addressing the gaps in arctic governance, by mark e. rosen and patricio asfura-heim

7/27/2019 Addressing the Gaps in Arctic Governance, by Mark E. Rosen and Patricio Asfura-Heim

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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

MWOQ@O _KO[W@QP @D@Q@MQ@RK

NEERKW @D_Q@Q[Q@ED

Qnk Mrotò `s udakrhe`dh md kxtrmera`dmry trmdserjmtèd tnmt `s fìkfy te rksuft `d

vmrèus typks e `dorkmska nujmd mot`v`ty `d tnk Mrotò jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt er m

juon hrkmtkr pertèd e tnk ykmr. Juon e tnmt `dorkmska nujmd mot`v`ty w`ff gk tmi`dh

pfmok k`tnkr esnerk `d tnk erj e e`f mda hms ar`ff`dh er, `d tnk f`ttermf mrkms, `d tnk

erj e sn`pp`dh trmo te spkoò akst`dmtèds (kspko`mffy e`f mda hms s`tks mda j`dks)

mda tnk petkdt`mf er trmds`t sn`pp`dh rej Ms`m te Kurepk.

Qnk snkr`ks, j`dkrmf, mda nyareomrged rkseuroks mrk fìkfy te gk m jmhdkt er

vmrèus typks e sn`pp`dh mda esnerk mot`v`t`ks. Qn`s `dkv`tmgfy fkmas te qukstèds

e wnktnkr tnksk mot`v`t`ks omd gk oedauotka smkfy mda, ` sejktn`dh heks wredh,

wnktnkr tnkrk w`ff gk suo`kdt ompmo`ty te rkspeda te md doàkdt. _`j`fmrfy, mrk

tnkrk pefò`ks mda preokaurks `d pfmok te kdsurk tnmt tnesk rkspeds`gfk er suon

`doàkdts mrk getn fkhmffy egf`hmtka te pmy mda nmvk tnk dmdo`mf wnkrkw`tnmf te ae

se5 Ber m vmr`kty e rkmseds, tnk rufks hevkrd`dh suon mot`v`t`ks `d tnk Mrotò mrk det

wkff-oeera`dmtka mda tnkrk `s de rkoehd`zka rkhèdmf er `dtkrdmtèdmf mutner ty tnmt

omd kdsurk tnmt Mrotò pmrtò`pmdts mrk prepkrfy trm`dka, kqu`ppka, `dsurka, mda

omp`tmf`zka te pòi up tnk p`koks ` sejktn`dh heks wredh. Qnk Mrotò f`ttermf dmtèds

nmvk tmikd detk e sejk e tnksk pregfkjs9 newkvkr, `t `s qukstèdmgfk wnktnkr tnk

mppremonks dew gk`dh tmikd w`ff gk suo`kdtfy t`jkfy mda regust te ikkp pmok w`tn

tnk r`sis msseo`mtka w`tn `dorkmska nujmd mot`v`ty.

Qe prkvkdt mdy gmoisfà`dh ed tnk or`tòmf pr`do`pfks e jmdmhkjkdt mda ewdkrsn`p

skt ertn `d tnk =0>7 Fmw e tnk _km Oedvkdtèd ([DOFE_), `t `s ofkmr tnmt tnk

Mrotò stmtks dkka te ae jerk te premot`vkfy jmdmhk r`sis fkst stmtks eutsàk e

tnk Mrotò rkhèd pusn er m jerk hfegmf`zka jmdmhkjkdt struoturk wnòn, `d tnk fmst

mdmfys`s, w`ff rkaeuda peerfy te tnk skour`ty mda koedejò `dtkrksts e tnk [d`tka

gy Jmri K. Weskd mda Smtròè Msurm-Nk`j

Mrotò _kour`ty @d`t`mt`vk

www.neevkr.erh/tmsieroks/mrot o-skour`ty

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps`d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok 7 Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

_tmtks mda etnkr Mrotò f`ttermf oeudtr`ks. @ m skrèus `doàkdt `dvefv`dh m sn`p er

e`f r`h wkrk te eoour teamy, `t `s qu`tk fìkfy tnmt tnkrk weufa gk `dsuo`kdt msskts

te rkspeda te tnmt kjkrhkdoy, ofkmd up tnk jkss, mda oejpkdsmtk tnesk wne mrk

`dlurka. Ber tn`s rkmsed, mot`vk mda oeera`dmtka jmdmhkjkdt s ksskdt`mf te prkvkdta`snmrjedy mda a`sskdsèd mjedh tnk Mrotò f`ttermf stmtks.

Juon nms gkkd wr`ttkd oedokrd`dh akvkfepjkdts mt tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk

Erhmd`zmtèd (@JE) te akvkfep m Sefmr Oeak tnmt w`ff kdmgfk sn`ps te wkmtnkr tnk

Mrotò jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt. Xn`fk tnkrk `s de qukstèd tnmt tn`s `s m pes`t`vk stkp,

tnk Sefmr Oeak `s sejk ykmrs e mda tnkrk mrk, `d tnk v`kw e tnk mutners, s`hdòmdt

hmps d tnk Oeak pmrtòufmrfy ms rkfmtks te jmdamtery `dsurmdok er sn`ps tnmt kdtkr

tnk Mrotò. Ber tn`s rkmsed, edk jmler rkoejjkdamtèd `s tnmt tnk Mrotò stmtks usk

tnk`r dnkrkdt Sert _tmtk Oedtref mutner`ty te ds`st tnmt sn`ps wnòn kdtkr tnk Mrotò

omrry makqumtk dsurmdok (wkff d kxokss e ourrkdt @JE f`j`ts), mrk det mffewka te

kvmak rkspeds`g`f ty gkomusk e tnk vmrèus f`j`ts ed f`mg`f`ty sonkjks, mda erokjmlkurk akkdsks, mda mrk suglkot te kxtkrdmf E`f Oejpmd`ks @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`dk

Beruj (E@OJB) mda Sretkotèd mda @dakjd`ty (S&@) Ofug `dspkotèds te kdsurk tnmt

tnk sn`ps mrk oejpfy`dh w`tn mff rkfkvmdt kqu`pjkdt stmdamras.

E`f r`hs mda msseo`mtka struoturks mrk det pmrt e tnk @JE f`mg`f`ty sonkjk9 rmtnkr

tnky mrk kxofus`vkfy rkhufmtka gy tnk rkfkvmdt oemstmf oeudtry. Gkomusk md `doàkdt

`dvefv`dh m r`h weufa fìkfy kxokka tnk jmx`juj mjeudts e f`mg`f`ty `dsurmdok tnmt m

oeudtry weufa jmdamtk mda tnk n`hn pregmg`f`ty tnmt tnk `jpmots e m r`h gfeweut

weufa gk rkhèdmf (vs. feomf`zka), wk rkoejjkda rkpfòmtèd e tnk systkj `d usk `d

tnk Dertn _km `d wnòn preauokrs mrk rkqu`rka te le`d md msseo`mtèd tnmt getn

`dspkots r`hs mda mooujufmtks m uda te rkspeda te `doàkdts mda te pmy ofm`js ` md

`doàkdt eoours. Wkpfòmtèd e tnmt systkj w`tn md mhrkkjkdt mjedh preauokrs mda

md msseo`mtka hevkrdjkdt-te-hevkrdjkdt mhrkkjkdt tnmt oedrjs tnk preauokr

mrrmdhkjkdt `s sejktn`dh tnmt sneufa gk aedk `jjka`mtkfy. Qn`s vefudtmry preauokr

msseo`mtèd oeufa mfse gk m rkmay seurok e uda`dh er tnk prk-pes`tèd`dh e rkspedsk

kqu`pjkdt mda msskts.

Qnk 7330 Mrotò Jmr`dk _n`pp`dh Msskssjkdt aeoujkdts tnmt tnkrk mrk skrèus

snertoej`dhs `d tnk Mrotò ms pkrtm`ds te rkf`mgfk onmrts, wkmtnkr mda òk erkomsts,

feh`stòs gmsks, mda etnkr typks e dmv`hmtèdmf màs. _kmron mda rksouk (_MW)

oeera`dmtèd mda kxkro`sk mot`v`t`ks nmvk gkkd prehrkss`dh wkff, gut tnk nmrsn

kdv`redjkdt mda nuhk a`stmdoks `dvefvka rm`sk qukstèds ms te wnktnkr tnksk

mrk suo`kdt te smt`sy akjmda ` nujmd mot`v`ty oedt`duks te `dorkmsk. H`vkd

tnmt kxtkds`vk `dvkstjkdts mrk rkqu`rka te jmik tnk mrkm smk, `s `t kqu`tmgfk mda

mpprepr`mtk er tnk vk oemstmf oeudtr`ks= te gkmr mff e tnk kxpkdsks e jmi`dh

Mrotò wmtkrs smk5 Eur v`kw `s tnmt `t `s det mpprepr`mtk er tnk Mrotò f`ttermf stmtks

te gkmr mff e tnksk kxpkdsks mda wk rkoejjkda tnmt tnk Mrotò oeudo`f kstmgf`sn

m jkonmd`sj er skki`dh oedtr`gutèds rej etnkr oejjkro`mf moters (`dofua`dh

`dsurkrs) te pmy er drmstruoturk jprevkjkdts. Qnk Oeepkrmt`vk Jkonmd`sj


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ? Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

erjka er tnk _trm`t e Jmfmoom `s m uskuf tkjpfmtk. Mfse, h`vkd tnmt tnk Wuss`md

Dertnkrd _km Weutk (D_W) `s tnk jest akvkfepka reutk `d tnk rkhèd, tnk Mrotò

Oeudo`f sneufa skki te maept tnmt reutk er `dtkrdmtèdmf dmv`hmtèd mda dv`tk

Wuss`m te he te tnk @JE mda nmvk tnk D_W mpprevka ms md `dtkrdmtèdmffy mpprevkareutk`dh jkmsurk. Brej tnk stmdape`dt e nusgmda`dh somrok rkseuroks mda

rkspedsk eroks, tn`s mppremon skkjs `d tnk snert tkrj te gk tnk gkst mppremon

te prejetk smk trmds`t mot`v`ty mda smkty mt skm.

@dtreauotèd

Qnk Mrotò `s wmrj`dh twòk ms mst ms tnk rkst e tnk pfmdkt. 7 W`s`dh tkjpkrmturks

`d turd mrk epkd`dh tnk Mrotò te `dorkmska nujmd mot`v`ty fìk dkvkr gkerk.

@t `s m erkhedk oedofusèd tnmt ms tnk Mrotò Eokmd? gkoejks rkk e òk er

fedhkr pkrèas e t`jk, tnkrk w`ff gk jmrikt prkssurks er tnk vmst rkseuroks

`d tnk Mrotò te gk kxpfe`tka. Qnksk rkseuroks dofuak nyareomrgeds getn

edsnerk mda esnerk, j`dkrmfs, snkr`ks, mda mookss er purpesks e teur`sjmda dmv`hmtèdmf oedvkd`kdok. Qnk rmpà jkft`dh e tnk Mrotò Eokmd `s quòify

orkmt`dh m vmr`kty e dkw mda ud`quk onmffkdhks tnmt nmvk tnk petkdt`mf te omusk

s`hdòmdt amjmhk tnky rkjm`d udmaarksska. Mooera`dh te tnk [d`tka Dmtèds

Kdv`redjkdtmf Srehrmj, `dorkmska vksskf trmo mda rkseurok kxtrmotèd w`ff

`dorkmsk tnk tnrkmt te tnk koefehòmf `dtkhr`ty e tnk mrkm wnòn oeufa nmvk m

akfktkrèus `jpmot ed tnk rkhèds `da`hkdeus pepufmtèd.1 W`si rkauotèd jkmsurks

mrk dkkaka dew te `dokdt rkspeds`gfk akvkfepjkdt e Mrotò rkseuroks mda aktkr

`jpruakdt vkdturks.

[dertudmtkfy, tnk Mrotò hevkrdmdok struoturks mrk oejpmrmt`vkfy udakrakvkfepka

mda nmvk det ikpt pmok w`tn tnk pnysòmf onmdhks tmi`dh pfmok. @dsuo`kdt

dmv`hmtèdmf màs, nyarehrmpnò survkys rkqu`rka er makqumtk onmrts, drmstruoturk,

skmron mda rksouk, mda ofkmdup ompmo`ty (`d tnk kvkdt e md e`f sp`ff er etnkr `doàkdt

tnmt rksufts `d wmtkr peffutèd) mrk wkff aeoujkdtka. Jerkevkr, f`mg`f`ty sonkjks

mkot`dh mff omtkher`ks e sn`ps trmds`t`dh tnk Mrotò mrk det suo`kdt te kdsurk tnmt

suo`kdt udas mrk mvm`fmgfk er ofkmdup mda rkstermtèd oests sneufa md mooàkdt

eoour. Kxmokrgmt`dh tn`s pregfkj `s tnk mot tnmt mdy typk e j`snmp weufa eoour `d

m rkfmt`vkfy ofeska skm. Edk dkka edfy feei mt sejk e tnk reet omusks e tnk hfegmf

dmdo`mf or`s`sfmoi e md makqumtk rkhufmtery sonkjk, dmakqumtk omp`tmf`zmtèd,

mda skvkrk trmds-geudamry `jpmotste rkmf`zk tnmt m skrèus peffutèd doàkdt

rej k`tnkr m r`h er m tmdikr `d tnk Mrotò weufa nmvk pef`tòmf mda koedejò `jpmots

gkyeda tnk jjka`mtk mrkm e tnk sp`ff.

H`vkd tnmt jmdmhkjkdt e Mrotò rkseuroks mda pretkotèd e tnk jmr`dk

kdv`redjkdt `s gkyeda tnk ompmo`ty e `da`vàumf stmtks er kvkd tnk vk pr`jmry

f`ttermf oeudtr`ks, `t skkjs `doujgkdt uped pefòy jmikrs te jmik md eglkot`vk

msskssjkdt e mrkms e r`si msseo`mtka w`tn `dorkmska nujmd mot`v`ty `d tnk Mrotò

kspko`mffy e`f mda hms kxtrmot`vk mot`v`t`ksmda te quòify j`t`hmtk tnk r`sis tnmt

tnky omd oedtref.


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Qnk kxtrmera`dmry onmdhks tnmt mrk tmi`dh pfmok `d tnk Mrotò prkskdt m dujgkr e

pfmus`gfk mda pes`t`vk uturks er tnk feomf `dnmg`tmdts, tnk vk f`ttermf stmtks tnmt

gerakr tnk Mrotò Eokmd, mda tnk werfa oejjud`ty tnmt w`ff gkdkt rej `dorkmska

mookss te rkseuroks te skrvk m hrew`dh werfa pepufmtèd. Qnk purpesk e tn`s pmpkr`s te eous ed tnk gmoi kda e tnk pregfkj< dmjkfy, new ae hevkrdjkdts mda tnk

pr`vmtk skoter jmdmhk tnk r`sis msseo`mtka w`tn dorkmska mot`v`ty, rkoehd`z`dh

tnmt mooàkdts omd mda w`ff nmppkd5 _`j`fmrfy wnmt mrk tnk typks e jmrikt-gmska

`dokdt`vks tnmt omd gk uska te prejetk dmdo`mffy rkspeds`gfk akvkfepjkdt e Mrotò

rkseuroks mda te aktkr stmtks rej kdmot`dh ud`fmtkrmf sonkjks tnmt w`ff orkmtk dkw

pregfkjs er rkhufmtery s`di nefks5

Ms m stmrt`dh pe`dt, wk prevàk m gr`k evkrv`kw e tnk ud`quk onmffkdhks peska gy

epkrmtèds `d tnk Mrotò mda aktm`f tnk kdv`redjkdtmf r`sis msseo`mtka w`tn `dorkmska

nujmd mot`v`ty `d tnk mrkm. _koeda, wk àkdt`y hmps`d tkrjs e prkvkdtèd,

rkspedsk, mda rkoevkry

`d tnk kx`st`dh rkhufmtery rkh`jk tnmt pretkots tnk Mrotòkdv`redjkdt mda rkhufmtks mot`v`ty `d tnk Mrotò Eokmd. Fmstfy, wk prepesk eptèds

er maarkss`dh tnksk hmps er j`t`hmt`dh tnk`r `jpmot.

