adaptive governance for adaptive farming...... station manager, voice of karamoja radio station ......

ACCRA CASE STUDY JUNE 2017

www.oxfam.org.uk/effectiveness

ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE FOR ADAPTIVE FARMING

Communities and government in Uganda working collaboratively to produce seasonal forecasts for smallholder farmers

Karamojong female farmer in Kotido District: ACCRA beneficiary of seasonal weather forecast information and

advisories.

Over 80 percent of Uganda’s labour force works in agriculture, the majority of them

women. Any threat to agricultural production therefore puts a large part of the population

at risk of poverty and hunger. With climate change increasing the frequency of extreme

and unpredictable events such as floods, droughts and other climate-related hazards,

farmers find it difficult to predict when to plant. It is critical for farming communities to be

able to anticipate the weather and seasonal changes. This report tells the story of how

ACCRA worked with the national meteorological department of Uganda and farming

communities on collaborative action research to improve Uganda’s climate and weather.

2 Adaptive Governance for Adaptive Farming: Communities and government in Uganda

working collaboratively to produce seasonal forecasts for smallholder farmers

CONTENTS

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3

ACCRA ........................................................................................................................... 3

Uganda ................................................................................................................. 4

2 The story of change ........................................................................................... 5

The first cycle ....................................................................................................... 5

The second cycle .................................................................................................. 6

The third cycle ...................................................................................................... 6

The fourth cycle .................................................................................................... 7

The fifth cycle ....................................................................................................... 7

Intermediate outcomes ......................................................................................... 8

Who has benefited? .............................................................................................. 9

3 The theory of change ....................................................................................... 12

First-order and deepest assumption ................................................................... 12

Second-order assumptions ................................................................................. 13

Third-order assumption ...................................................................................... 15

Adaptive Governance for Adaptive Farming: Communities and government in Uganda working

collaboratively to produce seasonal forecasts for smallholder farmers 3

1 INTRODUCTION

This story of change was developed using information generated during an external evaluation of

ACCRA’s work in Uganda, including through a series of interviews and a learning history

workshop held on 27 September 2016 in Kampala.

During the learning history workshop, participants co-constructed their story about ACRRA’s role

in supporting the development of a seasonal weather forecasting and advisory system for farmers

in Uganda.

The interviews and workshop have enabled the ACCRA team to identify the outcomes and impact

of its work and to refine its theory of change, which are set out in this paper.

This document uses quotes from interviewees and workshop participants with their permission. In

this way, the voices of the stakeholders involved in developing Uganda’s system of weather

forecasting are incorporated throughout. The authors and ACCRA are extremely grateful to all the

people who have participated in the co-creation of this story of change.

ACCRA

Since 2009, the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA) has effectively enhanced

governance systems and climate resilience in Ethiopia, Uganda and Mozambique.

ACCRA believes change at a system level is required if climate justice – in particular, fairness

toward vulnerable communities – is to be achieved. This is possible when a government shares

power with its citizens and with civil society in understanding and prioritizing climate issues; in

designing policies, strategies and plans; and in implementing, reviewing and learning from those

plans.

Governments everywhere need to find new ways of planning to address climate change. In sub-

Saharan Africa, this challenge compounds the other challenges facing governments. However,

ACCRA’s experience shows that when governments are supported to adapt their planning and

budgeting systems to better address climate change, they also become more able to tackle other

challenges such as food security, gender inequality and poverty.

This is because climate change cannot be addressed through governance systems that are top-

down, siloed across sectors and focused on short-term funding streams. It cannot be addressed

when the voices of women and men affected by climate change are not heard, and when

governments are not accountable to their citizens. This is also true for other complex challenges.

The need to resolve long-standing, systemic weaknesses in governance systems is therefore as

urgent as the need to find scientific and technological answers to the challenge of climate

change.

ACCRA’s experience proves that action on climate change is also a catalyst for systemic change,

with wide-reaching benefits for inclusive and sustainable development.

ACCRA is an alliance of Oxfam, World Vision, CARE, Save the Children and the Overseas

Development Institute (ODI), working closely with the International Institute for Environment and

Development (IIED). Until 2016, ACCRA was funded by the UK Department for International

Development (DFID).



UGANDA

Uganda is a low-income country; the backbone of its economy is agriculture, with over 80 percent

of the country’s labour force employed in this activity, of whom the majority are women.

Therefore, any threat to agricultural production degrades Uganda’s socio-economic status and

puts 80 percent of the population at risk of poverty and hunger. With climate change increasing

the frequency of extreme and unpredictable events such as floods, droughts and other climate-

related hazards,1 farmers who rely on only indigenous weather forecasting methods find it difficult

to predict when to plant. It is therefore critical for farming communities to be able to anticipate the

weather and seasonal changes, so they can plan effectively to avoid losing their crops and

livelihoods.

