ADDITIONAL 2017 GEOMAP PRODUCTS FROM FUGRO GEOSPATIAL, INC. Lidar Derived High Water Line Lidar data collected during peak flooding event can be used for delineating the high water mark. It can

also be used in assisting rapid response for damage analysis. There are two levels of products Fugro can

produce:

An automated solution for waterbody detection in quick turnaround. Prior to the standard processing of the lidar data, the point cloud can be automatically filtered to extract ground surface. Fugro’s proprietary software WaterMagic uses this ground surface to detect potential waterbodies and generates 3D water polygons.

A detailed accurate hydro breaklines data set collected by automated routine and refined by manual review and modification.

The products will be delivered as 3D vectors.

Rooftop solar potential analysis

As demand for sustainable energy is growing, the use of photovoltaic systems is increasing worldwide.

Airborne lidar data can be utilized to conduct rooftop solar potential analysis to identify roof surfaces

that are suitable for mounting solar panels. Fugro can classify rooftops in the lidar data and generate

subsequent slope and aspect maps to analyze individual roof surfaces for solar potential. Existing

imagery can also be used to assist such analysis. Fugro can also provide additional raster/vector of

vegetation coverage/height. These layers can be utilized in conjunction with the roof surface layers to

refine the estimate on the usable portions of the roof by eliminating the roof areas obscured by canopy.

HAG/LAG (Highest Adjacent Grade / Lowest Adjacent Grade) Fugro provides a service to extract HAG/LAG values for the structures using the ground and building

classifications and elevation information from the classified lidar point cloud. The structures could be

existing vector data that the customer provided or newly generated building footprint vectors derived

from the same lidar data set. When using existing structure vectors, Fugro will review and can also

update the vector data prior to the HAG/LAG process. The HAG and LAG information will be assigned to

the vectors as attributes. This service can be provided on-demand basis or as bulk process for the full

data set.

Contours

Contours are a basic derivative from lidar and can be generated from the full cloud, model key points,

DEMs, with or without breaklines. The lidar product is suitable to generate 1’ contours and high

resolution elevation models. These derivative products are used at the community level for a variety of

planning and engineering services, including for example, hydraulic modeling for sanitary sewer and

storm water systems; transportation planning, zoning and land use, and other processes requiring

current and accurate terrain information.

Road edges, road center line and road point classification

Road edges, road center lines and road point classification can be derived from the lidar data.

Fugro uses lidargrammetry approach to collect Road Edges and Road Center Lines. The points returned

from road features can be classified in the LAS point cloud data using polygons generated from Road

Edges.

Forrest Canopy Height and Density Raster Data Fugro uses high density lidar elevation data to create raster and vector products for comprehensive and

efficient forest canopy analysis. Forest canopy analysis derived from lidar data has proven efficiencies

for applications that include aviation thresholds and obstructions, reforestation, ecosystem health,

habitat viability, risk management and fire prediction modeling.

Forest canopy height is derived from classified lidar data. Using proprietary and commercial off the

shelf software, Fugro’s lidar analysts run specialized processes to isolate the points that comprise the

forest canopy from those on the ground. By comparing the derived canopy top surface with the ground

surface, a canopy height raster data set is produced. The raster data can be classified by height based on

the customer needs. Classified vector layers are then generated to supplement the analysis capabilities

of the dataset.

Forest canopy density is derived from classified lidar data in a similar fashion to canopy height. After

isolating the canopy points, analyst’s compare the amount of points reflected from the canopy with the

total point count in the LiDAR point cloud. Lidar analyst can generate forest canopy density raster. The

increased raster pixel size is due to the density analysis requiring an area of at least three times the

amount of the lidar nominal pulse spacing. The raster can be classified by canopy density categories

based on customer needs. Classified vector layers are then generated to supplement the analysis

capabilities of the dataset.

Planimetric Mapping The Fugro team offers end-to-end capabilities in all aspects of photogrammetric production. Our team

provides large and small scale photogrammetric mapping experience that has developed and grown as

the profession and the technologies have evolved to meet the changing needs of our clients.

Current experience in the collection of digital planimetric features includes the use of stereo compilation

techniques to meet ASPRS Class 1 standards for accuracies up to 1” = 40’ scale mapping. From new or

existing imagery, Fugro can extract a broad range of photogrammetric mapping products, including

planimetric mapping and other forms of feature extraction to benefit a multitude of uses. Fugro’s

mapping technicians operate powerful compilation workstations capable of clear, precise stereoscopic

viewing and quick and efficient processing. Each workstation is equipped with verification and

validation software to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data collected.

