenges for monitoring & science.
• Value of social & economic data & analyses (c.f opinion); • Many aspects of biodiversity not amenable to simple
fished-reserve comparisons. E.g. Ecosystem wide biodiversity; better for ecosystem, worse for accountability…
• Many knowledge gaps; risk assessment analyses; • Community input produces engagement - & data biases:
preferred locations are different biologically... • Baseline calibration & enforcement: no-entry zones; • Extensive unpublished & grey literature; • Monitoring & agency performance & scope for adaptation
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Take Home messages- Adaptive Management perspective Science to management transfer & partnership +ve & -ve… • Process success:
General principles + imperfect knowledge ~ good outcomes.
• GBR Monitoring Management: Good, room for improvement
• Outlook Report..
• Documenting decline of reefs?
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Adaptive Management & monitoring “structured, iterative process of optimal decision making in the face
of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring.” (learning from doing…)
Conceptualize
Plan actions & Monitoring
Implement Actions & Monitoring
Analyze & Review (audit)
Adapt & Revise Actions
& Monitoring Capture & Share
Learning
“Active" vs “Passive" adaptive management- ELF
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Zoning history & adaptive management:
Date Management Monitoring 1975 GBRMP & GBRMPA created; Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS); 1988 Implementation of initial zoning
schemes; 1980, 1990s
Range of surveys of biodiversity distributions, espec. corals & fish;
1986 Crown-of-thorns starfish surveys begun (AIMS); 1993/4 25 Yr Strategic Plan- “Representative AIMS GBR Long Term Monitoring Program begun; 1990s-early 2000s
Biological Communities” Effects of trawling study; Effects of line fishing study; Monitoring of inshore fish;
1998 Representative Areas Program for new zoning commenced;
2003-2006 GBR Seabed Biodiversity surveys; 2004 New Zoning Plan implemented;
Education & surveillance/ enforcement programs;
Initial monitoring;
2006-2008 Post-zoning monitoring; 2009 GBR Outlook Report 2009 → Parliament.
2010 This review