The Government of Uganda is working towards becoming an upper-middle-income country, but

its progress towards this goal will be set back by climate change. Against this background,

Uganda has recently developed governance instruments to enable it to deal with the impacts of

climate change and variability.

These include:

• Uganda’s Vision 2040, which states the goal of achieving upper-middle-income country status

based on green growth.

• The National Climate Change Policy 2015, which links climate change adaptation, mitigation

and economic development, and harmonizes climate change action across governance levels

and sectors, providing a legal basis for action.

• The National Development Plan 2015–2020, which sets out the aim for low-carbon

development.

• National climate commitments to the international community under the Paris Climate

Agreement, including the Nationally Determined Contributions 2015, which, if met, will enable

Uganda to access the Green Climate Fund.



2 THE STORY OF CHANGE

In 2011, ACCRA’s research found that the national meteorological department of Uganda was

producing weather forecasts which were not easily understood by farmers, the intended users.

The forecasts were bulky, complicated and disseminated in English through inappropriate

channels, often reaching them too late to assist with their planning. Furthermore, the forecasts

were not gender sensitive.2 Other research conducted in some African countries suggested that

the production and appropriate dissemination of usable climate forecasts could increase

communities’ adaptive capacities.3

As the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) is mandated to provide climate and

weather information for different sectors as well as to communities who need it for planning and

decision making, ACCRA reached out to UNMA to work together to improve Uganda’s climate

and weather forecast services.

What developed was a process of collaborative action research involving UNMA, communities

and ACCRA. This progressed through five distinct phases or cycles, which are described below.

THE FIRST CYCLE

Establishing a national inter-agency team

„ACCRA set a platform, bringing people together. The ability to bring them all as one face

to the public adds more value to the product. They come as one voice, one face.‟

Evaluation participant

„ACCRA also contributed by opening a platform where we can interpret difficult expressions

in simple terms – then go ahead and develop advisories for various sectors such as water,

agriculture, health and disasters, according to climate forecasts. This added value on

climate forecasts, and therefore ACCRA activities, influenced the direction of UNMA

services.‟

Deus Bamanya, Director, Applied Meteorology, Data and Climate Services, UNMA; ACCRA Steering Committee

In 2012, ACCRA convened a national, multi-sector team that brought together technical staff from

government ministries and departments, including people responsible for disaster risk reduction

(DRR), energy, water, environment, health, agriculture, education, works and transport, and local

government. This inter-agency team, hosted by UNMA, now meets three times a year, before the

release of each seasonal forecast. In these meetings, the team considers UNMA’s weather

projections and develops advisories for their respective sectors. The team also receives feedback

on the previous season’s advisories, to support ongoing improvements. Once agreed, the

seasonal advisories are communicated by the Minister of Water and Environment in a national

press conference and broadcast on national TV and via the national press. They are then

translated into local languages and disseminated via a variety of routes to smallholder farmers.

The first simplified seasonal forecasts and advisories were released in June 2012 in four local

languages; this was increased to 10 languages with further support from ACCRA.

ACCRA supported dissemination of the forecasts to communities where its alliance members

were operating. Dissemination channels included audio CDs which were handed to different

media outlets, including local FM radios. Alliance members also printed and shared the advisories

at community gatherings.



„As UNMA, we have found it useful to work with ACCRA on translating seasonal climate

forecasts because we wanted the information to reach more people directly. Our products

were too difficult to understand, and some of the terminologies also needed to be

simplified.‟


member

„At Voice of Karamoja FM radio, we get the translated weather forecast information and we

play it three times per day: at 6:30am, 3:00pm and 8:20pm… We do get feedback from

farmers. Sometimes they tell us that the forecasts did not match the situation. We also get

people who say it has helped them get proper yields.‟

Joe Wacha, Station Manager, Voice of Karamoja radio station

THE SECOND CYCLE

Establishing feedback mechanisms

UNMA and ACCRA collaborated to create and institutionalize a system to enable the users of the

forecasts and advisories to give detailed feedback to UNMA. A standardized questionnaire, which

focused on the impact of the forecast, was used in focus group discussions at community level.

Another questionnaire, which focused on dissemination, was used as a basis of discussions with

district officers. These discussions revealed that the radio broadcasts were not easily accessed by

women; this was due to the timing of the broadcasts and the fact that men owned the radios and

preferred to use them for news or football, making it hard for women to find the correct channel.