M _kdsk eb [rhkdoy< Qnk Dkw Mrotò Kdv`redjkdt

mda tnk W`sis eb @dorkmska Nujmd Mot`v`ty

Qnk mvkrmhk mddumf tkjpkrmturk `d tnk Mrotò `s r`s`dh mstkr tnmd prkaòtka.;

Xn`fk kst`jmtks vmry, jest kxpkrts prkaòt tnk Mrotò Eokmd w`ff fìkfy gk rkk e

sujjkr ok w`tn`d jkrk akomaks.2 Qn`s oedst`tutks m ud`quk o`roujstmdok d wnòn,

ksskdt`mffy, m dkw eokmd `s gk`dh orkmtka. Dmtèds w`tn `dtkrkst `d tnk rkhèd mrk dew

kxmj`d`dh tnk kjkrh`dh strmtkhò eppertud`t`ks mda onmffkdhks rksuft`dh rej tn`s

akvkfepjkdt.8 Mfrkmay, skvkrmf oeudtr`ks, mfedh w`tn oerpermtèds fìk KxxedJeg`f

mda Weymf Auton _nkff, mrk prkpmr`dh te kxpfe`t tnk rkhèds kderjeus e`f mda dmturmf

hms rkskrvks.> Rmst snkr`ks mrk gk`dh epkdka te oejjkro`mf nmrvkst`dh (etkd

w`tneut rkhufmtèd) mda oeudtr`ks suon ms On`dm mrk oedstruot`dh fmrhk gufi omrr`krs

mda tmdikrs te tmik mavmdtmhk e dkwfy epkdka dmv`hmtèdmf reutks.0 Qnksk onmdhks

nmvk maaka urhkdoy te ofm`js te sevkrk`hdty evkr tnk Mrotò Eokmd mda, ms m rksuft,

f`ttermf Mrotò stmtks suon ms Wuss`m mda Omdmam nmvk `dorkmska j`f`tmry pkrseddkf

`d tnk rkhèd `d erakr te pretkot tnk`r `dtkrksts.=3

@dorkmska Mot`v`t`ks< Rksskf Qrmbo mda Wkseurok Kxtrmotèd

Qnk dkt kkot e tnk rkhrkssèd e Mrotò òk `s tnmt fmrhkr mrkms e tnk Mrotò Eokmd

w`ff gk mookss`gfk rej getn fmda mda skm er m fmrhkr pkrokdtmhk e tnk ykmr.

Jkft`dh ok oeufa mfse petkdt`mffy epkd up juft`pfk trmds-Mrotò reutks, dofua`dh

tnk Dertnkmst Smssmhk mfedh Wuss`ms dertnkrd gerakr (rkkrrka te nkrk`d ms tnk

Dertnkrd _km Weutk) mda tnk Dertnwkst Smssmhk, wnòn ruds tnreuhn tnk Omdma`md

Mrotò @sfmdas. Qn`s sokdmrè rm`sks tnk pess`g`f`ty e smv`dh amys e sm`f`dh gktwkkd

jmler trma`dh gfeos, mda prevàks m tkjpt`dh mftkrdmt`vk te oeudtr`ks tnmt ourrkdtfy

akpkda ed sn`pp`dh tnreuhn tnk _trm`t e Jmfmoom mda tnk _ukz er Smdmjm omdmfs.==

@ tnk Mrotò wkrk te gkoejk m v`mgfk sn`pp`dh reutk, tnk pef`tòmf mda koedejò


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ; Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

rmjòmtèds j`hnt kxtkda mr gkyeda tnk jjka`mtk mrkm. Ber kxmjpfk, fewkr

sn`pp`dh oests oeufa gk mavmdtmhkeus er On`dm (mt fkmst ts dertnkmst rkhèd), Lmpmd,

mda _eutn Ierkm gkomusk tnk`r jmdumoturka preauots kxpertka te Kurepk er tnk

Kmst Oemst e Dertn Mjkròm oeufa gkoejk fkss kxpkds`vk rkfmt`vk te etnkr kjkrh`dhjmdumotur`dh okdtkrs `d _eutnkmst Ms`m, suon ms @da`m. Gerhkdskd wr`tks `dBerk`hd

Mm`rs tnmt Mdonermhk mda Wkyilmvì oeufa sejkt`jk gkoejk tnk n`hn-fmt`tuak

kqu`vmfkdt e _`dhmperk mda Augm`.=7

@d maa`tèd te dkw dmv`hmtèd reutks, onmdhks te tnk Mrotò greuhnt mgeut gy

wmrj`dh tkjpkrmturks weufa fìkfy mffew jerk esnerk kxpfermtèd er e`f mda hms.

Mooera`dh te m 733> stuay oedauotka gy tnk [._. Hkefehòmf _urvky, md kst`jmtka

77 pkrokdt e tnk werfas uda`soevkrka e`f mda dmturmf hms f`ks mgevk tnk Mrotò

O`rofk.=? Sr`vmtk omp`tmf `s jev`dh te tnk Mrotò< _nkff mda Om`rd Kdkrhy nmvk mfrkmay

`dvkstka evkr $= g`ffèd mda tnk Wuss`md dmtèdmf e`f oejpmdy Hmsprej s rkpertkafy

pe`ska te `dvkst s`j`fmr sujs `d pmrtdkrsn`p w`tn OedeoeSn`ff`ps, KxxedJeg`f, KD@,mda _tmte`f.=1 _`j`fmrfy, hfmo`kr snr`dimhk edsnerk j`hnt kxpesk fmda oedtm`d`dh

akpes`ts e hefa, `red erk, rmrk kmrtn, er etnkr j`dkrmfs tnmt wkrk prkvèusfy

`dmookss gfk. Getn da`vàumf mda oeepkrmt`vk survky prelkots mrk udakrwmy gy

f`ttermf oeudtr`ks te suppert tnk`r dmtèdmf ofm`js te kxtkdaka Oedt`dkdtmf _nkf

mrkms oedtm`d`dh fmrhk nyareomrged mda j`dkrmf rkseuroks.

[d`quk Epkrmt`dh W`sis mda @dorkmska Kdv`redjkdtmf Rufdkrmg`f`ty

Derjmf jmr`t`jk mot`v`t`ks `d tnk Mrotò omrry oedsàkrmgfy jerk r`si tnmd tnesk

oedauotka `d jerk ofkjkdt mrkms. Qnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk Erhmd`zmtèd (@JE)

mda etnkr dtkrdmtèdmf stuay hreups=; o`tk peer wkmtnkr oeda`tèds, rkfmt`vk fmoi

e ourrkdt mda rkf`mgfk onmrts, spetty oejjudòmtèds mda dmv`hmtèdmf màs,

mda oefa tkjpkrmturks (wnòn rkauok tnk kkot`vkdkss e sn`pgemra systkjs) ms

jmler jpka`jkdts te smkty e dmv`hmtèd. _km sprmy mda tnk mttkdamdt erjmtèd

e òk ed supkrstruoturks mfse mkot vksskf er e`f r`h stmg`f`ty. Aksp`tk wmrj`dh

tkjpkrmturks, tnk Mrotò w`ff st`ff gk suglkot te skvkrk wkmtnkr oeda`tèds er tnk

erkskkmgfk uturk, kspko`mffy `d w`dtkr, tnmt w`ff jmik `t getn oestfy mda onmffkdh`dh

te smkfy preauok, sterk mda trmdspert e`f, hms, mda j`dkrmfs rej dkwfy a`soevkrka

akpes`ts.=2 Qnk dkmr mgskdok e akkpwmtkr perts mda etnkr typks e snerk-gmska

`drmstruoturk (gkrtn`dh, ukf, snerk pewkr, rkpm`r skrvòks, kto.) edfy oejpeudas

tnk nmrsn kdv`redjkdtmf epkrmt`dh oeda`tèds.

H`vkd `ts ud`quk (dkmrfy m ofeska skm) mda rkjetk hkehrmpny, tnk Mrotò Eokmd `s

jerk vufdkrmgfk te kdv`redjkdtmf omfmj`ty tnmd etnkr eokmdò mrkms. @ trmds-Mrotò

sn`pp`dh wkrk te eoour ed m rkqukdt gms`s, `t weufa okrtm`dfy `dorkmsk evkrmff r`si

e e`f peffutèd `d tnk rkhèd. @d pmst akomaks, jmdy e tnk werfas fmrhkst e`f sp`ffs

wkrk rej e`f tmdikrs, wnòn dewmamys omd omrry evkr twe j`ffèd gmrrkfs e e`f.

E`f wkff gfeweuts rej akkp esnerk e`f kxtrmotèd epkrmtèds nmvk mfse gkkd m

seurok e jmler e`f sp`ffs, dew kof`ps`dh tnk fmrhkst tmdikr sp`ffs. Amtm rej dujkreus

stua`ks `daòmtk tnmt tnk kkots e tnk sp`ffmhk e e`f er etnkr dexèus sugstmdoks


6/60


`dte Mrotò wmtkrs mrk pregmgfy jerk skvkrk tnmd `d etnkr rkhèds.=8 Qnk Wkskmron

Oeudo`f e Derwmy `ssuka m 73=7 Wkpert, Fedh-tkrj Kkots e A`sonmrhks te _km

rej Sktrefkuj Wkfmtka Mot`v`t`ks, wnòn kxmj`dka tnk fedh-tkrj kkots e e`f sp`ffs

mda e`f-peffutka wmstks rej ar`ff`dh mot`v`t`ks. Qn`s tkd-ykmr stuay kxmj`dka tnkkkots e e`f mda hms ar`ff`dh (mda msseo`mtka kxtrmot`vk mot`v`t`ks) `d tnk Gmrkdts _km,

mda etnkr n`hnkr fmt`tuaks malmokdt te tnk Mrotò Eokmd, mda oedofuaka Qnk tkondefehy dkokssmry er

ofkmdup epkrmtèds mt tkjpkrmturks oejjedfy kxpkr`kdoka `d tnk Mrotò `s ourrkdtfy

fmoi`dh. Jerkevkr, koefehòmf rkoevkry rej kdv`redjkdtmf a`smstkrs fìk e`f mda

onkjòmf sp`ffs `d tnk rkhèd `s pmrtòufmrfy onmffkdh`dh ms few tkjpkrmturks

sfew onkjòmf grkmiaewd e oedtmj`dmdts.=0

[d`quk Fkhmf W`sis@d maa`tèd te tnk epkrmtèdmf onmffkdhks peska gy tnk Mrotòs ud`quk hkehrmpny

mda of`jmtk, mooàkdts `d tnk Mrotò mrk jerk fkhmffy aòuft te rksefvk gkomusk tnk`r

`jpmot `s fìkfy te gk kft gy jerk tnmd lust edk e tnk vk f`ttermf oeudtr`ks< Derwmy,

Wuss`m, tnk [d`tka _tmtks, Omdmam, mda Akdjmri. Mfse, gkomusk e pr`do`pfks e bmh

stmtk oedtref mda tnk regust trmds`t r`hnts (`ddeokdt pmssmhk, trmds`t pmssmhk) mda

tnk n`hn skms rkkaejs oea`ka `d tnk =0>7 Oedvkdtèd ed Fmw e tnk _km ([DOFE_),

tnkrk `s m stredh pregmg`f`ty tnmt sejk peffutkrs weufa gk fkhmf o`t`zkds e ded-

Mrotò stmtks mdagkyeda tnk a`rkot kderokjkdt lur`saòtèd e tnk f`ttermf stmtks.73

Gy oejpmr`sed, tnk Kxxed Rmfakz mda tnk GS Akkpwmtkr Ner`zed trmhka`ks wkrk

feomf`zka `d tnk skdsk tnmt tnk peffutèd `d getn e tnksk `doàkdts kjmdmtka rej m

[._. bmh vksskf (er fòkdskk `d tnk omsk e tnk Akkpwmtkr Ner`zed r`h) mda tnk kkots

e tnk `doàkdt wkrk fmrhkfy feomf`zka te tnk [._. snerkf`dk. Qnksk twe `doàkdts wkrk

mfse ud`quk `d tnmt getn GS mda KxxedJeg`f (feomf moters) pmà wkff `d kxokss e

tnk`r stmtutery f`j`ts ed f`mg`f`ty er gus`dkss rkmseds (GS) mda te mveà or`j`dmf

preskoutèd (KxxedJeg`f).7=

_nkffs ako`sèd d Bkgrumry 73=? te put ts kxpfermtèd mot`v`t`ks d tnk [._. oedt`dkdtmf

snkf ed nefa wms jet`vmtka, mooera`dh te `ts OKE, gy m aks`rk te kdsurk tnmt tn`s


7/60


dkw redt`kr wms akvkfepka `d m rkspeds`gfk wmy fkst _nkff j`hnt sukr skrèus

rkputmtèdmf amjmhk77 ` tnkrk wms m j`snmp. Kxmj`dmtèd e _nkffs ako`sèd te

tmik m pmusk `d `ts ar`ff`dh mot`v`t`ks fkmvks de qukstèd tnmt md udstmgfk mda

udsuppert`vk rkhufmtery7? mda pef`tòmf kdv`redjkdt oedtr`gutka te tn`s ako`sèd._nkff wms suglkotka te juft`pfk dvkst`hmtèds gy Oedhrkss, tnk Akpmrtjkdt e Lustòk,

mda tnk Akpmrtjkdt e @dtkrèr mda wms mfse udakr prkssurk rej feomf o`t`zkds

te jmik ekrs e stròt mda udf`j`tka f`mg`f`ty `d tnk kvkdt e m j`snmp. Qe smt`sy

getn oedst`tukdo`kskxpferkrs mda oemstmf oejjud`t`ksm prkaòtmgfk mda wkff-

udaka rkhufmtery kdv`redjkdt `d wnòn tnkrk mrk onkois mda gmfmdoks `s ksskdt`mf.

Sr`vmtk skoter moters tnmt pret rej kxtrmot`vk er dmv`hmtèdmf mot`v`t`ks just gk

makqumtkfy omp`tmf`zka te kdsurk tnmt tnky nmvk tnk dmdo`mf wnkrkw`tnmf te pmy

er tnk`r j`stmiks. Fìkw`sk, tnk fkhmf/rkhufmtery kdv`redjkdt dkkas te tmik `dte

mooeudt tnk mot tnmt juon e tnk r`si `d kxtrmot`vk mot`v`t`ks rksufts rej tnk fmoi e

md drmstruoturk te rkspeda te md doàkdt. H`vkd tnmt, rkspeds`gfk rkhufmtèd sneufa

`dofuak jktneas te ompturk d m prkaòtmgfk wmy tnk dmdo`dh dkkaka te prkpmrk errkjka`mtèd, smfvmhk, mda rkspedsk ms eppeska te nmda`dh eut sugpekdms te mppkmr

gkerk luaò`mf mda fkh`sfmt`vk gea`ks.

J`da`dh tnk Hmps< Md Mdmfys`s eb tnk Mrotò Wkhufmtery Wkh`jk

Jmr`t`jk kxpkrts qukstèd wnktnkr tnk ourrkdt rkhufmtery rkh`jk `s suo`kdtfy

regust te prkvkdt rudmwmy oejpkt`tèd er rkseuroks mda tnk msseo`mtka akhrmamtèd

e tnk Mrotò kdv`redjkdt. Qnkrk `s m akmrtn e jmdamtery `dtkrdmtèdmf stmdamras

spkoòmffy aks`hdka er dmv`hmtèd `d tnk Mrotò. Ed tep e tn`s, tnk ourrkdt systkj

er dmdo`mf oejpkdsmtèd er ofkmdup mda fessks auk te sn`p-seurok peffutèd `s

rmhjkdtka mda `dmakqumtk.71 _`hdòmdtfy, de oedvkdtèd maarkssks fessks orkmtka

gy e`f r`h mooàkdts.7; Jerkevkr, det mff Mrotò stmtks mrk pmrt`ks te `jpertmdt f`mg`f`ty

oedvkdtèds mda mff rkfkvmdt oedvkdtèds mrk det d erok. (_kk Mppkda`x).

Evkrv`kw e tnk Mrotò Wkhufmtery Wkh`jk

Qn`s skotèd prevàks m gr`k evkrv`kw e tnk Mrotò rkhufmtery rkh`jk mda àkdt`ks

s`hdòmdt mrkms e wkmidkss. Eptèds er maarkss`dh hmps `d tnk rkhufmtery rkh`jk

mrk tnkd prepeska mda mssksska d tnk sugskqukdt skotèd.

