References

119

Adcock, I.M., Brown, C.R., Kwon, O. and Barnes, P.J., Oxidative stress induces NF

kappa B DNA binding and inducible NOS mRNA in human epithelial cells.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 199, 1518-1524.

Advanced Chemistry Development / ChemSketch software, http://www.acdlabs.com/

download/sda.

Aggarwal, B.B., Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within. Cancer Cell., 2004, 6(3), 203-

208.

Aggarwal, B.B., Shishir, S., Santosh, K.S., Manoj, K.P. and Gautam, S., Inflammation

and cancer: how hot is the link?. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2006, 72, 1605-21.

Aggarwal, B.B., Vijayalekshmi, R.V. and Bokyung, S., Targeting Inflammatory

Pathways for Prevention and Therapy of Cancer: Short-Term Friend, Long-Term

Foe. Clin. Cancer. Res., 2009, 15, 425-430.

Akao, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Iinuma, M. and Nozawa, Y., Anti-Cancer Effects of Xanthones

from Pericarps of Mangosteen. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2008, 9, 355-370.

Akira, M. and Hajime, O., Targeting NOX, INOS and COX-2 in inflammatory cells:

chemoprevention using food phytochemicals. Int. J. Cancer., 2007, 121(11),

2357-2363.

Ahmat, N., Nik, F.N.A., Nurunajab, A.G., Sharipah, R.S.A., Norrizah, J.S., Shamsiah, A.

and Halila, J., Bioactive Xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana.

Mid-East. J. Sci. Res., 2010, 6(2), 123-127.

AutoDock software, http://www.scripps.edu/pub/olson-web/doc/autodock/

References

120

Ayumi, S., Hironori, F., Hisae, O., Kyoko, I. and Yasushi, O., α-Mangostin Induces Ca2+

-

ATPase-Dependent Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Pathway in PC12 Cells. J.

Pharmacol. Sci., 2004, 95, 33-40.

Baeuerle, P.A. and Baltimore, D., Nf-κB: ten years after. Cell., 1996, 87(1), 13-20.

Bakhle, Y.S., Structure of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and their interaction with

inhibitors. Drugs Today., 1999, 35, 237-250.

Balunas, M.J. and Kinghorn, A.D., Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci., 2005,

78,431-441.

Barnes, P.J., Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin.

Sci., 1998, 94, 557-572.

Baskar, R., Rajeswari, V. and Satish, K.T., In vitro antioxidant studies in the leaves of

Annona species. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 2007, 45, 480-485.

Blois, M.S., Antioxidant determination by the use of stable free radicals. Nature., 1958,

26, 1199-1200.

Brash, A.R., Arachidonic acid as a bioactive molecule. J. Clin. Invest., 2001, 107,1339-

1345.

Braugghler, J.M., Duncan, C.A. and Chase, L.R., The involvement of iron in lipid

peroxidation, Important of ferrous to ferric iron in initiation, J. Biol. Chem., 1986,

261, 10282.

Bobbili, V.V.P., Mubarak, A.A., Leela, K.A., Reddanna, P. and Ashok, K.,

Phycocyanin-mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells involves down-

References

121

regulation of Bcl-2 and generation of ROS. Mol. Cancer. Ther., 2003, 2, 1165-

1170.

Bonventre, J.V., Huang, Z., Taheri, M.R., O’Leary, E., Li, E., Moskowitz, M.A. and

Sapirstein, A., Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient

in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Nature., 1997, 390, 622-625.

Borenfreund, E., Babich, H. and Martin, A.N., Comparisons of two in vitro cytotoxicty

assays-the neutral red (NR) and tetrazolium MTT tests. Toxicol. In vitro., 1988, 2,

1-6.

Bumrungpert, A., Ruchaneekorn, W.K., Chia-Chi, C., Angel, O., Kristina, M., Arion, K.

and Michael, M., Xanthones from mangosteen inhibit inflammation in human

macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned

media. J. Nutr., 2010, 140, 842-847.

Callan, O.H., So, O.Y. and Swinney, D.C., The kinetic factors that determine the affinity

and selectivity for slow binding inhibition of human prostaglandin H synthase 1

and 2 by indomethacin and flurbiprofen. J. Biol .Chem., 1996, 271(7), 3548-3554.

Carla, M.P., Milton, A.M., Iolanda, F.L. and Tiberio, C., Nitric Oxide in Asthma

Physiopathology. ISRN Allergy., 2011,1-13.

Cedergren, J., Forslund, T., Sundqvist, T. and Skogh, T., Inducible nitric oxide synthase

is expressed in synovial fluid granulocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2002, 130, 150-

155.

Chairungsrilerd, N., Furukawa, K., Ohta, T., Nozoe, S. and Ohizumi, Y.,

Pharmacological properties of α-mangostin, a novel histamine H1 receptor

antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1996, 314, 351-356.

References

122

Chandrasekharan, N.V. and Simmons, D.L., The cyclooxgenases. Genome Biol., 2004, 5,

241.

Charles, I.G., Palmer, R.M., Hickery, M.S., Bayliss, M.T., Chubb, A.P., Hall, V.S., Moss,

D.W. and Moncada, S., Cloning, characterization and expression of a cDNA

encoding an inducible nitric oxide synthase from the human chondrocyte. Proc.

Nat. Aca. Sci. USA., 1993, 90, 11419-11423.

Charles, N.S, Chiang, N. and Dyke, V.T.E., Resolving inflammation: dual anti-

inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nature Rev. Immunol., 2008, 8,

49-361.

Crane, B.R., Arvai, A.S., Ghosh, D.K., Wu, C., Getzoff, E.D., Stuehr, D.J. and Tainer,

J.A., Structure of nitric oxide oxygenase dimer with pterin and substrate. Science.,

1998, 279, 2121-2126.

Chao, W.W., Hong, Y.H., Chen, M.L. and Lin, B.F., Inhibitory effects of Angelica

sinensis ethyl acetate extract and major compounds on NF-κB trans-activation

activity and LPS-induced inflammation. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2010, 29(2), 244-

249.

Chang, J., Medicinal herbs: drugs or dietary supplements?. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2000,

59, 211-219.

Chen, S.X., Wan, M. and Loh, B.N., Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from

Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med., 1996, 62, 381-382.