The survey also revealed weaknesses in coordination among the different stakeholders that

carried out the dissemination. This made it difficult to assess the coverage of the forecasts, and

highlighted a need to use more channels for dissemination. It was found that local FM radio

stations that were late in accessing the weather forecast from the meteorology department

compensated by providing information from the internet, which was often inaccurate. The surveys

also showed that many farmers still relied heavily on traditional and indigenous knowledge for

forecasting. At local government level, it was found that the district office responsible for

disseminating information to farmers did not provide them with climate-related information.

This feedback triggered the collective drafting of a national seasonal forecast dissemination

strategy, which was the first of its kind at UNMA and in the country as a whole.

„An important governance aspect was to get weather information to communities and then

[get] feedback from communities.‟

Geoffrey Muhumuza, former Save the Children Uganda staff member and ACCRA Focal Point

THE THIRD CYCLE

Establishing a dissemination strategy for a gender-responsive national

seasonal forecast

Based on the country-wide impact assessment findings, UNMA and partners collectively

developed a national dissemination strategy. ACCRA supported UNMA to draft the dissemination

strategy by leading the reflection, learning and drafting process.

The objectives of the resulting strategy are to:

• Improve access to seasonal forecasts by end-users amidst the changing climate.

• Improve coordination of the dissemination process by key stakeholders.



• Increase the number of stakeholders and communication channels, including gender-

responsive channels, in order to reach more end-users.

• Devise means of reaching different target groups, including women and schoolchildren,

through relevant communication channels.

• Improve monitoring and evaluation of progress in the country.

As part of operationalizing the strategy, especially at local government level, it was agreed to

utilize existing government systems. The Office of Information at district level was designated as

a focal point for disseminating seasonal forecast information (it previously wasn’t included in the

information the office disseminated to communities).

UNMA presented the strategy to stakeholders to build national ownership, and obtained

additional funding from donors to scale up the forecasts. This triggered the next cycle: scaling up.

THE FOURTH CYCLE

Scaling up the seasonal forecast

„The weather forecast model has been scaled up country-wide, partly through partners like

GIZ and USAID‟s Feed the Future programme.‟

Jane Nakiranda, ACCRA-Uganda Capacity Building and Advocacy Coordinator, World Vision Uganda

Based on lessons and interactions with different experts, the fourth cycle focused on scaling up

the system to more users by increasing the number of local languages to 35 in total. This was led

by UNMA, which attracted new donors, including GIZ and USAID.

USAID also funded ACCRA to establish new linkages between UNMA and the National

Agriculture Research Organisation, which provides agro-meteorology information, and the

Directorate of Water Development, which produces hydro-meteorology information. These key

technical institutions provided additional information to enrich the seasonal forecasts. The new

information on water was important for pastoral communities and provided better early warning to

farmers. This linkage also helped these institutions to work together more effectively. The first

agro-hydrological forecasts were produced in September 2016.

„ACCRA brought a new initiative which is now being copied by many members of the World

Meteorological Organization (WMO) – translating weather forecasts… The visibility of

UNMA has increased as a result of the efforts of ACCRA.‟

James Bataze, Senior Meteorologist, UNMA

THE FIFTH CYCLE

Integrating traditional, indigenous and scientific knowledge

„Incorporating indigenous knowledge into climate change policies can lead to the

development of effective adaptation strategies that are cost-effective, participatory and

sustainable. There is the need, therefore, to integrate this local knowledge into formal

adaptation policies.‟

From Nganzi et al. (2015) Use of indigenous knowledge in weather forecasting in Uganda, UNMA and ACCRA4

The fifth cycle is based on one of the survey findings, which showed that famers continued to use

their traditional knowledge to forecast the weather. UNMA and ACCRA have conducted a

nationwide study to better understand how traditional and indigenous knowledge is used in

weather forecasts, towards developing local adaptive capacities.5 Plans are now underway to

pilot the integration of scientific, traditional and indigenous knowledge in forecasts.



INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES

Drawing on the interviews and learning history workshop, the external evaluation was able to

identify a set of linked outcomes from this specific area of ACCRA’s work in Uganda, as follows:

• Simplified and translated weather and climate forecasts have been produced and

disseminated since June 2012 to the present.

• Seasonal, sector-specific advisory information has been produced and disseminated through

the collaboration of UNMA and climate-sensitive government sectors, using forecasts that are

rendered more accurate by regional weather data information and historical climate data.

• Seasonal launches and press conferences on advisory services have taken place, where

different government departments come together and deliver a unified product ‘as one voice

and face’.

• A weather forecast and advisory feedback platform involving the people, civil society

organizations and UNMA has been institutionalized. Feedback from users, including rural

communities, is used to improve the quality and delivery of information.