[dfìk `d Mdtmrotòm,72 tnkrk `s de evkrmron`dh fkhmf oedvkdtèd er tnk Mrotò. Qnk

rkh`jk tnmt dew hevkrds tnk rkhèd `s m jfmdhk e fkhmf mrrmdhkjkdts `dofua`dh

dmtèdmf aejkstò fmws, g`fmtkrmf mhrkkjkdts, hfegmf trkmt`ks (suon ms [DOFE_),

oustejmry fmw, mda m vmr`kty e `dtkrdmtèdmf jmr`t`jk oedvkdtèds dkhet`mtka udakr

tnk muspòks e tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk Erhmd`zmtèd, dofua`dh tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf

Oedvkdtèd er tnk Srkvkdtèd e Seffutèd rej _n`ps (JMWSEF), Qnk _mkty e

F`k mt _km Oedvkdtèd (_EFM_), mda Qnk _tmdamras e Qrm`d`dh, Okrtòmtèd mda

Xmtonikkp`dh (_QOX). Wkhèdmf hevkrd`dh gea`ks fìk tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f mrk gkst

onmrmotkr`zka ms erujs er so`kdtò oeffmgermtèd mda tnk `ssumdok e huàmdok

aeoujkdts (vs. rkhufmtèds). _n`pewdkrs, omrhe ewdkrs, dsurkrs, pert mutner`t`ks,

mda trmak mda fmger udèd msseo`mtèds, mjedh etnkrs, j`hnt mfse era`dmr`fy pfmy


8/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok > Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

md `da`rkot refk ms jmrikt pmrtò`pmdts `d aktkrj`d`dh wnkd mda wnkrk sn`pp`dh

`d tnk Mrotò sneufa eoour mda udakr wnmt oeda`tèds. Newkvkr, s`dok tnk Mrotò s

det ykt m vkduk er sustm`dka sn`pp`dh trmo vkry kw oejjkro`mf stmdamras nmvk

kvefvka.78 Qnk Mrotò `s st`ff pkrok`vka ms a`stmdt mda rkjetk mda de oedokrtka kertnms gkkd tmikd gy tnk `dtkrdmtèdmf gus`dkss er fkhmf oejjud`t`ks te maarkss tnk

udakrakvkfepka rkhufmtery kdv`redjkdtkvkd tneuhn tnk pnysòmf kdv`redjkdt

`s onmdh`dh rmpàfy!

Aejkstò Fmws mda Wkhèdmf Mhrkkjkdts

Qnk Mrotò `s m rkhèd aej`dmtka gy tnk kx`st`dh dmtèdmf fkhmf systkjs e tnk k`hnt

Mrotò stmtks, wnòn oevkr det edfy tnk`r fmda mrkms gut mfse tnk`r jmr`dk tkrr`ter`ks.

Kmon Mrotò dmtèds aejkstò fmws hevkrd j`d`dh mda nyareomrged akvkfepjkdt

w`tn`d tnk`r lur`saòtèdmf f`j`ts ms wkff ms pretkotèd e tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt,

mftneuhn tnk kxtkdt e fkhmf akvkfepjkdt mjedh tnk k`hnt oeudtr`ks `s mr rej

udèrj.7> [DOFE_ kstmgf`snks ofkmr lur`saòtèdmf f`dks gktwkkd bmh stmtks mdaoemstmf stmtks ms wkff ms tnk fkhmf akjmromtèd e vmrèus jmr`t`jk zedks. Qe tnk

f`j`ts e m oemstmf stmtks oedt`dkdtmf snkf, wnòn `s mt fkmst 733 dmutòmf j`fks (dj)

rej tnk few wmtkr jmri ed tnk oemstf`dk, oemstmf stmtks kxkro`sk sevkrk`hdty evkr

jmdmhkjkdt mda kxpfe`tmtèd e tnk f`v`dh mda ded-f`v`dh rkseuroks, oedtref evkr

jmr`dk so`kdtò rkskmron, mda mutner`ty te kdmot fmws mda rkhufmtèds te pretkot

tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt/jmr`dk rkseuroks. (Mrtòfk ;2, [DOFE_). @t wms ed tn`s

gms`s, er kxmjpfk, tnmt tnk [d`tka _tmtks mda Omdmam lust`ka tnk`r kdmotjkdt e

rkhufmtèds gmdd`dh sn`ps tnmt mrk det us`dh few sufur a`kskf dkmr tnk`r oemstf`dks.70

E oeursk, [DOFE_ h`vks oemstmf stmtks tnksk kxpmds`vk sevkrk`hd r`hnts suglkot te

tnk r`hnts e jmr`t`jk stmtks te trmds`t tnreuhn tnksk wmtkrs mda kxkro`sk n`hn skms

rkkaejs, `dofua`dh tnk r`hnts te fmy mda jm`dtm`d sugjmr`dk omgfks mda p`pkf`dks.

(Mrtòfk ;>, [DOFE_).

Hfegmf jmr`t`jk trkmt`ks (skk dkxt skotèd) nmvk dbukdoka tnk oedtkdt e vmrèus

Mrotò stmtks aejkstò kdv`redjkdtmf fmws9 gut stmtks just erjmffy `doerpermtk

tnksk hfegmf rufks `dte tnk`r dmtèdmf jmr`t`jk rkhufmtèds er tnkj te gk g`da`dh

ed tnk`r sn`ps mda fòkdskks.?3 Wkhmra`dh sn`ps, d jest Mrotò wmtkrs tnk bmh

stmtk s hrmdtka kxofus`vk lur`saòtèd w`tn edfy f`j`tka kxokptèds. Qnmt bmh stmtk

just kdsurk tnmt ts sn`ps oederj te dtkrdmtèdmf stmdamras oedokrd`dh smkty mt

skm, peffutèd oedtref, trm`d`dh mda fmger jmttkrs, mda oejjudòmtèd rkhufmtèds.?=

[DOFE_ pkrj`ts m stmtk te x oeda`tèds er hrmdt`dh `ts dmtèdmf`ty (`.k., by`dh

`ts bmh) te sn`ps se fedh ms tnkrk kx`sts m hkdu`dk f`di gktwkkd tnk bmh stmtk

wnkrk tnk vksskf s rkh`stkrka mda tnk sn`pewdkrs.?7 Ms `s wkff idewd, tnk hkdu`dk

f`di rkqu`rkjkdt `s nederka jerk `d tnk grkmon tnmd `d tnk egskrvmdok gy jmdy

sn`pewdkrs wne nmvk oneskd te rkh`stkr tnk`r sn`ps `d se-omffka epkd rkh`stry

oeudtr`ks.

_ejk rkhèdmf mda g`fmtkrmf oeepkrmt`vk mhrkkjkdts rkhufmtk tnk Mrotò

kdv`redjkdt.?? Omdmam, tnk [d`tka _tmtks, mda Jkxòe mrk pmrt`ks te tnk Dertn


9/60


Mjkròmd Mhrkkjkdt ed Kdv`redjkdtmf Oeepkrmtèd.?1 Qnmt tr`fmtkrmf mhrkkjkdt `s

f`dika te tnk DMBQM mhrkkjkdt mda kstmgf`snks m preokss er jmi`dh oejpfm`dts

mhm`dst mdetnkr stmtk er m`f`dh te kderok mpprepr`mtk kdv`redjkdtmf fmws mda

stmdamras, pmrtòufmrfy wnkd fmx kderokjkdt rksufts `d m trmds-geudamry `jpmot.?;Mdetnkr detmgfk rkhèdmf oedvkdtèd, pmrtòufmrfy rej m Kurepkmd pe`dt e v`kw,

`s tnk =007 Oedvkdtèd er tnk Sretkotèd e tnk Jmr`dk Kdv`redjkdt e tnk Dertn-

Kmst Mtfmdtò (E_SMW),?2 wnòn mppf`ks te tnk Dertn-Kmst Mtfmdtò mda egf`hks tnk

oedtrmot`dh pmrt`ks te tmik mff pess`gfk stkps te prkvkdt mda kf`j`dmtk jmr`dk

peffutèd mda te tmik tnk dkokssmry jkmsurks te pretkot tnk jmr`t`jk mrkm

mhm`dst mavkrsk kkots omuska gy nujmd mot`v`t`ks `d erakr te smkhumra nujmd

nkmftn mda oedskrvk jmr`dk koesystkjs. Qn`s pmrtòufmr jmdamtk nms omuska

hrkmt oedtrevkrsy mjedh m dujgkr e mkotka `daustr`ks gkomusk e tnk `dnkrkdt

aòuft`ks `d try`dh te nmrjed`zk tnk kdv`redjkdtmf fmws e vmrèus stmtks mda

etnkrw`sk rkjm`d oejpf`mdt w`tn [DOFE_.?8 Newkvkr, sejk mspkots e tnk E_SMW

Oedvkdtèd mrk wertny e a`soussèd, jest detmgfy tnk Esnerk Seffutèd F`mg`f`tyMhrkkjkdt (ESEF) mjedh mff e tnk jmler e`f mda hms fòkdskks te oejjkro`mffy

upnefa tnk`r fòkdsers oejj`tjkdts `d E_SMW.?> @d ESEF kmon e tnk esnerk

preauokrs oedtr`gutks te m uda tnmt nms gkkd skt msàk er tnk oests e rkspeda`dh

te md e`f sp`ff mda te pmy ofm`js mr`s`dh eut e mdy esnerk pfmterj er p`pkf`dk

`doàkdts `dvefv`dh md `dstmffmtèd `d tnk tkrr`tery e mdy e tnk f`stka oeudtr`ks. @d

maa`tèd, tnkrk mrk dujkreus g`fmtkrmf udakrstmda`dhs gktwkkd da`vàumf Mrotò

stmtks ed ssuks suon ms snkr`ks, w`faf`k, mda pretkotèd rej peffutèd.?0 Qnk

Mrotò stmtks nmvk hkdkrmffy det kdtkrka dte oeepkrmt`vk jmdmhkjkdt rkh`jks er

ded-f`v`dh rkseuroks.

Hfegmf Qrkmt`ksDkmrfy mff hfegmf oedvkdtèds akmf`dh w`tn dmv`hmtèd mda tnk pretkotèd e tnk

jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt nmvk mppfòmtèd `d tnk Mrotò. Kxmjpfks e suon g`da`dh trkmt`ks

`dofuak tnk =0>7 [d tka Dmtèds Oedvkdtèd ed tnk Fmw e tnk _km ([DOFE_), tnk

=08?@dtkrdmtèdmf Oedvkdtèd er tnk Srkvkdtèd e Seffutèd rej _n`ps mda `ts =08>

Sreteoef rkkrrka te ms JMWSEF,13 tnk =081@dtkrdmtèdmf Oedvkdtèd ed _mkty e F`k

mt _km (_EFM_),1= tnk =087 Oedvkdtèd ed tnk Srkvkdtèd e Jmr`dk Seffutèd,17 mda

tnk =0>0Gmskf Oedvkdtèd ed tnk Oedtref e Qrmds-geudamry Jevkjkdts e Nmzmraeus

Xmstks mda tnk`r A`spesmf.1? @d maa`tèd, tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk Erhmd`zmtèd (@JE)

`s ourrkdtfy akvkfep`dh m jmdamtery Sefmr Oeak.

_ejk kxpkrts gkf`kvk tnmt tnk Mrotò `s mfrkmay suo`kdtfy hevkrdka gy m g`da`dh

fkhmf rkh`jk, dmjkfy [DOFE_. Xk a`smhrkk. [DOFE_ `s tnk oedst`tutèd er eokmds

hevkrdmdok gut t fmois aktm`f, dkokss`tmt`dh rkf`mdok uped kx`st`dh jmr`t`jk

trkmt`ks mda suppfkjkdtmf dstrujkdts prevàka tnmt tnky mrk oeds`stkdt w`tn

[DOFE_. Qeamy, mff e tnk Mrotò f`ttermf oeudtr`ks mrk jkjgkrs e tn`s hfegmf

mhrkkjkdt kxokpt er tnk [d`tka _tmtks wnòn nefas tnmt tnk =0>7 FE_ Oedvkdtèd

`s rkbkot`vk e oustejmry dtkrdmtèdmf fmw.


10/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok =3 Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

Smrt ^@@ e tnk [DOFE_ maarkssks pretkotèd mda prkskrvmtèd e tnk jmr`dk

kdv`redjkdt. Mff stmtks mrk egf`hka te tmik jkmsurks dkokssmry te prkvkdt peffutèd

mda te kdsurk tnmt mot`v`t`ks udakr tnk`r lur`saòtèd ae det omusk amjmhk te tnk

kdv`redjkdt er te etnkr stmtks. [DOFE_ rkqu`rks tnmt stmtks maept aejkstò fmws tnmtoedtref jmr`dk peffutèd rksuft`dh rej vksskfs mda eokmd-aujp`dh.11 Mrtòfk 7?1 `s

tnk edfy Mrtòfk e [DOFE_ tnmt spkoòmffy rkhufmtks tnk pefmr rkhèds. _pkoòmffy, mda tnk _tmdamras er Qrm`d`dh, Okrtòmtèd, mda Xmtonikkp`dh er _kmmrkrs

(_OQX), wnòn wms maeptka `d =08> mda mjkdaka `d =00;.12 Akpkda`dh ed wnòn

geay `d @JE mpprevks m pmrtòufmr kdmotjkdt, tnk jkmsurk w`ff kdtkr `dte erok k`tnkr

`jjka`mtkfy er mtkr m spko`ka dujgkr e stmtks nmvk rmt`ka tnk dstrujkdt. Kvkd

tneuhn tnksk dstrujkdts nmvk hfegmf mppfòmg`f ty, t s uft`jmtkfy up te tnk rmt`y`dh

bmh stmtk te kderok tnksk stmdamras v`m tnk`r ewd jmr`dk kderokjkdt mhkdo`ks9

mftneuhn, gy akmuft, pert stmtks omd kderok tnksk stmdamras vkrsus erk`hd bmhsn`ps

` tnky mrk kdtkr`dh pert `d tnmt pmrtòufmr stmtk.


11/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok == Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

Mff e tnk Mrotò f`ttermf oeudtr`ks mrk pmrt`ks te mda kderok tnk tnrkk oedvkdtèds

detka mgevk. Kderokjkdt derjmffy eoours wnkd m vksskf mrr`vks `d pert er `ts

pert stmtk oedtref dspkotèds. Aur`dh tnesk dspkotèds, dspkoters vkr`y tnk

sn`ps aeoujkdtmtèd mda ts okrtòmtks e oejpf`mdok w`tn rkfkvmdt fmw, pmrtòufmrfytnesk rkfmt`dh te peffutèd oedtrefs. Feomf mutner`t`ks omd mda w`ff oedauot pnysòmf

`dspkotèds te kdsurk tnmt tnk motumf oeda`tèd e tnk sn`p oederjs te tnk

rkprkskdtmtèds jmak d tnk okrtòmtks wnòn tnk sn`p omrr`ks.

Kvkd tneuhn kderokjkdt rksts w`tn tnk bmh stmtk ms m jmttkr e fmw, jmr`dk dsurkrs,

mda S&@ ofugs (ewdkr msseo`mtèds tnmt mfse prevàk rk`dsurmdok te sn`pewdkrs), mda

omrhe ewdkrs w`ff mfse kderok jmdy e tnksk @JE stmdamras tnreuhn `dsurmdok er

oedtrmotumf rkstròtèds er v`m dspkotèd rkh`jks te fksskd tnk`r petkdt`mf f`mg`f`ty.18

S&@ ofugs w`ff reut`dkfy oedauot mddumf `dspkotèds e tnk vksskfs tnmt mrk pmrt e

tnk`r ofug te kdsurk tnmt sn`pewdkrs mrk oejpfy`dh w`tn tnk rkfkvmdt @JE stmdamras.

Mfse, omrhe ewdkrs nmvk kstmgf`snka vktt`dh prehrmjs er e`f tmdikrs mda onkjòmfomrr`krs udakr tnk muspòks e [email protected]> Qnk msseo`mtka _n`p @dspkotèd Wkpert

Srehrmj (_@WK) ut`f`zks `dakpkdakdt survkyers tnmt mrk EO@JB moorka tka mda wne

`dspkot sn`ps `d mdy pert `d tnk werfa. @dspkotèds effew m oejjed erj mda mrk

kdtkrka d m oejputkr amtmgmsk epkd te EO@JB jkjgkrs. @ m sn`p fmois ourrkdt

`dspkotèds, `t `s `dkf`h`gfk te omrry omrheks er mdy e tnk jkjgkr oejpmd`ks.

Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`f

Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`fs set fmw mppremon te rkhufmt`dh tnk Mrotò gkhmd w`tn tnk

Akofmrmtèd ed Sretkotèd mda Mrotò Kdv`redjkdt Sretkotèd _trmtkhy (MKS_), m

vefudtmry jkonmd`sj maeptka d =00= gy tnk k`hnt Mrotò oeudtr`ks.10 Qnk MKS_

strmtkhy rkf`ka ed oeepkrmtèd rej jkjgkr stmtks mda pmrtò`pmtèd `d vefudtmry

mot`v`t`ks. @d erakr te `jprevk tnk kkot`vkdkss e tnk MKS mda evkroejk sejk

e `ts wkmidkssks, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f wms orkmtka `d =002.

Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`f kx`sts ms m rkhèdmf hevkrdmdok geay akvetka te kdv`redjkdtmf

pretkotèd mda sustm`dmgfk akvkfepjkdt. Qnk oeudo`f s det m fkhmf erhmd`zmtèd`t

nms de skt e eoks er akaòmtka pkrseddkf. @dstkma, `t `s m n`hn-fkvkf eruj jkmdt te

prejetk oeepkrmtèd mda oeera`dmtèd, ms wkff ms te akvkfep huàmdok er epkrmt`dh

`d tnk Mrotò kdv`redjkdt. @t oeds`sts e tnk k`hnt Mrotò stmtks< Omdmam, Akdjmri

(`dofua`dh Hrkkdfmda mda tnk Bmrek @sfmdas), B`dfmda, @okfmda, Derwmy, Wuss`m,

_wkakd, mda tnk [d`tka _tmtks. @d 73=?, @da`m, @tmfy, On`dm, Lmpmd, _`dhmperk, mda

_eutn Ierkm wkrk h`vkd egskrvkr stmtus.;3

Qnk oeudo`f aeks det nmvk m fkhmf pkrsedmf`ty wnòn jkmds tnmt `t omddet jmik

fkhmffy g`da`dh mhrkkjkdts w`tn etnkr jkjgkr dmtèds er kdtkr dte oedtrmotumf

mrrmdhkjkdts. _tmtks mrk rkk te tmik motèd, s`dhfy er oeffkot`vkfy, dakpkdakdtfy

e tnk oeudo`f.;= Mff ako`sèds e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f mda `ts sugsà`mry gea`ks mrk gy

oedskdsus e tnk k`hnt jkjgkr stmtks. Srehrmjs jmdamtka gy tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f

mrk kxkoutka gy vk weri`dh hreups oejpeska e rkprkskdtmt`vks rej skoter`mf


12/60


j`d`str`ks, hevkrdjkdt mhkdo`ks, mda rkskmron erhmd`zmtèds. Qnk onm`rjmdsn`p

e tnk oeudo`f mda mooejpmdy`dh skorktmr`mt retmtks mjedh jkjgkr stmtks.;7 Qnk

oeudo`f nms de kderokjkdt mutner`ty mda `ts erhmd`z`dh `dstrujkdts oedtm`d vkry

kw sugstmdt`vk oejj`tjkdts e tnk s`hdmter`ks te tmik oedorktk motèd.;? Gmsòrkspeds`g`f ty er tnk jpfkjkdtmtèd e rkhèdmf pefò`ks f`ks w`tn tnk stmtks mda tnk`r

sug-rkhèdmf maj`d`strmtèds.;1 Ber kxmjpfk, tnk Kjkrhkdoy Srkvkdtèd, Srkpmrkadkss

mda Wkspedsk (KSSW) weri`dh hreup prevàks huàkf`dks er rkspeda`dh te e`f sp`ffs9

newkvkr, tnk rkspedsk te md motumf e`f sp`ff `s st`ff up te kmon `da`vàumf dmtèd. @d

maa`tèd te fmoi e kderokjkdt ompmg`f`ty er okdtrmf pfmdd`dh, tnk oeudo`f sukrs

rej onredò udakruda`dh. B`dmdo`mf mrrmdhkjkdts e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f mrk gmska

ed vefudtmry oedtr`gutèds gy ts jkjgkr oeudtr`ks.;; Aksp`tk tnksk dko`kdo`ks,

tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f nms oedtr`gutka te gkttkr hevkrdmdok e tnk rkhèd tnreuhn tnk

akvkfepjkdt e huàkf`dks mda pfmds er tnk Mrotò. Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`f mfse mo`f`tmtks

oeepkrmtèd w`tn dtkrdmtèdmf erhmd`zmtèds fìk tnk [d`tka Dmtèds mda tnk

Kurepkmd [dèd.

Qnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk Erhmd`zmtèd mda tnk Sefmr Oeak

Qnk @JE mots ms skorktmr`mt er jest `dtkrdmtèdmf jmr`t`jk oedvkdtèds mda

mo`f`tmtks tnk`r `jpfkjkdtmtèd tnreuhn tnk maeptèd e daustry stmdamras, oeaks,

mda huàkf`dks wnòn m`j mt epkrmtèdmf`z`dh e tnk rkfkvmdt `dtkrdmtèdmf rufks mda

stmdamras.;2 Qnk @JE mfse `s tnk [D tkondòmf erhmd`zmtèd tnmt `s rkspeds`gfk er

mdtò`pmt`dh dkw ssuks d eokmds hevkrdmdok mda maept`dh dtkrdmtèdmf sn`pp`dh

rufks mda stmdamras te maarkss kjkrhkdt `ssuks `d jmr`dk smkty, dmv`hmtèdmf

ko`kdoy, mda prkvkdtèd e jmr`dk peffutèd.;8

Qnk @JE `s ourrkdtfy mttkjpt`dh te orkmtk m jmdamtery oeak e smkty rufks er

sn`ps dmv`hmt`dh `d getn pefmr rkhèds. Qnk Sefmr Oeak `s gk`dh akvkfepka `d

oedsàkrmtèd e kx`st`dh oedvkdtèds tnmt kdoejpmss smkty (_EFM_) mda

kdv`redjkdtmf pretkotèds (JMWSEF). Qnk jevk te akvkfep m jmdamtery oeak

effewka tnk maeptèd gy tnk @JE Msskjgfy, d 7330, e Huàkf`dks er _n`ps

Epkrmt`dh `d Sefmr Xmtkrs (Wksefutèd M.=371(72)).;> Qnk oeak `s gk`dh aks`hdka

te oevkr tnk uff rmdhk e aks`hd, oedstruotèd, kqu`pjkdt, epkrmtèdmf, trm`d`dh,

skmron mda rksouk, mda kdv`redjkdtmf pretkotèd jmttkrs rkfkvmdt te sn`ps

epkrmt`dh `d tnk `dnesp`tmgfk wmtkrs.

Qnk @JEs _ug-Oejj`ttkk ed _n`p Aks`hd mda Kqu`pjkdt nms gkkd tmsika w`tn

oeera`dmt`dh tnk akvkfepjkdt e tnk oeak d oedludotèd w`tn tnk Jmr`t`jk _mkty

Oejj`ttkk (J_O) mda Jmr`dk Kdv`redjkdt Sretkotèd Oejj`ttkk (JKSO).;0 Qnk

@JEs er`h`dmf hemf wms te nmvk tnk Sefmr Oeak dmf`zka `d 73=1, mftneuhn `t aeks det

mppkmr tnmt tnk oeak w`ff gk dmf`zka udt`f wkff `dte 73=;, mt gkst.23 Ms a`sousska `d

aktm`f gkfew, tnkrk mrk prkss rkperts e s`hdòmdt a`krkdoks gktwkkd tnk rkfkvmdt

pmrt`ks ed tnk `ssuks e wnktnkr tnk oeak w`ff< rkqu`rk zkre a`sonmrhks rej sn`ps (m

Omdma`md akjmda)9 wnktnkr te gmd tnk usk e nkmvy ukf e`fs9 prksor`gk jmdamtery

trm`d`dh er jmstkrs mda orkw9 kxkjpt okrtm`d vksskfs rej tnk oeak9 mda rkqu`rk


13/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok =? Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

vksskfs te egtm`d sm`f`dh pkrj`ts d maa`tèd te etnkr okrtòmtèd rkqu`rkjkdts.

Qnk oeak mfse w`ff `doerpermtk m wàk rmdhk e jmdamtery smkty, òk-nmrakd`dh, mda

dmv`hmtèd mda smkty kqu`pjkdt stmdamras.

Wksefutèd e mff eutstmda`dh `ssuks mda dmf`zmtèd e tnk Sefmr Oeak `d 73=; `s

mdytn`dh gut okrtm`d. Maa`tèdmffy, `d erakr er tnk Sefmr Oeak te gk fkhmffy g`da`dh ed

mff @JE jkjgkr stmtks, `t dkkas te gk erjmffy maeptka gy mjkdajkdts te kx`st`dh

`dstrujkdts (_EFM_ er JMWSEF)2= er ms m s`dhfk `dstrujkdt. @ maeptka ms m s`dhfk

`dstrujkdt, t omd gk rkkrrka te m a`pfejmtò oedkrkdok wnòn s oedvkdka gy @JE

mda s suglkot te tnk usumf [D preokaurks er maeptèd e a`pfejmtò dstrujkdts.27

Mftkrdmt`vkfy, tnk `dstrujkdt omd gk maeptka ms m ded-trkmty rkhufmtèd gy tnk @JEs

Msskjgfy2? (uped tnk rkoejjkdamtèd e tnk rkfkvmdt @JE oejj`ttkks) mda kdtkr

`dte erok jjka`mtkfy. Mooera`dh te [._. Oemst Humra eo`mfs, tnk ourrkdt pfmd s

er tnk rkfkvmdt pertèds e tnk oeak te gk maeptka gy tnk rkfkvmdt @JE oejj`ttkks

(J_O) mda (JKSO) ms mjkdajkdts te _EFM_, JMWSEF, mda _QOX us`dh tnk tmo`toedskdt preokaurks. @d tnksk, tnk oejj`ttkks usk s`fkdok preokaurks te maept tnk

tkxt mda tnkd tnkrk `s m oeef`dh e pkrèa e gktwkkd s`x jedtns mda twe ykmrs er

tnk pmrt`ks te fkvy md eglkotèd. Qnesk dkxt uff oejj`ttkk jkkt`dhs mrk sfmtka te

tmik pfmok d jà-73=1. Kvkd tneuhn tn`s preokss xks tnk tkxt quòify, tnksk ded-

trkmty `dstrujkdts mrk det fkhmffy g`da`dh uped sn`pewdkrs udfkss er udt`f stmtks

`doerpermtk tnk jkmsurk `dte tnk`r aejkstò fmw. Xnkd mda tnk Sefmr Oeak s

dmf`zka, `t weufa pr`jmr`fy gk kderoka v`m hfegmf pert stmtk oedtref `dspkotèds.

F`j`tmtèds eb Mrotò Hevkrdmdok Motumf mrrkst

mda aktkdtèd e m erk`hd sn`p `s edfy mffewka ` m vèfmtèd omusks jmler amjmhk er m

tnrkmt e jmler amjmhk te tnk oemstf`dk, `dtkrksts, er rkseuroks e tnk oemstmf stmtk.20

Xn`fk _EFM_, JMWSEF, mda etnkr @JE `dstrujkdts `dofuak prev`sèds rkhmra`dh

tnk epkrmtèd e sn`ps `d òk-`dkstka wmtkrs, tnky mrk det spkoò te tnk pefmr rkhèds.

Qnk @JE nms, newkvkr, ssuka huàkf`dks er sn`ps epkrmt`dh d Mrotò ok-oevkrka

wmtkrs. Qnksk huàkf`dks mrk edfy rkoejjkdamtèds, det rkqu`rkjkdts, mda tnky

mfse edfy pkrtm`d te pmsskdhkr mda omrhe sn`ps e ;33 hress teds er jerk kdhmhka

`d `dtkrdmtèdmf veymhks. Qnky ourrkdtfy ae det mppfy te sn`dh vksskfs, j`f`tmry

vksskfs, pfkmsurk ymonts, mda sjmffkr omrhe sn`ps.

Qnk rmhjkdtka dmturk e werfawàk sn`p ewdkrsn`ps s md maa`tèdmf nurafk tnmt

stmtks w`ff kdoeudtkr d skki`dh te kderok aejkstò rkhufmtèds te pretkot tnk`r Mrotò

oemstf`dks. Juon e tnk werfas jkronmdt bkkt `s rkh`stkrka udakr se-omffka bmhs e

oedvkd`kdok (BEO) `d stmtks fìk Smdmjm, F`gkr`m, tnk Gmnmjms, tnk Jmrsnmff @sfmdas,

Jmftm, Oyprus, mda etnkr epkd rkh`stry oeudtr`ks. @t `s oejjed er omrhe sn`ps te

gk ewdka gy edk oejpmdy, epkrmtka gy m skoeda oejpmdy (wnòn jmrikts tnk sn`ps

spmok), mda jmdmhka gy m tn`ra, wnòn jmy suppfy tnk orkw mda etnkr skrvòks m

sn`p rkqu`rks te sm`f. Mff tee etkd, tnksk epkrmt`dh kdt`t`ks mrk fkhmffy `doerpermtka

`d a`krkdt oeudtr`ks. Qnksk fkhmf out-eut mrrmdhkjkdts prmotòmffy kdsurk tnmt

sn`pewdkrs w`ff det nmvk tnk`r pkrsedmf msskts mt r`si ` sejktn`dh heks wredh.

Mt m j`d`juj BEO rkh`strmtèd kdmgfks sn`pewdkrs te tmik mavmdtmhk e jerk

mavmdtmhkeus tmxmtèd mda kjpfeyjkdt rkhufmtery rkh`jks tnmd mrk prkskdt `d tnk`r

motumf stmtk e rksàkdok. Gut jerk etkd tnmd det, BEO rkh`strmtèd prevàks


15/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok =; Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

udsorupufeus sn`pewdkrs fkhmf oevkr te mveà jeakrd jmr`dkr trm`d`dh rkqu`rkjkdts

mda te o`roujvkdt mppfòmgfk @JE stmdamras er sn`p aks`hd, kqu`pmhk, mda epkrmtèd83

s`dok kderokjkdt e prkvm`f`dh stmdamras gy sejk e tnk merkjkdtèdka BEO stmtks

`s wkmi te dedkx`stkdt. Oemstmf stmtks nmvk mfjest de rkoeursk te kderok tnkskstmdamras uped BEO sn`ps `d tnk`r wmtkrs udfkss tnksk sn`ps mrk kdtkr`dh pert mda

kderokjkdt tmiks pfmok pursumdt te m pert stmtk oedtref dspkotèd te kdsurk tnmt

tnk sn`p s oejpfy`dh w`tn rkfkvmdt rkhufmtèds. De spko`mf pert stmtk oedtrefs

ourrkdtfy kx`st te maarkss tn`s vkx`dh kderokjkdt pregfkj er sn`ps tnmt mrk kdtkr`dh

Mrotò wmtkrs mda jmy dkka te oejpfy w`tn kvkd n`hnkr stmdamras e jmtkr`mf mda

pkrseddkf rkma`dkss.

Wkspedsk te Mooàkdts

Of`jmtk onmdhk `d tnk Mrotò omd gk kxpkotka te `dorkmsk nujmd mot`v`t`ks `d

tnk rkhèd mda tnkrkerk n`hnkr mooàkdt rmtks. [dertudmtkfy, tnkrk s vkry f`ttfk

rkspedsk ompmg`f`ty mvm`fmgfk er f`ksmv`dh, kjkrhkdoy sn`p rkpm`r, smfvmhk, erofkmdup. Gkomusk e tnk spmrsk `drmstruoturk `d tnk Mrotò, peer wkmtnkr oeda`tèds,

mda fmrhk a`stmdoks wnòn dkka te gk trmvkrska, stmh`dh m rkspedsk `d tnk Mrotò

w`ff gk m jmler onmffkdhk er tnk f`ttermf dmtèds wne w`ff, `d mff fìkf`neea, nmvk te

rkspeda te md doàkdt te pretkot tnk`r oemstmf rkseuroks. Jmss`vk dvkstjkdt w`ff

fìkfy gk rkqu`rka te gu`fa mpprepr`mtk drmstruoturk mfedh trmds`t feomtèds er

sn`p snkftkr`dh mda ms stmh`dh mrkms er skmron mda rksouk.

Oeda`tèds `d tnk Mrotò rkhèd `jpesk ud`quk onmffkdhks er tnk kw kx`st`dh

pkrseddkf wne mrk dew onmrhka w`tn e`f sp`ff rkspedsk mda ofkmdup aut`ks.

Mooera`dh te tnk erjkr Oejjmdakr e tnk =8tn Oemst Humra A`stròt (Mfmsim),

wk mrk det prkpmrka er m jmler e`f sp`ff Yevkr =33,333 hmffedsZ `d tnk Mrotò

kdv`redjkdt. Qnk Oemst Humra nms de esnerk rkspedsk ompmg`f ty `d Dertnkrd

er Xkstkrd Mfmsim.8= Wkspedsk t`jk s m or`tòmf moter er e`f sp`ff rkoevkry.

