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Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples Lawrence E. Susskind Isabelle Anguelovski

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Page 1: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Addressing the Land Claims

of Indigenous Peoples

Lawrence E. Susskind

Isabelle Anguelovski

Page 2: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Addressing the Land Claims of

Indigenous Peoples

Lawrence E. Susskind

Isabelle Anguelovski

Page 3: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Library of Congress Control Number 2008926096

© 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program on Human Rights and Justice

Cover photo courtesy of Shizuka Hashimoto

Community members resist the flooding of an Adivasi village by a dam project in India.

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Contents

Abstract 1

About the Authors 1

Introduction: What is indigeneity? 3

1. Indigeneity and the land: The vital link 12

2. Defining borders between

indigenous peoples and dominant cultures 18

3. Sustaining traditional ways of life 22

4. Using national and international strategies 27

5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34

6. Doing the ground work:

Preconditions for successful claims 47

7. First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future 52

The Case Studies 58

The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) 58

Isabelle Anguelovski

The Mapuche (Chile) 62

Alexis Schulman

The Amerindians (Guyana) 67

Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman

The Pima: A Gila River Indian

community (Arizona, United States) 70

Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes

The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot

(Maine, United States) 73

J. Eric Kent

The Native Hawaiians (United States) 78

Katherine Wallace

The Nisga’a (Canada) 83

Andrea Glen

Page 5: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Tatars of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

(Ukraine) 87

Artur Demchuk

The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan) 91

Thalia Berman-Kishony

The Tsou (Taiwan) 93

Shunling Chen

The Adivasi (India) 98

Shizuka Hashimoto

The Richtersveld Community (South Africa) 102

Jessica Tucker-Mohl

The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea) 106

Autumn Graham

Notes 110

Page 6: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Abstract

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;%.A-%))%)!,&!)*(.*%4'%)!.-1!,66,(*3-'*'%)!+,-)'1%(%1!'-!*$%!6(%7',3)!+$.6*%()8!

#.:/%!F!)355.('G%)!*$%!HIJ!+.)%)!;%!%9.5'-%1!'-!*%(5)!,&!)'9!1'&&%(%-*!&%.*3(%)!,&!

%.+$!4(,36@)!/.-1!+/.'5)K!BHD!*$%!4(,36!,(!*(':%!+,-+%(-%1E!BLD!*$%'(!4%,4(.6$'+!/,+.*',-E!

B>D!*$%'(!6,63/.*',-!!BID!*$%!)'G%!,&!*$%!.(%.!,++36'%1E!B"D!*$%!)+,6%!,&!*$%!/.-1!+/.'5)E!.-1!

BMD!*$%!/%4./!.-1!6,/'*'+./!)*.*3)!,&!*$%)%!+/.'5)8!!

!

!J!#$%!+$.(.+*%(')*'+)!,&!*$%!N%1,3'-!'-!F)(.%/!.-1!O,(1.-!.(%!*(%.*%1!'-!*$%!*.:/%!.)!*;,!)%6.(.*%!

6,63/.*',-)E!*$,34$!*$%0!.(%!+,-)'1%(%1!*,4%*$%(!.)!,-%!+.)%!)*310!.5,-4!*$,)%!)366,(*'-4!*$')!

.-./0)')8!

Page 11: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Table 1!!Group/Tribe Location

(Continent,

country)

Number of

People

Area

Occupied

Claim Status of the Claim

"#$#%#&'!

()*)+*$,!-.!

/0*!1)#2-34#3!

5'4607#8!

"-'/0!

1)*$46#9!

:6'#;-$!

<9===!(,*>.?

6>#4)8!.-$!#!

/-/#>!-.!@<9===!

1)#2-34#3!

5'4607#A !

ABC9===!0#!

(/4/>*;!43!

ADD<8!

E0*!"#$#%#&'!6>#4)!6-)F*/*36%!74/043!#!

$*6-G342*;!/*$$4/-$%!/-!G#43!6-3/$->!-H*$!

/0*!3#/'$#>!$*,-'$6*,!F$*,*3/!-3!#3;!'3;*$!

/0*4$!>#3;I!J-))'34/4*,!7#3/!/-!)#&*!