„The model has helped us distribute timely and usable forecasts, and significantly improved

coordination among stakeholders. It raised the profile of UNMA among community

members. Now we need more support to engage climate scientists with people that are

using traditional [weather forecasting] methods.‟


member

• A gender-sensitive national weather forecast and dissemination strategy has been produced

and is operational.

• Communities’ planning and decision making is informed by the weather forecasts and

advisories, e.g. farmers are deciding which crops to grow and when, and are adapting farming

calendars and diversifying their livelihoods through raising poultry, beekeeping and planting

locally non-traditional crops.

„Since 2012, we have been receiving weather forecasts. I started growing eggplants and

raised a lot of money. For example, in 2014/2015 I raised 400,000 Uganda Shillings. [The

forecasts] also guide me in terms of the best time to harvest honey from beehives. For

example, if there is going to be a lot of rain in September, I harvest between July and

August. I used the income to buy two goats, and now I have a cow. I use some of the

money for my regular medical check-up.‟

Ario Teddy, female farmer and weather forecast beneficiary, Otuke district, Northern Uganda

„Weather information has guided me in choosing crops to grow, and to diversify crop

production – [I now grow] pineapple, guava, passion fruit, bananas and a range of cassava

varieties. I harvest water. When the season is bad, I make bricks… This year, very

recently, I opened a vocational training school to diversify income sources.‟

Peter Otim, male farmer and weather forecast beneficiary, Otuke district, Northern Uganda

• Decision making and planning informed by the weather forecasts and advisories is taking

place in local governments (e.g. in District Development Plans) and by other government

ministries (e.g. of agriculture and water).

„ACCRA has also contributed to disaster preparedness and management… through mapping

disaster-prone areas, creating community awareness of the disasters, and assisting some of

the communities to anticipate disasters, such as landslides in Elgon sub-region.‟

Roland Taremwa, Monitoring and Evaluation official, focal point for the integration of climate change indicators in

the Outputs Budgeting Tool, Office of the Prime Minister

• The business sector is utilizing weather and climate information to scout for business

opportunities in Uganda and beyond, through identifying food deficit and surplus areas.



• International funding has supported the scaling up of the model into more languages and

districts, and into government planning and decision making systems.

• The geographical and thematic scope of the weather forecast advisory model has expanded to

include agro-hydrological components. The first rainfall-agro-hydrological forecast was

produced in September 2016.

Learning and action research

These five learning cycles illustrate one of the ways in which ACCRA works – by supporting

the co-creation of innovative solutions through action research and iterative learning by

doing. This approach helps to break the disconnect between researchers and decision

makers, and between different levels of governance, through a focus on the real needs of

climate-affected populations, in particular women.

Learning through action research is combined with strengthening agency. Agency is the

capacity to act upon or respond to situations towards a purpose,6, 7

and comprises individual,

collective and relational agency. Relational agency is about exchanging ideas, negotiating,

tolerating diversity, respecting differences and aligning one’s thoughts and actions with

those of others towards a common purpose. Collective agency is about working with others

towards a common objective, with relational agency serving as the glue that binds the actors

together.8

These forms of agency resonate with ACCRA’s approach to partnership development, policy

influencing, and the management of action research and learning.

WHO HAS BENEFITED?

In addition to generating assumptions, a theory of change identifies those whom the action aims

to benefit. The people that ACCRA Uganda intended to benefit from quality weather and climate

information are rural and urban women and men, as well as government and public sector actors.

Rural and urban communities

The following quotes show that women and men in rural and urban communities were the

intended beneficiaries:

„The weather forecasting component has assisted these communities to be more resilient,

especially in terms of food security.‟



„As UNMA, we have found it useful to work with ACCRA on translating seasonal climate

forecasts because we wanted the information to reach more people directly. Our products

were too difficult to understand, and some of the terminologies also needed to be

simplified.‟


member

„I think the weather forecasts are a very good piece of information – particularly for our side

of the world, where radio is a reliable means of communication; and when communication

is in the local language, even when people can‟t read and write [they] can access it and

use it.‟

Joe Wacha, Station Manager, Voice of Karamoja radio station



Government agencies

The following quotes show that weather and climate information was also intended for

government:

„ACCRA also contributed by opening a platform where we can interpret difficult expressions

in simple terms – then go ahead and develop advisories for various sectors such as water,

agriculture, health and disasters, according to climate forecasts. This added-value on

climate forecasts, and therefore ACCRA activities, influenced the direction of UNMA

services.‟


member

„The model has helped us distribute timely and usable forecasts, and significantly improved

coordination among stakeholders. It raised the profile of UNMA among community

members. Now we need more support to engage climate scientists with people who are

using traditional [weather forecasting] methods.‟


member

Business community

The business community also benefits from weather forecasts, as suggested below:

