addressing services - college of dupage advantages and disadvantages of nat, configuring nat and nat...

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE I Chapter 6 1

Addressing Services

Accessing the WAN – Chapter 7

Modified by Tony Chen

04/08/2009

http://www.cod.edu/

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 2

Notes:

If you see any mistake on my PowerPoint slides or if you have any questions about the materials, please feel free to email me at [email protected].

Thanks!

Tony Chen

College of DuPage

Cisco Networking Academy

http://www.cod.edu/

mailto:[email protected]


Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn to:

– Configure DHCP in an Enterprise branch network. This includes being able to explain DHCP features and benefits, the differences between BOOTP and DHCP, DHCP operation: and configuring, verifying, and troubleshooting DHCP.

– Configure NAT on a Cisco router. This includes explaining key features and operation of NAT and NAT Overload, explaining advantages and disadvantages of NAT, configuring NAT and NAT Overload to conserve IP address space in a network, configuring port forwarding, and verifying and troubleshooting NAT configurations.

– Configure new generation RIP (RIPng) to use IPv6. This includes explaining how IPv6 solves any problem of IP address deletion, explaining how to assign IPv6 addresses, describing transition strategies for implementing IPv6 and configuring, verifying and troubleshooting RIPng for IPv6.

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What is DHCP?

Every device connects to a network needs an IP address.

Network administrators assign static IP addresses to routers, servers, and other network.

–Administrators enter static IP addresses manually when they configure devices to join the network.

–Static addresses also enable administrators to manage those devices remotely.

Desktop clients typically make up the bulk of network nodes, DHCP is an extremely useful and timesaving tool for network administrators.

–DHCP assigns IP addresses and other important network configuration information dynamically.

•All hosts in the same subnet will receive different IP addresses,

•But will receive the same subnet mask and default gateway address and DNS server which is common to that subnet.

–In a SOHO location, a Cisco router can be configured to provide DHCP services without the dedicated server.

•A Cisco IOS feature set called Easy IP offers an optional, full-featured DHCP server.

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DHCP Operation

DHCP includes three different address allocation mechanisms to provide flexibility when assigning IP addresses:

–Manual Allocation: The administrator assigns a pre-allocated IP address to the client and DHCP only communicates the IP address to the device.

–Automatic Allocation: DHCP automatically assigns a static IP address permanently to a device, selecting it from a pool of available addresses.

•There is no lease and the address is permanently assigned to a device.

•[Tony]: “static/permanent automatic allocation”

–Dynamic Allocation (*): DHCP automatically dynamically assigns, or leases, an IP address from a pool of addresses

•for a limited period of time chosen by the server, or until the client tells the server that it no longer needs the address.

•[Tony]: “dynamic/temporary automatic allocation”.

•[Tony]: Client will renew the IP address at 50% and 87.5% of the length of the lease time.

*This section focuses on dynamic allocation.

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DHCP Operation When the client boots or otherwise wants to join a network, it

completes four steps in obtaining a lease.

1. DHCPDISCOVER (Broadcast)

–The DHCPDISCOVER message finds DHCP servers on the network. Because the host has no valid IP information at bootup, it uses L2 and L3 broadcast addresses to communicate with the server.

2. DHCPOFFER (Unicast)

–When the DHCP server receives a DHCDISCOVER message, it finds an available IP address to lease and transmits a binding offer with a DHCPOFFER message.

3. DHCPREQUEST (Broadcast)

–When the client receives the DHCPOFFER from the server, it sends back a DHCPREQUEST message.

•The message is for lease origination and lease renewal and verification.

–Many enterprise networks use multiple DHCP servers. The DHCPREQUEST message inform this DHCP server and any other DHCP servers about the accepted offer.

4. DHCPACK (Unicast)

–On receiving the DHCPREQUEST message, the server replies with a unicast DHCPACK message.

–When the client receives the DHCPACK message, it knows that the IP address is valid and starts using it as its own.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhcp

http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000serv/reskit/cnet/cncb_dh

c_nxxi.mspx?mfr=true

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DHCP Operation: Something you needs to know2. DHCPOFFER (Unicast)

–When the DHCP server receives a DHCDISCOVER message, it finds an available IP address to lease and transmits a binding offer with a DHCPOFFER message.

Q: Weather dhcp offer is unicast or broadcast?

Answer: RFC 1541: The server unicasts the DHCPOFFER message to the client (using the DHCP/BOOTP relay agent if necessary) if possible, or may broadcast the message to a broadcast address (preferably 255.255.255.255) on the client's subnet. The RFC 1541 states that a server "should" try unicast first, but then can use broadcast when offering. Some OS's like Microsoft skip the unicast part of this as it is not required.

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/169289

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhcp

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DHCP Operation: DHCP Lease Renewal

Clients lease the information from the server for an administratively defined period.

When the lease expires, the client must ask for another address, although the client is typically reassigned the same address.

–After 50% of the lease time has passed, the client will attempt to renew the lease with the original DHCP server that it obtained the lease from using a DHCPREQUEST message.

–Any time the client boots and the lease is 50% or more passed, the client will attempt to renew the lease. At 87.5% of the lease completion, the client will attempt to contact any DHCP server for a new lease.

–If the lease expires, the client will send a request as in the initial boot when the client had no IP address.

–If this fails, the client TCP/IP stack will cease functioning.

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BOOTP and DHCP

The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), defined in RFC 951, is the predecessor of DHCP and shares some operational characteristics.

–BOOTP is a way to download address and boot configurations for diskless workstations.

–Both DHCP and BOOTP use UDP ports 67 and 68.

•The client sends messages to the server on port 67.

•The server sends messages to the client on port 68.

There are 3 differences between DHCP and BOOTP:

1. BOOTP was designed for manual pre-configuration of the host information in a server database (MAC and IP entry), while DHCP allows for dynamic allocation of IP addresses and configurations to newly attached hosts.

2. BOOTP does not use leases. Its clients have reserved IP address which cannot be assigned to any other host.DHCP allows for recovery and reallocation of network addresses through a leasing mechanism.