Chen, M.J, Chiou, P.P, Lin, P., Lin, C.M., Siri, S., Peck, K. and Chen, T.T., Suppression

of growth and cancer-induced angiogenesis of aggressive human breast cancer

cells (MDA-MB-231) on the chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken

embryos by E-peptide of pro-IGF-I. J. Cell Biochem., 2007, 101(5), 1316-27.

References

123

Chen, L.G., Yang, L.L. and Wang, C.C., Anti-inflammatory activity of mangostins from

Garcinia mangostana. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46, 688-694.

Chin, Y.W., Jung, H.A., Chai, H., Keller, W.J. and Kinghorn, A.D., Xanthones with

quinone reductase-inducing activity from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana

(Mangosteen). Phytochem., 2008, 69, 754-758.

Cho, H., Yun, C.W., Park, W.K., Kong, J.Y., Kim, K.S., Park, Y., Lee, S. and Kim, B.K.,

Modulation of the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes, COX-2 and iNOS, by

chrysin derivatives. Pharmacol. Res., 2004, 49(1), 37-43.

Cianchi, F., Cortesini, C., Fantappie, O., Messerini, L., Schiavone, N., Vannacci, A.,

Nistri, S., Sardi, I., Baroni, G., Marzocca, C., Perna, F., Mazzanti, R., Bechi, P.

and Masini, E., Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal

cancer: correlation with tumor angiogenesis. Ame. J. Pathol., 2003, 162, 793-

801.

Clive, D.M. and Stoff, J.S., Renal syndromes associated with non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs. New Eng. J. Med., 1984, 310, 563-572.

Colin, B. and Carlo, P., Selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, aspirin, and cardiovascular

disease: A reappraisal. Arth. Rheum., 2003, 48 (1), 12-20.

Coussens, L.M. and Werb, Z., Inflammation and cancer. Nature., 2002, 420 (6917), 860-

867.

Cross, R.K. and Wilson, KT., Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflam. Bowel

Dis., 2003, 9, 179-89.

Cryer, B., NSAID-associated deaths: The rise and fall of NSAID-associated GI mortality.

Ame. J. Gastroenterol., 2005,100, 1694-1695.

References

124

Dannenberg, A.J, Altorki, N.K, Boyle, J.O., Dang, C., Howe, L.R., Weksler, B.B.

and Subbaramaiah, K., Cyclooxygenase 2: A pharmacological target for the

prevention of cancer. Lancet Oncol., 2001, 2, 544-551.

D'Arcy, P.F., Howard, E.M., Muggleton, P.W. and Townsend, S.B., The anti-

inflammatory action of Griseofulvin in experimental animals. J. Pharm.

Pharmacol., 1960, 12, 659-665.

Danial, N.N. and Korsmeyer, S.J., Cell death: critical control points. Cell., 2004, 23, 205-

219.

Davies, G., Martin, L.A., Sacks, N. and Dowsett, M., Cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2),

aromatase and breast cancer: a possible role for COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer

chemoprevention. Ann. Oncol., 2002, 13, 669-678.

Delas, H. and Hortelano, S., Molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of

terpenoids. Inflam. Allergy Drug Targets., 2009, 8(1), 28-39.

Desiraju, G.R., Gopalakrishnan, B., Jetti, R.K.R., Nagaraju, A., Raveendra, D., Sarma,

J.A.R., Sobhia, P.M.E. and Thilagavathi, R., Computer-Aided Design of

Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Comparative Molecular Field Analysis, Comparative

Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis, and Docking Studies of Some 1,2-

Diarylimidazole Derivatives. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 4847-4857.

De Luca, F., Impaired growth plate chondrogenesis in children with chronic illnesses.

Pediatric Res., 2006, 59, 625-629.

Devasagayam, T.P.A., Boloor, K.K. and Ramasarma, T., Methods for estimating lipid

peroxidation: An analysis of merits and demerits. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophy., 2003,

40, 300-308.

References

125

Donnelly, L.E. and Barnes, P.J., Expression and regulation of inducible nitric oxide

synthase from human primary airway epithelial cells. Ame. J. Respir. Cell Mol.

Biol., 2002, 26, 144-51.

Dragendorff, O., Uber das Harz von Garcinia mangostana L. Liebigs. Ann., 1930, 482,

280-301.

Ecobichon, D.J., The basis of toxicology testing, CRC Publishing, 1997, 2nd

edn.

Edwina, N. and Vishva, M.D., Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species drive

proinflammatory cytokine production. J. Exp. Med., 2011, 208(3), 417-420.

Elder, D.J., Halton, D.E., Crew, T.E. and Paraskeva, C., Apoptosis induction and

cyclooxygenase-2 regulation in human colorectal adenoma and carcinoma cell

lines by the cyclooxygenase-2-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NS-

398. Int. J. Cancer., 2000, 86(4), 553-60.

Esko, K., On the role of the inducible enzymes iNOS and COX-2 in colitis. Academic

dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2002.

Emanuela, R. and Garret, A.F., Prostaglandins and Inflammation. Arterioscler. Thromb.

Vasc. Biol., 2011, 31, 986-1000.

Evan, G. and Littlewood, T., A Matter of Life and Cell Death. Science., 1998, 281, 1317-

1322.

Fabio, C. and Emanuela, M., Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase/Cyclooxygenase-2

Pathway Interaction: A Good Molecular Target for Cancer Treatment. Forum.

Immun. Dis. Ther., 2010, 1(3), 183-204.

Fairbairn., The comet assay: a comprehensive review. Mut. Res., 1995, 339, 37-59.

References

126

Ferrero, L.M., Nielsen, O.H., Andersen, P.S. and Girardin, S.E., Chronic inflammation:

importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1β generation. Clin. Exp.

Immunol., 2006,147, 227-235.

Feng, J., Yamakuni, T., Katoh, T., Hosoda, S. and Ohizumi, Y., Potent antioxidant

activity of unripe fruits of Garcinia mangostana L. Natural Med., 2004, 58, 156-

159.

Franchimont, D., Kino, T., Galonm J., Meduri, G.U. and Chrousos, G., Glucocorticoids

and inflammation revisited: The state of the art. Neuroimmunomod., 2003,10,

247-260.