„The business community is very much interested in the advisories, and also the marketing

people… [because] they can plan where to sell their product… where there will be rainfall

deficit.‟


member

Adaptive Governance for Adaptive Farming: Communities and government in Uganda working collaboratively to produce seasonal forecasts for smallholder farmers



3 THE THEORY OF CHANGE

„Theory of change is about generating better assumptions, better hypotheses of change to

strengthen our work, learn from what happens and improve it.‟9

The long-term goal of ACCRA in Uganda is to enable governance systems to transform so that

they increase gender-sensitive and people-centred adaptive capacity across sectors and levels

including community, civil society, and local and national government.

Through the evaluation process, ACCRA in Uganda was able to develop and refine its theory of

change. This is based on ACCRA’s overarching theory of change and comprises a set of

stratified assumptions which can be understood as first-, second- and third-order assumptions.

These are outlined below, and examples are given of quotes from which the assumptions were

inferred.

FIRST-ORDER AND DEEPEST ASSUMPTION

Climate change justice is possible and can be realized through developing the decision

making capacities of duty bearers on the one hand and the knowledge and agency of rights

holders on the other, and through creating spaces for continued engagement.

This assumption is underpinned by dialectical thinking, in which qualitative improvements of

practices and societies are caused by revealing, challenging and synthesizing or resolving

competing positions, opposites and contradictions.10

By working with different sectors and

stakeholders, including duty bearers and rights holders, by promoting knowledge generation and

transmission, and by working with the known past as well as the uncertain future, ACCRA puts

dialectical thinking at the centre of its approach to transforming governance systems.

„ACCRA believes that climate justice is possible. It seeks to achieve improved national

decision making in order to reduce vulnerability and to strengthen the agency and

resilience of communities… Increasing vulnerable communities‟ resilience can only take

place by reducing inequality and distribution of risk so that this does not fall

disproportionately on the poorest in society… ACCRA‟s approach is to support pro-poor

and participatory planning, enabling communities to better exercise their agency through

access to information and to national policy frameworks. ACCRA also uses capacity

building to explore ways in which people think about adaptation, disaster risk reduction and

collaboration with one another.‟

Isabel Crabtree-Condor, ACCRA consultant

ACCRA’s unified range of programme activities and relationships appears to be underpinned by

the idea of power with, which is explained in the box below.

The concept of ‘power with’

There are two main ways in which the concept of power is used: power over others – the

coercion and domination of one by another, false consciousness11

and cultural hegemony.12

The expanded concept of power that ACCRA works with is referred to as power with. This

has been called a feminist model of power: it has been traced to the work of women who

warned against conflating power with domination, and instead defined power as the human

ability to act in concert with others.13

Others have defined power with as the capacity to bring

about change, including by nurturing and empowering others.14



Systems theorists have also conceptualized power in a positive sense. These include the

phrase integrative power,15

which includes cooperation and reciprocity, the growth of a

sense of community, and the ability to create and pursue desirable futures together. These

positive views of power have also been called mutualistic power relations.16

In the real

world, power over exists, and building relations around power with is an important way of

bringing about the kind of change ACCRA seeks.17

Community members and district officers play the ACCRA game to learn about and experience forward and flexible

decision making.

SECOND-ORDER ASSUMPTIONS

There are three assumptions within the second order layer of ACCRA’s stratified

assumptions: valuing community voice, working in alliance with others, and using a joined-

up approach. These are about how governance systems can be transformed towards

climate adaptive development.

1 Valuing community voice

Developing community adaptive capacities should combine the inclusion of community

voices in governing and accountability instruments with context-specific and contextualized

evidence, flexible and forward-looking planning, and collective action across sectors and

scales.

„What should shape the governance of adaptation should really be vulnerable people… We

should have the evidence of vulnerabilities to inform systems – and systems should be

able to reflect those needs and work accordingly… The impact of climate change is

context-specific. If you miss local evidence, do you think you are going to do good

development?‟

Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA International Coordinator, Oxfam



„Flexible, forward-looking decision making is informed by how climate trends are happening

and impacting, and also having the flexibility in programmes. How do we build risk of

drought into programming?‟

Geoffrey Muhumuza, former Save the Children Uganda staff member and ACCRA Focal Point