3. BOOTP provides a limited amount of information to a host. DHCP provides additional IP configuration parameters, such as WINS and domain name.

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DHCP Message Format DHCP maintain compatibility with BOOTP and used the

same BOOTP message format.

–Operation Code (OP) - A value of 1 indicates a request message; a value of 2 is a reply message.

–Hardware Type - 1 is Ethernet

–Hardware Address length

–Hops - used by relay agents to control the forwarding of DHCP.

–Transaction Identifier

–Seconds

–Flags

–Client IP Address - The client puts its own IP address in this field if and only if it has a valid IP address while in the bound state; otherwise, it sets the field to 0.

–Your IP Address - IP address that the server assigns to client.

–Server IP Address - Address of the server that the client should use for the next.

–Gateway IP Address - Routes DHCP messages when DHCP relay agents are involved.

–Client Hardware Address - the Physical layer of the client.

–Server Name - The server sending a DHCPOFFER.

–Boot Filename

–Options

http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/dhcp.htm

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DHCP Discovery and Offer

When a client wants to join the network, it requests addressing values from the network DHCP server. It transmits a DHCPDISCOVER message on its local physical subnet when it boots.

–The DHCPDISCOVER is an IP broadcast (destination IP address of 255.255.255.255).

–The client does not have a configured IP address, so the source IP address of 0.0.0.0 is used.

–As you see in the figure, the client IP address (CIADDR), default gateway address (GIADDR), and subnetwork mask are all marked with question marks.

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DHCP Discovery and Offer When the DHCP server receives the

DHCPDISCOVER, it responds with a DHCPOFFER.

–This message contains initial configuration information for the client, including the MAC address of the client,

–followed by the IP address that the server is offering,

–the subnet mask,

–the lease duration,

–the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer.

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Configuring a DHCP Server The steps to configure a router as a DHCP server:

– Step 1. Define a range of addresses that DHCP is not to allocate.

• These are usually static addresses reserved for the router interface, switch, servers, and local network printers.

• A best practice is to configure excluded addresses before creating the DHCP pool. This ensures that DHCP does not assign reserved addresses accidentally.

• Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address

– Step 2. Create the DHCP pool

• Router(config)#ip dhcp pool command.

– Step 3. Configure the specifics of the pool.

• You must configure the available addresses.

• You should also define the default gateway for the clients.

• Optional DHCP pool commands:

– IP address of the DNS server

– the duration of the DHCP lease: default setting is one day,

Disabling DHCP

– The DHCP service is enabled by default

– To disable the service, use the no service dhcp

There is no DHCP interface configuration required. If a PC is connected to a network that has a DHCP pool available, it can obtain an IP address automatically.

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Verifying DHCP Router R1 has been configured with the following:

R1(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.9

R1(config)# ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.10.254

R1(config)# ip dhcp pool LAN-POOL-1

R1(dhcp-config)# network 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0

R1(dhcp-config)# default-router 192.168.10.1

R1(dhcp-config)# domain-name span.com

R1(config)# ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.11.1 192.168.11.9

R1(config)# ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.11.254

R1(config)# ip dhcp pool LAN-POOL-2

R1(dhcp-config)# network 192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0

R1(dhcp-config)# default-router 192.168.11.1

R1(dhcp-config)# domain-name span.com

To verify the operation of DHCP, use show ip dhcp binding

– This command displays all IP to MAC address bindings.

To verify that number of messages are being received or sent by the router, use show ip dhcp server statistics.

The ipconfig /all command displays the IP on PC.

To view multiple pools is the show ip dhcp pool command.

– This command summarizes the DHCP pool information.

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Configuring a DHCP Client

In most cases, small home routers are set to acquire an IP address automatically from their ISPs.

– For example, the figure shows the default WAN setup page for a Linksys WRVS4400N router.

– Notice that the Internet connection type is set to Automatic Configuration - DHCP.

– This means that when the router is connected to a cable modem, for example, it is a DHCP client and requests an IP address from the ISP.

Sometimes, Cisco routers in SOHO and branch sites have to be configured in a similar manner.

– To configure an Ethernet interface as a DHCP client, the ip address dhcp command must be configured.

•In both of these examples, the routers will function as both DHCP client and DHCP server.

•It is the client for the ISP•It is the server for internal hosts.

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DHCP (PROBLEM?)

In a complex hierarchical network, enterprise servers are usually contained in a server farm.

–The problem is that the network clients typically are not on the same subnet as those servers.

–Therefore, the clients must locate the servers to receive services and often these services are located using broadcast messages.

In the figure, PC1 is attempting to acquire an IP address from the DHCP server at 192.168.11.5.

–R1 is not configured as a DHCP server.

–PC1 is unable to locate the DHCP server. Because, routers do not forward broadcasts.

• Note: Certain Windows clients have a feature called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA).

• With this feature, a Windows computer can automatically assign itself an IP address in the 169.254.x.x range in the event that a DHCP server is not available.

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DHCP Relay

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DHCP Relay

A solution is to configure the helper address feature.

–This solution enables routers as a DHCP relay agent to forward DHCP broadcasts to the DHCP servers.

–To configure R1 as a DHCP relay agent, configure the interface to the client with ip helper-address command.

Router R1 is now accepts broadcast requests for the DHCP service and then forwards them as a unicast to the IP address 192.168.11.5.

By default, the ip helper-address command forwards the following eight UDP services:

–Port 37: Time

–Port 49: TACACS

–Port 53: DNS

–Port 67: DHCP/BOOTP client

–Port 68: DHCP/BOOTP server

–Port 69: TFTP

–Port 137: NetBIOS name service

–Port 138: NetBIOS datagram service

–To specify additional ports, use ip forward-protocol command to specify exactly which types of broadcast packets to forward.

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Configuring a DHCP Server Using SDM

Cisco routers can also be configured as a DHCP server using SDM. In this example, router R1 will be configured as the DHCP server on the Fa0/0 and Fa0/1interfaces.

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Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration Troubleshooting 1: Resolve IP Address Conflicts

– The show ip dhcp conflict command displays all address conflicts .