Funk, C.D., Funk, L.B., Kennedy, M.E., Pong, A.S. and Fitzgerald, G.A., Human

platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H sunthase; cDNA cloning,

expression and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J., 1991, 5, 2304-2312.

Gargi, B.D., Pathangey, L.B., Tinder, T.L., LaGioia, M., Gendler, S.J. and Mukherjee. P.,

COX-2 inhibitor induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells in an in vivo model of

spontaneous metastatic breast cancer. Mol. Cancer Res., 2004, 2, 632-642.

Ganesh, C.J., Shaival, K.R., Manjeshwar, S.B. and Kiran, S.B., The Evaluation of Nitric

Oxide Scavenging Activity of Certain Herbal Formulations in vitro: A

Preliminary Study. Phytother. Res., 2004, 18, 561-565.

Geert, W.S.S., Analysis of Inflammation. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 2006, 8, 93-151.

Geller, D.A., Lowenstein, C.J., Shapiro, R.A., Nussler, A.K., Di Silvio, M., Wang, S.C.,

Nakayama, D.K., Simmons, R.L., Snyder, S.H. and Billiar, T.R., Molecular

cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human

hepatocytes. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. USA., 1993, 90, 3491-3495.

References

127

Geller, D.A. and Billiar, T.R., Molecular biology of nitric oxide synthases. Cancer

Metastasis Rev., 1998, 17(1), 7-23.

Ghosh, M.N., Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Hilton & Company

Publishing, 2008, 4th

edn.

GOLD software, http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/prods/gold/

Gopalakrishnan, G., Banumathi, B. and Suresh, G., Evaluation of the antifungal activity

of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and their synthetic derivatives.

J. Nat. Prod., 1997, 60, 519-524.

Goulding, N.J., The molecular complexity of glucocorticoids actions in inflammation a

four-ring circus. Curr. Opinion in Pharmacol., 2004, 4, 629-636.

Griffith, O.W. and Stuehr, D.J., Nitric oxide synthases: properties and catalytic

mechanism. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 1995, 57, 707-736.

Griffin, M.R., Yared, A. and Ray, W.A., Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and

acute renal failure in elderly persons. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2000, 151, 488-496.

Guha, M. and Mackman, N., Lipopolysaccharide induction of gene expression in human

monocytes. Cell Signalling., 2001, 13, 85-94.

Guillermo, R., Anadel, P. and Jorge, L.Z., Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of

cell viability/cytotoxicity. Nature Protocols., 2008, 3, 1125-1131.

Gurib, F.A., Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Mol.

Aspects Med., 2006, 27(1), 1-93.

References

128

Half, E., Tang, X.M., Gwyn, K., Sahin, A., Wathen, K. and Sinicrope, F.A.,

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancers and adjacent ductal

carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res., 2002, 62(6), 1676-81.

Hall, A.V., Antoniou, H., Wang, Y., Cheung, A.H., Arbus, A.M., Olson, S.L., Lu, W.C.,

Kau, C.L. and Marsden, P.A., Structural organization of the human neuronal nitric

oxide synthase gene (NOS1). J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 33082-33090.

Halliwell, B., Superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl free radicals in the presence

of iron chelates. FEBS Lett., 1978, 92, 321.

Halliwell, B., Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or

consequence?, Lancet., 1994, 344, 721-724.

Hao, X.P., Pretlow, T.G., Rao, J.S. and Pretlow, T.P., Inducible nitric oxide synthase

(iNOS) is expressed similarly in multiple aberrant crypt foci and colorectal

tumors from the same patients. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 419-22.

Hemmani, T. and Parihar, M.S., Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage. Ind. J.

Physiol. Pharmacol., 1998, 42, 440.

Hernandez, P.M. and Rabanal, G.R.M., Evaluation of the anti- inflammatory and

analgesic activity of Sideritis canariensis var pannosa in mice. J.

Ethnopharmacol., 2002, 81, 43-47.

Henry, L.E.A., Halliwell, B. and Hall, D.O., The superoxide dismutase activity of various

photosynthetic organisms measured by a new and rapid assay technique. FEBS

Lett., 1976, 66, 303-306.

Hitoshi, D., Sibata, M., Shibata, E., Morimoto, J., Akao, Y., Iinuma, M., Tanigawa, N.

and Otsuki, Y., Panaxanthone isolated from pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.

References

129

suppresses tumor growth and metastasis of a mouse model of mammary cancer.

Anticancer Res., 2009, 29, 2485-2496.

Howard, S.S., Arachidonic Acid Pathways in Nociception. J. Support. Oncol., 2006, 4,

277-287.

Israf, D.A., Khaizurin, T.A., Syahida, A., Lajis, N.H. and Khozirah, S., Cardamonin

inhibits COX and iNOS expression via inhibition of p65NF-κB nuclear

translocation and Iκ-B phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Mol.

Immunol., 2007, 44(5), 673-679.

Israf, D.A., Tham, C.L., Syahida, A., Lajis, N.H., Sulaiman, M.R., Mohamad, A.S. and

Zakaria, Z.A. Atrovirinone inhibits proinflammatory mediator synthesis through

disruption of NF-kB nuclear translocation and MAPK phosphorylation in the

murine monocytic macrophage RAW264.7. Phytomed., 2010,17, 732-739.

Janssens, S.P., Shimouchi, A., Quertermous, T., Bloch, D.B. and Bloch, K.D., Cloning

and expression of a cDNA encoding human endothelium-derived relaxing

factor/nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 14519-14522.

Jean, B.M., Sylvie, R., Ken, O., Jean, C.S., David, K., Olivier, R. and Jean, P.S.,

Cyclooxygenase-2 as a target for anticancer drug development. Critical Rev.

Oncol. Hematol., 2006, 59, 51-64.

Jiang, T., Peng, Z., Guoyu, L., Hang, Y., Xuexian, B., Zhongjun, M., Ning, W., Guomin,

W. and William, J., Cytotoxicity of Chinese motherwort (YiMuCao) aqueous

ethanol extract is non-apoptotic and estrogen receptor independent on human

breast cancer cells. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 22, 234-239.

Ji, C. and Marnett, L.J., Oxygen radical-dependent epoxydation of (7S,8S)-

dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene in mouse skin in vivo. Stimulation by

References

130

phorbol esters and inhibition by antiinflammatory steroids. J. Biol. Chem.,

1992, 267, 17842-78.