„We need to be able to move beyond policy influence because it cannot, on its own, be

able to make that much difference – [it] needs to translate into action.‟

Alfred Mugo, Livelihoods Specialist, Save the Children Uganda

2 Working in alliance with others

Tackling complex problems of climate change requires alliances between government and

civil society (at multiple levels), without conflating their respective mandates and role„

The most important lesson that I learned from working with ACCRA is that cross-cutting

issues like climate change can only be addressed through collaboration between various

parties with different specialties and expertise; both government and non-government

actors.‟



„ACCRA‟s work is special in that they have succeeded in coordinating government and

non-state actors for the improved performance of their [respective] mandates.‟

Christine Kaaya, Parliamentary Coordinator, Parliamentary Forum on Climate Change (PFCC-U); ACCRA

Steering Committee member

„ACCRA‟s work stands outs in terms of developing collaboration and partnerships as a way

of working with different stakeholders, both state and non-state actors.‟

Busingye C. Nicholas, Programme Officer, PFCC-U; ACCRA Steering Committee member

„We have helped to bridge civil society and government by managing perceptions and

telling them, “this is our mandate, this is your mandate”... The only danger, of course, if you

are not careful, is that you can be swallowed, co-opted, and lose your oversight role as civil

society.‟

Antony Wolimwa, Climate Action Network-Uganda (CAN-U); ACCRA Steering Committee member

3 A joined-up approach

Joined-up action research, capacity development, partnership development and policy

influencing is more effective than using any one of these approaches in isolation when

working to transform climate-related governance systems.

Action research and learning

„The climate change and DRR policies and strategies of governments and INGOs [in terms

of content], have improved through using ACCRA‟s research and capacity building.‟

Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA International Coordinator, Oxfam

Capacity building

„My fondest memory of ACCRA is when it trained me in climate change vulnerability

analysis with field-level exercises.‟

Christine Kaaya, Parliamentary Coordinator, PFCC-U; ACCRA Steering Committee member



Information and advice dissemination (capacity development)

„I value the weather information that is shared in my own language. It enables me to plan

and prepare according to predicted seasonal rainfall patterns. Sometimes I need to harvest

water. [The information] has also helped me to start sustainable farming for a comfortable

life in the future.‟

Peter Otim, male farmer and weather forecast beneficiary, Otuke district, Northern Uganda

Mainstreaming climate change matters (process and systems capacity development)

„I am fond of ACCRA because when I felt it was an uphill task to mainstream climate

change issues in my organization, ACCRA always showed me the way… For an

organization like mine [World Vision], governance and transformation boil down to how we

interact with communities.‟

Enid Ocaya, DRR and Humanitarian Emergency Affairs Manager, World Vision Uganda; ACCRA Focal Point

„Two things that I value a lot [about ACCRA‟s work] are spreading the process of

developing climate change indicators [to seek and obtain multiple voices], and

mainstreaming of climate change issues in District Development Plans, where local

government fully participated.‟

Dr David Musunga, co-author of the national climate change indicators report18

Partnership development and policy influencing

„We like how ACCRA has been able to map out key players and then use its position to

target the right people, and use the comparative advantage of different alliance members.‟

Alfred Mugo, Livelihoods Specialist, Save the Children Uganda

THIRD-ORDER ASSUMPTION

The third-order assumption is linked to specific ACCRA Uganda programme interventions:

Context-specific, gender-sensitive, understandable and usable climate information is central

to the development of adaptive capacities.

Figure 2: Stages of individual and institutional capacity development



„Women are more vulnerable to climate change than men… It is therefore critical for

farming communities, especially women in Africa, to have information about weather…

Most often the information and the dissemination channels are not gender sensitive… This

is why ACCRA attempts to ensure equal access to information and guidance, taking

gender-based access barriers into account.‟

From M. Barihaihi and J. Mwanzia (2016)19

„When we did the assessment, some of the governance issues came out very clearly. For

example, UNMA, which was then a Met Department, was producing seasonal forecasts

whose dissemination was poor. The forecasts were disseminated through the chief admin

officers at district level, who were then expected to disseminate to the end-users. But the

dissemination seldom happened because they were not compelled [to do it] and didn‟t

have the resources. We saw this as a gap, and that is why we found it necessary to work

with the Met Department. We also advocated for more personnel and other resources. The

Met equipment was also old. We also did advocacy on its quality of forecast data.‟

Monica Anguparu, Programme Manager, CARE International Uganda; ACCRA Focal Point

„ACCRA's research in Phase 1 found gaps in the way communities receive weather

information… there was no understandable scientific forecast that people could use. So

ACCRA worked with UNMA to design and disseminate an improved forecast.‟

Léa Doumenjou, former ACCRA International Programme Officer, Oxfam



NOTES 1 Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2016) Climate and development outlook: Stories of

change from CDKN – Special Edition on Uganda. London/Cape Town: CDKN Global/CDKN Africa.