X`tn kmon neur, sp`ffka e`f gkoejks jerk aòuft te trmoi, oedtm`d, mda rkoevkr,

pmrtòufmrfy `d òy oeda`tèds, wnkrk e`f omd j`hrmtk udakr er j`x w`tn surreuda`dh

òk, jmi`dh kxtrmotèd kxtrkjkfy aòuft. Mfse, tnk nmrsn oeda`tèds `d tnk Mrotò,

ms wkff ms etnkr kdv`redjkdtmf moters, jmy prkofuak tnk usk e prevkd ofkmdup

mda oedtm`djkdt tkond`quks, `dofua`dh `d-s`tu gurd`dh mda usk e a`spkrsmdts.87

@d rkokdt ykmrs, prehrkss nms gkkd jmak `d tnk erj e dkw huàmdok mda

rkoejjkdamtèds er epkrmt`dh smkfy `d tnk Mrotò, gut rkspedsk-spkoò rkhufmtèds

nmvk det gkkd prejufhmtka. Qnk rkokdt oedofusèd e md Mrotò Oeudo`f-greikrka

_MW mhrkkjkdt `s m heea rst stkp gut tnk `drmstruoturk mda jmtkr`mf dkkaka er

f`ksmv`dh, e`f sp`ff oedtm`djkdt/ofkmdup, mda r`h gfeweut rkspedsk nmvk det gkkd

prk-pes`tèdka `d suo`kdt qumdt`t`ks te prevàk mdy fkvkf e mssurmdok tnmt md

makqumtk rkspedsk oeufa gk jeudtka. @dakka, kvkd tnk mavmdoka E_SMW Oedvkdtèd

jkonmd`sj (wnòn mppf`ks d sejk pertèds e tnk Kurepkmd Mrotò) aeks det

rkqu`rk tnk stmtk pmrt`ks te mffeomtk rkseuroks er kjkrhkdoy rkspedsk pfmdd`dh er

kmrjmri udas te pmy er ofkmdup mtkr md mooàkdt nms eoourrka. @dstkma, E_SMW


16/60


fmrhkfy rkf`ks ed tnk msseo`mtka ESEF mhrkkjkdt mjedh tnk preauokrs te jkkt tnk`r

sevkrk`hd rkspeds`g`f t`ks te rkspeda te doàkdts d tnk`r KK\/oedt`dkdtmf snkf.8?

Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`f nms gkkd try`dh te hkt `d redt e tn`s `ssuk. @t oedofuakadkhet`mtèds `d Wkyilmvì `d Eotegkr 73=7 e m fkhmffy g`da`dh mhrkkjkdt ed

Oeepkrmtèd ed Jmr`dk E`f Seffutèd Srkpmrkadkss mda Wkspedsk d tnk Mrotò.81

Qn`s rst stkp wms tmikd gkomusk e tnk rkmf`zmtèd mjedh tnk Mrotò stmtks tnmt

`dorkmska sn`pp`dh mda e`f oejpmdy prkskdok `s m mot e f`k, mda motèd wms

dkokssmry te prkskrvk tnk Mrotò wmtkrs mda oemstf`dks.8; Qnk mhrkkjkdt kstmgf`snks

pe`dts e oedtmot er jeudt`dh m rkspedsk mda oejj`ts pmrt`ks te pfmdd`dh mda

kxkro`sks. @t mfse oedtm`ds fkhmffy g`da`dh oejj`tjkdts er stmtks te [dakr tnmt stmtutk, md

ewdkrs f`mg`f ty `s omppka mt $173 pkr ted pfus tnk vmfuk e tnk vksskf mt tnk kda e tnk

veymhk pfus pkda`dh rk`hnt. M [._. sn`pewdkrs f`mg`f ty er rkfkmsk e gudikr ukf `s

hevkrdka gy tnk f`j`ts `d ESM-03.

Ber tmdikrs (m pr`jmry oedokrd d tn`s stuay), tnk f`mg`f`ty e [._. bmhsn`ps s

hevkrdka gy ESM-0380 wnòn rkhufmtks e`f peffutèd rej getn tmdikrs mda e`f r`hs.

Qnk ESM-03 systkj `s oejpfkx9 newkvkr, `d hkdkrmf tkrjs, tmdikr epkrmters mrk

stròtfy f`mgfk er e`f peffutèd rkfkmsks rej m tmdikr er md e`f r`h. Qnk ourrkdt f`j`ts

e f`mg`f`ty mrk $8; j`ffèd er esnerk e`f r`hs mda reuhnfy $77 j`ffèd er aeugfk-

nuffka tmdikrs. Ms jerk pmrtòufmrfy aksor`gka `d tnk Mppkda`x, tnksk f`j`ts ae

det kxedkrmtk md ewdkr rej rkjevmf oests, o`v`f pkdmft`ks (` s`hdòmdt muft `s

`dvefvka d tnk doàkdt), mda ofm`js gy stmtk mda feomf hevkrdjkdts. Mfse, mjeudts

rkoevkrmgfk rej m [._.-bmhhka kdt`ty mrk muhjkdtka w`tn udas ed akpes`t w`tn

tnk [._. E`f _p`ff F`mg`f`ty Qrust Buda.>3

Ber eur purpesks, newkvkr, `t `s `jpertmdt te oedsàkr tnmt jest dmtèds effew tnk

@JE systkj wnòn nms a`krkdt stmdamras er md ewdkrs gmsò f`mg`f`ty, f`mg`f`ty omps,

mda gmoiup uda`dh. Qnk rkfkvmdt @JE oedvkdtèds mrk oeffkot`vkfy idewd ms tnk


18/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok => Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

OFO-@ESO Buda rkh`jk mda `dofuak tnk =020 O`v`f F`mg`f`ty Oedvkdtèd (OFO)>= mda

tnk =08= Buda Oedvkdtèd.>7 Qnk =020 OFO mda tnk =08= Buda Oedvkdtèd wkrk

sugskqukdtfy mjkdaka, fkma`dh te tnk maeptèd e tnk =007 OFO, tnk =007 Buda

Oedvkdtèd, mda tnk 733? _uppfkjkdtmry Buda Sreteoef. Qnksk twe oedvkdtèdsoe-kx`st `dtkrdmtèdmffy< tnk gmsò f`mg`f`ty e tnk sn`pewdkr `s kstmgf`snka `d tnk

OFO Oedvkdtèd wnkrkms tnk B[DA oedvkdtèd (wnòn `d mot rkkrs te md @JE

maj`d`stkrka uda) prevàks m t`krka dmdo`mf gmoistep er ofm`js wnòn kxokka

tnk ewdkrs gmsò f`mg`f`ty.

Oejpkdsmtèd `s mvm`fmgfk er peffutèd amjmhk rej e`f sukrka `d tnk KK\ e m

edk e tnk pmrt`ks te tnk B[DA oedvkdtèd rkhmrafkss e tnk bmh e tnk tmdikr, tnk

ewdkrsn`p e tnk e`f, er tnk pfmok wnkrk tnk doàkdt eoourrka. Oejpfòmt`dh tnk

mdmfys`s `s tnk mot tnmt kvkd tneuhn m pmrtòufmr bmh stmtk `s pmrt e tnk @JE sonkjk,

det mff bmh stmtks mrk pmrty te tnk jest jeakrd vkrsèd e tnk OFO Oedvkdtèd er

pmrty te tnk 733? _uppfkjkdtmry B[DA Sreteoef. Dedktnkfkss, te h`vk rkmakrs mhkdkrmf àkm e tnk mjeudts tnmt weufa gk mvm`fmgfk te pmy er ofkmdup mda ofm`js

`d tnk kvkdt e m j`snmp, Qmgfk = gkfew prevàks m sujjmry.

QMGFK =< Jmx`juj mjeudts e oejpkdsmtèd mvm`fmgfk d rkspkot e mdy edk peffutèd

`doàkdt (vmfuks kxprksska d j`ffèd _AW) udakr a`krkdt dtkrdmtèdmf fkhmf `dstrujkdts d

erok mda dujgkr e oedtrmot`dh stmtks.>?

Qmdikr _`zk(hress teddmhk)

=020 OFOms mjkdaka

=007 OFO(pest 733?)

=007 Buda Oedv.(pest 733?)

733?_uppfkjkdtmryBuda Sreteoef

;,333 3.22; 1.;=3 73? 8;3

=3,333 =.?? 8.22; 73? 8;3

;3,333 2.2; ?7.03; 73? 8;3

=33,333 =?.? 21.1;; 73? 8;3

=13,333 =1 >0.20; 73? 8;3

=;3,333 =1 >0.883 73? 8;3

733,333 =1 >0.883 73? 8;3

Oedtrmot`dh _tmtks ?8* =71 =3; 78

* @dofuaks skvkrmf stmtks tnmt mrk mfse pmrty te getn tnk =007 OFO mda =007 Buda Oedvkdtèd mda skvkrmf stmtks tnmt mrk mfse pmrty te

tnk =007 OFO, gut det tnk =007 Buda Oedvkdtèd. @dofuaks edk stmtk tnmt nms akdeudoka tnk oedvkdtèd k kot`vk 7; Jmy 73=7.

Qnk =007 OFO mda =007 Buda Oedvkdtèd w`ff kdtkr `dte erok `d 73=7 er m urtnkr eur stmtks tnmt nmvk rkokdtfy mookaka. Qnk733? _uppfkjkdtmry Buda Sreteoef w`ff kdtkr `dte erok `d 73=7 er edk urtnkr stmtk.

Jmx`juj mjeudt, `dofua`dh oejpkdsmtèd pmà udakr =007 OFO.

Jmx`juj mjeudt, `dofua`dh oejpkdsmtèd pmà udakr tnk =007 OFO mda =007 Buda Oedvkdtèd.

_AW : _pko`mf Armw`dh W`hnt. Qnk rkfkvmdt ud`t e mooeudt `s tnk _pko`mf Armw`dh W`hnt (_AW) ms akdka gy tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf

Jedktmry Buda. Ms e ? Lmdumry 73=7, tnk rkfkvmdt kxonmdhk rmtk `s= _AW : [_$=.;170?3.

_eurok< [DOQMA, F`mg`f`ty mda Oejpkdsmtèd er _n`p _eurok E`f Seffutèd, 73=7. Mvm`fmgfk mt nttp


19/60


Qnk prkaòmtk er f`mg`f ty udakr tnk OFO `s stròt f`mg`f`ty. Qnmt jkmds tnmt tnk

sn`pewdkr `s f`mgfk er mdy amjmhks `rrkspkot`vk e muft, mda tnmt tnk OFO oedvkdtèds

w`ff onmddkf mff ofm`js mhm`dst tnk sn`pewdkr. Qnkrk mrk `jpertmdt kxokptèds te

tnk sn`pewdkrs f`mg`f`ty er mots e wmr, dmturmf a`smstkr, tnk dtkdtèdmf mots e tn`rapmrt`ks, er dkhf`hkdok ed tnk pmrt e o`v`f mutner`t`ks `d jm`dtm`d`dh tnk f`hnts e

dmv`hmtèdmf màs. @d kxonmdhk er tnksk stròt f`mg`f`ty prej`sks, tnk sn`pewdkr w`ff

gk mgfk te f`j`t `ts f`mg`f`ty te md mjeudt tnmt oerrkfmtks w`tn tnk teddmhk e tnk sn`p.

[dakr tnk =007 OFO Oedvkdtèd, tnk jmx`juj f`mg`f`ty e m sn`pewdkr `s reuhnfy

$=?; j`ffèd. Ed tep e sn`pewdkrs f`mg`f`ty (wnòn tnk sn`pewdkr w`ff maarkss

tnreuhn jmdamtery dsurmdok kqumf te `ts f`j`ts e f`mg`f`ty), tnkrk s tnk skoeda t`kr e

oejpkdsmtèd rej tnk @JE B[DA Oedvkdtèd te pmy ofm`jmdts wnkd ofm`js kxokka

tnk mjeudts e tnk sn`pewdkrs f`mg`f`ty, tnk sn`pewdkr s dsefvkdt, er tnk sn`pewdkr

`s fkhmffy kxouska rej pmyjkdt (tmdikr smdi ms m rksuft e mot e wmr). [dertudmtkfy,

pmyjkdts (wnòn omd rkmon $??3 j`ffèd) udakr tnk =007 Buda Oedvkdtèd jmy det gk

mvm`fmgfk er peffutèd amjmhk tnmt eoours `d m ded-oedtrmot`dh stmtk (fìk tnk [d`tka_tmtks). Ber stmtks tnmt mrk pmrty te tnk 733? _uppfkjkdtmry Buda Sreteoef, maa`tèdmf

oejpkdsmtèd up te $=.=; g`ffèd jmy gk mvm`fmgfk te pmy ofm`js mr`s`dh `d tnk`r

jmr`t`jk tkrr`ter`ks.

_n`pewdkrs w`ff puronmsk jmr`t`jk dsurmdok te maarkss tnk`r petkdt`mf f`mg`f`ty

udakr tnk mgevk-aksor`gka f`j`ts e f`mg`f`ty sonkjks er amjmhks er fess e omrhe,

pkrsedmf `dlur`ks te pmsskdhkrs er orkwjkjgkrs, mda peffutèd amjmhk ofm`js.>1 Ber

mff `dtkdts mda purpesks, preourkjkdt e `dsurmdok `s jmdamtery er jest sn`pewdkrs

gkomusk tn`s `s md `tkj wnòn bmh stmtks mda pert stmtk oedtref mutner`t`ks w`ff vkr`y

wnkd m sn`p kdtkrs pert mda gkomusk jmr`dk jerthmhk nefakrs mda onmrtkrs w`ff

rkqu`rk ewdkrs te jm`dtm`d oevkrmhk.>; Gkomusk jmr`dk dsurkrs tkda te prevàk

oevkrmhk edfy er qumdt`mgfk r`sis suon ms omrhe fess er nuff mda kqu`pjkdt amjmhk,

tnky mrk femtn te oevkr jerk daktkrj`dmtk r`sis suon ms tn`ra pmrty r`si (te etnkr

sn`ps effew`dh m oeff`sèd) er e`f peffutèd. Ms m oedskqukdok, sn`pewdkrs w`ff

usumffy maarkss tnk`r petkdt`mf f`mg`f`ty er peffutèd ofm`js gy le`d`dh m S&@ ofug tnmt

udotèds ms m sn`pewdkrs oeepkrmt`vk msseo`mtèd. S&@ ofugs mrk s`j`fmr te m jutumf

er oeepkrmt`vk dsurmdok oejpmdy d wnòn pefòy ewdkrs nmvk gmdaka tehktnkr te

erj md msseo`mtèd te prevàk `dsurmdok oevkrmhk er okrtm`d typks e r`sis te mff e

tnk jkjgkrs e tnk msseo`mtèd. Oevkrmhks vmry, mftneuhn tnk Fedaed S&@ Ofug, edk

e tnk fmrhkst, prevàks kxokss f`mg`f`ty oevkrmhk up te $= g`ffèd e oevkrmhk er e`f

peffutèd ofm`js mda $7.32 g`ffèd er ded-e`f peffutèd ofm`js.>2 Jest S&@ ofugs mrk gmska

`d tnk [d`tka I`dhaej gut tnkrk mrk mfse ofugs `d tnk [d`tka _tmtks, Lmpmd, _wkakd, mda

Derwmy. Qnksk tn`rtkkd ofugs nmvk mfse erjka md @dtkrdmtèdmf Hreup e Ofugs. Qnk

@dtkrdmtèdmf Hreup oeera`dmtks pefòy pes`tèds mjedh tnk vmrèus ofugs mda, jest

`jpertmdtfy, prevàks rk`dsurmdok te tnk`r kffew ofugs d tnk kvkdt `da`vàumf ofm`js te

m s`dhfk ofug kxokka $23 j`ffèd.

S&@ ofugs pr`jmr`fy kx`st te pmy tnk ofm`js e tnk`r jkjgkr sn`pewdkrs. @d 73=7, tnk

Fedaed S&@ Ofug pmà evkr $=32 j`ffèd `d ofm`js, mda HMWA pmà $731 j`ffèd aur`dh


20/60


tnk smjk pkrèa. @d oedtrmst, tnk `dakpkdakdt On`dm _n`pewdkrs Jutumf Mssurmdok

Msseo`mtèd>8 pmà $;3 j`ffèd `d ofm`js `d 73== (=,>33 ofm`js). Jmdy e tnk pmyeuts

eoourrka ms m rksuft e jmr`dk peffutèd `doàkdts er `d s`tumtèds `d wnòn m sn`pewdkr

wms suglkotka te fkhmf preokka`dhs tnmt weufa jpesk f`mg`f`ty vs. tnk sn`pewdkr er tsf`mg`f`ty `d kxokss e tnk `dsurmdok tnmt `t `s rkqu`rka te omrry gy `ts bmh stmtk.

