“addressing the internet”

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“Addressing the Internet”

The development of the Internet andthe RIR System

- e Connect 2004 -12 October 2004, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Nurani NimpunoAPNIC

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Overview

• Introduction to APNIC and IP addresses• History of the Internet• The RIR system and APNIC• IP Addresses Today

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What is APNIC?• Regional Internet Registry (RIR)

for the Asia Pacific Region• Regional authority for Internet Resource distribution• IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6), AS numbers, in-addr.arpa

delegation

• Membership-based organisation• Established 1993• Non-profit, neutral and impartial

Not operations forum Not standards development

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What is an IP address?Example:The email address:

[email protected]

will be translated into Internet destination:

202.12.29.211

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What is an IP address?• A number used for routing

• Not dependent on the DNS• A finite common resource

• IPv4: 32-bit number• 4 billion addresses available

• IPv6: 128-bit number• 340 billion billion billion billion available

• Not “owned” by address users

• IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”

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“History of the Internet”

The development of the Internetwe have today

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Brief history of the Internet• 1961

• 1st paper on packet-switching theory• "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets"

Leonard Kleinrock, MIT

• 1969• ARPANET created – 4 initial nodes

• 1972• Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET -

becomes a quick hit. The @ sign is chosen to symbolise “at”

1st email“@”

1972

ARPANET

1969

packet-switching

theory

1961

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Brief history of the Internet (cont’d)• 1973

• First international connections to the ARPANET: UniversityCollege of London (England) via NORSAR (Norway)

• 1974• Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn publishes “A protocol for Packet Network

Interconnection” – Transmission Control Program (TCP)

• 1984• Domain Name System (DNS) introduced• Number of hosts breaks 1,000• The Internet converts en masse to use TCP/IP

ARPANET 1st email

“@”

19721969

TCP specification

1974

DNS introducedTCP/IP

1000 hosts

1984

packet-switching

theory

1961

1st international

connections toARPANET

1973

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Brief history of the Internet (cont’d)

• 1987• 10,000 hosts connected to the Internet

• 1989• 100,000 hosts connected to the Internet

• 1991• The World Wide Web is released by CERN

• 1992• 1000,000 hosts connect to the Internet

1st international

connections toARPANET ARPANET

1st email“@”

19721969

1st international


1973

TCP specification

1974


1000 hosts

1984 1987

10,000 hosts

1989

100,000 hosts

1991

WWW

1992

1,000,000 hosts

packet-switching

theory

1961

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IP allocation pre-1992

“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon.If you are developing a protocol or application thatwill require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, ornetwork number please contact Jon to receive anumber assignment.”

RFC 7901981

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Address management challenges 1992

• Address space depletion• Wasteful, classful allocation (A, B, C)

• Routing chaos• Legacy routing structure, router overload• Lack of routing aggregation

• Inequitable management• Unstructured and wasteful address space distribution

1st international


1st email“@”

19721969

1st international


1973

TCP specification

1974


1000 hosts

1984 1987

10,000 hosts

1989

100,000 hosts

1991

WWW

1992

1,000,000 hosts

packet-switching

theory

1961

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The Internet in 1992

• Internet widely projected to fail• Growth would stop by mid-’90s• Urgent measures required• Action taken by IETF / Internet community

1st international


1st email“@”

19721969

1st international


1973

TCP specification

1974


1000 hosts

1984 1987

10,000 hosts

1989

100,000 hosts

1991

WWW

1992

1,000,000 hosts

packet-switching

theory

1961

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Important developments 1992-93

ARPA-NET

1M hostsISOC

RIPE NCC1k

hosts

1969 1992‘84 1993

CIDRAPNIC

TCP spec

10k hosts

100k hosts

‘89‘87‘74

• 1992• RFC 1366: the “growth of the Internet and its increasing

globalization”• Additional complexity of address management• Basis for a regionally distributed Internet registry system

• The RIPE NCC is established

• 1993• Development of “CIDR”

• addressed both technical problemsÞ Address depletionÞ Routing table overload• Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) is born

RFC1519

RFC1518

RFC1517

RFC1366

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• 10M hosts connected to the Internet• Hotmail is born• Netscape – Microsoft war

• 1997• The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is born

• 2000• ICANN selects 7 new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum,

.name, .pro

ARPA-NET

1M hostsISOC

RIPE NCC1k

hosts

1969 19931992‘84

10M hostsHotmail

1996

ARIN

1997 2000

7 newTLDs

TCP spec

10k hosts

100k hosts

‘89‘87‘74

CIDRAPNIC

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• The Code Red worm hits thousands of webservers and emailaccounts