2 L. Jones, F. Ayorekire, M. Barihaihi, A. Kagoro and D. Ruta (2011) Preparing for the future in Uganda: Understanding the influence of development interventions on adaptive capacity at the local level. Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance Uganda Synthesis Report. ACCRA.

3 Africa-adapt 2010 Background paper, Improving Accessibility and Usability of Seasonal Forecasts for Food Security in Africa: Lessons from CCAA Participatory Action Research Projects.

4 P. Nganzi, T.C. Kajumba, M. Barihaihi, J. Bataze and G. Mujuni (2015) Use of indigenous knowledge in weather forecasting in Uganda. Kampala: UNMA and ACCRA.

5 Ibid.

6 Y. Engeström (2015) Learning by expanding: An activity theoretical approach to developmental research (Second Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.

7 M. Mukute (2015) Developmental work research: A tool for enabling collective agricultural innovation. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Press.

8 A. Edwards (2007) Relational agency in professional practice: A CHAT analysis. Action: An International Journal of Human Activity Theory 1 (pp. 1–17).

9 Alfredo Ortiz, researcher and facilitator Quoted in Vogel (2012) Review of the use of ‘Theory of Change’ in international development, http://www.theoryofchange.org/pdf/DFID_ToC_Review_VogelV7.pdf

10 Y. Engeström (1995) Objects, contradictions and collaboration in medical cognition: an activity-theoretical perspective. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 7, pp.395–412.

11 K. Marx and F. Engels (1967) The Germany ideology. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

12 A. Gramsci (1971) Selections from the Prison Notes of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers.

13 M.P. Follett (1942) Power. In C.M Henry and L. Urwick (Eds.) Dynamic administration. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.

14 J.B. Miller (1982) Colloquium: Women and power. Centre for Developmental Services and Studies. 82(1), pp. 1–5.

15 K.E. Boulding (1989) Three Faces of Power. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.

16 M. Karlberg (2005). The power of discourse and the discourse of power: Pursuing peace through discourse intervention. International Journal of Peace Studies 10(1), pp. 1–23.

17 See also J. Rowlands (2016) Power in Practice: Bringing Understandings and Analysis of Power into Development Action in Oxfam. Power, Poverty and Inequality. IDS Bulletin 47(5). http://bulletin.ids.ac.uk/idsbo/article/view/2796/ONLINE%20ARTICLE

18 Ministry of Water and Environment 2015, The Mapping Report of Standard National Climate Change, Indicators for the Output Budgeting Tool and Local Government Assessment Tool.

19 M. Barihaihi and J. Mwanzia (2016) Enhancing farmers’ resilience and adaptive capacity through access to usable weather information: A case study from Uganda. Paper presented at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa: Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21–23 February 2016.



RESEARCH PARTCIPANTS

Interviewees

Members of the Uganda ACCRA National Steering Committee

Monica Anguparu, Partners for Resilience Programme Manager, CARE International Uganda

Jackson Muhindo, Rukara Resilience and Livelihoods Officer, Oxfam

Alfred Nimungu, Livelihoods Specialist, Save the Children Uganda

Enid Ocaya, DRR and Humanitarian Emergency Affairs Manager, World Vision Uganda

Anthony Wolimbwa, Advocacy and Research Coordinator, Climate Action Network-Uganda

(CAN-U)

Richard Okuku, Uganda Local Government Association (ULGA)

Christine Kaaya, Parliamentary Coordinator, Parliamentary Forum for Climate Change-Uganda

(PFCC-U)

Deus Bamanya, Director, Applied Meteorology, Data and Climate Services, Uganda National

Meteorological Authority (UNMA)

Medhie Ssemambo, Climate Change Adaptation Officer, Climate Change Department (CCD)

Raymond Nungi, DRR Officer, Office of the Prime Minister (OPM)

Country Directors of ACCRA consortium members

Gilbert Kamanga, National Director, World Vision Uganda

Peter Kamalingin, Country Director, Oxfam Uganda

Delphine Pinault, Country Director, CARE International Uganda

Vanlith Brechtje, Save the Children International Uganda

ACCRA Uganda staff

Tracy Kajumba, former ACCRA Uganda Country Coordinator, Irish Aid Uganda

Joselyn Bigirwa, ACCRA Uganda Country Coordinator, World Vision Uganda

Jane Nakiranda, ACCRA Uganda Capacity Building and Advocacy Coordinator, World Vision

Uganda

ACCRA global staff

Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA International Coordinator, Oxfam GB