R2# show ip dhcp conflict

IP address Detection Method Detection time

192.168.1.32 Ping Feb 16 2007 12:28 PM

192.168.1.64 Gratuitous ARP Feb 23 2007 08:12 AM

Troubleshooting 2: Verify Physical Connectivity

– Use the show interface command to confirm that the is operational.

• If the state of the interface is anything other than up, the port does not pass traffic.

Troubleshooting 3: Test Connectivity by Configuring a Client with a Static IP Address

– If the workstation is unable to reach network resources, the cause of the problem is not DHCP..

Troubleshooting 4: Verify Switch Port Configuration (STP Portfast and Other Commands)

– If there is a switch between the client and DHCP server, verify that the port has STP PortFast.

– The default configuration is PortFast disabled and trunking/channeling auto.

Troubleshooting 5: Distinguishing Whether DHCP Clients Obtain IP Address on the Same Subnet or VLAN as DHCP Server

– If the DHCP is working correctly, the problem may be the DHCP/BOOTP relay agent.

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Verify Router DHCP/BOOTP Relay Configuration

If the IP helper address is not configured properly, client DHCP requests are not forwarded to the DHCP server.

Follow these steps to verify the configuration:

–Step 1. Verify that the ip helper-address command is configured on the correct interface.

•It must be present on the inbound interface of the LAN containing the DHCP client workstations

•It must be directed to the correct DHCP server.

–Step 2. Verify that the global configuration command no service dhcp has not been configured.

•This command disables all DHCP server and relay functionality on the router.

•The command service dhcp does not appear in the configuration, because it is the default configuration.

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Verify that the Router Is Receiving DHCP Requests Using debug Commands.

As a troubleshooting task, verify that the router is receiving the DHCP request from the client.

This troubleshooting step involves configuring an access control list for debugging output.

–access-list 100 permit ip host 0.0.0.0 host 255.255.255.255

–debug ip packet detail 100

The output shows router is receiving the DHCP requests.

–The source IP address is 0.0.0.0 because the client does not yet have an IP address.

–The destination is 255.255.255.255 because the DHCP discovery message from the client is a broadcast.

–The UDP source and destination ports, 68 and 67.

Verify that the Router Is Receiving and Forwarding DHCP Request Using debug ip dhcp server packet

–This command reports server events, like address assignments and database updates.

–It is also used for decoding DHCP receptions and transmissions.

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Private and Public IP Addressing

All public Internet addresses must be registered with a Regional Internet Registry (RIR).

–Only the registered holder of a public Internet address can assign that address to a network device.

Unlike public IP addresses, private IP addresses are a reserved numbers that can be used by anyone.

–To protect the public Internet address structure, ISPs typically configure the border routers to prevent privately addressed traffic from being forwarded over the Internet.

–You may have noticed that all the examples in this course use a private number of IP addresses.

–Packets containing these addresses are not routed over the Internet, and are referred to as non-routable addresses..

–By providing more address space than most organizations could obtain through a RIR, private addressing gives enterprises considerable flexibility in network design.

Please do not call RFC1918 address non-routable addresses.

RFC 1918 provides details

However

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Private and Public IP Addressing

However, because you cannot route private addresses over the Internet, and there are not enough public addresses to allow organizations to provide one to every one of their hosts, networks need a mechanism to translate private addresses to public addresses at the edge of their network that works in both directions.

– Without a translation system, private hosts behind a router in the network of one organization cannot connect with private hosts behind a router in other organizations over the Internet.

Network Address Translation (NAT) provides this mechanism.

– Using NAT, individual companies can address some or all of their hosts with private addresses and use NAT to provide access to the Internet.

Please do not call RFC1918 address non-routable addresses.

For a more in-depth look at the development of the RIR system, see the Cisco Internet Protocol Journal article at

http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_4-4/regional_internet_registries.html

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What is NAT?

NAT has many uses, but its key use is to save IP addresses by allowing networks to use private IP addresses.

–NAT has an added benefit of adding a degree of privacy and security to a network because it hides internal IP addresses from outside networks.

A NAT-enabled device typically operates at the border of a stub network.

–When a host inside the stub network, say PC1, PC2, or PC 3, wants to transmit to a host on the outside, the packet is forwarded to R2, the border gateway router.

–R2 performs the NAT process, translating the internal private address of the host to a public, outside address.

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NAT terminology In NAT terminology, the inside network is the set of

networks that are subject to translation. The outside network refers to all other addresses.

–Inside local address – Usually an RFC 1918 address.

•The "inside" of a NAT configuration is not synonymous with private addresses as defined by RFC 1918.

•In the figure, the IP address 192.168.10.10 is assigned to the host PC1 on the inside network.

–Inside global address - Valid public address that the inside host is given when it exits the NAT router.

•When traffic from PC1 is to the web server at 209.165.201.1, router R2 must translate the address to 209.165.200.226.

–Outside global address - Reachable IP address assigned to a host on the Internet.

•For example, the web server is at IP address 209.165.201.1.

–Outside local address - The local IP address assigned to a host on the outside network.

•In most situations, this address will be identical to the outside global address of that outside device.

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How Does NAT Work?

In this example, an inside host (192.168.10.10) wants to communicate with an outside web server (209.165.201.1).

–It sends a packet to R2, the NAT-configured border gateway for the network.

–R2 translates an inside local IP address to an inside global IP address, which is 209.165.200.226.

–It stores this mapping of local to global address in the NAT table.

–The router then sends the packet to its destination.

–When the web server responds, the packet comes back to the global address of R2 (209.165.200.226).

–R2 translates the inside global address to the inside local address, and the packet is forwarded to PC1 at IP address 192.168.10.10.

–If it does not find a mapping, the packet is dropped.

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Dynamic Mapping and Static Mapping

There are two types of NAT translation:

Dynamic:

–Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public addresses and assigns them on a first-come, first-served basis.

•When a host with a private IP address requests access to the Internet, dynamic NAT chooses an IP address from the pool that is not already in use by another host.

Static:

–Static NAT uses a one-to-one mapping of local and global addresses, and these mappings remain constant.