Joanna, M.K., Ken, I.O., Naomi, W., Sigridur, A.A., Jan, A.A.M.K., Robbert, J.K. and

Grietje, M., Molecular Pathways of Endothelial Cell Activation for (Targeted)

Pharmacological Intervention of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Curr. Vas.

Pharmacol., 2005, 3, 11-39.

Joe, D., Zheng, O., Jeffery, T., Andrew, B., Yaron, T. and Jie, L., CASTp: computed atlas

of surface topography of proteins with structural and topographical mapping of

functionally annotated residues. Nucl. Acids Res., 2006, 34, W116-W118.

Jones, G., Willett, P., Glen, R.C., Leach, A.R. and Taylor, R., Development and

validation of a genetic algorithm for flexible docking. J. Mol. Biol., 1997, 267,

727-748.

Jong, H.W., Ho-Taek, I., Yang-Hee, K., Kyung-Jin, Y., Hee-Juhn, P., Jong-Won, C. and

Kyung-Tae, L., Anti-inflammatory effect of buddlejasaponin IV through the

inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages via the

NF-κB inactivation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 148, 216-225.

Jose, P.C., Noemi, C.R., Marisol, O.I. and Jazmin, M.P.R., Medicinal properties of

mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46, 3227-3239.

Jung, H.A., Su, B.N., Keller, W.J., Mehta, R.G. and Kinghorn, A.D., Antioxidant

xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). J. Agri.

Food Chem., 2006, 6, 2077-2082.

Kerwin, J.F., Lancaster, J.R. and Feldman, P.L., Nitric oxide: a new paradigm for second

messengers. J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(22), 4343-4362.

References

131

Kleiman, A. and Tuckermann, J.P., Glucocorticoids receptor action in beneficial and side

effects of steroid therapy: lessons from conditional knockout mice. Mol. Cell.

Endocrinol., 2007, 275, 98-108.

Knowles, R.G. and Moncada, S., Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem. J., 1994,

298, 249-258.

Kulmacz, R.J. and Wang, L.H., Comparison of hydroperoxide initiator requirements for

the cyclooxygenase activities of prostaglandin H synthase-1 and -2. J. Biol.

Chem., 1995, 270, 24019-24023.

Kurumbail, R.G., Stevens, A.M., Gierse, J.K., McDonald, J.J., Stegeman, R.A., Pak, J.Y.,

Gildehaus, D., Miyashiro, J.M., Penning, T.D., Seibert, K., Isakson, P.C. and

Stallings, W.C., Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by

anti-inflammatory agents. Nature., 1996, 384, 644-648.

Lazarus, M., Kubata, B.K., Eguchi, N., Fujitani, Y., Urade, Y. and Hayaishi, O.,

Biochemical characterization of mouse microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1

and its colocalization with cyclooxygenase-2 in peritoneal macrophages. Arc.

Biochem. Biophys., 2002, 397, 336-341.

Lewis, J.S., Meeke, K., Osipo, C., Ross, E.A., Kidawi, N., Li, T., Bell, E., Chandel, N.S.

and Jordan, V.C., Intrinsic mechanism of estradiol induced apoptosis in breast

cancer cells resistant to estrogen deprivation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2005, 97,

1746-1759.

Liang, Y.C., Huang, Y.T., Tsai, S.H., Lin-Shiau, S.Y., Chen, C.F. and Lin, J.K.,

Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase by

apigenin and related flavonoids in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis., 1999,

20, 1945-1952.

References

132

Lin, W.W. and Karin, M., A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity,

inflammation, and cancer. J. Clin. Inv., 2007, 117, 1175-83.

Lindsey, D.N.D.C.N., The amazing truth about Mangosteen’s Xanthones. The

Doctors’ Prescription for Healthy Living., 2006, 10-12.

Linnaeus, C., Species Plantarum, Laurentius Salvius Publishing, 1753, 1st edn.

Lirk, P., Hoffmann, G. and Rieder, J., Inducible nitric oxide synthase-time for

reappraisal. Curr. Drug Targets Inflam. Allergy., 2002, 1(1), 89-108.

Liu, C.H., Chang, S.H., Narko, K., Ovidiu, C.T., Ming, T.W., Elizabeth, S., Christian, H.,

Timothy, F.L. and Timothy, H., Over expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient

to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 18563-

18569.

Loibl, S., Buck, A., Strank, C., Von, M.G., Roller, M., Sinn, H.P., Schini, K.V., Solbach,

C., Strebhardt, K. and Kaufmann, M.. The role of early expression of inducible

nitric oxide synthase in human breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer., 2005, 41, 265-71.

Lorette, C.J., Immunocytochemistry Methods and Protocols, Human Publishing, 1999,

2nd

edn.

Louise, R.H., Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer. Breast Cancer

Res., 2007, 9, 210.

Lowenstein, C.J., Alley, E.W., Raval, P., Snowman, A.M., Snyder, S.H., Russell, S.W.

and Murphy, W.J., Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions

mediate induction by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Proc. Nat. Aca.

Sci. USA., 1993, 90, 9730-9734.

References

133

Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., Protein measurement with

the Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem., 1951, 193, 265-275.

Lucey, D.R., Clerici, M. and Shearer, G.M., Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in

human, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,

1996, 9: 532-562.

Luisa, M., Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases.

J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2004, 63(9), 901-10.

Luis, V., Angel, M.P., Mercedes, C., Alfonso, B., Sonia, A., Nuria, P.M., Marta, S., Rosa,

A., Juan-Carlos, S., Jordi, F. and Jose-Manuel, S., Heritability of Thromboxane

A2 and Prostaglandin E2 Biosynthetic Machinery in a Spanish Population.

Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2010, 30, 128-134.

Mahabusarakam, W., Wiriyachtra, P. and Taylor, W., Chemical constituents of Garcinia

mangostana. J. Nat. Prod., 1987, 50, 474-478.

Mahabusarakam, W., Kuaha, K., Wilairat, P. and Taylor, W.C., Prenilated xanthones as

potential antiplasmodial substances. Planta Med., 2006, 72, 912-916.