Léa Doumenjou, former ACCRA International Programme Officer, Oxfam GB

Oxfam ACCRA global advisors

Marta Arranz, Senior Advisor, Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (PMEL) –

Influencing, Oxfam GB

Helen Jeans, Agriculture and Natural Resources Unit Manager, Resilience and Climate Change

Adaptation Advisor, Oxfam GB

Participants of the ACCRA Uganda Stakeholders’ Evaluation Workshop, Kampala, 27 September 2016

Farmers

Biira Annet, Farmer, Bundibugyo district

Otim Peter, Model farmer, Otuke district

Teddy Ario, Apiary farmer, Otuke district

Government officials

Musanga David, District Production Officer Bulambuli District Local Government

Maate Jackus, Senior Environment Officer Bundibugyo

Ronald Bless Taremwa, Senior Analyst – Monitoring and Evaluation Office of the Prime Minister

Semambo Muhammad, Climate Change Department focal person on adaptation, Ministry of

Water and Environment



Godfrey Mujuni, Senior Meteorologist Uganda National Meteorological Authority

Bataze James, Senior Meteorologist Uganda National Meteorological Authority

ACCRA national steering committee

Anthony Wolimbwa, Advocacy and Research Coordinator Climate Action Network-Uganda

Geoffrey Muhindo, Disaster Risk Reduction Coordinator Climate Action Network-Uganda

Busingye C. Nicholas, Programme Officer Parliamentary Forum on Climate Change-Uganda

Kaaya Christine, Project Coordinator Parliamentary Forum on Climate Change-Uganda

Anguparu Monica, Partners for Resilience Programme Manager CARE International Uganda

Jackson Muhindo, Resilience and Livelihoods Officer Oxfam

Jane Nakiranda, Capacity Building and Advocacy Coordinator ACCRA-World Vision

Léa Doumenjou, ACCRA Programme Officer ACCRA-Oxfam

Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA International Coordinator ACCRA-Oxfam

Media

Joe Wacha, FM Radio Station Manager Voice of Karamoja

Partners

Doreen Tukezibwa, Climate Change Officer USAID ‘Feed the Future Enabling Environment for

Agriculture’ programme

Consultants

Mutizwa Johnson, Social Learning Innovation Ltd

John Colvin. Emerald Network

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to the national government and local government authorities, civil society networks,

United Nations and donor organizations, and the farmers from Otuke and Bundibugyo districts

for sharing your stories of change that were inspired by ACCRA Uganda’s work.

This work has been supported by these donors:

The UK Department for International Development (DFID).

USAID through its Feed the Future Uganda Enabling Environment for Agriculture programme.

Authors

Dr Mutizwa Mukute, Social Learning & Innovation Ltd

Dr John Colvin, Emerald Network Ltd

Helen Jeans, Oxfam GB

Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA International Coordinator, Oxfam GB



© Oxfam International June 2017

This publication is copyright but the text may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy,

campaigning, education, and research, provided that the source is acknowledged in full. The copyright

holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in

any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, permission

must be secured and a fee may be charged. E-mail [email protected].

The information in this publication is correct at the time of going to press.

For more information on the issues raised in this paper please email Margaret Barihaihi, ACCRA

International Coordinator: [email protected]

Published by Oxfam GB for Oxfam International under ISBN 978-0-85598-999-6 in June 2017.

Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK

OXFAM

Oxfam is an international confederation of 20 organizations networked together in more than 90 countries,

as part of a global movement for change, to build a future free from the injustice of poverty. Please write to

any of the agencies for further information, or visit www.oxfam.org

ACCRA is:

A champion of development planning which is adaptive to climate change, grounded in the

needs and priorities of citizens, and equitable toward women, girls, boys and men.

An enabler of local and national systems, which never replaces existing institutions.

A process facilitator of collaborative design and planning.

A go-between or ‘systemic intermediary’ that strengthens vertical and horizontal relationships

across different levels, sectors and organizations.

A responsive partner that provides know-how and capacity development that responds to the

real needs of local and national institutions.

An alliance of Oxfam, World Vision, CARE, Save the Children and the Overseas Development

Institute (ODI), working closely with the International Institute for Environment and Development

(IIED).

To find out more:

Download all our publications from the ACCRA website:

http://community.accraconsortium.org/.59d669a8/publications.html

Find more success stories on our blog page:

http://community.accraconsortium.org/.59d66929/Blog/

http://www.oxfam.org/

http://community.accraconsortium.org/.59d669a8/publications.html

http://community.accraconsortium.org/.59d66929/Blog/

adaptive governance for adaptive farming...... station manager, voice of karamoja radio station ......

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