addressing racism as a threat to the health and well-being of our nation
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Addressing Racism as a Threat to the Health and Well-Being of Our Nation Camara Phyllis Jones, MD, MPH, PhD Social Determinants of Health and EquityTRANSCRIPT
Health begins where welive, learn, work, and
play
Addressing racism as a threatto the health and well-being
of our nation
Social Determinants of Health and Equity
Leadership ChallengeFairfax, Virginia
September 17, 2012
Camara Phyllis Jones, MD, MPH, PhD
Levels of health intervention
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Medical care and tertiary prevention
Safety net programs and secondary prevention
Primary preventionAddressing thesocial determinants of health
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
But how do disparities arise?
Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system
Differences in access to health care, including preventive and curative services
Differences in life opportunities, exposures, and stresses that result in differences in underlying health status
Source: Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (editors). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2002.Source: Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 1900-2000. New York, NY: Routledge, 2002.Source: Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities. J Health Soc Behav 2010;51(S):S28-S40.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Dif
fere
nces
in a
cces
s to
car
eDifferences in exposures and opportunities
Differences in quality of care(ambulance slow or goes the wrong way)
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Addressing thesocial determinants of equity:
Why are there differencesin resourcesalong the cliff face?
Why are there differencesin who is foundat different parts of the cliff?
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
3 dimensions of health intervention
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Addressing social determinants of health
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Addressing social determinants of health
Addressing social determinants of equity
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Determinants of health
Individual behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Determinants of health
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determinants of health and illness that are outside of the individual
Beyond genetic predispositions
Beyond individual behaviors
Determinants of health
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determinants of health and illness that are outside of the individual
Beyond genetic predispositions
Beyond individual behaviors
The contexts in which individual behaviors arise
Determinants of health
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealth
Determinants of health
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealthNeighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Determinants of health
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealthNeighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Hazards and toxic exposuresPesticides, lead, reservoirs of infection
Determinants of health
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Individual resourcesEducation, occupation, income, wealthNeighborhood resourcesHousing, food choices, public safety, transportation, parks and recreation, political clout
Hazards and toxic exposuresPesticides, lead, reservoirs of infectionOpportunity structuresSchools, jobs, justice
Determinants of health
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Determinants of health
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Structural determinants of context
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the range ofobserved contexts
Determinants of health
Structural determinants of context
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
Determine the range ofobserved contexts
Determinants of health
Structural determinants of context
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
Determine the range ofobserved contexts
Include economic systems, racism, and other systems of power
Determinants of health
Structural determinants of context
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Social determinants of health (contexts)
Individual behaviors
Determine the distribution of different populations into those contexts
Determine the range ofobserved contexts
Include economic systems, racism, and other systems of power
Determinants of health
The social determinants of equity
Structural determinants of context
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Addressing the social determinantsof HEALTH
Involves the medical care and public health systems, but clearly extends beyond these
Requires collaboration with multiple sectors outside of health, including education, housing, labor, justice, transportation, agriculture, immigration, and environment
Source: National Prevention Council. National Prevention Strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011.
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
Addressing the social determinantsof EQUITY
Involves monitoring for inequities in exposures and opportunities, as well as for disparities in outcomes
Involves examination of and intervention on the mechanisms of power Structures: the who?, what?, when?, and
where? of decision-making Policies: the written how? Practices and norms: the unwritten how? Values: the why?
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
Beyond individual behaviors
Address the social determinants of health,including poverty, in order to achieve large and sustained improvements in health outcomes
Address the social determinants of equity,including racism, in order to achieve social justice and eliminate health disparities
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
Why racism?
To eliminate racial disparities in health, need examine fundamental causes “Race” is only a rough proxy for social class, culture, or
genes “Race” captures the social classification of people in our
“race”-conscious society Hypothesize racism as a fundamental cause
of racial disparities in health
Source: Jones CP. “Race”, Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154(4):299-304.
What is racism?