#'/-3-)-',!43/*$3#>!;*64,4-3,!#3;!+*!

/$'>%!,*>.?G-H*$3*;!74/0!/0*!0-F*!-.!

4)F>*)*3/43G!/0*4$!-73!KL>#3!-.!M4.*NI!

"#$#%#&'!7#3/!/-!+*!;*6>#$*;!#3!

K43/#3G4+>*!2-3*N!O!#!F$-/*6/*;!#$*#!70460!

-'/,4;*$,9!*,F*64#>>%!F$4H#/*!6-)F#34*,9!!

)#%!3-/!*3/*$I!

Unresolved.!P3!Q#$609!<==R9!E0*!:6'#;-$4#3!

1//-$3*%!S*3*$#>!-..*$*;!#!.$4*3;>%!,*//>*)*3/!

/-!"#$#%#&'9!70460!7#,!$*.',*;I!E0*!G$-'F!4,!

7#4/43G!.-$!/0*!.43#>!$'>43G!-3!4/,!6#,*!+*.-$*!

/0*!P3/*$?1)*$46#3!J-'$/!.-$!T')#3!U4G0/,!

-3!F-,,4+>*!$*F#$#/4-3,!.$-)!/0*!:6'#;-$4#3!

"/#/*!#3;!#6&3-7>*;G)*3/!/0#/!/0*!,/#/*!0#,!H4->#/*;!/0*!:6'#;-$4#3!J-3,/4/'/4-3I!

!

Q#F'60*! "-'/0!

1)*$46#9!

J04>*!

V')+*$,!#$*!

6-3/$#;46/-$%I!

E0*!ADD<!

6*3,',!.-'3;!

/0*!F-F'>#/4-3!

/-!+*!3*#$>%!

A9===9===!

704>*!/0*!

<==<!6*3,',!

W'-/*,!-3>%!

R==9===!

F*-F>*I!!

C==9===!0#!

($*6-G342*;!

+%!JXV1YP89!

RIZ[!-.!/0*!

-$4G43#>!

/*$$4/-$%< !

E0*!Q#F'60*!#$*!3-/!'34.4*;!43!/0*4$!

6>#4),I!T-7*H*$9!)-,/!;-!3-/!;*)#3;!

,-H*$*4G3/%!#3;!$*6-G342*!/0*4$!*\4,/*36*!

#,!)*)+*$,!-.!/0*!J04>*#3!,/#/*I!V*#$>%!

#>>9!0-7*H*$9!6>#4)!6-3/$->!-H*$!/0*4$!>#3;9!

$*,-'$6*,9!#3;!+-$;*$,I!E0*%!#$*!>--&43G!

.-$!6-3,/4/'/4-3#>!$*6-G34/4-3!#3;!.-$!/0*!

,/#/*!/-!$#/4.%!PMX!J-3H*3/4-3!ARDI!

UnresolvedI!M*%!P3;]G*3#!-.!ADDB!6$*#/*;!#!!

7#/*$!#3;!>#3;!.'3;^!$*6-G342*;!/0*!$4G0/,!-.!

/0*!43;4G*3-',!#3;!/0*4$!>*G#>!$4G0/!/-!+*!

6-3,'>/*;!#3;!6-3,4;*$*;!43!;*64,4-3,!

#..*6/43G!/0*4$!>4H*,^!#3;!*,/#+>4,0*;!#!

;*6*3/$#>42*;!F'+>46!#G*36%!/-!-H*$,**!/0*!

#FF>46#/4-3!-.!/0*!>#7I!T-7*H*$9!/0*!PMX!

J-3H*3/4-3!ARD!7#,!3*H*$!$#/4.4*;II!E0*!

Q#F'60*!7*$*!3-/!G$#3/*;!.'>>!6-3/$->!-H*$!

/0*4$!$*,-'$6*,!-$!F$-/*6/4-3!-.!/0*4$!>#3;,I!

E0*!M#G-,!#;)434,/$#/4-3!(<===?<==R8!/746*!

,'+)4//*;!#!$*,->'/4-3!.-$!6-3,/4/'/4-3#>!