Qnkrk `s mr fkss udèrj`ty wnkd `t oejks te r`h epkrmters gkomusk tnky mrk rkhufmtka

edfy gy `da`vàumf oemstmf stmtks. [dfìk sn`pewdkrs, r`h epkrmtèds ae det nmvk S&@ ofugs

te mot ms m dmdo`mf gmoistep mda, ms e ykt, de oejprknkds`vk `dtkrdmtèdmf `dstrujkdt

kx`sts te akmf w`tn stmdamras er fòkds`dh e`f r`hs, mda tnk`r oerrkspeda`dh f`j`ts e

f`mg`f`ty/jmdamtery `dsurmdok rkqu`rkjkdts, mftneuhn jmdy esnerk preauokrs>> mrk

jkjgkrs e tnk EO@JB systkj mda, ms suon, usk EO@JB `dspkoters te kdsurk tnmt esnerk

r`hs mda tkrj`dmfs oejpfy w`tn `daustry smkty mda kdv`redjkdtmf stmdamras.>0 @d 733=,

armts wkrk o`roufmtka mt tnk @JE er tnk kstmgf`snjkdt e md @dtkrdmtèdmf Oedvkdtèd

ed Esnerk Mot`v`t`ks mda tnk @JE _korktmr`mt mda tnk @JE Fkhmf Oejj`ttkk kdaerskatnk dkka er suon m hfegmf `dstrujkdt. Qnesk kerts stmffka mda de hfegmf f`mg`f`ty mda

oejpkdsmtèd systkj kx`sts er r`h epkrmtèds.

_`dok dkhet`mtèd e m hfegmf mhrkkjkdt akmf`dh w`tn e`f r`hs nms prevkd te gk md kfus`vk

hemf, sejk rkhèdmf mhrkkjkdts nmvk gkkd rkmonka. Qnk Oedvkdtèd er tnk Sretkotèd

e tnk jmr`dk Kdv`redjkdt e tnk Dertn-Kmst Mtfmdtò e =007 (tnk E_SMW Oedvkdtèd)

mppf`ks `d tnk Dertn Mtfmdtò.03 Qnk mhrkkjkdt rkqu`rks tnk tkkd stmtk pmrt`ks te tmik

mpprepr`mtk jkmsurks te prkvkdt peffutèd rej r`hs9 newkvkr, t mffs snert e prevà`dh

er stròt f`mg`f`ty er tnk`r r`h fòkdskks er ofkmdup mda hkdkrmf amjmhk oests. Qnkrk

`s mfse tnk msseo`mtka ESEF mhrkkjkdt mjedh s`xtkkd jmler esnerk epkrmters d tnk

K[ mda Derwmy. @t jmiks mvm`fmgfk m uda e $7;3 j`ffèd pkr `doàkdt er `doàkdts `d

tnk Dertn _km mda sejk pmrts e tnk Mrotò. Etnkr rkhèdmf mhrkkjkdts kx`st er tnk

Jka`tkrrmdkmd, tnk Gmftò _km mrkm, mda tnk Skrs`md Huf, gut dedk mppkmr te k`tnkr

`jpesk stròt f`mg`f`ty ed r`h epkrmters er te orkmtk m trust uda tnmt `s mvm`fmgfk te pmy

ofkmdup oests mda ofm`js.

Ms tn`dhs dew stmda, tnk f`mg`f`ty sonkjks mkot`dh mff omtkher`ks e sn`ps mda e`f r`hs

epkrmt`dh `d tnk Mrotò mrk hressfy `dmakqumtk te kdsurk tnmt suo`kdt udas mrk mvm`fmgfk

er ofkmdup mda rkstermtèd oests sneufa md mooàkdt eoour. Gy wmy e `ffustrmtèd, tnk

kst`jmtka oests e tnk st`ff-udrksefvka Kxxed Rmfakz `doàkdt wkrk gktwkkd $8 mda

$=3 g`ffèd9 Akkpwmtkr Ner`zed w`ff fìkfy tep $13 g`ffèd9 mda tnk rkokdt gfeweut e m r`h `d

tnk Q`jer _km rksuftka `d m $7.1 g`ffèd ofm`j gy @daedks`m (edfy edk e tnk mkotka stmtks).

@ edk oeufa oedlurk m s`tumtèd `d wnòn m tmdikr wms `dvefvka `d md mooàkdt mda `t kff

udakr tnk @JE sonkjk, tnk mgsefutk jmx`juj mjeudt e jedky tnmt weufa gk mvm`fmgfk

`s mgeut $7 g`ffèd gktwkkd S&@ oevkrmhk mda m pmyeut udakr tnk B[DA oedvkdtèd

(mssuj`dh tnk sp`ff eoourrka `d m oeudtry tnmt `s pmrty te tnk @JE B[DA sonkjk). @ tnkrk

wms m r`h gfeweut `d tnk [._. KK\, er kxmjpfk, tnkd tnk jmx`juj mjeudt pmymgfk gy

tnk [._.-bmhhka r`h epkrmter (mgskdt kvàkdok e oufpmgfk dkhf`hkdok er or`j`dmf dkhfkot)


21/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok 7= Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

weufa gk mpprex`jmtkfy $8; j`ffèd0= pfus mookss te md maa`tèdmf $= g`ffèd rej tnk

Bkakrmf E`f _p`ff F`mg`f`ty Qrust Buda.

Kvkd tneuhn ESM-03 mda tnk @JE B[DA oedvkdtèds nmvk gkkd jea`ka te rkbkotourrkdt oests e m jmler e`f sp`ff, `t `s ofkmr tnmt tnkrk mrk jmler hmps `d tnk f`mg`f`ty

sonkjks (pmrtòufmrfy ms rkfmtks te r`hs) mda tnmt tnk mjeudts mffeomtka mrk `dsuo`kdt

te pmy ofkmdup oests. Jerkevkr, skvkrmf e tnk Mrotò stmtks mrk det pmrty te tnk mgevk-

aksor`gka kx`st`dh jmr`t`jk f`mg`f`ty mda oejpkdsmtèd mhrkkjkdts. Mda, ms ourrkdtfy

kdv`sèdka, tnk Sefmr Oeak aeks det prevàk jkonmd`sjs er dmdo`mf rkjka`mtèd

`d omsk e mooàkdts. Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`fs rkokdt mhrkkjkdt oedokrd`dh e`f sp`ff

rkspedsk `s s`fkdt ed tnk qukstèd e new tnk oests e ofkmdup w`ff gk dmdoka mda

new `dlurka pmrt`ks mrk te gk oejpkdsmtka. Qe kdsurk tnmt Mrotò ofkmdup mda amjmhk

ofm`js omd gk rksefvka `d m rkspeds`gfk jmddkr, e`f mda hms kxtrmot`vk mot`v`t`ks w`ff

dkka gkttkr r`si udakrwr`t`dh.

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps

@d tn`s skotèd, wk kxmj`dk tnk hmps a`sousska `d prkoka`dh skotèds mda prepesk sejk

oedorktk suhhkstèds te maarkss tnkj. Feeskfy gerrew`dh rej tnk [._. hevkrdjkdts

mppremon er tnk pretkotèd e or`tòmf `drmstruoturk,07 tnk `ssuks (mda tnk`r sefutèds)

mrk hreupka mda mdmfyzka ms effews @fuf`ssmt Akofmrmtèd,02

wnòn `s orka`tka ms md `jpertmdt oeudo`f euda`dh aeoujkdt. Qnmt akofmrmtèd, gy tnk

vk oemstmf stmtks gerakr`dh tnk Mrotò Eokmd, rkmrjs tnmt sevkrk`hd r`hnts `d tnk

Mrotò mrk prkaktkrj`dka gy [DOFE_ mda tnmt tnk mkotka stmtks rkjm`d oejj`ttka

te tnYmtZ fkhmf rmjkweri. . . . @d etnkr weras, s`dok [DOFE_ prkaktkrj`dka jest

r`hnts, tnkrk wms de oejpkff`dh dkka er maa`tèdmf rufk-jmi`dh gy tnk oeudo`f er

etnkrw`sk. Qnk aeoujkdt mfse stmtka tnmt tnk vk Mrotò f`ttermf stmtks weufa weri

tehktnkr `dofua`dh tnreuhn tnk @JE te strkdhtnkd maa`tèdmf jkmsurks mda akvkfep

dkw jkmsurks te `jprevk smkty e jmr`t`jk dmv`hmtèd mda prkvkdt er rkauok tnk

r`si e sn`p gmska peffutèd. . . .

Qnk `dkv`tmgfk qukstèd tnmt mr`sks `s wnktnkr `t jmiks oedt`duka skdsk te pursuk

kdnmdoka hevkrdmdok ed m juft`fmtkrmf gms`s (ms kdv`sèdka d tnk @fuf`ssmt Akofmrmtèd)

er te kdnmdok tnk stmtus mda pewkr e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f. Qnk oeudo`f `s ourrkdtfy jmak

up e tnk k`hnt Mrotò dmtèdsOmdmam, Akdjmri, B`dfmda, @okfmda, Derwmy, Wuss`m,

_wkakd, mda tnk [d`tka _tmtksmda rkokdtfy hrmdtka egskrvkr stmtus te @da`m, @tmfy,

On`dm, Lmpmd, _`dhmperk, mda _eutn Ierkm.08 @d mdy kvkdt, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f struoturk

`s tnk edfy hmjk `d tewd mda vmfumgfk t`jk weufa gk fest0> `d try`dh te kstmgf`sn m dkw

juft`fmtkrmf struoturk tnmt, `d tnk kda, weufa `dvefvk t`jk-oedsuj`dh mda petkdt`mffy

rmotèus akgmtks evkr wne sneufa gk `dofuaka `d tnk struoturk. Burtnkrjerk, h`vkd

tnmt tnk edfy stmtks wnòn mrk det mjedh tnk vk Mrotò Eokmd f`ttermf stmtksB`dfmda,

_wkakd, mda @okfmda

omd mff jmik ofm`js te hkehrmpnò prex`j`ty mda trmds-geudamry

kkots te tnk`r rkspkot`vk KK\s ` md `doàkdt wkrk te eoour, `t jmiks heea skdsk te

`doerpermtk mff k`hnt stmtks dte m juft`fmtkrmf struoturk. Qnksk stmtks nmvk m pef`tòmf

er`kdtmtèd tnmt `s fìkfy te suppert oedskrvmtèd mda kdv`redjkdtmf pretkotèd ms

Mrotò rkseuroks mrk akvkfepka. Det `dofua`dh mff e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f jkjgkrs weufa

oedok`vmgfy put mt r`si tnk oedtr`gutèds e tnk tnrkk maa`tèdmf pmrtò`pmdts d tnk

rkokdtfy oedofuaka Mrotò _kmron mda Wksouk Mhrkkjkdt. B`dmffy, mda te gk a`sousska

`d hrkmtkr aktm`f gkfew, m iky teef wnòn Mrotò _tmtks omd usk te kderok kdnmdoka


23/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok 7? Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

sn`pp`dh stmdamras `s pert stmtk oedtref mhrkkjkdts mda `dspkotèds. @ mff e tnksk

stmtks mrk `dofuaka `d md kdnmdoka pert stmtk oedtref rkh`jk, tnmt w`ff ourtm`f tnk

dujgkr e perts wnkrk jkronmdt sn`ps bmhhka eutsàk tnk rkhèd omd omff er feh`stòs

suppert er te fema/udfema omrhe mda det gk suglkot te dspkotèd.

Qnk aks`rka snmpk e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f `s okrtm`dfy epkd te akgmtk9 gut m oeupfk e

gmsò pr`do`pfks sneufa huàk tnk rksnmp`dh kert @fuf`ssmt

Akofmrmtèd tnmt dmtèdmf ofm`js w`ff gk aktkrj`dka gy rkkrkdok te tnk [DOFE_

pr`do`pfks mda ts dst`tutèds.

Qe tnk jmx`juj kxtkdt pess`gfk, tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Jmr`t`jk Erhmd`zmtèd (@JE), mda

tnk dstrujkdts tnmt t evkrskks, suon ms _EFM_, JMWSEF, OEFWKHs, kto., dkka te gktnk akmuft preokss er mdy typks e hevkrdmdok mkot`dh sn`pp`dh mda etnkr jmr`t`jk

mot`v`t`ks mda tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f. Newkvkr, tnkrk mfse dkkas te gk m rmdi rkmf`zmtèd

tnmt tnk @JE preokss w`ff rkqukdtfy det preauok m smt`smotery eutoejk d m

rkmsedmgfk pkrèa e t`jk gkomusk e tnk kdakjò gurkmuormtò akfmys kdoeudtkrka

mt tnk @JE er gkomusk e gfeoi`dh motèds gy eutsàkrs wne w`ff try te egstruot

hevkrdmdok jkmsurks tnmt tnky pkrok`vk w`ff oest tnkj jedky.00 H`vkd tnesk

aydmjòs, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f sneufa gk prkpmrka te greikr juft`fmtkrmf mhrkkjkdts

mjedh tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f jkjgkrs. Jkjgkrsn`p `d tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f, `dofua`dh

egskrvkrs, dkkas te gk prkaòmtka ed mankrkdok te snmrka vmfuks rkhmra`dh

rkspeds`gfk akvkfepjkdt tnmt aeks det oejprej`sk pretkotèd e tnk kdv`redjkdt

e jmr`dk mda oemstmf mrkms. @t mfse dkkas te gk prkaòmtka ed tnk detèd tnmt stmtks,

mda tnk`r fòkdskks, just jmik dmdo`mf mda `d-i`da `dvkstjkdts `d kqu`pjkdt mda

`drmstruoturk te jmik tnk Mrotò m smk vkduk er akvkfepjkdt. Sut mdetnkr wmy,

dmdo`mf sefvkdoy sneufa prkokak mot`v`ty.

Qnkrk `s de `jpkrmt`vk er tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f te kstmgf`sn md koedejò er pef`tòmf

udèd mfedh tnk f`dks e tnk Kurepkmd [dèd er `ts `dst`tutèds (tnk K[ Oeurt e

Lustòk, tnk Kurepkmd Oejj`ssèd, kto.). Qnk Mrotò Oeudo`fs lur`saòtèd sneufa gk

f`j`tka te rkhufmtèd e mot`v`t`ks tnmt tmik pfmok `d tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt er mrk

fìkfy te a`rkotfy mkot tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt mda wnòn, ` tnkrk wkrk md `doàkdt,

weufa nmvk m fìkfy trmds-geudamry `jpmot.

Qnkrk s de `jpkrmt`vk er m hrmdaèsk Mrotò Oedvkdtèd tnmt rkpfòmtks tnk

Mdtmrotò Qrkmty er tnk Eutkr _pmok Qrkmty er tnk s`jpfk rkmsed tnmt jest mrkms

`d tnk Mrotò mrk udakr tnk lur`saòtèd e tnk `da`vàumf jkjgkrs e tnk Mrotò

Oeudo`f. Jerkevkr, tee juon t`jk weufa gk wmstka `d mttkjpt`dh te sefvk tnk

`ssuks a`sousska d tn`s pmpkr `d m oejprknkds`vk [D dkhet`mtèd. M jmss`vk [D

dkhet`mtèd weufa mfse dlkot oedsàkrmgfk udokrtm`dty mda dstmg`f`ty dte tnk

ourrkdt fkhmf rkh`jk mda oeufa, d tnk kda, aktkr pruakdt akvkfepjkdt.


24/60


@t aeks det dew mppkmr tnmt tnk oeudo`f nms tnk ompmo`ty te udotèd ms md kxkout`vk

kdt`ty tnmt `s rkspeds`gfk er mot`dh ms m juft`dmtèdmf pefòy greikr. Newkvkr, te gk mgfk

te jkkt tnk aydmjò onmdhks wnòn mrk tmi`dh pfmok mda ikkp pmok w`tn akvkfepjkdt,

`t pregmgfy jmiks skdsk te kstmgf`sn md kxkout`vk mrj e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f tnmt weufanmvk pkrjmdkdt kjpfeykks wne mrk onmrhka w`tn `jpfkjkdt`dh tnk w`ff e tnk Mrotò

Oeudo`f `d rkhufmtery kdmotjkdts mda `d rkprkskdt`dh tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f `dtkrdmtèdmffy

mt erhmd`zmtèds fìk tnk @JE, tnk @dtkrdmtèdmf Nyarehrmpnò Erhmd`zmtèd, mda tnk

@dtkrdmtèdmf Qkfkoejjudòmtèds [dèd. Edk jeakf tnmt sneufa gk h`vkd ofesk

kxmj`dmtèd `s tnk struoturk e tnk [._./Omdmam Le`dt Oejj`ssèd wnòn `s onmrhka w`tn

jmdmh`dh mda pretkot`dh snmrka wmtkrs (k.h., tnk Hrkmt Fmiks mda tnk Oefujg`m W`vkr).