Mahesh, S.P., Patil, M.B., Ravi K. and Patil, S.R., Evaluation of anti-inflammatory

activity of ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer L. male flowers

(inflorescences) in experimental animals. J. Med. Plants. Res., 2009, 3, 49-54.

Mann, J.R. and Dubois, R.N., Cyclooxygenase-2 and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer J.

2004, 10, 145-152.

Mantovani, A., Cancer: inflammation by remote control. Nature., 2005, 435 (7043), 752-

753.

References

134

Marialuigia, F., Cristina, M., Fabio, L., Antonia, P., Simona, M., Mirko, P., Lorenza, S.,

Alessandra, A., Barbara, D.F., Letizia, G., Nazzareno. and Rosa, A., Selective

Inhibition of iNOS by Benzyl- and Dibenzyl Derivatives of N-(3-Aminobenzyl)

acetamidine. Chem. Med. Chem., 2011, 6, 1203-1206.

Marsden, P.A., Schappert, K.T., Chen, H.S., Flowers, M., Sundell, C.L., Wilcox, J.N.,

Lamas, S. and Michel, T., Molecular cloning and characterization of human

endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett., 1992, 307, 287-293.

Martin, F.W., Durian and mangosteen; in Nagy S., Shaw, P.E., Tropical and Subtropical

Fruits, AVI Publishing, 1980.

Masako, N., Vijay, G., Emmanuelle, J., Meuillet, D. and Rosenberg, W., mPGES-1 as a

target for cancer suppression, A comprehensive invited review, Phospholipase A2

and lipid mediators. Biochime., 2010, 92, 660-664.

Masferrer, J.L., Zweifel, B.S., Manning, P.T., Hauser, S.D., Leahy, K.M., Smith, W.G.,

Isakson, P.C. and Seibert, K., Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase-2

in vivo is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. USA.,

1994, 91, 3228-3232.

Maslinska, D. and Gajewski, M., Some aspects of the inflammatory process. Folia

Neuropathol., 1998, 36, 199-204.

Mates, J.M., Perez G.C. and Castro, I.N., Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin.

Chem., 1998, 32, 595-603.

Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Kobayashi, E., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Iinuma, M.

and Nozawa, Y., Induction of apoptosis by Xanthones from Mangosteen in

Human Leuemia cell lines. J. Nat. Prod., 2003, 66, 1124-1127.

References

135

Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Yi, H., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Kobayashi, E.,

Iinuma, M. and Nozawa, Y., Preferential target is mitochondria in α-mangostin

induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12,

5799-5806.

Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Iinuma, M. and Nozawa, Y.,

Xanthones induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer DLD-1

cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13, 6064-6069.

Mendelson, R. and Balick, M.J., The value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical

forests. Eco. Bot., 1995, 49, 223-228.

Mercury software, http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/mercury/

Mitchell, R.N. and Cotran, R.S., In; Robinsons Basic Pathology, Harcourt Publishing,

2000, 7th

edn.

Moncada, S., Palmer, R.M. and Higgs, E.A., Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology,

and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev., 1991, 43, 109-142.

Morham, S., Langenbach, R., Loftin, C.D., Tiano, H.F., Vouloumanos, N., Jennette, J.

C., Mahler, J.F., Kluckman, K.D., Ledford, A., Lee, C.A. and Smothies, O.,

Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the

mouse. Cell., 1995, 83, 473-482.

Morton, J., Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). In: Fruits of Warm Climates,

Creative Resources Systems Publishing, 1987.

Morris, G.M., Goodsell, D.S., Halliday, R.S., Huey, R., Hart, W.E., Belew, R.K. and

Olson, A.J., Automated Docking Using a Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm and

Empirical Binding Free Energy Function. J. Comp. Chem., 1998, 19, 1639-

1662.

References

136

Murakami, M., Uber die Konstitution des Mangostins. Liebigs. Ann., 1932, 496, 122-151.

Murakami, M., Naraba, H., Tanioka, T., Semmyo, N., Nakatani, Y., Kojima, F., Ikeda ,

T., Fueki, M., Ueno, A., Oh, S. and Kudo, I., Regulation of prostaglandin E2

biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that

acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 32783-32792.

Nakagawa, Y., Iinuma, M., Naoe, T., Nozawa, Y. and Akao, Y., Characterized

mechanism of α-mangostin-induced cell death: caspase-independent apoptosis

with release of endonuclease-G from mitochondria and increased miR-143

expression in human colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007,

15, 5620-5628.

Nakane, M., Schmidt, H. H., Pollock, J. S., Forstermann, U. and Murad, F., Cloned

human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEBS

Lett., 1993, 316, 175-180.

Nakasone, H.Y. and Paull, R. E., Tropical Fruits, Oxford University Press Publishing,

1998.

Nakatani, K., Nakahata, N., Arakawa, T., Yasuda, H. and Ohizumi, Y., Inhibition of

cyclooxgenase and prostaglandia E2 synthesis by cmangostin, a xanthone

derivative in mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2002, 63,

73-79.

Nakatani, K., Yamakuni, T., Kondo, N., Arakawa, T., Oosawa, K., Shimura, S., Inoue, H.

and Ohizumi, Y., γ-Mangostin inhibits inhibitor-κB kinase activity and decreases

lipoplysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in C6 rat glioma

cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 66, 667-674.

References

137

Nandini, V., Subhash, K., Tripathi, D.S., Hasi, R.D. and Rakha, H.D., Evaluation of

inhibitory activities of plant extracts on production of LPS-stimulated pro-

inflammatory mediators in J774 murine macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2009,

36, 127-135.

Nathan, C., Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J., 1992, 6,

3051-3064.

Nathan, C., Points of control in inflammation. Nature., 2002, 420, 846-852.

Nelson, G., De Marzo, M., DeWeese, T.L., and Isaacs, B., The role of inflammation in

the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. J. Urol., 2004, 172, S6-S11.

Nguyen, K.D. and Lee, D.A., Effects of steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

agents on human ocular fibroblast. Inv. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 1992, 33, 2693-

2701.

Newman, D.J, Cragg, G.M. and Snader, K.M., The influence of natural products upon

drug discovery. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2000, 17, 215-234.

O’Byrne, J. and Dalgleish, G., Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause

of malignancy. Br. J. Cancer., 2001, 85, 473-483.