$*6-G34/4-3!-.!43;4G*3-',!G$-'F,9!+'/!/0*!

"*3#/*!$*_*6/*;!4/!+-/0!/4)*,I!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!R!

Page 12: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Group/Tribe! Location

(Continent,

country)!

Number of

People!

Area

Occupied!

Claim! Status of the Claim

"#$%&'(&)'*! +,-./!

"#$%&0)1!

2-3)')!

4415556 789!#&::&,'!

/$0.)%$*!

;:$<)::3!

0,'.%,::$(!=3!

"#$%&'(&)'*>!

?)'(!.&.:&'<!)'(!0,'.%,:!,@$%!./$!').-%):!

%$*,-%0$*!,'!./$!*,&:!)'(!&'!./$!*-=*,&:8!

Very partially resolved8!A,%$!./)'!/):B!,B!

"#$%&'(&)'!0,##-'&.&$*!/)@$!%$0$&@$(!.&.:$!

.,!*,#$!:)'(!*&'0$!7CDE8!F/$!G55E!"#$%&'(&)'!"0.!<&@$*!#,%$!0,'.%,:!.,!

"#$%&'(&)'*!,@$%!:,0):!<,@$%'#$'.8!

H,I$@$%1!./$!A&'&*.$%!%$.)&'*!./$!J,I$%!.,!

%$K$0.!0,##-'&.3!%-:$*L!)JJ%,@$!0,'.%)0.*!

=$.I$$'!0,##-'&.&$*!)'(!,-.*&($%*L!,@$%%&($!

0,##-'&.3!:)'(!-*$!($0&*&,'*L!,@$%%&($!)!

0,##-'&.3M*!@$.,!,B!:)%<$N*0):$!#&'&'<!&B!)!

J%,K$0.!./$3!=$:&$@$!.,!=$!&'!./$!J-=:&0!

&'.$%$*.L!,%!.)O$!:)'(!I&./,-.!0,#J$'*).&,'8!

F/$!*.).$!%$#)&'*!./$!,I'$%!,B!./$!*-=*,&:!

%$*,-%0$*8!!

!

P&#)! Q,%./!

"#$%&0)1!

"%&R,')!

;S+">!

7714559 G71EC7!/)!T!

7471G55!/)!,'!

.I,!

%$*$%@).&,'*!

U).$%!%&</.*!0:)&#$(!)B.$%!./$!:,**!,B!./$!

2&:)!V&@$%!I).$%!&'!./$!7C./!0$'.-%38!F/$!

2&:)!V&@$%!W'(&)'!X,##-'&.3!;2VWX>!

I)'.*!*,:$!0,'.%,:!,@$%!I).$%!%$*,-%0$*!

)'(!)!<-)%)'.$$!,B!)!($J$'()=:$!*-JJ:3!,B!

I).$%8!!

Claim resolved.!F/$!G559!"%&R,')!U).$%!

+$..:$#$'.!"0.!;"+U">!*$..:$*!./$!%$*,-%0$!

0:)&#!=$.I$$'!./$!2&:)!V&@$%!W'(&)'!

X,##-'&.3!;2VWX>!)'(!./$!S'&.$(!+.).$*8!

F/$!2VWX!/)*!*,:$!%$*J,'*&=&:&.3!B,%!I).$%!

0,'@$3)'0$!)'(!J,**&=:$!*):$8!"U+"!

J%,/&=&.*!./$!2VWX!B%,#!*$$O&'<!)'!&'0%$)*$!

&'!./$&%!0-%%$'.!<%,-'(I).$%!%&</.*!)'(!

J%,.$0.*!./$!0-%%$'.!2VWX!<%,-'(I).$%!B%,#!

J-#J&'<!'$)%!%$*$%@).&,'!=,-'()%&$*8!Y&')::31!

./$!"+U"!<-)%)'.$$*!)!($J$'()=:$!*-JJ:3!,B!

I).$%!.,!./$!2VWX!:)'(*!;E461455!)0%$NB$$.!,B!

I).$%!J$%!3$)%>8!!!

! D

Page 13: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Group/Tribe! Location

(Continent,

country)!

Number of

People!