Qnk Le`dt Oejj`ssèd jpfkjkdts mgeut m aezkd trkmt`ks mda dtkrdmtèdmf mhrkkjkdts

mda mfse, ms m oejj`ssèd, nms sejk f`j`tka rufk-jmi`dh mutner`ty.=33

Mssuj`dh tnmt tnk oejj`ssèd jeakf s maeptka, t s gkst tnmt tnk oejj`ssèd

gk udaka gy a`rkot oedtr`gutèds e tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f hevkrdjkdts. @t w`ff fmtkr gksuhhkstka tnmt tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f gk kjpewkrka te oeffkot udas ed gknmf e tnk

jkjgkr oeudtr`ks te dmdok tn`dhs fìk jprevkjkdt e dmv`hmtèd màs. @d tnmt omsk,

skki`dh oedtr`gutèds rej rkhufmtka daustr`ks s mpprepr`mtk s`dok jprevkjkdts d

dmv`hmtèdmf tkondefehy mrk m tmdh`gfk gkdkt te `daustry. @d tnk omsk e tnk oejj`ssèd,

tnk `dtkdt `s tnmt `t w`ff epkrmtk ed gknmf e sevkrk`hd oeudtr`ks mda `daustry sneufa

det gk `dvefvka `d tnk uda`dh e suon `dnkrkdtfy hevkrdjkdtmf mot`v`t`ks. Ms er

oests, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f sneufa s`jpfy a`vàk tnk oests e tnk oejj`ssèd ed m pre-

rmtm gms`s mjedh tnk pkrjmdkdt jkjgkrs. _`dok tnk oests e suon m oejj`ssèd sneufa

gk jeakst, t jmiks f`ttfk pe`dt te kstmgf`sn kfmgermtk erjufmk er mffeomt`dh oests er

tnksk mot`v`t`ks. Egskrvkrs `d tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f sneufa mfse gk mssksska.

Ako`sèd jmi`dh `d tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f mda `ts msseo`mtka oejj`ssèd sneufa gk gy

oedskdsus te tnk jmx`juj kxtkdt pess`gfk. Ms `s tnk omsk `d DMQE mda tnk Oeudo`f e

Kurepk, wnòn mrk oedskdsus-gmska erhmd`zmtèds, s`fkdok preokaurks sneufa mfse

gk oedsàkrka ms m jktnea e mon`kv`dh oedskdsus eutoejks. Rkry s`jpfy, m prepesmf

w`tn stredh suppert `s akkjka mpprevka udfkss mdy jkjgkr rm`sks md eglkotèd te

`ts kdmotjkdt gkerk m okrtm`d amtk. Ber jmttkrs wnòn omddet pmss auk te md mgskdok

e oedskdsus (ms kdnmdoka w`tn s`fkdok preokaurks), oedsàkrmtèd sneufa gk h`vkd

te kstmgf`sn`dh m vet`dh sonkjk `d wnòn fkss tnmd oedskdsus omd rksuft `d m ako`sèd

gy tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f er `ts suppert`dh oejj`ssèd. Mrhujkdts omd gk mavmdoka er

m vmr`kty e a`krkdt sonkjks, gut `t weufa skkj tnmt mdy jmler`ty vet`dh sonkjk

weufa dkka te h`vk prkkrkdok te oeudtr`ks w`tn Mrotò Eokmd oemstf`dks, dmjkfy, tnk

[d`tka _tmtks, Omdmam, Wuss`m, Hrkkdfmda (Akdjmri), mda Derwmy (_vmfgmra @sfmda

Maj`d`strmter).

Qe gk mgfk te jpfkjkdt jmdy e tnk rkoejjkdamtèds d tn`s rkpert, tnk Mrotò

Oeudo`f mot`dh tskf, er v`m m oejj`ssèd, weufa dkka te nmvk tnk mutner`ty te kdtkr

`dte oedtrmots mda dtkrdmtèdmf mhrkkjkdts, ewd prepkrty, rkok`vk mda maj`d`stkr

udas mda, ms `daòmtka, nmvk fkhmf pkrsedmf`ty se tnmt `t `s mgfk te rkprkskdt tnk


25/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok 7; Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

Mrotò Oeudo`f mt `dtkrdmtèdmf gea`ks fìk tnk @JE. H`v`dh tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f fkhmf

pkrsedmf`ty sneufa det `jpfy tnmt tnk oeudo`f (er oejj`ssèd) weufa a`rkotfy kderok

tnk rufks tnmt `t kstmgf`snks. Ed tnk oedtrmry, tnk oeudo`f (er oejj`ssèd) weufa

nmvk tnk mutner`ty te pmss rufks/rkhufmtèds wnòn weufa tnkd gk trmdsj`ttka erkmon e tnk jkjgkr oeudtr`ks te `jpfkjkdt v`m aejkstò fkh`sfmtèd er rufk-jmi`dh

mda kmon dmtèds jmr`dk smkty erhmd`zmtèd (oemst humra) weufa tnkd kderok tnksk

ako`sèds. @d omsks `d wnòn m jkjgkr oeudtry rkuska te `jpfkjkdt m ako`sèd e tnk

oeudo`f (er oejj`ssèd) `d m rkmsedmgfk pkrèa e t`jk, `t sneufa tr`hhkr jmdamtery

a`sputk skttfkjkdt preokaurks er rkjevmf e tnk oeudtry rej tnk oeudo`f.

Eur rkmf`zmtèd tnmt tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f `s tnk edfy su`tmgfk geay te greikr m vmr`kty

e Mrotò `ssuks `s det ud`quk. @t `s `dstruot`vk tnmt tnk vòk prksàkdt er _nkff E`f,

`d tkst`jedy gkerk tnk _kdmtk `d Jmron 73=?=3= ed fksseds fkmrdka rej _nkffs

esnerk Mrotò ar`ff`dh prehrmj (wnòn wms put ed nefa `d Jmy), `daòmtka `d n`s

tkst`jedy tnmt Wuss`md mutner`t`ks mrk jmi`dh

uturk akvkfepjkdt e tnk D_W m prèr`ty te kdmgfk akvkfepjkdt e ts Mrotò rkseuroks,

pmrtòufmrfy `d tnk e`f mda hms mrkdm. Qnk Wuss`md Aujm kdmotka kakrmf fkh`sfmtèd

(Fmw De. D=?7-3?) oedokrd`dh tnk D_W `d Lufy 73=7.==0 Qnmt fmw erjmffy kstmgf`snka

tnk hkehrmpnò oeera`dmtks e tnk reutk mda mutner`ty e tnk Dertnkrd _km Weutk

Maj`d`strmtèd te `ssuk pkrj`ts mda etnkrw`sk jmdmhk tnk epkrmtèd e tnk D_W. Qnmt

fmw mfse oedrjka tnmt onmrhks er òk-grkmi`dh skrvòk w`ff gk gmska edfy ed mjeudt

e skrvòks motumffy akf`vkrka.=73 Qnk Lmdumry =8, 73=? Wkhufmtèd,=7= `jpfkjkdt`dh

Fmw De. D=?7-3?, oedtm`ds aktm`fs ed tnk pkrj`tt`dh preokss mda jmdamtery rkpert`dhrkqu`rkjkdts. Qnk rkhufmtèd mfse st`pufmtks tnmt tnk D_W Maj`d`strmtèd jmy, ms pmrt

e tnk pkrj`tt`dh preokss, rkqu`rk tnmt sn`ps gk ksoertka gy md òkgrkmikr er kjgmri md

òk p`fet akpkda`dh ed tnk prkvm`f`dh òk oeda`tèds. Dew, trmds`t`dh sn`ps pmy edfy er

tnk oests e skrvòks a`rkotka gy tnk mutner`ty.

@d tkrjs e m pefòy rkoejjkdamtèd, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f, ed gknmf e tnk jkjgkrs,

sneufa stredhfy oedsàkr maept`dh tnk Dertnkrd _km Weutk ms tnk prkkrrka

dmv`hmtèdmf reutk tnmt sn`ps tmik tnreuhn tnk Mrotò mda te oedokdtrmtk _MW mda etnkr

rkspedsk msskts dkmrgy tnk reutk. @d tmi`dh tnmt motèd, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f sneufa

rkspkot Wuss`md oedtref evkr tnk D_W mda rkoehd`zk Wuss`ms rkhufmtery lur`saòtèd evkr

jmttkrs rkfmt`dh te smkty e dmv`hmtèd.=77 _uon rkoehd`tèd sneufa gk oeda`tèdka uped

Wuss`md mutner`t`ks mhrkk`dh tnmt tnky w`ff det kdmot rkhufmtèds er tmr`s wnòn mrk

kxokss`vk er udaufy gurakdsejk er wnòn nmvk tnk prmotòmf kkot e suspkda`dh tnk

r`hnt e sn`ps te pmss tnreuhn tnk Wuss`md KK\ mda tkrr`ter`mf skm udakr tnk rkh`jk e

n`hn skms rkkaejs er `ddeokdt pmssmhk, rkspkot`vkfy. Burtnkrjerk, edok tnkrk `s gmsò

mhrkkjkdt mjedh tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f jkjgkrs tnmt tnk D_W Wkhufmtèd `s rkmsedmgfk

mda sneufa gk maeptka, tnkd tnk Wuss`md Bkakrmtèd sneufa gk kdoeurmhka te nmvk tnk

reutk erjmffy prkskdtka te tnk @JE er maeptèd ms m reutk`dh jkmsurk=7? udakr _EFM_

Onmptkr R.=71

Maeptèd e tnk D_W, mda tnk smdotèd`dh e tnk ourrkdt prmotòks e rkqu`r`dh prèr

mppfòmtèd mda tnk jmdamtery p`fetmhk/òk-grkmi`dh skrvòks, w`ff gk or`tò`zka gy sejk

ms doeds`stkdt w`tn tnk [DOFE_ prev`sèds ed ddeokdt pmssmhk s`dok Mrtòfks =8 te 7=

pren`g t oemstmf stmtks rej kdmot`dh rkhufmtèds wnòn nmvk tnk prmotòmf kkot e

rkstròt`dh vksskfs rej kxkro`s`dh tnk`r r`hnt e `ddeokdt pmssmhk.=7; W`hnt dew, Wuss`m

fkhmffy lust`ks tnk D_W Wkhufmtèds gy o`t`dh Mrtòfk 7?1 e tnk FE_ Oedvkdtèd

pkrtm`d`dh te òk-oevkrka mrkms. _ejk pertèds e tnk reutk mfse mppkmr te trmvkrsk tnk

fmdawmra sàks e sejk Wuss`md strm`hnt gmskf`dks9 nkdok, tnesk wmtkrs omd gk ofmss`ka

ms `dtkrdmf wmtkrs mda Wuss`m nms kvkry r`hnt te kstmgf`sn wnmtkvkr rufks `t w`snks te


30/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ?3 Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

oeda`tèd mookss te tnesk mrkms. @d eur v`kw, m fkhmf luxtmpes`tèd e Mrtòfk 7?1, tnk

rkh`jk e `dtkrdmf wmtkrs9 Mrtòfk 7=, rkfmt`dh te ded-a`sor`j`dmtery rkhufmtèds mkot`dh

`ddeokdt pmssmhk9 mda Mrtòfks 8? mda =01, rkhmra`dh tnk r`hnts e oemstmf stmtks te kdmot

rkhufmtèds te pretkot tnk`r jmr`dk rkseuroks/pretkot tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt prevàkmutner`ty er Wuss`m te akvkfep mda rkmsedmgfy rkhufmtk tnk D_W.

_neufa Wuss`m w`sn te oedt`duk te jm`dtm`d md mavmdok detòk/mppfòmtèd, oeupfka

w`tn jmdamtery kks er sn`p skrvòks, tnk Mrotò Oeudo`f sneufa suppert tnmt sonkjk.

Qnk oests te Wuss`m er onmrt`dh, `dstrujkdt`dh, mda epkrmt`dh tn`s reutk mrk amudt`dh

mda jest kmturks e tnk 73=? D_W rkhufmtèd omd gk fehòmffy rkfmtka te kdnmdo`dh

smkty e dmv`hmtèd mda pretkotèd e tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt. Egvèusfy, ` tnk D_W

wkrk erjmffy smdotèdka gy tnk @JE ms m reutk`dh jkmsurk udakr _EFM_ Onmptkr R,

tnmt weufa kf`j`dmtk mdy akgmtk ms te wnktnkr tnk ourrkdt D_W rkhufmtèds mrk

evkrrkmon`dh.

Qnk maeptèd e tnk D_W `s det jkmdt te `jpfy tnmt tnkrk w`ff det gk sn`pp`dh eutsàk

e tnmt reutk, pmrtòufmrfy `d tnk omsk e akst`dmtèd sn`pp`dh te rkseurok mrkms. @d tnk

omsk e suon feomtèds, tnk `da`vàumf oeudtr`ks nmvk kvkry `dokdt`vk te kdsurk tnmt

tnksk perts mrk smk er dmv`hmtèd mda omd `ds`st tnmt tnk oejpmd`ks kdhmhka `d tnk

kxtrmot`vk mot`v`t`ks k`tnkr pmy eutr`hnt er dkokssmry pert `jprevkjkdts er kdtkr `dte

pugfò/pr`vmtk pmrtdkrsn`ps te peef pugfò udas mda pr`vmtk skoter udas te kdsurk

tnmt tnksk perts mda tnk`r mppremonks mrk smkfy mooksska. Mfse, te tnk kxtkdt tnmt

tnkrk jmy gk oedokrds rkhmra`dh tnk pnysòmf oeda`tèd e m sn`p, s`dok tnk sn`p w`ff gk

fmda`dh te k`tnkr rkok`vk er a`sonmrhk omrhe, tnk pert stmtk omd jmik usk e tnk vmrèus

rkoejjkdamtèds d tn`s rkpert te oeda`tèd mookss te ts pert ed mankrkdok te mdy

rko`preomf jmr`dk smkty er dmdo`mf rkspeds`g`f ty rkhufmtèds wnòn `t w`snks `jpesk

ed sn`ps kdtkr`dh `ts perts.

Wkpfòmtèd eb tnk ESEF Mhrkkjkdt `d tnk Mrotò _uppertka gy md @jprevka E_SMW

Mrrmdhkjkdt Qnk E_SMW Oedvkdtèd e =007=72 mda tnk msseo`mtka Esnerk Seffutèd

F`mg`f`ty Msseo`mtèd Mhrkkjkdt (ESEF)=78 kstmgf`sn getn m hevkrdjkdt-te-hevkrdjkdt

rkfmtèdsn`p mjedh tnk s`xtkkd stmtks (`dofua`dh tnk K[) `dvefvka d esnerk e`f mda

hms mot`v`t`ks `d tnk Dertn-Kmst Mtfmdtò mda md msseo`mtka mhrkkjkdt mjedh tnk jmler

esnerk epkrmters. Qnk E_SMW Oedvkdtèd kstmgf`snks m fkhmffy g`da`dh systkj d

Mddkx @@@ wnkrk`d kmon e tnk stmtks oejj`ts te rkqu`rk mff e `ts esnerk fòkdskks

te oejj`t te spkoò kdv`redjkdtmf stmdamras (m`r, wmtkr, fmda, mda r`h gmska) mda

usk e gkst mvm`fmgfk e`f ar`ff`dh tkondefeh`ks. Kmon pmrty te E_SMW oejj`ts te md

mot`vk pkrj`tt`dh preokss mda te jm`dtm`d`dh pugfòfy mvm`fmgfk rkoeras e ts fòkds`dh

motèds. Fmstfy, mff e tnk stmtks oejj`t te m prehrmj e r`h jed`ter`dh mda `dspkotèd

gy `dspkoters mda gy jmr`t`jk m`rormt mda vksskfs te kdsurk tnmt tnk r`hs mrk gk`dh

rkspeds`gfy epkrmtka. Qnk E_SMW mhrkkjkdt usks m Oejj`ssèd te pkrerj sejk

`dakpkdakdt wmtkr qumf`ty jed`ter`dh mda `dspkotèds.


31/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ?= Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

Ms detka prkvèusfy, `ssuks pkrtm`d`dh te nmrjed`zmtèd e oedbòt`dh dmtèdmf stmdamras

([._. vs. Omdmam vs. K[, kto.) nms gkkd m pr`jmry eous e E_SMW `jpfkjkdtmtèd eo`mfs

fkma`dh te oedsàkrmgfk oedstkrdmtèd w`tn daustry wnòn `s omuhnt d jàafk e

kmon jkjgkr stmtks kdv`redjkdt j`d`stry mrhu`dh er tnk pr`jmoy e `ts rkhufmterymppremonks mda stmdamras. Mfse, h`vkd tnmt Wuss`m `s pmrt e tnk Mrotò kqumtèd, `t `s

aeugtuf auk te tnk dmturk e tnk`r kdv`redjkdtmf fmws mda prmotòks tnmt edk oeufa

kvkr mon`kvk nmrjed`zmtèd. Ber tnksk rkmseds, kxpmdsèd er a`rkot rkpfòmtèd e tnk

kx`st`dh E_SMW Oedvkdtèd s det rkoejjkdaka gkomusk t weufa fkma te pretrmotka

akgmtks evkr tnk aej`dmdok e edk rkhufmtery stmdamra mda weufa a`vkrt `jpertmdt

mttkdtèd mwmy rej gu`fa`dh m systkj wnòn rkf`ks uped hkdu`dk dmdo`mf sefvkdoy mda

jmrikt-gmska teefs (`dsurmdok, dspkotèds, kmr e f`mg`f`ty) te ar`vk tnk rksuft. Mfse,

tnk msseo`mtka ESEF mhrkkjkdt mjedh tnk Dertn _km e`f preauokrs `s tnk dmdo`mf hfuk

tnmt nefas tnk mrrmdhkjkdt tehktnkr mda `t sneufa gk rkpfòmtka te maarkss rkfkvmdt

prkvkdtèd, rkspedsk, mda rkoevkry ssuks.