Ok-Kyoung, K., Mee-Young, L., Ji-Eun, Y., Sei-Ryang, O., Young-Won, C., Hyeong-

Kyu, L. and Kyung-Seop, A., Anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extracts of

the root of Lilium lancifolium on LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. J.

Ethnopharmacol., 2010, 130, 28-34.

Pahl, H.L., Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors. Oncogene.,

1999,18(49), 6853-6866.

References

138

Panchawat, S. and Sisodia, S.S., In vitro antioxidant activity of Saraca asoca Roxb. De

Wilde stem bark extracts from various extraction processes. Asi. J. Pharm. Clin.

Res., 2010, 3(3), 231-233.

Park, K.I., Sang-Rim, K., Hyeon-Soo, Park., Do, H.L., Arulkumar, N.,

Jin, A.K.,

Sung,

C.S., Eun, H.K.,

Won, S. L.,

Hyon-Jong, C.,

Su, J.An.

and Gon, S.K., Regulation

of Proinflammatory Mediators via NF-κB and p38 MAPK-Dependent

Mechanisms in RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Polyphenol Components Isolated

from Korea Lonicera japonica THUNB. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat.

Med., 2012, 2012, 1-10.

Pereira, J.V., Modesto, F.J., Agra, M.F. and Barbosa, F.J.M., Plant and Plant derived

compounds employed in prevention of the osteoporosis. Acta Farmaceutica

Bonaerense., 2002, 21, 223-234.

Piccagli, L., Fabbri, E., Monica, B., Valentino, B., Irene, M., Elena, N., Maria, C.D.,

Ilaria, L., Giulio, C. and Roberto, G., Docking of molecules identified in bioactive

medicinal plants extracts into the p50 NF-kappaB transcription factor: correlation

with inhibition of NF-kappaB/DNA interactions and inhibitory effects on IL-8

gene expression. BMC Struc. Biol., 2008, 8, 38.

PK/DB, http://www.miro.ifsc.usp.br/pkdb/

Pothitirat, W. and Gritsanapan, W., HPLC quantitative analysis method for the

determination of α-mangostin in mangosteen fruit rind extract. Thai J. Agr. Sci.,

2009, 42, 7-12.

Prashanth, K.V., Shashidhara, S., Kumar, M.M. and Sridhara, B.Y., Effect of Luffa

echinta on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity. J. Pharm.

Pharmacol., 2000, 52, 891.

References

139

Primchanien, M., Nuttavut, K., Sineenart, K., Omboon, L., Narongchai, P. and Neelobol,

N., Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia

mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J.

Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 90, 161-166.

Protein Data Bank, http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/

PyMOL molecular visualization tool, http://www.pymol.org/

Raghav, S.K., Gupta, B., Shrivastava, A. and Das, H.R., Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-

inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-1β through suppression of NF-κB

activation by 3-(1’-1’-dimethyl-allyl)- 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-coumarin isolated

from Ruta graveolens L. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 560,69-80.

Raskin, I., Ribnicky, D.M., Komarnytsky, S., Nebojsa, I., Alexander, P., Nikolai, B.,

Anita, B., Diego, A.M., Christophe, R., Nir, Y., Joseph, M.O.N., Teresa, C., Ira,

P. and Bertold, F., Plants and human health in the 21st century. Trends

Biotechnol., 2002, 20, 522-531.

Raskin, I. and Ripoll, C., Can an apple a day keep the doctor away?. Curr. Pharm. Des.,

2004, 10, 3419-3429.

Reddy, R.N., Mutyala, R., Aparoy, P., Reddanna, P. and Reddy, M.R., Computer aided

drug design approaches to develop cyclooxygenase based novel anti-

inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2007, 13(34), 3505-17.

Riddell, R.J., Clothier, R. H. and Balls, M., An evaluation of three in vitro cytotoxicity

assays. Food Chem. Tox., 1986, 24, 469-471.

Roberts, P.J., Riley, G.P., Morgan, K., Miller, R., Hunter, J.O. and Middleton, S.J., The

physiological expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the human

colon. J. Clin. Pathol., 2001, 54(4), 293-297.

References

140

Rocca, B., Targeting PGE2 receptor subtypes rather than cyclooxygenases: a bridge over

troubled water?. Mol. Interv. 2006, 6, 68-73.

Saeed, M., Khan, H., Khan, M.A., Simjee, S.U., Muhammad, N. and Khan, S.A.,

Phytotoxic, insecticidal and leishmanicidal activities of aerial parts of

Polygonatum verticillatum. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2010, 9, 1241-1244.

Sahara, S., Aoto, M., Eguchi, Y., Imamoto, N., Yoneda, Y. and Tsujimoto, Y., Acinus is

a caspase-3-activated protein required for apoptotic chromatin condensation.

Nature., 1999, 401, 168-173.

Sainani, G.S., Manika, J.S. and Sainani, R.G., Oxidative stress: a key factor in

pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Med. uptake., 1997, 1, 1-4.

Sakagami, Y., Iinuma, M., Piyasena, K.G.N.P., Dharmaratne, H.R.W., Antibacterial

activity of α-mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and

synergism with antibiotics. Phytomed., 2005, 12, 203-208.

Sakahira, H., Enari, M. and Nagata, S., Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and

DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature., 1998, 391, 96-99.

Salvemini, D., Ischiropoulos, H. and Cuzzocrea, S., Roles of nitric oxide and superoxide

in inflammation. Methods Mol. Biol., 2003, 225, 291-303.

Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,

Cold Spring Harbor Publishing, 1989, 1st edn.

Samuelsson, B., Dahlen, S.E., Lindgren, J.A., Rouzer, C.A. and Serhan, C.N.,

Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects.

Science., 1987, 237, 1171-6.

References

141

Sandrea, M.F., Amit, M., Manishika, S. and Prasad, V.B., Design of Benzene -1,2

diamines as selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: a combined de

novo design and docking analysis. J. Mol .Mod., 2008, 14(3), 215-224.

Sang, R.K., Dae, Y.H., Kwang, I.P., Hyeon, S.P., Yong, B.C., Hu J.L., Won, S.L.,

Chung, H.R., Yeong, L.H., Do, H.L., Jin, A.K. and Gon, S.K., Suppressive Effect

on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Mediators by Citrus aurantium

L. in Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells via NF-κB Signal Pathway. Evid. Based

Complement. Alternat. Med., 2011, 2011, 1-12.