Area

Occupied!

Claim! Status of the Claim

"#$$#%#&'())*!

#+)!",+(-$.(/!

0(1/2!

3%,14.#5!

673!

89#4+,:!

;<==!>!;?==<!

867!@,+$'$:!

;==5===!

#.1,$A !

B2,!/14-,$!C#+/!/(!%#4+/#4+!$(D,1,4E+/*!

#+)!F1(/,./4(+!G1(%!$/#/,!)(%4+#+.,H!

9($/!4%F(1/#+/!.(+GI4./!C4/2!/2,!7/#/,!(G!

9#4+,!4$!I4+J,)!/(!/2,!4+/,1F1,/#/4(+!(G!/2,!

C(1)!K%'+4.4F#I4/*L!4+!/2,!MN?=!9#4+!

7,//I,%,+/!3./H!B2,!/14-,$!#1E',!/2#/!/24$!

F1(D4$4(+!C#$!%,#+/!#$!#+!#))4/4(+!/(!

/2,41!$(D,1,4E+!$/#/'$!C24I,!/2,!$/#/,!

#1E',$!/2#/!%'+4.4F#I!$/#/'$!$'F,1.,),$!

/2,41!$(D,1,4E+!$/#/'$H!!!!

Claims unresolvedH!O+!P===5!/2,!67!

Q+D41(+%,+/#I!"1(/,./4(+!3E,+.*!.4/,)!/2,!

MN?=!$,//I,%,+/!4+!#C#1)4+E!/2,!$/#/,!/2,!

#'/2(14/*!/(!4$$',!C#/,1!&'#I4/*!F,1%4/$!(+!

/14-#I!I#+)$5!),$F4/,!#!1,.(%%,+)#/4(+!-*!/2,!

67!R,F#1/%,+/!(G!/2,!O+/,14(1!/(!'F2(I)!/14-#I!

%#+#E,%,+/!(G!/2($,!1,$('1.,$H!B2,!/14-,$!#1,!

.2#II,+E4+E!/2,!Q"3S$!),.4$4(+!4+!G,),1#I!

.('1/H!!!!

0#/4D,!

T#C#44#+$!

0(1/2!

3%,14.#5!

673!

8T#C#44:!!

P?;5===U P<5===!(G!/2,!

T#C#44#+!

T(%,!V#+)$!

#1,!

2(%,$/,#),)H!

0#/4D,!

T#C#44#+$!

#I$(!I4D,!

,I$,C2,1,!4+!

/2,!$/#/,H?!

!

@I#4%$!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$!)4GG,1H!

7,D,+/*!/21,,!F,1.,+/!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!D(/,1$!$'FF(1/!$(%,!G(1%!(G!$(D,1,4E+!

E(D,1+%,+/5!-'/!.I#4%$!D#1*!#%(+E!

.(%F,+$#/4(+!G(1!I($/!I#+)W!I4%4/,)!

$(D,1,4E+/*W!+#/4(+>C4/24+>#>+#/4(+!

%(),I,)!#G/,1!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+!F(I4.4,$W!

(1!#!C2(II*>4+),F,+),+/!T#C#44!'+),1!

,X.I'$4D,!.(+/1(I!(G!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$H!

Q#.2!%(D,%,+/!4+D(ID,$!#!I#+)!.I#4%5!

1#+E4+E!G1(%!/2,!P==5===!#.1,$!

.(%F14$4+E!/2,!T#C#44#+!T(%,!V#+)$!/(!

/2,!$/#/,Y$!,+/41,!ZHM!%4II4(+!#.1,$H!!!

Claims largely unresolvedH!O+!MNNA5!4+!"'-I4.!

3..,$$!72(1,I4+,!T#C#44!D$H!T#C#44!"I#++4+E!

@(%%4$$4(+5!/2,!T#C#44!7'F1,%,!@('1/!1'I,)!

/2#/!T#C#44#+$!1,/#4+!/2,!14E2/!/(!F1#./4.,!

/1#)4/4(+#I!E#/2,14+E!(+!'+),D,I(F,)!F14D#/,!

I#+)!#+)!,$/#-I4$2,)!/2#/!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+$!