H`vkd tnk fksseds fkmrdka rej tnk ourrkdt `ssuks mo`dh `jpfkjkdtmtèd e E_SMW, m

juon somfka gmoi hevkrdjkdt-te-hevkrdjkdt mhrkkjkdt mfedh tnk f`dks e tnk E_SMW

Oedvkdtèd mda m dkw ESEF mhrkkjkdt tnmt `dofuaks tnk [d`tka _tmtks, Wuss`m, mda

Omdmam=7> weufa gk m v`mgfk mppremon mjedh tnk vmrèus Mrotò f`ttermf oeudtr`ks wnkd

`t oejks te tnk fòkds`dh e r`hs mda msseo`mtka struoturks. Ms detka `d tnk Mppkda`x,

tnkrk `s ourrkdtfy vkry f`ttfk syjjktry `d tnk ourrkdt rkhufmtery mppremonks mda tnk

effew`dh s rkoejjkdaka;, de. 2 (7330)< =7=;

=7?7.

== Kg`dhkr mda \mjgktmi`s, à. Wm`dwmtkr, suprmdetk 0, rkperts tnmt On`dm v`kws Mrotò pmssmhk reutks ms m jktnea e

mjkfèrmt`dh tnk`r Jmfmoom a`fkjjm e nmv`dh jest e tnk`r rmw jmtkr`mfs pmss tnreuhn tnmt s`dhfk strm`t. @t `s mfse wàkfy

rkpertka tnmt On`dm oedt`duks te jmik strmtkhò `dvkstjkdts `d Hrkkdfmda mda @okfmda gkomusk e tnk`r j`dkrmf petkdt`mf

mda perts rkspkot`vkfy. Gerhkrsed, suprmdetk 8 mt >1>;.

=7 Gerhkrsed, suprmdetk 2 mt 8>.

=? Qrekassed, suprmdetk 8.

=1 Gerhkrsed, suprmdetk 2 mt >3.

=; Mrotò Oeudo`f, Mrotò Jmr`dk _n`pp`dh Msskssjkdt 7330, MJ_M Kxkout`vk _ujjmry w`tn Wkoejjkdamtèds

(Mpr`f 70, 7330). Mooksska Jmron 70, 73=? mt nttp


48/60

Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok 1> Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

7; @a. mda Weskd, Mrotò Fkhmf @ssuks Gr`kdh, Neevkr @dst`tutèd, Jmy 7, 73=?.

72 Qnk =0;0 Mdtmrotò Qrkmty kdtkrka `dte erok `d =02= mda skts msàk Mdtmrotòm ms m so`kdtò prkskrvk wnòn

`s gkyeda tnk dmtèdmf lur`saòtèd e mdy stmtk. Qnk [d`tka _tmtks nms gkkd m pmrty te tnk trkmty s`dok =023.

O`tmtèd< =7 [_Q 801 / 137 [DQ_ 8= / =0 @FJ >23 (=0>3) / [IQ_ 08 (=02=).

78 _uprmdetk 71.

7> Getn Omdmam mda Wuss`m nmvk kdmotka rkhufmtèds tnmt hevkrd sn`pgemra pmssmhk `d tnk`r rkspkot`vk pefmr mrkms.

Omdmams DEWAWKH kstmgf`snks m jmdamtery sn`p rkpert`dh systkj mda m zkre-a`sonmrhk rufk er mff sn`ps `d tnk

Omdma`md Mrotò. _kk nttp=72-=. Oemstmf stmtk rkhufmtèd e m`r peffutèd rej sn`ps `s det w`tneut oedtrevkrsy s`dok sufur

exàk mda etnkr kj`ssèds rej sn`ps mrk rkhufmtka gy md @JE-greikrka rkhufmtèd euda `d JMWSEF Mddkx R@ wnòn,

udakr Mrtòfk 01 mda 7==, nms trma`tèdmffy gkkd oedsàkrka te gk udakr tnk prev`dok e bmh stmtks. E oeursk, bmh stmtks

okak tnk`r rufk-jmi`dh mutner`ty gy le`d`dh `d tnk prejufhmtèd e stmdamras mt tnk @JE wnòn `s `da`rkotfy omffka eut `d

[DOFE_ 7== ms tnk oejpktkdt `dtkrdmtèdmf erhmd`zmtèd er tnk prejufhmtèd e vksskf epkrmtèd mda kqu`pjkdt

stmdamras.

?3 _uprmdetk 7;.

?= _uprmdetk =8 mda mooejpmdy`dh tkxt.

?7 Qnk oedokpt e hkdu`dk f`di `s akr`vka rej Mrtòfk ; e tnk =0;> [D Oedvkdtèd ed tnk N`hn _kms wnòn prevàks (=08> Sreteoef), =008

(SreteoefMddkx R@)9 Kdtry `dte erok< 7 Eotegkr =0>? (Mddkxks @ mda @@). _ujjmry mvm`fmgfk mt nttp1 [DQ_ 78>. Maeptèd< = Devkjgkr =0819 Kdtry `dte erok< 7; Jmy =0>3. _ujjmry mvm`fmgfk

mt nttp.

12 _ujjmry mvm`fmgfk mt nttp< //www.`je.erh/eurweri/nujmdkfkjkdt/trm`d`dhokrtòmtèd/pmhks/stow-oedvkdtèd.mspx.

18 Rkr`y`dh oejpf`mdok w`tn tnk @JE stmdamras `s gkdko`mf te omrhe ewdkrs, onmrtkr pmrt`ks, `dsurkrs, er S&@ ofugs

gkomusk< (m) ` t rkauoks tnk fìkf`neea tnmt sejktn`dh w`ff he wredh er, ` sejktn`dh aeks he wredh, tnk orkw mda sn`p mrk

suo`kdtfy rks`f`kdt te rkspeda9 mda (g), `t `dorkmsks tnk onmdok tnmt md ewdkr w`ff gk mgfk te f`j`t `ts f`mg`f`ty `d tnk kvkdt e

m j`snmp. @ tnksk `dtkrkstka pmrt`ks mrk ud`dtkrkstka er aktmonka rej tnksk oejpf`mdok rkspeds`g`f`t`ks, tnkrk `s m juon

hrkmtkr pregmg`f`ty tnmt o`v`f mda or`j`dmf mutner`t`ks w`ff da tnk rkfkvmdt ewdkr(s) hressfy dkhf`hkdt ` tnkrk `s m uturk

`doàkdt.

1> Qnk EO@JB wms erjka `d Mpr`f =083 mtkr tnk =028 Qerrky Omdyed`doàkdt e =028 `d wnòn m F`gkr`md bmh tmdikr

vksskf gkomjk sn`pwrkoika e tnk wkstkrd oemst e Oerdwmff, Kdhfmda rksuft`dh `d s`hdòmdt kdv`redjkdtmf amjmhk. Qnk

omusk e tnk mooàkdt wms epkrmter krrer mda m aks`hd bmw `d tnk sn`ps stkkr`dh oedtrefs. Mt tnmt t`jk, e`f preauokrs wkrk

nks`tmdt te oedt`duk te omrry e`f omrheks gkomusk e oedokrds tnmt tnk sn`pp`dh epkrmters weufa put tnk gmsk e`f preauotèd

gus`dkss mt r`si. Qnk EO@JB systkj mda `ts `dspkotèd rkh`jks wkrk aks`hdka te prevàk md `dakpkdakdtmssurmdoks te

omrhe ewdkrs (e`f oejpmd`ks) tnmt sn`ps omrry`dh tnk`r preauot wkrk jkkt`dh mff e tnk rkfkvmdt aks`hd, kqu`pjkdt, mda

epkrmtèdmf stmdamras.

10 M oepy e tnk MKS_ strmtkhy `s mvm`fmgfk mt nttp


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ;3 Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

;? Dewfmd, suprmdetk 1 mt 0.

;1 MJ_M Wkpert, suprmdetk =; mt >=3, =;, 2228.

;; Dewfmd, suprmdetk 1 mt =1

=;.

;2 MJ_M Wkpert, suprmdetk =; (Kxkout`vk _ujjmry mda Wkoejjkdamtèds).

;8 M. J. Dmtevm, Qnk Wkfmtèdsn`p gktwkkd tnk [d`tka Dmtèds Oedvkdtèd ed tnk Fmw e tnk _km mda @JE Oedvkdtèds,

D`pped Beudamtèd (733;). Mvm fmgfk mt nttps nttp


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ;= Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

87 Qnkrk `s reej er akgmtk wnktnkr e`f r`h epkrmtèds `d tnk Mrotò mrk fkss r`siy tnmd kfskwnkrk s`dok tnk oedt`dkdtmf

jmrh`d e tnk oemsts e tnk [d`tka _tmtks, Omdmam, mda Wuss`m mrk oejpmrmt`vkfy snmffew vs. ourrkdt esnerk e`f vkduks `d

wmtkrs fìk tnk Huf e Jkxòe wnòn mrk jmdy tneusmdas e kkt akkp. Kvkd tneuhn tnksk snmffew wmtkr ar`ff`dh epkrmtèds

mffew er hrkmt a`rkot nujmd egskrvmtèd mda nmdas-ed mot`v`ty gy a`vkrs, tnkrk `s sejk rkpert`dh tnmt tnk wkffnkma

prkssurks `d tnk Mrotò mrk fìkfy te gk juon hrkmtkr mda m gfeweut weufa rksuft `d m fmrhkr sp`ff `d m sjmff mjeudt e t`jk.

8? Qe gk a`sousska `d aktm`f gkfew, pmrts e tnk E_SMW rmjkweri mda ESEF mhrkkjkdt sneufa gk tkjpfmtks er motèd

gy tnk Mrotò stmtks. Qnk pe`dt e tnk quetka jmttkr mgevk `s tnmt kvkd tnk jmturk E_SMW Oedvkdtèd, wnòn akmfs w`tn

f`mg`f`ty oedokrds `d tnk Dertn _km, st `ff aeks det kstmgf`sn mdy hevkrdjkdt-te-hevkrdjkdt rkspeds`g`f`t`ks. Qn`s `s

udertudmtk gkomusk [DOFE_ tmsis oemstmf stmtks w`tn kdsur`dh tnmt mot`v`t`ks `d tnk`r KK\ mda O_ ae det omusk nmrj te

tnk`r malmokdt oemstmf stmtks er tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt. @d pmrtòufmr, Mrtòfk 7?; e [DOFE_ kstmgf`snks tnk pr`do`pfk tnmt

oemstmf stmtks mrk rkspeds`gfk er ufff`dh tnk`r egf`hmtèd te pretkot tnk jmr`dk kdv`redjkdt ms wkff ms te prevàk mookss

te tnk`r fkhmf systkjs te mssurk prejpt mda makqumtk oejpkdsmtèd sneufa sejktn`dh rksuft `d m oejpkdsmgfk nmrj.

81 Kjm`fs gktwkkd tnk mutner mda tnk [._. Akpmrtjkdt e _tmtk e Mpr`f ?, 73=?9 _wka`sn J`d`stry e Berk`hd Mm`rs

Gr`kdh gy Mjgmssmser Jìmkf Krìssed (Dev 73=7) oepy ed fk w`tn tnk mutner. Qnk hkdks`s e tnk mhrkkjkdt wms md

Mrotò Oeudo`f Akofmrmtèd ed Jmy =7, 73== te kstmgf`sn m Qmsi Berok ed Mrotò Jmr`dk E`f Seffutèd Srkpmrkadkss mda

Seffutèd. Qnk motumf mhrkkjkdt wms dkhet`mtka `d 73=7. _`hdmturk e tnk Mhrkkjkdt eoourrka `d Jmy e 73=? `d I`rudm,

_wkakd. _kk `drmdetk ==; mda mooejpmdy`dh tkxt er jerk `derjmtèd oedokrd`dh tn`s `dstrujkdt.

8; @okfmda Wkv`kw Edf`dk, Devkjgkr =3, 73=7 ka`tèd. _tmtkjkdt e @okfmdaò Oeudskfer er Mrotò Mm`rs Ledms Huddmr

Mffmdssed.

82 Mddm I`rkkvm, Qeetnfkss e`f sp`ff prkpmrkadkss mhrkkjkdt, Gmrkdts Egskrvkr, Mpr`f 1, 73=? Yedf`dk ka`tèdZ rkperts

tnmt Hrkkdpkmok aksor`gks tnk aeoujkdt ms mgsefutkfy uskfkss mda fmoi`dh `d spkoò aut`ks, rkqu`rkjkdts er

kqu`pjkdt, mda wkff snut-`d. Mvm`fmgfk mt nttp= kt skq.

80 ?? [._.O. _ko 783= (=001). Qnk E`f Seffutèd Mot (ESM) wms s`hdka `dte fmw `d Muhust =003, fmrhkfy `d rkspedsk te

pugfò oedokrd effew`dh tnk Kxxed Rmfakz `doàkdt. Ber m sujjmry e ESM-03 ms `t rkfmtks te getn e`f r`hs mda tmdikrs,

skk tnk Mppkda`x mda nttp3 _kk hkdkrmffy nttp< //www.usoh.j`f/dpo/MgeutUDSBO/epm.msp.

>= @dtkrdmtèdmf Oedvkdtèd ed O`v`f F`mg`f`ty er E`f Seffutèd Amjmhk =020. _kk hkdkrmffy [DOQMA, F`mg`f`ty mda

Oejpkdsmtèd er _n`p _eurok E`f Seffutèd, 73=7. Mvm`fmgfk mt nttp7 @dtkrdmtèdmf Oedvkdtèd er tnk Kstmgf`snjkdt e md @dtkrdmtèdmf Buda er Oejpkdsmtèd er E`f Seffutèd

Amjmhk, =08=.

>? [DOQMA rkpert, suprmdetk >= mt =?.

>1 Sut mdetnkr wmy, `dsurmdok effews md ewdkrs petkdt`mf f`mg`f`ty udakr, smy, ESM-03 er tnk @JE sonkjk. Qnkrk mrk

de skpmrmtk `dtkrdmtèdmf `dstrujkdts wnòn prksor`gk new juon `dsurmdok `s rkmsedmgfk er pruakdt s`dok sn`pewdkrs w`ff

mfjest dkvkr guy jerk `dsurmdok tnmd `s mgsefutkfy rkqu`rka te oederj te tnk`r petkdt`mf f`j`ts e f`mg`f`ty. Wkspeds`gfk

sn`pewdkrs akmf w`tn tnk`r kxokss f`mg`f`ty gy le`d`dh m S&@ ofug.

>; Gmdis nefa`dh tnk jmr`dk jerthmhk tnmt mffews tnk sn`p te gk geuhnt `d tnk rst `dstmdok st`pufmtk `d jest omsks tnmt

tnk ewdkr just epkrmtk w`tn `dsurmdok. Onmrtkrkrs mfse w`ff det onmrtkr vksskfs tnmt omddet prevk tnky nmvk `dsurmdok.


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Maarkss`dh tnk Hmps d Mrotò Hevkrdmdok ;7 Neevkr @dst`tutèd _tmdbera [d`vkrs`t

>2 Qnk motumf s`zk e tnk S&@ ofug rkskrvks vmry. Qnk Derwkh`md HMWA nms tetmf msskts e $7.; g`ffèd (mftneuhn HMWA `s

getn m S&@ ofug mda md `dsurmdok udakrwr`tkr). nttp> EO@JB oevkrmhk kxtkdas te e`f tmdikrs, gmrhks, tkrj`dmfs, mda esnerk jmr`dk epkrmtèds. _kk EO@JB mt nttp0 _`dok @JE edfy rkhufmtks vksskfs, tn`s jmdamtk kdoejpmssks `dspkotèd te kdsurk oederj`ty w`tn `daustry smkty mda

kdv`redjkdtmf stmdamras. EO@JB usks tnk Esnerk Rksskf Smrtòufmrs ]ukstèddm`rk (ERS]) te oedauot tnksk `dspkotèds

mda mfse `ssuks tkondòmf guffkt`ds te epkrmters. Ber urtnkr gmoih

addressing the gaps in arctic governance, by mark e. rosen and patricio asfura-heim

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