A system
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how we look (which is what we call “race”)
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how we look (which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how we look (which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities Advantages other individuals and communities
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how we look (which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities Advantages other individuals and communities Saps the strength of the whole society through the
waste of human resources
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
Levels of Racism
Institutionalized Personally-mediated Internalized
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Institutionalized racism
Differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society, by “race”
Examples Housing, education, employment, income Medical facilities Clean environment Information, resources, voice
Explains the association between social class and “race”
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Personally-mediated racism
Differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intents of others, by “race”
Differential actions based on those assumptions
Prejudice and discrimination Examples
Police brutality Physician disrespect Shopkeeper vigilance Waiter indifference Teacher devaluationSource: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health
2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Internalized racism
Acceptance by the stigmatized “races” of negative messages about our own abilities and intrinsic worth
Examples Self-devaluation White man’s ice is colder Resignation, helplessness, hopelessness
Accepting limitations to our full humanity
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Levels of Racism: A Gardener’s Tale
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Who is the gardener?
Power to decide Power to act Control of resources
Dangerous when Allied with one group Not concerned with
equity
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
Measuring institutionalized racism
Scan for evidence of “racial” disparities “Could racism be operating here?” Routinely monitor opportunities as well as outcomes by
“race”
Identify mechanisms “How is racism operating here?” Structures: the who?, what?, when?, and where?
of decision-making Policies: the written how? Practices and norms: the unwritten how? Values: the why?
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
“Reactions to Race” module
Six-question optional module on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System since 2002
“How do other people usually classify you in this country?”
“How often do you think about your race?” Perceptions of differential treatment at work or when
seeking health care Reports of physical symptoms or emotional upset as a
result of “race”-based treatment
States using the “Reactions to Race” module2002 to 2011 BRFSS
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana,Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina,Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin
Arkansas 2004
California 2002
Colorado 2004
Connecticut 2010
Delaware 2002 2004 2005
DC 2004
Florida 2002
Georgia 2010
Indiana 2009
Kentucky 2010
Massachusetts 2006 2008
Michigan 2006
Mississippi 2004
Nebraska 2008 2009
New Hampshire 2002
New Mexico 2002
North Carolina 2002
Ohio 2003 2005 2011
Rhode Island 2004 2007 2010
South Carolina 2003 2004
Tennessee 2005
Vermont 2008
Virginia 2008
Washington 2004
Wisconsin 2004 2005 2006
States using the “Reactions to Race” module
Arkansas 2004
California 2002
Colorado 2004
Connecticut 2010
Delaware 2002 2004 2005
DC 2004
Florida 2002
Georgia 2010
Indiana 2009
Kentucky 2010
Massachusetts 2006 2008
Michigan 2006
Mississippi 2004
Nebraska 2008 2009
New Hampshire 2002
New Mexico 2002
North Carolina 2002
Ohio 2003 2005 2011
Rhode Island 2004 2007 2010
South Carolina 2003 2004
Tennessee 2005
Vermont 2008
Virginia 2008
Washington 2004
Wisconsin 2004 2005 2006
States using the “Reactions to Race” module
Socially-assigned “race”
How do other people usually classify you in this country? Would you say:
White Black or African-American Hispanic or Latino Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Some other group
Socially-assigned “race”
On-the-street “race” quickly and routinely assigned without benefit of queries about self-identification, ancestry, culture, or genetic endowment
Ad hoc racial classification, an influential basis for interactions between individuals and institutions for centuries
Substrate upon which racism operates
Source: Jones CP, Truman BI, Elam-Evans LD, Jones CA, Jones CY, Jiles R, Rumisha SF, Perry GS. Using “socially assigned race” to probe White advantages in health status. Ethn Dis 2008;18(4):496-504.
General health status
Would you say that in general your health is:
Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor
02
04
06
08
01
00
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
pe
rce
nt o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthWhite Black Hispanic AIAN
General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
02
04
06
08
01
00
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
pe
rce
nt o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthWhite Black Hispanic AIAN
General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
02
04
06
08
01
00
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
pe
rce
nt o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthWhite Black Hispanic AIAN
General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
13.9 21.5 20.9 22.1
pe
rce
nt o
f re
sp
on
de
nts
Report fair or poor health
General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better health
Self-identified ethnicity
Are you Hispanic or Latino?
Yes No
Self-identified “race”
Which one or more of the following would you say is your race?
White Black or African-American Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander American Indian or Alaska Native Other
Which one of these groups would you say best represents your race?