• 2002• Latin American and Carribbean Network Information Centre

(LACNIC) is born

• 2003• The slammer worm causes one of the largest and fastest

spreading DDos attacks ever

ARPA-NET

1M hostsISOC

RIPE NCC1k

hosts10M hosts

Hotmail ARIN

1969 19981997199619931992‘84

7 newTLDs

2001

Code Redworm

2002

LACNIC

2003

Slammer worm

TCP spec

10k hosts

100k hosts

‘89‘87‘74

CIDRAPNIC

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The Internet in 2004• Routing table

• CIDR & Classless addressing have prolonged the lifetime• But routing table is still growing

• Aggregation is vital

• IP addresses• RIR structure with proper address management• Not running out of IPv4 addresses today

• But responsible management is essential• IPv6 is starting to be deployed

• Security• Becoming increasingly important

• RIRs do not regulate behaviour• But assist in maintaining public Whois DB• RIRs also provide information and education

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The RIR System

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Address management today• Four RIRs in the world

“Emerging”RIR

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What are RIRs?• Industry self-regulatory structures

• Non-profit, open membership bodies

• First established in early 1990’s• Voluntarily by consensus of community• To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs

• In the “Internet Tradition”• Consensus-based, open and transparent

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Address management objectives

Conservation• Efficient use of resources• Based on demonstrated need

Aggregation• Limit routing table growth• Support provider-based routing

Registration• Ensure uniqueness• Facilitate trouble shooting

Uniqueness, fairness and consistency

(Lessons learnt from the past)

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APNIC region

943 members in47 economies*

* 31 Aug 2004

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APNIC services & activities

Resources Services• IPv4, IPv6, ASN,

reverse DNS• Policy development

• Approved and implementedby membership

• APNIC whois db• whois.apnic.net• Registration of resources• Routing Registry:

irr.apnic.net

Information dissemination• APNIC meetings• Publications

• Web and ftp site• Newsletters, global resource

reports• Mailing lists

• Open for anyone!

• Training Courses• Subsidised for members

• Co-ordination & liaison• With membership, other RIRs &

other Internet Orgs.

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IP Addresses Today

Where are all the addresses?

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Global IPv4 delegations

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IPv4 allocations in Asia Pacific

Oct 2004

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• IPv4 Address Space Report (Geoff Huston)This report is generated automatically on a daily basis, and reflects the application of best fit models to historical data relatingto the growth in the address space advertised in the BGP routing table. The underlying assumptions made in this predictivemodel is that the previous drivers in address consumption will continue to determine future concumption rates, and that growthin consumption rates will continue to operate in a fashion where the growth rate is constant rather than increasing ordecreasing.

• Complete Exhaustion of all available IPv4 Address Space:September 2040

• Exhaustion of the IPv4 Unallocated Address PoolNovember 2018

• Summary:Don’t make all those Hostmasters redundant, just yet. We will needthem…

IPv4 Lifetime

IETF Reserved 7.5%

Multicast 6.2%

Unicast IANA Reserved 35.2%

Unicast - Allocated 51.1%

Address Allocation Status - by /8

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104

112

120

128

136

144

152

160

168

176

184

192

200

208

216

224

232

240

248

Reserved

IANA

Unallocated

Unadvertised

Advertised

IPv4 Model

0

50

100

150

200

Jan-00 Jan-05 Jan-10 Jan-15 Jan-20 Jan-25 Jan-30 Jan-35 Jan-40 Jan-45

IANA

RIR

BGP

IANA-P

RIR-P

BGP-P

RIR

LIR

Gradient Filtered Data

980000000

1030000000

1080000000

1130000000

1180000000

1230000000

Nov-99 Mar-00 Jul-00 Nov-00 Mar-01 Jul-01 Nov-01 Mar-02 Jul-02 Nov-02 Mar-03 Jul-03

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What about IPv6?• RIRs support the deployment of IPv6

• Transition will take time• Necessary to start now• IPv4 was slow to start, but grew exponentially

over the last 10 years

• Don’t get left behind!• Be future ready!

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IPv6 - Internet for everything!RRRRR

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“Internet for everything”• No longer just “Internet for Everyone”

• “Peer to peer” between any pair of devices, notjust people on computers

• appliances, automobiles, buildings, cameras, control units,embedded systems, home networks, medical devices, mobiledevices, monitors, output devices, phones, robots, sensors,switches, VPNs

• No more NAT (“fog on the Internet”)

• Eventually, every device will be connected tothe Internet

• and every device will need an address

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Concluding thoughts…• IP address management

• Result of 20 year evolution on the Internet• Supported Internet growth to date

• We are not running out of IP addresses now• But impossible to predict future• Start IPv6 now – transition will take time!

• Responsible management essential to keepthe Internet running

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Thank You

Nurani NimpunoAPNIC

“addressing the internet”

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