#+)!/2,!$/#/,!(+!/2,41!-,2#IG!.('I)!4+/,1D,+,!/(!

F1(/,./!/2,$,!14E2/$!#/!/2,!,XF,+$,!(G!F14D#/,!

4+/,1,$/$H!T(C,D,15!4+!['+,!P==A5!/2,!7,+#/,!),G,#/,)!/2,!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!\,(1E#+4]#/4(+5!

C24.2!C('I)!2#D,!G(1%#II*!1,.(E+4],)!#!

T#C#44#+!E(D,1+4+E!,+/4/*!#+)!(GG,1,)!

T#C#44#+$!/2,!$#%,!-,+,G4/$5!F1(/,./4(+$5!#+)!

#.J+(CI,)E%,+/!#$!0#/4D,!3%,14.#+$H!

^'1/2,15!/2,!@41.'4/!#+)!T#C#44#+!7'F1,%,!

@('1/$!)4$%4$$,)!0#/4D,!T#C#44#+!.I#4%$!/(!

1,D,+',!E,+,1#/,)!G1(%!.,),)!I#+)$!4+!P==M5!

P==;5!P==<5!#+)!P==A5!$/#/4+E!/2#/!/2,!T#C#44!

I,E4$I#/'1,!%'$/!#))1,$$!.,),)!I#+)$H!N!

!

!?!

Page 14: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Group/Tribe! Location

(Continent,

country)!

Number of

People!

Area

Occupied!

Claim! Status of the Claim

"#$%&'&! "()*+!!

,-.)#/&0!

1&2&3&!

45)#*#$+!

1(67-8#&9!

:0:;;<; <=>0=;;!+&<< ! 16&#-!*(!%&#2!/(2*)(6!(?.)!&!*.))#*()@!

(//7A#.3!B$#2/.!*#-.!#--.-()#&6C!#2!*+.!

"&$$!D&66.@E!!

Claim resolvedE!F+.!Nisga’a Final Agreement!

G&$!$#%2.3!8@!1&2&3&0!5)#*#$+!1(67-8#&0!&23!

*+.!"#$%&'&!(2!,7%7$*!H0!<>>IE!J*!#$!8(*+!&!

6&23!$.**6.-.2*!&23!&!$.6KL%(?.)2-.2*!

&%)..-.2*E!!1)#-.&2!F&*&)$! M7)(A.!&23!

,$#&0!

1)#-.&0!

NO8.P#$*&20!

Q(-&2#&0!

576%&)#&0!

&23!F7)P.@!

:;;0;;;L

=0;;;0;;;!

N23.*.)-#2.3!

8./&7$.!(K!

3#$A.)$#(2!

F+#$!%)(7A!G&2*$!(KK#/#&6!$*&*7$!(K!

&7*(/+*+(2(7$!A.(A6.R!(KK#/#&6!)./(%2#*#(2!

(K!*)&3#*#(2&6!6.&3.)$!&$!$7A).-.!

).A).$.2*&*#?.!&7*+()#*#.$R!.KK./*#?.!

).A).$.2*&*#(2!&*!&66!6.?.6$!(K!%(?.)2-.2*R!

&23!#-A)(?.3!$(/#(L./(2(-#/!/(23#*#(2$E!!

Claims unresolvedE!"(!)./(%2#*#(2!(K!F&*&)$!

&$!#23#%.2(7$!A.(A6.$!(K!1)#-.&E!"(!6.%&6!

).$*()&*#(2!(K!*+.!1)#-.&2!F&*&)$S!)#%+*$E!

5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!

4T#336.!

M&$*90!J$)&.6!

=;;0;;;!4#2!

*+.!".%.?!

3.$.)*9!

U&6K!(K!*+.!

A(A76&*#(2!#2!

$.?.2!A6&22.3!

*(G2$+#A$R!

.#%+*!2.G!

*(G2$!#2!*+.!

A)(/.$$!(K!

)./(%2#*#(20!

(7*!(K!HV!

72)./(%2#O.3!

*(G2$!

F+.!5.3(7#2$!#2!J$)&.6!/6&#-!*+.!)#%+*!*(!