•Static NAT is particularly useful for servers or hosts that must have a consistent address that is accessible from the Internet.

•These internal hosts may be enterprise servers or networking devices.

Both static and dynamic NAT require that enough public addresses are available to satisfy the total number of simultaneous user sessions.

–?????? (Explain)

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NAT Overload

Differences Between NAT and NAT Overload

–NAT: It generally only translates IP addresses on a 1:1 correspondence between publicly exposed IP addresses and privately held IP addresses.

–NAT overload: It modifies both the private IP address and port number of the sender.

•NAT overload chooses the port numbers seen by hosts on the public network.

•This is what most home routers do.

POP QUIZ:

–Can you test of show the prove that whether your work or school network is running NAT or NAT Overload?

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NAT Overload

NAT overloading (sometimes called Port Address Translation or PAT) maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address or a few addresses.

–When a client opens a TCP/IP session, the NAT router assigns a port number to its source address.

–NAT overload ensures that clients use a different TCP port number for each client session on the Internet.

–When a response comes back from the server, the source port number, which becomes the destination port number on the return trip, determines to which client the router routes the packets.

Port numbers are encoded in 16 bits. The total number of internal addresses that can be translated to one external address could theoretically be as high as 65,536 per IP address.

–However, realistically, the number of internal addresses that can be assigned a single IP address is around 4,000.

–-WHY???????

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NAT Overload

NAT overload attempts to preserve original port.

– In the previous example, the client port numbers in the two SAs, 1331 and 1555, do not change at the border gateway.

– However, if this source port is already used, NAT overload assigns the first available port number starting from the beginning of the appropriate port group 0-511, 512-1023, or 1024-65535.

•When there are no more ports available and there is more than one external IP address configured, NAT overload moves to the next IP address to try to allocate the original source port again.

•This process continues until it runs out of available ports and external IP addresses.

In the figure, both hosts have somehow chosen the same port number 1444. However, at the border gateway, the port numbers need to be changed-otherwise, two packets from two hosts would leave R2 with the same source address.

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PAT Example

NAT/PAT table maintains translation of:

SA (DA), DA (SA), DP (SP)

Most of the time, PAT will try to keep the same port address. If there is a conflict, it will alter the port number for the packet that have arrived later.

Gateway#sh ip nat translationsPro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside globaludp 200.2.2.18:1025 10.10.10.20:1027 10.14.4.21:161 20.14.4.21:161udp 200.2.2.18:1027 10.10.10.10:1027 10.14.4.21:161 20.14.4.21:161

• PAT is one-to-many relationship. One PC can potentially grab many IP addresses. If the incoming source port is different, it will create another PAT translations.

Gateway#sh ip nat translationsPro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside globalicmp 200.2.2.18:512 10.10.10.10:512 172.16.1.1:512 172.16.1.1:512tcp 200.2.2.18:1166 10.10.10.20:1166 172.16.1.1:23 172.16.1.1:23tcp 200.2.2.18:1167 10.10.10.20:1167 172.16.1.1:23 172.16.1.1:23tcp 200.2.2.18:1168 10.10.10.20:1168 172.16.1.1:23 172.16.1.1:23

3 telnet sessions are opened on the PC at 10.10.10.20

Inside local

Inside global

Outside global

Outside local

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Benefits and Drawbacks of Using NAT

The benefits of using NAT include the following:

–NAT conserves the legally registered addressing.

•NAT conserves addresses through port-level multiplexing.

–NAT increases the flexibility of connections to the public network.

•Multiple pools, backup pools, and load-balancing pools can be implemented to ensure reliable public network connections.

–NAT provides consistency for internal network addressing schemes.

•An organization could change ISPs and not need to change any of its inside clients.

–NAT provides network security.

•Private networks do not advertise their addresses or internal topology, they remain reasonably secure when used in conjunction with NAT to gain controlled external access.

•However, NAT does not replace firewalls.

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Benefits and Drawbacks of Using NAT However, NAT does have some drawbacks.

–NAT affects performance.

•NAT increases switching delays because the translation of IP headers and possibly TCP or UDP header takes time.

–Many Internet protocols depend on unmodified packets forwarded from the source to destination.

•Some security applications, such as digital signatures, fail because the source IP address changes.

–End-to-end IP traceability is also lost.

•It becomes much more difficult to trace packets that undergo numerous packet address changes over NAT.

–NAT complicates tunneling protocols

•NAT modifies values in the headers that interfere with the integrity checks done by IPsec tunneling protocols.

–Services that require the initiation of TCP connections from the outside can be disrupted.

•Unless the NAT support such protocols, incoming packets cannot reach the destination.

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Configuring Static NAT

Static NAT is a one-to-one mapping between an inside address and an outside address.

–You map an inside global address to a specific inside local address that is assigned to you.

–Unlike dynamic translations, these translations are always in the NAT table.

Configuring static NAT translations

1. You need to define the addresses to translate

2. Configure NAT on the appropriate interfaces.

•Packets arriving on an inside interface from the identified IP address are subject to translation.

•Packets arriving on an outside interface addressed to the identified IP address are subject to translation.

The figure is a simple static NAT configuration.

–The host on the Internet directs requests to public address 209.165.200.254, and router R2 forwards that traffic to the server at 192.168.10.254.

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Configuring Dynamic NAT

Dynamic NAT dynamically maps private IP addresses to public addresses.

– These public IP addresses come from a NAT pool.

Dynamic NAT configuration differs from static NAT,

– Rather than creating a static map to a single IP address, a pool of inside global addresses is used.

To configure dynamic NAT, you need an ACL to permit only those addresses that are to be translated.

– Remember there is implicit "deny all" at the end of each ACL.

– Cisco advises against configuring access control lists referenced by NAT with permit any command.

This configuration allows translation for all hosts on the 192.168.10.0 and 192.168.11.0 networks when they generate traffic that enters S0/0/0 and exits S0/1/0.

– These hosts are translated to an available address in the 209.165.200.226 - 209.165.200.240 range.