Schmid, W., Ueber das mangostin. Liebigs. Ann. Chem., 1855, 93, 83-89.

Serhan, C.N., Yang, R., Martinod, K., Kasuga, K., Pillai, P.S., Porter, T.F., Oh, S.F.

and Spite, M., Maresins: novel macrophage mediators with potent

antiinflammatory and proresolving actions. J. Exp. Med., 2009, 206(1), 15-23.

Seril, D.N., Liao, J., Yang, G.Y. and Yang, C.S., Oxidative stress and ulcerative colitis-

associated carcinogenesis: studied in humans and animal models.

Carcinogenesis., 2003, 24, 353-362.

Shacter, E. and Weitzman, S.A., Chronic inflammation and cancer. Oncol., 2002, 16,

217-226.

Sharma, J.N., Al-Omran, A. and Parvathy, S.S., Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory

diseases, Inflammopharmacol., 2007, 15 (6), 252-259.

Sharma. U.S., Sharma, U.K., Sutar, N., Singh, A. and Shukla, D.K., Anti-inflammatory

activity of Cordia dichotoma forst f. seeds extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Ana., 2010,

2(1), 1-4.

References

142

Sherman, P.A., Laubach, V.E., Reep, B.R. and Wood, E.R., Purification and cDNA

sequence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a human tumor cell line.

Biochem., 1993, 32, 11600-11605.

Shivaji, B.B., Nargund, L.V.G., Sachindra, L.N., Devaraju, K.S. and Shruthi, S.D.

Synthesis, In-vivo and In-silico anti-inflammatory studies of substituted fluoro

pyrazole. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2011, 2(3), 119-127.

Simon, L.S., Weaver, A.L., Graham, D.Y., Kivitz, A.J., Lipsky, P.E., Hubbard, R.C.,

Isakson, P.C., Verburg, K.M., Yu, S.S., Zhao, W.W. and Geis, G.S., Anti-

inflammatory and upper gastrointestinal effects of celecoxib in rheumatoid

arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA., 1999, 282, 1921-8.

Simmons, D.L., Botting, R.M. and Hla, T., Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of

prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharm. Rev., 2004, 56, 387-437.

Simonian, N.A. and Coyle, J.Y., Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, Ann.

Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1996, 36, 83-106.

Singh, N.P., McCoy, M.T., Tice, R.R. and Schneider, E.L., A simple technique for

quantitation of low DNA levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell

Res., 1988, 175, 184-191.

Singh, R., Kumar, R. and Singh, D.P., Nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs: gastrointestinal-sparing potential drugs. J. Med. Food.,

2009, 12(1), 208-218.

Smith, W.L., Garavito, R.M. and Dewitt, D.L., Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases

cyclooxygenase-1 and -2. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 33157-33160.

References

143

Soslow, R.A., Dannenberg, A.J., Rush, D., Woerner, B.M., Khan, K.N., Masferrer, J.

and Koki, A.T., COX-2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic, and mammary

tumors. Cancer., 2000, 89, 2637-2645.

Souhila, B.T., Amel, T.M., Boubekeur, M., Safia. and Tairi.K., Modeling the binding

modes of stilbene analogs to cyclooxygenase-2: a molecular docking study. J.

Mol. Model., 2010, 16, 1919-1929.

Sreejayan, N. and Rao, M.N.A., Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J. Pharm.

Pharmacol., 1997, 49, 105-107.

Stables, M.J. and Gilroy, D.W., Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute

inflammation and resolution. Prog. Lipid. Res., 2011, 50, 35-51.

Stark, K., Bylund, J., Torma, H., Sahlen, G. and Oliw E.H., On the mechanism of

biosynthesis of 19-hydroxyprostaglandins of human seminal fluid and

expression of cyclooxygenase-2, PGH 19-hydroxylase (CYP4F8) and

microsomal PGE synthase-1 in seminal vesicles and vas deferens. Prost. Lipid

Mediat., 2005, 75, 47-64.

Stratton, M.S. and Alberts, D.S., Current application of selective COX-2 inhibitors in

cancer prevention and treatment. Oncol., 2002, 16, 37-51.

Strober, W., Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability. Curr. Prot. Immunol., 2001,

21, A.3B.1-A.3B.2.

Stuehr, D.J., Kwon, N.S., Nathan, C.F., Griffith, O.W., Feldman, P.L. and Wiseman,

J.N., Omega-hydroxy-L-arginine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nitric

oxide from L- arginine. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266(10), 6259-6263.

References

144

Subbaramaiah, K. and Dannenberg, A.J., Cyclooxygenase 2: a molecular target for

cancer prevention and treatment. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2003, 24, 96-102.

Suksamrarn, S., Suwannapoch, N., Ratananukul, P., Aroonlerk, N. and Suksamrarn, A.,

Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana. J. Nat. Prod.,

2002, 5, 761-763.

Suksamrarn, S., Komutiban, O., Ratananukul, P., Chimnoi, N., Lartpornmatulee, N. and

Suksamrarn, A., Cytotoxic prenylated xanthones from the young fruit of Garcinia

mangostana. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2006, 3, 301-305.

Surh, Y.J., Chun, K.S., Cha, H.H., Han, S.S., Keum, Y.S., Park, K.K. and Lee, S.S.,

Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-

inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through

suppression of NF-kappa B activation. Mutat. Res., 2001, 243-68.

Swiss-PdbViewer, http://www.ca.expasy.org/spdbv/

Tanabe, T. and Tohnai, N., Cyclooxygenase isozymes and their gene structures and

expression. Prost. Lipid Mediat., 2002, 95-114.

Teri, L., Marchele, N., Shailesh, S. and Gary, L.S., Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2

decreases breast cancer cell motility, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase

expression. BMC Can., 2006, 81, 1471-2407.

Tewtrakul, S., Wattanapiromsakul, C. and Mahabusarakam, W., Effects of compounds

from Garcinia mangostana on inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7

macrophage cells. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 121, 379-382.

References

145

Thiemermann, C., Wu, C.C., Szabo, C., Perretti, M. and Vane, J.R., Role of tumour

necrosis factor in the induction of nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of

endotoxin shock. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1993, 110(1), 177-182.