).-&#2!#2!*+.!".%.?!W.$.)*!4#2!

72)./(%2#O.3!?#66&%.$9!G+#/+!*+.@!+&?.!

#2+&8#*.3!K()!3./&3.$0!&23!*(!A7)$7.!*+.#)!

*)&3#*#(2&6!G&@!(K!6#K.!#2!*+.!".%.?E!

Claim unresolvedE!X()/.3!7)8&2#O&*#(2!(K!

5.3(7#2$!#2!$.?.2!A6&22.3!*(G2$R!K&#67).!*(!

)./(%2#O.!*+.!?#66&%.$0!G+#/+!&).!/(2$#3.).3!

#66.%&6R!3.-(6#*#(2!(K!+(7$.$!&23!/)(A$!#2!

*+.$.!?#66&%.$R!Y+&)(2!K#?.L@.&)!A6&2!3.$#%2.3!

*(!.2/(7)&%.!5.3(7#2$!*(!-(?.!#2*(!*+.!

)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!&23!2.G6@!)./(%2#O.3!*(G2$!

*+)(7%+!-&2@!#2/.2*#?.$E!!

5.3(7#2$! ,$#&!

4T#336.!

M&$*90!

Z()3&2!!

F+.!-&[()#*@!

(K!Z()3&2#&2!

5.3(7#2!

A(A76&*#(2!

G&$!(K!*)#8&6!

()#%#2E!

,//(72*$!(K!

B5.3(7#2C!

27-8.)$!#2!

Z()3&2!?&)@!

8@!3.K#2#*#(2E!!

<<=!*(G2$!

G+#/+!).$A./*!

*+.!*)#8&6!

$*)7/*7).!

F+.!Z()3&2#&2!5.3(7#2$!G&2*!*(!$7$*&#2!&!

*)&3#*#(2&6!G&@!(K!6#K.!&23!-&P.!3./#$#(2$!

&8(7*!*+.#)!K7*7).!#2!/(66&8()&*#(2!G#*+!*+.!

%(?.)2-.2*!(K!Z()3&2E!

Claims mostly resolvedE!\(?.)2-.2*!+&$!

)./(%2#O.3!*+.!72#]7.!?&67.!(K!5.3(7#2$'!

/(2*)#87*#(2!*(!*+.!Z()3&2#&2!/76*7).R!

#2/.2*#?.$!(KK.).3!*(!5.3(7#2$!*(!A)(%).$$!

*(G&)3$!-(3.)2!6#K.R!8&$#/!$.)?#/.$!

4.37/&*#(20!+.&6*+0!&23!+(7$#2%9!A)(?#3.3R!

%(?.)2-.2*!&23!5.3(7#2$!/(66&8()&*.!(2!

3./#$#(2$!&KK./*#2%!*+.-R!$.&*$!).$.)?.3!#2!*+.!

^&)6#&-.2*!K()!5.3(7#2$E!

!

! >

Page 15: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Group/Tribe! Location

(Continent,

country)!

Number of

People!Area

Occupied!Claim! Status of the Claim

!"#$%! &#'()!"('*(+!

,)-..! -),//!0(12 ! 344567'85!#594:;$85<+(+65!*0'60!'#!<5#'#75=!>?!@(+!A0'+5#5!BC(D$<'7?!E$E%9(7'$+F!

Claims partially resolvedG!H7(7%#!$4!(%7$+$C?!;<(+75=!>%7!6$+49'67#!<5C('+G!&=$E7'$+!$4!(!<5#E567(>95!+(C5!4$<!'+=';5+$%#!E5$E95!Iyuan-zhu-mingJ)!C5(+'+;!$<';'+(9!'+0(>'7(+7#)!'+!705!1KKL!6$+#7'7%7'$+M!5#7(>9'#0C5+7!$4!(!>$=?!$85<#55'+;!'+=';5+$%#!'##%5#!'+!705!65+7<(9!;$85<+C5+7!'+!1KKNG!O+!1KKK)!'+=';5+$%#!(67'8'#7#!#';+5=!705!Treaty of

New Partnership between the Indigenous

Peoples and the Government of Taiwan!*'70!705+!PQQ!E<5#'=5+7'(9!6(+='=(75!H0%':>'(+!A05+G1,!H585<(9!'75C#!'+!705!Treaty!>56(C5!E(<7!$4!705!$44'6'(9!E$9'7'6(9!(;5+=(!(475<!A05+!*(#!'+(%;%<(75=!'+!2...)!'+69%='+;!705!E<$C$7'$+!$4!'+=';5+$%#!#594:;$85<+(+65G!@$*585<)!'+!E<(67'65)!70'#!(%7$+$C?!'#!(EE9'5=!*'70!='44'6%97?G!!!