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Configuring NAT Overload for a Single Public IP Address

There are two ways to configure overloading,

– ISP allocates one public IP address to the organization

– ISP allocates more than one public IP address.

With only one public IP address, the overload configuration typically assigns that public address to the outside interface that connects to the ISP.

– All inside addresses are translated to the single IP address when leaving the outside interface.

– The configuration is similar to dynamic NAT, except no NAT pool is defined.

– For Example: Home DSL or cable modem connection

In the example, all hosts from network 192.168.0.0 /16 (matching ACL 1) sending traffic through router R2 to the Internet are translated to IP address 209.165.200.225 (interface S0/1/0 IP address).

– The traffic flows are identified by port numbers, because the overload keyword was used.

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Configuring NAT Overload for a Pool of Public Addresses

In the scenario where the ISP has provided more than one public IP address, NAT overload is configured to use a pool.

– The primary difference between this configuration and the configuration for dynamic and one-to-one NAT is that the overloadkeyword is used.

– The overload keyword enables port address translation.

In this example, the configuration establishes overload translation for NAT pool NAT-POOL2.

– The NAT pool contains addresses 209.165.200.226 - 209.165.200.240 and is translated using PAT.

– Hosts in the 192.168.0.0 /16 network are subject to translation.

– Finally, the inside and outside interfaces are identified.

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Configuring Port Forwarding

NAT does not allow requests initiated from the outside. Port forwarding allows you to identify specific ports that can be forwarded to inside hosts.

– Port forwarding (sometimes referred to as tunneling)

– It is the act of forwarding a network port from one network node to another.

The figure is displaying the Port Forwarding Example

– HTTP service requests coming into this Linksys is now forwarded to the web server with the inside local address of 192.168.1.254.

– If the external WAN IP address of the SOHO router is 209.165.200.158, the external user could enter http://209.165.202.158 and the Linksys router would redirect the HTTP request to the internal web server at IP address 192.168.1.254, using the default port number 80.

– We could specify a port different from the default port 80. However, the external user would have to know the specific port number to use.

The website www.portforward.com provides guides for several broadband routers.

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Verifying NAT and NAT Overload One of the most useful commands when verifying

NAT operation is the show ip nat translations.

– Before using the show commands to verify NAT, you must clear any dynamic translation entries that might still be present using clear ip nat translation command.

• Only the dynamic translations are cleared from the table.

• Static translations cannot be cleared from table.

In the figure, router R2 has been configured to provide NAT overload to the 192.168.0.0 /16 clients.

– The show ip nat statistics command displays

• about the total number of active translations,

• NAT configuration parameters,

• how many addresses are in the pool,

• how many have been allocated.

– In the figure, the hosts have initiated web traffic as well as ICMP traffic.

By default, translation entries time out after 24 hours,

– unless the timers have been reconfigured with the ip nat translation timeout timeout_ seconds command.

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Troubleshooting NAT and NAT Overload Configuration

Step 1. Based on the configuration, clearly define what NAT is supposed to achieve.

Step 2. Verify that correct translations exist in the translation table using the show ip nat translations.

Step 3. Use the clear and debug commands to verify that NAT is operating as expected.

–Check to see if dynamic entries are recreated after they are cleared.

Step 4. Review and verify that routers have the correct routing information to move the packet.

–Use the debug ip nat command to verify the operation.

• * - The asterisk next to NAT indicates that the translation is occurring in the fast-switched path.

• s= - Refers to the source IP address.

• a.b.c.d--->w.x.y.z - Indicates that source address a.b.c.d is translated to w.x.y.z.

• d= - Refers to the destination IP address.

• [xxxx] - The value in brackets is the IP identification number. This information may be useful for debugging

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Troubleshooting NAT and NAT Overload Configuration

Flash Animation Case Study: Can Ping Host, but Cannot Telnet: This is a seven-minute Flash animation on why a device can ping the host, but cannot telnet: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/556/index.swf.

Flash Animation Case Study: Cannot Ping Beyond NAT: This is a ten-minute Flash animation on why a device cannot ping beyond NAT: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/556/TS_NATcase2/index.swf.

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/556/TS_NATcase2

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094c32.shtml#case2

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http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/556/TS_NATcase2/index.swf


IPv6 IPv6, or IPng (IP – the Next Generation) uses a 128-bit address

space, yielding

340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

possible addresses.

IPv6 has been slow to arrive

IPv4 revitalized by new features, making IPv6 a luxury, and not a desperately needed fix

IPv6 requires new software; IT staffs must be retrained

IPv6 will most likely coexist with IPv4 for years to come.

Some experts believe IPv4 will remain for more than 10 years.

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122newft/122t/122t2

/ipv6/ftipv6o.htm

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IPv6

Well hear it is

2^128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

To say this number out loud just read the following.

–340 undecillion,282 decillion,366 nonillion,920 octillion,938 septillion,463 sextillion,463 quintillion,374 quadrillion,607 trillion,431 billion,768 million,211 thousand,456

For numbers larger than that this is the order.

–vigintillion, novemdecillion ,octodecillion, septendecillion, sexdecillion, quindecillion, quattuordecillion, tredecillion, duodecillion, undecillion, decillion, nonillion, octillion, septillion, sextillion, quintillion, quadrillion, trillion, billion, million, thousand,

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Federal agencies must use the next-generation Internet service known as Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) by June 2008, the White House Office of Management and Budget announced

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/fy2005/m05-22.pdf

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Reasons for Using IPv6 IPv4 address space provides approximately

4,294,967,296 unique addresses.

–3.7 billion addresses are assignable

–January 2007, about 2.4 billion are already assigned.

–Some reports predict IPv4 address exhaustion by 2010, and others say it will not happen until 2013.

The numbers is shrinking for the following reasons:

–Population growth - The Internet population is growing.

–Mobile users - Industry has delivered more than 20 million IP-enabled mobile devices. Old mobile phones did not need IP addresses, but new ones do.

–Transportation - Newer models of automobile are IP-enabled to allow remote monitoring to provide timely maintenance and support.

