addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity
DESCRIPTION
Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity. Structure of my presentation. Insecurity, poverty and inequality – the scale and the nature Pro-poor politics and achieving safety and security - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity
![Page 2: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Structure of my presentation• Insecurity, poverty and inequality – the scale and
the nature
• Pro-poor politics and achieving safety and security
• Three critical collective capabilities (by collective to include local govt., urban poor communities and interested professionals): vision, knowledge, accountability
![Page 3: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Understanding the problem
• How should we understand the problems of urban poverty and inequality
• What is the nature of insecurity?• What are the complexities of urban
disadvantage?
![Page 4: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The urban challengeProjected growth in the world's population 2005-2025
38
1317
103
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
High-income nations,total population
Low- and middle-income nations urban
population
Low- and middle-income nations rural
population
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illio
ns)
![Page 5: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Urban realities
![Page 6: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Urban povertyNation Poverty line as a multiple of
‘minimum food basket’ costs
Percent of the urban population below the poverty line
Democratic Rep. of Congo (2006) 1.24 61.5Cambodia (2004) Phnom Penh 1.32; Other
urban 1.245 (PP); 21 (other urban)
Mozambique (2003) 1.43 51.6Zambia (2004) 1.43 53.0Cameroon (2001) 1.54 17.9 (10.9 for Douala; 13.3 for
Yaounde)Nepal (2003/4) 1.63 9.6Malawi (2007) 1.61 25.4Ethiopia (2005) 1.96 70.0Kenya (2005/6) 1.98 34.4Dominican Republic (2004) 2.0 34.7Haiti (2001) 2.0 45 (Port au Prince), 76 (other urban
areas)Liberia (2007) 2.09 55.0Kenya (1997) 2.1 49.0Brazil (2002/3)** 2.1 17.5Costa Rica (2004) 2.18 20.8
![Page 7: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is clear…
• Est. 1 billion living in informal settlements• UN Habitat estimates that 62 per cent of
urban dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa live in informal settlements
• Multiple forms of disadvantage…. In a context in which everything is commodified
![Page 8: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Urban livelihoods
![Page 9: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Per cent of nations’ non-agricultural employment in informal employment
Countries
Above 70 per
cent
Bolivia, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Mali, Paraguay, Peru, Zambia
50-70 per cent Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Liberia, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste, Uganda, Vietnam, West Bank
and Gaza, Zimbabwe
30-50 per cent Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Lesotho, Namibia, Panama,
South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela
Below 30 per
cent
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia,
![Page 10: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Proximity
![Page 11: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
And distance
![Page 12: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Basic services
![Page 13: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lack of access to improved sanitation in urban areas - 1990 to 2010
• Bangladesh 32 per cent 33 per cent • Burkina Faso 57 per cent 50 per cent• Colombia 21 per cent 18 per cent• Ghana 88 per cent 81 per cent • India 49 per cent 42 per cent • Kenya 73 per cent 68 per cent• Nicaragua 41 per cent 37 per cent• Nigeria 61 per cent 65 per cent • Uganda 68 per cent 66 per cent
NOTE – definitions of improved and unimproved DO NOT CONSIDER DENSITY
World Health Organization and UNICEF (2012)
![Page 14: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Risks
![Page 15: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Problems of low-lying land
• the low elevation coastal zone accounts for only about 2 per cent of the world’s land area,
• BUT about 10 per cent of the world’s population and 13 per cent of the world’s urban population live in the zone.
• In terms of the regional distribution, Asia stands out, as it contains about three-quarters of the population in the zone and two-thirds of the urban population
![Page 16: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Risks
![Page 17: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
2. A pro-poor politics• Challenge clientelist politics through universalism • Establish and strengthen public legitimacy for the
organized urban poor• Coproduction of services to demonstrate
modalities of improvement AND protect autonomy (and address material needs)
• Centre the process on women• Build relations with the City (city-wide) and link
to national govt.• Strengthen political capabilities (collective and
individual) – build institutions of learning (because politics is dynamic …)
![Page 18: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Challenge clientelism with universalism
• The problems with clientelism are acknowledged – partial, specific, reinforcing existing power relations, creating dependencies
• Build city wide networks able to share information - and challenge particularity as a response to resource scarcity (eg. Kitwe )
• Use Funds to establish the principle of universality – support for all with effective networks and alliance building – how to use resources to reach everyone (even in the longer term)
![Page 19: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Secure legitimacy for the urban poor and recognition of their citizenship
• Through profiles (9000) and 200 plus cities completed• Through enumerations (4000 settlements), maps (1000) and plans • Through savings and self-help • Through representations of partnership and collaboration• Through alliance building • Issues of rights and justice are critical to people’s perspectives but
used cautiously. Why? Because they are used to marginalise, and the organized urban poor are cleverer than that – avoid the politics of contention.
• Information helps to establish legitimacy • Networks and vision are critical to the management of information• Same political effect as a demonstration can be realised by a
collaborative event – with advantages to the urban poor
![Page 20: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Co-production and alternative practice
• Co-production used in many ways to refer to many practices
• For SDI and ACHR/ACCA processes used to refer to joint planning, financing, implementation and evaluation – also used for joint policy making processes after the project finishes – create alternative practices
• Also used to protect community autonomy – the co-productive processes designed to strengthen local organizations and contest individualised approaches eg. Toilet management
![Page 22: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The central role of women
• How to make a process inclusive ? – take the most disadvantaged and put them in the centre.
• Idea is that if it works for this group, then it is more likely to work for others who are disadvantaged
• Aspiration is that the relations that women build with each other will help to challenge dominant patterns of relationships. Leaders will be supportive rather than authoritative
• Example of savings as an alternative practice
![Page 24: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A city-wide vision• Universalism requires more than just a discourse
of inclusion at the local level. It also requires a very different way of thinking about a planning process for the city.
• How can all settlements be included ?• How can all income groups be included ?• How can landlord and tenants be included ?• How do micro-level actions add up to something
that is more than the sum of the parts ?• Kitwe – 70-80,000 hhs in need of sanitation
![Page 26: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
3. Build political capabilities
The anti-thesis of inclusive urban planning
•No vision•No learning •No accountability
![Page 27: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What does this add to? Reflections on collective capabilities…
• New vision – central to a new urban planning and practice is a new vision of urban development.
• New learning – reflection matters. Think of networks and federations as learning centres – places in which the urban poor can reflect and consolidate their experiences in new practices.
• New accountabilities – not well understood but this does not mean that it is not important.
![Page 28: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Which accountabilities (in the shift away from the particular) ?
• Local council accountable to citizens for neglect (documented in enumerations and surveys)
• Co-productive partners responsible for investments and costs to residents – information about what informal settlement upgrading really costs
• Individual organizational leaders accountable to members for participating in network and making case
• Network participants accountable to local organizations for sharing information and putting in place citywide plans
• Network leaders accountable to local organizations for their communication with politicians
• Politicians accountable to informed communities for their decisions
![Page 29: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Finally from the global North ….
• Agree values of inclusion and scale and support learning processes. Hold agencies accountable for this – taking risks, supporting organizations of the urban poor, metrics around inclusion (of those who are most disadvantage) and scale.
• Flexibility is key – predetermine and you determine failure. Inclusive planning and practices require new kinds of political relations between organized low-income communities and the state.
• Everything that works takes time.
![Page 30: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/5681521f550346895dc06443/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thank you ….