&='8(#'#! &#'()!O+='(! /LG,!C'99'$+1L ! -,R!6$CC%+'7'5#1R

SEE$#'7'$+!7$!705!H(<=(<!H(<$8(<!Q<$D567!BHHQF)!705!9(<;5!=(C!6$+#7<%67'$+!$+!*'70!705!T(<C(=(!U'85<!'+!705!T(<C(=(!V(995?!>56(%#5!$4!='#E9(65C5+7!6$+65<+#G!!!

Claims unresolvedG!O+!W(<60!2..L)!=5#E'75!705!6$+65<+#!$4!705!XT!A$CC'##'$+!$+!@%C(+!U';07#)!4%<705<!6$+#7<%67'$+!$4!705!=(C!%E!7$!705!05';07!$4!1L,!C575<#!*(#!(99$*5=G!"05!$<';'+(99?!E9(++5=!05';07!$4!705!=(C!*(#!1,/!C575<#G!!

T(C(!BI705!U'6075<#859=!A$CC%+'7?JF!

&4<'6()!H$%70!&4<'6(!

1.)...!B,)...!4<$C!705!U'6075<#859=!A$CC%+'7?F1- !

!/R)...!0(1N U5$66%E(7'$+!$4!9(+=!$4!*0'60!705!6$CC%+'7?!*(#!='#E$##5##5=!$4!'+!705!5(<9?!2.70!65+7%<?)!=%5!7$!E<$#E567'+;!>?!='(C$+=!C'+5<#!

Claims resolved.!O+!2..L)!705!Y(+=!A9('C#!A$%<7!$4!H$%70!&4<'6(!=575<C'+5=!70(7!705!A$CC%+'7?!*$%9=!>5!(*(<=5=!<5#7$<(7'$+!$4!'7#!9(+=!(+=!C'+5<(9!<';07#G!!O+!S67$>5<)!2..-!705!A$CC%+'7?!<5(605=!(!#57795C5+7!*'70!705!H$%70!&4<'6(+!;$85<+C5+7!'+!705!4$<C!$4!(!U1K.!C'99'$+!B(EE<$ZG![2N!C'99'$+F!<5E(7<'(7'$+!E(?C5+7)!'+!(=='7'$+!7$!7<(+#45<!$4!7'795!7$!705!9(+=G!

!1.!

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! ""

Group/Tribe! Location

(Continent,

country)!

Number of

People!Area

Occupied!Claim! Status of the Claim

#$%&&$'! ()*+%,+-!.+/0+!1*2!30,%*+!

"4-566!7080!+%9!+//:$;,'+<*=8!>-666!$?!<@*!#$%&&$'!/*$/=*!<@*'A*=B*A!"4 !

(C!D*9,!E,B*:-!F=8!E,B*:!+%9!G*A<!.+/0+H!%$!*A<,'+<*A!$?!<@*!+:*+!$))0/,*9!

I=+,'A!?,=*9!,%!J0A<:+=,+%!I$0:<A!+&+,%A<!KL.!K,==,<$%-!+%!J0A<:+=,+%!',%,%&!)$'/+%8!A0//$:<*9!M8!<@*!.+/0+!1*2!30,%*+!&$B*:%'*%<-!?$:!2,9*A/:*+9!*%B,:$%'*%<+=!9+'+&*!90*!<$!<@*!(C!D*9,!7,%*N!

Claims resolved only on paper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Section 1

Indigeneity and the land: The vital link

! !