–Consumer electronics - The newest home appliances allow remote monitoring using IP technology. Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) that download and update program guides from the Internet are an example.

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Reasons for Using IPv6 Movement to change from IPv4 to IPv6 has

begun, particularly in Europe, Japan, and the Asia region.

– These areas are exhausting their IPv4 addresses, which makes IPv6 all the necessary.

An IPv6 address is a 128-bit binary value, which can be displayed as 32 hexadecimal digits.

– IPv6 should provide sufficient addresses for future Internet growth needs for many years to come.

So what happened to IPv5?

– IPv5 was used to define an experimental real-time streaming protocol.

– To avoid any confusion, it was decided to not use IPv5 and name the new IP protocol IPv6.

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48

Total number of allocated IPv6 prefixes per RIR on 16/04/2007

http://www.ripe.net/rs/ipv6/stats/

16/04/2007

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Improved features for IPv6 IPv6 new and improved features.

1. Enhanced IP addressing

2. Simplified header

3. Mobility and security

4. Transition richness

1. Enhanced IP Addressing (Large address space):

–Improved global reachability and flexibility.

–Better aggregation of IP prefixes in routing tables.

–Multihomed hosts.

• With IPv6, a host can have multiple IP addresses over one physical upstream link.

–Autoconfiguration that can include data link layer addresses in the address space.

–More plug-and-play options for more devices.

–End-to-end readdressing without address translation.

• This makes P2P networking easier to deploy.

–Simplified mechanisms for address renumbering and modification.

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Improved features for IPv62. Simple Header

–The IPv4 header has 20 octets and 12 basic header fields, followed by an options field and a data portion (usually the transport layer segment).

–The IPv6 header has 40 octets, three IPv4 basic header fields, and five additional header fields:

• Better routing efficiency

• No broadcasts and no threat of broadcast storms

• No requirement for processing checksums

• More efficient extension header mechanisms

• Flow labels for per-flow processing with no need to open the transport inner packet to identify the traffic flows

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Improved features for IPv63. Enhanced Mobility and Security

– Mobile IP: Mobile devices use a home address and a care-of address to achieve this mobility. With IPv4, these addresses are manually configured. With IPv6, the configurations are dynamic.

– IP Security (IPsec): IPsec is available for both IPv4 and IPv6. IPsec is mandatory in IPv6.

4. Transition Richness

–IPv4 will not disappear overnight.

–Currently, there are three migration techniques:

• Dual stack

– Configure with both IPv4 and IPv6 on the interface.

• 6to4 tunneling

– uses an IPv4 tunnel to carry IPv6 traffic

• NAT-PT, ISATAP tunneling, and Teredo tunneling (last resort methods)

– This translation allows direct communication between hosts speaking different protocols.

–The current advice for transitioning to IPv6 is "Dual stack where you can, tunnel where you must!"

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IPv6 Address Representation IPv6 addresses use colons to separate entries in a

series of 16-bit hexadecimal.

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B. The figure shows how to shorten the address:

–Leading zeros in a field are optional.

•The field 09C0 equals 9C0, and the field 0000 equals 0.

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B becomes

2031: 0:130F: 0: 0: 9C0:876A:130B

–Successive fields of zeros can be represented as two colons "::".

•However, this shorthand method can only be used once in an address.

2031:0:130F:0000:0000: 9C0:876A:130B becomes

2031:0:130F :: 9C0:876A:130B

–An unspecified address is written as "::" because it contains only zeros.

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 becomes

::

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IPv6 Addressing IPv6 Global Unicast Address

–Global unicast addresses typically consists of a 48-bit global routing prefix and a 16-bit subnet ID (for example: 2001:db8:1234::/48 )

•Individual organizations can use a 16-bit subnet field to create their own local addressing hierarchy. This allows an organization to use up to 65,535 subnets.

–The current global unicast address that is assigned by the IANA uses the range of addresses that start with binary value 001 (2000::/3), which is 1/8 of the total IPv6 address space and is the largest block of assigned addresses.

–The IANA is allocating the IPv6 address space in the ranges of 2001::/16 to the five RIR registries (ARIN, RIPE NCC, APNIC, LACNIC, and AfriNIC).

RFC 4291: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture

2000:: /3

0 0 1 X

128 – 3 = 125 bits

=> 4.25352959 × 1037

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IPv6 Addressing Reserved Addresses

–Reserved addresses represent 1/256th of the total IPv6 address space.

Private Addresses

–A block of IPv6 addresses is set aside for private addresses, just as is done in IPv4.

–Private addresses have a first octet value of "FE".

•Site-local addresses, are addresses similar to the RFC 1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets in IPv4 today.

– They begin with “1111 1110 11”.

– In hexadecimal, site-local addresses begin with "FE" and then "C" to "F" for the third hexadecimal digit. So, these addresses begin with "FEC", "FED", "FEE", or "FEF".

•Link-local addresses, are new to the concept of addressing with IP in the Network layer.

– They begin with “1111 1110 1”.

– Routers do not forward datagrams using link-local addresses at all, not even within the organization.

– They are used for link communications such as automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery, and router discovery.

– Link-local addresses begin with "FE" and then have a value from "8" to "B" for the third hexadecimal digit. So, these addresses start with "FE8", "FE9", "FEA", or "FEB".

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IPv6 Addressing Loopback Address

–In IPv6 there is just one address, not a whole block, for this function.

–The loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, which is normally expressed using zero compression as "::1".

Unspecified Address

–In IPv4, an IP address of all zeroes has a special meaning; it refers to the host itself, and is used when a device does not know its own address.

–In IPv6, this concept has been formalized, and the all-zeroes address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0) is named the "unspecified" address. It is typically used in the source field of a datagram that is sent by a device that seeks to have its IP address configured.

–You can apply address compression to this address; because the address is all zeroes, the address becomes just "::".

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56

Configuring Windows XP

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58

Configuring Windows XP No ipv6 • Add ipv6

IPv6 for Microsoft Windows: Frequently Asked Questions

http://www.microsoft.com/technet/network/ipv6/ipv6faq.mspx

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Configuring Windows XP Zone IDs for Local-Use IPv6 Addresses

–Unlike global addresses, link-local and site-local address prefixes can be reused. Because of this address prefix reuse capability, link-local and site-local addresses are ambiguous.

