ADDIE Model - It’s evolution and trends.

Prepared by

Sumanth G V K

PGDM 2012-13

SCMS Cochin.

Concept of ISD- early 1950s

ADDIE first appeared –

Center for Educational Technology at Florida State

University for the U.S. Army ,1975

Orientated towards the use of behavioral/performance

objectives and criterion-referenced tests.

Russell Watson, 1981

ADDIE MODEL

October 1981, Russell Watson

A linear or waterfall model

Presented a paper and wrote,

“The five phases of ISD are analysis, design,

development, implementation, and evaluation and control.

The first four are sequential in nature, but the evaluation and

control phase is a continuous process that is conducted in

conjunction with all of the others.”

U.S. Army (1984)

It’s training manual reads,

“As the model shows, all parts are interrelated. Changes, which occur during one step of the model,

affect other steps. In the ISD process, nothing is done in isolation, nor is all done in a linear fashion; activities of various phases may be accomplished

concurrently.”

Summative approach to formative approach.

“Evaluation & Control” to simply “Evaluation”

ADDIE The Acronym Known as SAT/ISD

“ADDIE” is a paper by Michael Schlegel (1995), in A Handbook of Instructional and Training Program Design

Extending ADDIE Merriënboer (1997, p3) writes,

“The phases may be listed in a linear order, but in fact are highly interrelated and typically not performed in a linear but in an iterative and cyclic fashion.”

Other ID and learning models can be used in conjunction with ISD

Extending ADDIE- Play and plug model

ADDIE Shortcomings: To identify adequate on-the-job performance so that the

learners can adequately learn to perform a certain job or task

X Determine if training is the correct answer to a problem.

“Performance Analysis Quadrant” (PAQ)

“Performance Analysis Quadrant” (PAQ)

Identifying the root causes of such problems

1) “Does the employee have adequate job knowledge?”

2) “Does the employee have the proper attitude (desire) to perform the job?”

Instructional System Design Concept Map

The ADDIE Backwards Model

• The ADDIE Backwards Model is similar to the “traditional” ADDIE model

• Steps in the Analysis Phase have been changed to follow Phillips' Needs Model and Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Evaluations

• linking performance analysis needs with Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Evaluations

• four categories of analysis (Phillips & Phillips, 2002):• Business Needs are linked to results• Job Performance Needs are linked to behavior• Training Needs are linked to learning• Individual Needs are linked to reaction

Business Needs

Job Performance Needs

Training Needs

Individual Needs

Extending Instructional System Design

Frog Design's ICDA Framework - Richardson, 2010:

To solve wicked or complex problems for 21st century challenges that defy conventional planning.

Their approach uses a four-step process (ICDA):

i. Immersion — soaking yourself in the problem to harvest customer insights

ii. Convergence — bringing together all things such as physical, technology, software & services into a logical design

iii. Divergence — exploring new advantagesiv. Adaptation — stay nimble in a fast-moving environment by

going in new directions when facing roadblocks (based on recent learnings)

Design Thinking (Department of the Army, 2010):

It is composed of five steps :

i. Apply critical thinking

ii. Understand the operational environment

iii. Solve the right problem

iv. Adapt to dynamic conditions

v. Achieve the designated goals

How the Two Methods Fit with ADDIE