Self-identified “race”/ethnicity
Hispanic “Yes” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Any response to race question
White “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “White”
Black “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “Black”
American Indian/Alaska Native “No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question Only one response to race question, “AI/AN”
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
02
04
06
08
01
00
39.8
53.7
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
02
04
06
08
01
00
39.8
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-Hispanic White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-Hispanic versus White-White
p < 0.0001
02
04
06
08
01
00
39.8
53.7
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-Hispanic versus Hispanic-White
p = 0.0019
02
04
06
08
01
00
53.7
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthHispanic-White White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
Hispanic-White versus White-White
p = 0.1895
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
02
04
06
08
01
00
32
52.6
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN AIAN-White White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
02
04
06
08
01
00
32
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-AIAN versus White-White
p < 0.0001
02
04
06
08
01
00
32
52.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-AIAN AIAN-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-AIAN versus AIAN-White
p = 0.0122
02
04
06
08
01
00
52.6
58.6
pe
rce
nt
of
resp
on
de
nts
Report excellent or very good healthAIAN-White White-White
General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
AIAN-White versus White-White
p = 0.3070
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
> 1 race406
59.5 22.5 3.8 5.3 8.9
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN . . .
White26,373
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
Black5,246
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
Hispanic1,528
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
AIAN321
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
> 1 race406
59.5 22.5 3.8 5.3 8.9
How
self
-id
en
tify
Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups
General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better health Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
Being perceived as White is associated with higher education
Key questions
Why is socially-assigned “race” associated with self-rated general health status? Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic
groups Even within the same educational level
Why is socially-assigned “race” associated with educational level?
Racism
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how we look (which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities Advantages other individuals and communities Saps the strength of the whole society through the
waste of human resources
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
Source: Jones CP, Truman BI, Elam-Evans LD, Jones CA, Jones CY, Jiles R, Rumisha SF, Perry GS. Using “socially assigned race” to probe White advantages in health status. Ethn Dis 2008;18(4):496-504.
What is [inequity] ?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on [fill in the blank]
What is [inequity] ?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on [fill in the blank], that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities Advantages other individuals and communities Saps the strength of the whole society through the
waste of human resources
Many possible axes of inequity
“Race” Gender Ethnicity Labor roles and social class markers Nationality, language, and legal status Sexual orientation Disability status Geography Religion
These are risk markers
ICERD: International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial
Discrimination
International anti-racism treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1965http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
US signed in 1966 US ratified in 1994
2nd US report submitted to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 2007http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersion/cerd_c_usa6.doc
CERD Concluding Observations
14-page document (8 May 2008) available onlinehttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/107361.pdf
Concerns and recommendations Racial profiling (para 14) Residential segregation (para 16) Disproportionate incarceration (para 20) Differential access to health care (para 32) Achievement gap in education (para 34)
Health services
Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinantsof health
Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinantsof health
Social determinantsof equity
Our goal: To expand the conversation
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
Barriers in moving the nationto care about social justice
A-historical culture The present as disconnected from the past Current distribution of advantage/disadvantage as
happenstance Systems and structures as givens and immutable
Narrow focus on the individual Self-interest narrowly defined Limited sense of interdependence Limited sense of collective efficacy Systems and structures as invisible or irrelevant
“Myth of meritocracy” Role of hard work Denial of racism Two babies: Equal potential or equal opportunity?
Moving the nation
Changing opportunity structures Understand the importance of history Challenge the narrow focus on the individual Expose the “myth of meritocracy” Acknowledge existence of systems and structures View systems and structures as modifiable Break down barriers to opportunity Build bridges to opportunity Transform consumers to citizens Intervene on decision-making processes
Valuing all people equally Break out of bubbles to experience our common humanity Embrace ALL children as OUR children
Unpublished allegories
Dual Reality: A Restaurant Saga Conveyor Belt: Stages of Anti-racism Japanese Lanterns: Colored Perceptions Understanding This Bus We Are On Bicycles on a Hill: Equal Opportunity? Bus Seating: The Permanence of Privilege Bus Survey: Who Counts? Airplane Seating: Invisible Tether
Source: Jones CP, unpublished allegories developed for course “Race” and Racism, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994 to 2000.
Resources
National Partnership for Action to End Health DisparitiesOffice of Minority Health, US Department of Health and Human Serviceshttp://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/
National Stakeholder Strategy for Achieving Health Equity
HHS Action Plan to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
Regional Health Equity Councilshttp://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlid=42#1
Resources
Healthy People 2020http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx
Overarching goals: Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable
disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve
the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote
good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and
healthy behaviors across all life stages.