–To specify which link on which a link-local address is assigned or located or within which site a site-local address is assigned or located, IPv6 uses an additional identifier known as a zone identifier (ID) (also known as a scope ID).

–The syntax specified in RFC 4007 for identifying the zone associated with a local-use address is the following:

•Address%zone_ID

–Address is a local-use address and zone_ID is an integer value representing the zone. The values of the zone ID are defined relative to the host. Therefore, different hosts might determine different zone ID values for the same physical zone. For example, Host A might choose 3 to represent the zone of an attached link and host B might choose 4 to represent the same link.

For Windows-based IPv6 hosts, the zone IDs for local-use addresses are defined as follows:

–For link-local addresses, the zone ID is typically the interface index of the interface either assigned the address or to be used as the sending interface for a link-local destination. The interface index is an integer starting at 1 that is assigned to IPv6 interfaces, which include a loopback and one or multiple tunnel or LAN interfaces.

–You can view the list of interface indexes from the display of the netsh interface ipv6 show interface command.

Also see RFC 4007

netsh interface ipv6 show interface

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60


Ping yourself and your own loopback

Ping your neighbor and you have to use the zone ID as part of address

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61


netsh interface ipv6 show interface

netsh interface ipv6 show address

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IPv6 Address Management IPv6 addresses use interface identifiers to identify

interfaces on a link.

–Think of them as the host portion of an IPv6 address.

–Interface identifiers are always 64 bits and can be dynamically derived from a Layer 2 address (MAC).

• The EUI-64 standard explains how to stretch IEEE 802 MAC addresses from 48 to 64 bits by inserting the 16-bit 0xFFFE in the middle at the 24th bit of the MAC address to create a 64-bit, unique interface identifier.

IPv6 address can be assigned statically or dynamically:

–Static assignment using a manual interface ID

• RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DB8:2222:7272::72/64

–Static assignment using an EUI-64 interface ID

• RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DB8:2222:7272::/64 eui-64

–Stateless autoconfiguration

• Autoconfiguration automatically configures the IPv6 address.

–DHCP for IPv6 (DHCPv6) (Stateful)

–It offers the capability of automatic allocation of reusable network addresses and additional configuration flexibility.

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IPv6 Transition Strategies Many mechanisms enable integration of IPv4 and IPv6.

–"Dual stack where you can, tunnel where you must."

Dual Stacking

–Dual stacking is an integration method in which a node has connectivity to both an IPv4 and IPv6 network.

Tunneling

–Manual IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling - An IPv6 packet is encapsulated within the IPv4 protocol. This method requires dual-stack routers.

–Dynamic 6to4 tunneling - Automatically establishes the connection of IPv6 islands through an IPv4 network

–Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) tunneling - ISATAP tunnels allow individual IPv4 or IPv6 dual-stack hosts to communicate with other hosts.

–Teredo tunneling - An IPv6 transition that provides host-to-host automatic tunneling instead of gateway tunneling.

NAT-Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)

–This translation allows direct communication between hosts that use different versions of the IP protocol.

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Cisco IOS Dual Stack Dual stacking is an integration method that allows a

node to have connectivity to an IPv4 and IPv6 network simultaneously.

– As soon as you configure basic IPv4 and IPv6 on the interface, the interface is dual-stacked and forwards IPv4 and IPv6 traffic on that interface.

– Cisco IOS Release 12.2(2)T and later (with the appropriate feature set) are IPv6-ready.

– Using IPv6 requires that you use the global configuration command ipv6 unicast-routing. This command enables the forwarding of IPv6 datagrams.

– You must configure all interfaces that forward IPv6 traffic with an IPv6 address using the ipv6 addressIPv6-address [/prefix length] interface command.

A dual-stack node chooses which stack to use based on the destination address of the packet.

– A dual-stack node should prefer IPv6 when it is available.

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IPv6 Tunneling Tunneling is an integration method where an

IPv6 packet is encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4.

– This method enables the connection of IPv6 islands without needing to convert the intermediary networks to IPv6.

– When IPv4 is used to encapsulate IPv6, a protocol type of 41 is specified in IPv4 header

– It also requires dual-stack routers.

Tunneling presents these two issues.

– The MTU is effectively decreased by 20 octets.

– A tunneled network is often difficult to troubleshoot.

Tunneling is an intermediate integration and should not be considered as a final solution.

– A native IPv6 architecture should be the ultimate goal.

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Manually Configured IPv6 Tunnel

A manually configured tunnel is equivalent to a permanent link between two IPv6 domains over an IPv4 backbone.

– Administrators manually configure a static IPv6 address on a tunnel interface, and assign manually configured static IPv4 addresses to the tunnel source and the tunnel destination.

– The host or router at each end of a configured tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks.

– Manually configured tunnels can be configured between border routers or between a border router and a host.

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Routing Considerations with IPv6 Like IPv4 CIDR, IPv6 uses longest prefix match

routing.

–ISP aggregates all of the prefixes of its customers into a single prefix and announces the single prefix to the IPv6 Internet.

But how does IPv6 affect router performance? Conceptually, a router has three functional areas:

–The control plane handles the interaction of the router with the other network elements, providing the information needed to make decisions and control the overall router operation.

• This plane runs processes such as routing protocols and network management.

–The data plane handles packet forwarding from one physical or logical interface to another.

• It involves different switching mechanisms such as process switching and Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF).

–Enhanced services include advanced features applied when forwarding data, such as packet filtering, quality of service (QoS), encryption, translation, and accounting.

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/iosswrel/ps6537/ps6586/ps6642/prod_white_p

aper0900aecd804fa16a.html

1. Data Plane2. Management Plane3. Control Plane4. Services Plane

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Routing Considerations with IPv6 Control Plane

IPv6 Control Plane:

–IPv6 address size - Address size affects the information-processing functions of a router.