Ground Control Collection An accurate ground control network is critical to the quality of final geospatial data products and is

necessary to validate the specified accuracy. For horizontal and vertical control surveys, Fugro

establishes a reliable vertical and horizontal control system based on required closed and adjusted

traverse and level loops or High Accuracy GPS Control Network. We use available reference materials

from NGS and state plane coordinates to locate existing monuments, bench marks, and other markers

near proposed project sites. Fugro can install new temporary and permanent bench marks and control

monuments to be used for horizontal and vertical control at a project site if required.

Fugro performs various types of GPS surveys such as: aerial photo ground control for orthoimaging;

subsidence surveys; first order control for blue booking; Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)

and real-time kinematic/on-the-fly (RTK/OTF); kinematic and fast-static.

As demonstrated in the table below, the Fugro team can deploy multiple survey crews to any project

area to provide ground control surveying, as well as other surveying services such as boundary

surveying, topographic surveying and in-field data collection.

Check Point Surveying Additional to traditional land survey techniques, Fugro has extensive experience in the collection of

check points for verifying the accuracy of both imagery and lidar data. Fugro’s teams of land surveyors

abide by the techniques and practices defined in the ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital

Geospatial Data and the USGS Lidar Base Specification document to support the verification of the data

products both horizontally and vertically.

Lidar Enhancement (Hydro-enforcement) To produce the hydro-enforced DEM, Fugro has extensive experience in applying steps to the 2D line

work of dual-line and single-line streams to enforce the water in a downward flow without obstruction

(seamless flow through culverts and bridges).

The 2D line work is produced by heads-up digitizing the lines using typical reference materials: imagery

such as DOQQs, orthophotography, lidar intensity images and/or hill shaded GRIDs of the final bare

earth lidar data. This line work is created to accurately depict the horizontal location and shape of all

water features contained within the project area. The lines are digitized in ArcGIS as polylines in

hydrologically defined sub-basin blocks.

Virtual World Asset Management

This innovative technology is based on Remote Observation Automated Modeling Economic Simulation

(ROAMES) which creates a representation of the real world of such fidelity that it can be used for asset

inspection, identification, and condition assessment without the need to deploy workers to the field.

Within Roames, assets are modeled with their relevant structural, mechanical, electrical, and thermal

characteristics, enabling a deeper understanding of asset behavior and supporting many asset

management activities. Roames combines pioneering geospatial mapping techniques with cutting-edge

data processing and cloud computing capabilities to deliver a complete and accurate 3D virtual model of

a power company’s assets. With an understanding of the evolving nature of assets, managers can tune

their capital and maintenance programs as well as operational incident response to reduce operational

risks and costs, all while improving customer service.

Adoption of this new paradigm allows utilities to use Roames for desktop scoping and planning, to defer

treatments and only address immediate risks, to achieve compliance, and issue work packages to

contractor panels for quoting and work delivery. Roames has removed the need for high cost helicopter-

based pre-summer patrol of power grids; through this and other efficiencies it is possible to reduce

direct costs by at least 40% to achieve an optimized-risk, service-quality outcome

Due to the benefits of automated cloud-based processing techniques, the unit cost for Roames is often

as low as 10% the cost of standard lidar deliverables but offers over 150 geospatial layer visualizations

including: 3D network schematic, individual tree models, building models, vegetation encroachment,

clearance profiles, orthoimagery, elevation model, height maps, and more.

While initially developed for vegetation, Roames has extended into broader applications through its

virtually enabled world and expanded globally, now annually servicing hundreds of thousands of miles of

powerlines.

Change Detection Fugro applies change detection techniques to multitemporal data which allows clients to assess the

condition of features after a disaster event or over a period of time. Information can be provided as 3D

models, georeferenced polygons or in the form of reports which identify changed features.

Change detection can be provided as a value added service to digital oblique imagery, lidar or

orthoimagery data products.

Damage Assessment using Roames - is available as a standby service for clients with existing Roames

coverage. Information can be made available as soon as 24 hours after an event due to rapid

mobilization combined with our cutting-edge cloud processing and delivery techniques. Repeat capture

at critical stages of the response and recovery efforts can provide further intelligence to make decisions

relevant to current conditions.

The service also provides the ability to model assets against scenarios for proactive response and

preparation activities. This enables the development of response strategies to prepare critical

infrastructure to minimize and even withstand the effects of disaster events.

Land Use / Land Cover Mapping

As demonstrated on numerous mapping projects, Fugro’s team of imagery professionals provides the

expertise in interpretation and image manipulation services for Land Use/Land Cover, Change Detection,

Hazard Studies, Emergency Response, Environmental Impact and Vegetation Analysis. For example,

through separate contracts with the states of Maryland and Delaware, Fugro developed thematic maps

that highlighted the intricate balance of wetlands and development along the coast of the Chesapeake

and Delaware Bays.