Thomsen, L.L, Miles, D.W., Happerfield, L., Bobrow, L.G., Knowles, R.G. and

Moncada, S., Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer. Br. J.

Cancer., 1995, 72, 41-4.

Thornberry, N.A. and Lazebnik, Y., Caspases: enemies within. Science., 1998, 281,

1312-1316.

Tiago, L.M., Montanari, C.A. and Andricopulo, A.D., Hologram QSAR model for the

prediction of human oral bioavailability. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007, 15, 7738-

7745.

Tiago, L.M., Leonardo, G.T., Alexandre, E.C. and Adriano, D.A., PK/DB: database for

pharmacokinetic properties and predictive in silico ADME models.

Bioinformatics., 2008, 24(19), 2270-2271.

Tsujii, M. and Bois Du, R.N., Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial

cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell., 1995, 83, 493-

501.

Umamaheshwari, D.P., Ujjawal, G., Parisa , K., Hema, V., Ryan, J.A., Vivek, N., Anand,

R. and Sandeep, P., Gambogic acid covalently modifies IkB kinase-β subunit to

mediate suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB in

macrophages. Biochem. J., 2009, 419 (2), 401-9.

Upreti, M., Sanjiv, K. and Pramod, C.R., Replacement of 198

MQMDII203

of mouse IRF-1

by 197

IPVEVV202

of human IRF-1 abrogates induction of IFN-β, iNOS, and COX-

2Mgene expression by IRF-1. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm., 2004, 314, 737-744.

References

146

Van, D.D.W.A., Tsai, A.L. and Kulmacz, R.J., The cyclooxygenase reaction

mechanism. Biochem., 2002, 41, 15451-15458.

Vane, J.R., Mitchell, J.A., Appleton, I., Tomlinson, A., Bishop-Bailey, D., Croxtall, J.

and Willoughby, D.A., Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide

synthase in inflammation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 1994, 91, 2046-2050.

Vane, J.R. and Botting, R.M., Mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Int.

J. Tissue Res., 1998, 20, 3-15.

Vendemiate, G., Grattaglianol, I. and Altomare, E., An update on the role of free radicals

and antioxidants defense in human disease. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res., 1999, 29, 49-

55.

Vermont, P.D., Mark, A.B. and Elvira, G.D.M.B.B., Inhibitor and Genistein among Soy

Compounds That Synergistically Inhibit Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandin E2

Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages. J. Agr. Food Chem.,

2008, 56, 11707-11717.

Vishnu, P.V., Mallika, J., Surapaneni, K.M., Karthik, B., Saraswathi, P. and Chandra,

S.G., Toxicity study of Garcinia mangostana Linn., Pericarp extract in rats,

Asi. J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 2010, 1(3), 633-637.

Von, K.A., Callsen, D. and Brune, B., Superoxide attenuates macrophage apoptosis

by NF kappa B and AP-1 activation that promotes cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

J. Immunol., 1999, 163, 2858-2866.

Wang, C.C., Lai, J.E., Chen, L.G., Yen, K.Y. and Yang, L.L., Inducible nitric oxide

synthase inhibitor of Chinese herbs part II: naturally occurring furanocoumarins.

Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2000, 8, 2701-2707.

References

147

Wang, D. and Raymon, N.D., Cyclooxygenase-2: a potential target in breast

cancer. Semin. Oncol., 2004, 31(3), 64-73.

Weecharangsan ,W., Opanasopit, P., Sukma, M., Ngawhirunpat, T., Sotanaphun, U. and

Siripong, P., Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of extracts from the fruit

hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). Med. Prin. Prac., 2006,

15(4), 281-7.

Weiming, X.U., Li, Z.L., Marilena, L., Mohamed, A. and Ian, G.C., The role of nitric

oxide in cancer. Cell Res., 2002, 12(5-6), 311-320.

Weinberg, J.B., Nitric oxide synthase 2 and cyclooxygenase 2 interactions in

inflammation. Immunol. Res., 2000, 22, 319-341.

Wendy, K.A., Anthony, D.R.A., Caroline, C., John, D.,

Edward, G., Salvador, M.,

Jayne,

M., Daryl, R., Linda, J.R., Rachel, J.R.,

Sheila, S., Neil, W. and Richard, G.K.,

GW274150 and GW273629 are potent and highly selective inhibitors of inducible

nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2005, 145(3), 301-

312.

Whitcomb, C., Inflammation and Cancer V. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

Am. J. Physiol., 2004, 287, G315-G319.

Williams, P., Ongsakul, M., Proudfoot, J., Croft, K. and Beilin, L., Mangostin inhibits

the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic. Res.,

1995, 23, 175-184.

Winston, B.W., Krein, P., Shehzad, I., Yong, H. and Connie, M., TNFα-regulated

insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) promoter activity in macrophages. Am. J.

Res. Crit. Care Med., 1999, 159(3), A442.

References

148

Winter, C.A., Risky, E. A. and Nuss, G.W., Carrageenan induced oedema in hind paw of

the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1962,

11I, 544-547.

World Health Organization. The World Health Organization report, 2002.

Xiaofeng, L., Robert, N.A. and Bruce, S.K., Preparation and evaluation of new L-

canavanine derivatives as nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Tetrahedron., 2001, 57,

6557-6565.

Yates, P. and Stout, G.H., The structure of mangostin. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1958, 80,

1691-1700.

Yona, S. and Gordon, S., Inflammation: Glucocorticoids turn the monocyte switch.

Immunol. Cell Biol., 2007, 85, 81-82.

Yun, H.Y., Dawson, T.T. and Dawson, T.M., Neurobiology of nitric oxide. Crit. Rev.

Neurobiol., 1996, 10, 291-316.

Yunjie, S., Xi, M.T., Elizabeth, H., Tien, K.M. and Frank. A.S., Cyclooxygenase-2

Overexpression Reduces Apoptotic Susceptibility by Inhibiting the Cytochrome

c-dependent Apoptotic Pathway in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Cancer Res.,

2002, 62, 6323-6328.

Zhang, V., O’Sullivan, M., Hussain, H., Roswit, W.T. and Holtzman, M.J., Molecular

cloning, functional expression, and selective regulation of ovine prostaglandin H

synthase-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 227, 499-506.