42 topic areas, including 13 new ones
Resources
National Prevention StrategyNational Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public Health Councilhttp://www.healthcare.gov/prevention/nphpphc
Resources
US-Brazil Joint Action Plan to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Promote EqualityFive-year bilateral agreement signed in 2008http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/2008/111446.htm http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rt/social/brazil/index.htm
Areas of focus Civil society engagement Economic opportunities and labor Education Environmental justice Health Justice
Resources
CDC Racism and Health [email protected]
Communications and DisseminationEducation and DevelopmentGlobal MattersLiaison and PartnershipOrganizational ExcellencePolicy and LegislationScience and Publications
Resources
Race: The Power of an IllusionCalifornia Newsreelhttp://www.pbs.org/racehttp://newsreel.org/video/RACE-THE-POWER-OF-AN-ILLUSION
RACE – Are We So Different? American Anthropological Associationhttp://www.understandingrace.org/home.html
Resources
3rd World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related IntoleranceConvened by the United Nations in Durban, South Africa in 2001http://www.un.org/WCAR/
Durban Declaration and Programme of Actionhttp://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf
Resources
Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?California Newsreelhttp://www.unnaturalcauses.org
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of healthWHO Commission on Social Determinants of Healthhttp://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html
Resources
World Conference on Social Determinants of HealthConvened by the World Health Organization in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil in 2011http://www.who.int/sdhconference/en/
Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Healthhttp://www.who.int/sdhconference/declaration/en/
Resources
International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1965http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
Committee to Eliminate Racial Discrimination (CERD)Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rightshttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/
Resources
2007 USA State Department report to the CERDhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersion/cerd_c_usa6.doc
2007 NGO shadow reports to the CERDhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/cerds72-ngos-usa.htm
2008 CERD Concluding Observations to the USAhttp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/107361.pdf
Resources
Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority HealthMargaret M. Heckler, SecretaryU.S. Department of Health and Human Serviceshttp://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/heckler/8602912V1/PDF/8602912V1.pdf
Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health CareBrian D. Smedley, Adrienne Y. Stith, Alan R. Nelson, EditorsInstitute of Medicine of the National Academieshttp://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030908265X
Resources
The Gardener’s Tale podcastCityMatCH Health Equity and Social Justice Action Grouphttp://www.citymatch.org/UR_tale.php
International Coalition of Cities Against RacismUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationhttp://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/human-rights/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/
Policies of interest
Policies allowing segregation of resources and risks
Policies creating inherited group disadvantage
Policies favoring the differential valuation of human life by “race”
Policies limiting self-determination
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
Policies allowing segregation of resources and risks
Redlining, municipal zoning, toxic dump siting
Use of local property taxes to fund public education
Policies creating inherited group disadvantage
Lack of social security for children
Estate inheritance
Lack of reparations for historical injustices
Policies favoring the differential valuation of human life by “race”Curriculum
Media invisibility / hypervisibility
Myth of meritocracy and denial of racism
Policies limiting self-determination
De jure and de facto limitations to voting rights
“Majority rules” when there is a fixed minority
Achieving health equity
“Health equity” is assurance of the conditions for optimal health for all people
Achieving health equity requires Valuing all individuals and populations equally Recognizing and rectifying historical injustices Providing resources according to need
Health disparities will be eliminated when health equity is achieved
Source: Jones CP 2010, adapted from the National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities
Our tasks
Put racism on the agenda Name racism as a force determining the other social
determinants of health Routinely monitor for differential exposures,
opportunities, and outcomes by “race”
Our tasks
Ask , “How is racism operating here?” Identify mechanisms in structures, policies, practices,
norms, and values Attend to both what exists and what is lacking
Our tasks
Organize and strategize to act Join in grassroots organizing around the conditions of
people’s lives Identify the structural factors creating and perpetuating
those conditions Link with similar efforts across the country and around
the world
What is racism?
“Racism includes racist ideologies, prejudiced attitudes, discriminatory behavior, structural arrangements and institutionalized practices resulting in racial inequality as well as the fallacious notion that discriminatory relations between groups are morally and scientifically justifiable;
“it is reflected in discriminatory provisions in legislation or regulations and discriminatory practices as well as in anti-social beliefs and acts;Source: United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization, 1978.
What is racism?
“it hinders the development of its victims, perverts those who practice it, divides nations internally, impedes international co-operation and gives rise to political tensions between peoples;
“it is contrary to the fundamental principles of international law and, consequently, seriously disturbs international peace and security.”
Source: United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization, 1978.