The team has experience providing vector development, scanning support and scanned image

rectification services to the federal government. The extensive expertise in processing analog media to

digital images has allowed members of our team to utilize a wide range of source materials in the

development high quality vector data.

By mapping the spatial distribution of specific cultural and natural features from high-resolution

airborne and satellite imagery, users can cost-effectively expand traditional base mapping products to

incorporate other thematic layers such as land-use and land-cover (LU/LC), impervious surfaces, soils,

tree species, fire fuels, and benthic habitats. Once overlaid on maps delineating topography or political

divisions, the data can be viewed or queried in a GIS to reveal patterns and trends that support vast

numbers of analyses for multiple user populations.

Land Use / Land Cover: Traditional LU/LC mapping is accomplished using manual photointerpretation

methods, which can be extremely time consuming and lacking in detail. Automated pixel-based

classifiers exist, but these can have high error rates, especially when used on high resolution imagery,

causing labor-intensive manual error correction. Fugro has developed a semi-automated approach to

streamline the process through use of object-oriented feature extraction software and classification and

regression tree (CART) analysis. Managing inputs from a wide variety of ancillary data sources, software

classifies groups of pixels, rather than individual pixels, and incorporates both shape and context into

the classification process. The result is more efficient map production with less operator bias and

greater overall consistency.

Wetland and Benthic Habitats: Using high resolution satellite and airborne imagery, Fugro’s automated

classification processing techniques produce thematic maps for coastal characterization, including

coastal LU/LC mapping, benthic habitat and wetland mapping, and change detection analysis and

monitoring. Fugro offers a number of services that are relevant for those seeking information, advice

and survey services regarding bio fouling and Marine Invasive Non-Native Species (MINNS).

Impervious Surfaces: To assist the City of San Jose in determining whether certain watersheds met

regulatory threshold criteria for imperviousness, Fugro developed a rapid and accurate method for

determining percent imperviousness. The method is based on available high resolution datasets

including lidar-based building footprints, major roads, and sidewalks, and 3-inch pixel aerial imagery.

Hazard Mapping Fugro is one of the largest and most experienced groups of pure geohazard specialists in the earth

science consulting industry and are involved in some of the most technically challenging infrastructure

projects in the world. Fugro routinely provides consulting services related to:

Fault rupture and ground motion assessments Landslide mapping, characterization, monitoring, and mitigation Liquefaction and lateral spread evaluations River scour and paleo-flood analysis Marine geohazards Tsunami inundation and current velocity modeling

Many of these projects involve fundamental geological and geomorphological mapping to characterize

the location and distribution of potential geohazards. We integrate various geological and geotechnical

characterization techniques to evaluate slope failure triggering events and to determine the mechanics

of failure. Both of these are important to assess risk and potential mitigation strategies.

Landslide hazard assessments involve a number of steps that include a range of disciplines and

techniques. The primary steps in landslide hazard mapping projects include:

Aerial photograph interpretation and analysis of topographic models Geomorphological mapping and natural terrain hazard assessment Drainage line mapping and watershed analysis GIS analysis Lidar data application Soil science and dating Site specific investigations and rock fall analyses

Geomorphological Mapping and Natural Terrain Hazard Assessment - Fugro personnel are among the

leading geologists in the industry applying geomorphology and terrain mapping expertise to a wide

range of projects. Fugro has applied these skills to projects such as hillside developments, pipeline

routing, dam stability, nuclear power plant siting, and offshore marine geohazard studies.

An integral part of Natural Terrain Hazard Mapping (NTHM) and slope stability analysis is interpretation

of aerial photographs, and where available, use of digital terrain models such as lidar imagery to assess

slope conditions. Aerial photograph and topographic analysis is often the first step in NTHM and

landslide projects. Fugro has extensive experience in aerial photograph interpretation and has a group

of GIS specialists with extensive experience in application of GIS techniques and in processing lidar data

for application to landslide projects.

Geological and geomorphological mapping are used to confirm and refine the interpretations of features

identified on aerial photographs and digital terrain models. Field mapping provides a direct means to

define the location, extent, failure mechanism, rate of motion, and potential run-outs of slope failures.

Bedrock, Quaternary deposits and geomorphic features are mapped on the basis of stratigraphic,

geomorphological, and pedological criteria, including for example: (1) topographic position; (2) degree

and type of surface modification; (3) degree of soil-profile development; (4) superposition of deposits

separated by erosional or depositional unconformities; (5) relative or numerical age of individual

deposits; (6) physical continuity and lateral correlation with other morphostratigraphic units; (7)

distinctive lithology or mineralogy; and (8) textural or lithologic uniqueness such as inclusion of

distinctive volcanic ash, lacustrine sediments, or exotic clast lithologies.