• Systems using a 64-bit bus can pass both IPv4 source and destination address in a single processing cycle.

• For IPv6, the source and destination addresses require two cycles each-four cycles to process source and destination address information.

• As a result, routers perform slower than when in an IPv4 environment.

–Multiple IPv6 node addresses - Because IPv6 nodes can use several IPv6 unicast addresses, memory consumption of the Neighbor Discovery cache may be affected.

–IPv6 routing protocols - IPv6 prefix is 4 times larger than IPv4, routing updates have to carry more information.

–Routing table Size -Increased IPv6 address space leads to larger networks and a much larger Internet.

• This implies larger routing tables and higher memory requirements to support them.

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Routing Considerations with IPv6 Data Plane

IPv6 Data Plane:

–Parsing IPv6 extension headers - Applications, including mobile IPv6, often use IPv6 address information in extension headers, thus increasing their size.

• These additional fields require additional processing.

• For example, a router using ACLs to filter Layer 4 information needs to apply the ACLs to packets with extension headers as well as those without. If the length of the extension header exceeds the fixed length of the hardware register of the router, hardware switching fails, and packets may be punted to software switching or dropped.

• This severely affects the forwarding performance of the router.

–IPv6 address lookup - In IPv4, the forwarding decision process parses a 32-bit destination address. In IPv6, the forwarding decision require parsing a 128-bit address.

• Most routers today perform lookups using an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with a fixed configuration that performs the functions for which it was originally designed - IPv4.

• Again, this could result in punting packets into slower software processing, or dropping them all together.

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Routing Consideration with IPv6: RIPNg RIPNg Routing Protocol

–RFC 2080 defines Routing Information Protocol next generation (RIPng) based on RIP.

–RIPng provides a simple way to bring up an IPv6 network without having to build a new routing protocol.

RIPng includes the following features:

–Based on IPv4 RIPv2 and is similar to RIPv2

• It is a distance vector routing protocol

• a limit of 15 hops

• uses split horizon and poison reverse updates to prevent routing loops.

–Uses IPv6 for transport

–Includes the IPv6 prefix and next-hop IPv6 address

–Uses the multicast group FF02::9 as the destination address for RIP updates

–Sends updates on UDP port 521

–Is supported by Cisco IOS Release 12.2(2)T and later

In dual-stacked deployments, both RIP and RIPng are required.

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Enabling IPv6 on Cisco Routers

There are two basic steps to activate IPv6 on a router.

– First, you must activate IPv6 traffic-forwarding on the router,

• By default, IPv6 traffic-forwarding is disabled on a Cisco router.

• To activate it between interfaces, you must configure the global command ipv6 unicast-routing.

– Second, you must configure each interface that requires IPv6.

• The ipv6 address command can configure a global IPv6 address.

• The link-local address is automatically configured when an address is assigned to the interface.

• You must specify the entire 128-bit IPv6 address or specify to use the 64-bit prefix by using the eui-64 option.

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IPv6 Address Configuration Example You can completely specify the IPv6

address or compute the host identifier (rightmost 64 bits) from the EUI-64 identifier of the interface.

– In the example, the IPv6 address of the interface is configured using the EUI-64 format.

– Alternatively, you can completely specify the entire IPv6 address to assign a router interface an address using the ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-lengthcommand in interface configuration mode.

Configuring an IPv6 address on an interface automatically configures the link-local address for that interface. Insert FFFE into

MAC address to make up EUI-64

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Cisco IOS IPv6 Name Resolution There are two ways to perform name resolution from the Cisco IOS

software process:

–Define a static name for an IPv6 address using the ipv6 host name [port] ipv6-address1 [ipv6-address2...ipv6-address4] command.

• You can define up to four IPv6 addresses for one hostname.

• The port option refers to the Telnet port to be used for the associated host.

–Specify the DNS server used by the router with the ip name-server addresscommand.

• The address can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. You can specify up to six DNS servers with this command.

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Configure RIPng with IPv6 Before configuring the router to run IPv6 RIP, globally enable IPv6 using

the ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command, and enable IPv6 on any interfaces on which IPv6 RIP is to be enabled.

To enable RIPng routing on the router,

– use the ipv6 router rip name global configuration command.

• The name parameter identifies the RIP process.

• This process name is used later when configuring RIPng on participating interfaces.

– For RIPng, instead of using the network command to identify which interfaces should run RIPng, you use the command ipv6 rip name enablein interface configuration mode to enable RIPng on an interface.

• The name parameter must match the name parameter in the ipv6 router rip command.

• Enabling RIP on an interface dynamically creates a "router rip" process if necessary.

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Example: RIPng for IPv6 Configuration

The example shows a network of two routers.

–Router R1 is connected to the default network.

–On both router R2 and router R1, the name RT0 identifies the RIPng process.

–RIPng is enabled on the first Ethernet interface of router R1 using the ipv6 rip RT0 enablecommand.

–Router R2 shows that RIPng is enabled on both Ethernet interfaces using the ipv6 rip RT0 enable command.

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Verifying Troubleshooting RIPng for IPv6 After configuring RIPng,

verification is required.

If you discover during verification that RIPng is not working properly, you need to troubleshoot.

The figure lists the commands used to troubleshoot RIPng problems.

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Tony Chen COD

Cisco Networking Academy

Chapter Summary

In this chapter, you have learned to:

–Configure DHCP in an Enterprise branch network. This includes being able to explain DHCP features and benefits, the differences between BOOTP and DHCP, DHCP operation: and configuring, verifying, and troubleshooting DHCP.

–Configure NAT on a Cisco router. This includes explaining key features and operation of NAT and NAT Overload, explaining advantages and disadvantages of NAT, configuring NAT and NAT Overload to conserve IP address space in a network, configuring port forwarding, and verifying and troubleshooting NAT configurations.

–Configure new generation RIP (RIPng) to use IPv6. This includes explaining how IPv6 solves any problem of IP address deletion, explaining how to assign IPv6 addresses, describing transition strategies for implementing IPv6 and configuring, verifying and troubleshooting RIPng for IPv6.

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