"#$%!&'!()$%#*+$,#-!,.!,/+!')01&1#-!.(!&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+'4!!5.,!.$-6!%.!*.',!&$%&2+$.)'!3+.3-+'!

%+(&$+!,/+*'+-1+'!,/0.)2/!,/+&0!&$,+0#7,&.$!8&,/!,/+!-#$%9!:),!,/+&0!-&1+-&/..%'!%+3+$%!.$!

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#-'.!30.1&%+!#!8#6!,.!7.$,0.-!,/+!0+'.)07+'!0+A)&0+%!,.!7.$,&$)+!,/+&0!8#6!.(!-&(+4! !

! @/+!'6*:.-&7!%&1&%+!#''.7&#,+%!8&,/!+#7/!3/6'&7#-!:.0%+0!',0+$2,/+$'!,/+!&%+$,&,6!.(!

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!

Land and territory in indigenous cosmologies

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%+',0.6&$2!(#*&-6!)$&,6!#$%!7/#--+$2&$2!,/+!7.$,&$)&,6!.(!-&(+4!!@0#%&,&.$#-!0&,)#-'!#$%!$.,&.$'!.(!

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7.**)$&,64!!

@.!&--)',0#,+!,/+'+!7.$7+3,'9!8+!%&'7)''!,/+!7.'*.-.2&+'!.(!,/0++!%&((+0+$,!&$%&2+$.)'!

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B$!,/+!<$%+#$!0+2&.$!.(!L.),/!<*+0&7#!,/+!<6*#0#!$.,&.$!.(!chacha-warmi!I.0!hari-

warmi!&$!K)+7/)#J!&'!#$!+''+$,&#-!+-+*+$,!.(!,/+!7.'*.-.26!.(!,/+!K)+7/)#!#$%!<6*#0#!3+.3-+4!

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2:"#%"+2%847-#6%+%34,5'#%0-+.%;%94-+.%<%chacha-warmi1=%>"('#%*"#%(.6()(6,+'%jaqi%(2%37#+*#6%(.%

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Page 19: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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$.0%C''/%)"/6'1%#(%$"3$%1"0'.0'%./1%,(+#.)"#@%+.#'0%.,(/3%I.#"2'%G.!.""./078R%%:'/1"/3%#.+(%

&.#-$'0%#$50%+'&+'0'/#0%.%/5#+"#"(/.)4%*.,")".)4%./1%-5)#5+.)%+'0&(/0"C")"#@78S%:$'%0"3/"*"-./-'%(*%

#$'%#.+(%&)./#%5/1'+0-(+'0%#$'%",&(+#./-'%(*%)./1%./1%!.#'+%*(+%I.#"2'%G.!.""./07%T"#$(5#%-)(0'%

#"'0%#(%#$'%)./14%#$'0'%#+.1"#"(/0%./1%-+"#"-.)%-(,&(/'/#0%(*%G.!.""./%-5)#5+'%!"))%-'.0'%#(%'E"0#7

:$'%2'+@%/.,'%(*%#$'%F.&5-$'%&'(&)'%(*%=$")'%,'./0%U&'(&)'%(*%#$'%)./1V%Mmapu W%)./1%

./1%che%W%&'(&)'N7%F.&5-$'0%C')"'2'%#$.#%#$'"+%'-(/(,@4%-50#(,04%./1%0&"+"#5.)"#@%.+'%"/'E(+.C)@%

)"/6'1%#(%#$'"+%'/2"+(/,'/#7%F.&5-$'0%$.2'%.)!.@0%C''/%1'&'/1'/#%(/%#+.1"#"(/.)%)./10%#(%'/05+'%

05C0"0#'/-'%.3+"-5)#5+'4%$5/#"/34%3.#$'+"/34%./1%-.##)'X+."0"/37%L./1%./1%"1'/#"#@%.+'%"/#'3+.#'1%

#$+(53$%+')"3"(50%-'+',(/"'0%05-$%.0%#$'%Nguillatun7%:$"0%.//5.)%-'+',(/@%#.6'0%&).-'%15+"/3%

$.+2'0#%#",'%(+%*())(!"/3%.%/.#5+.)%1"0.0#'+7%>#%.))(!0%F.&5-$'0%#(%#$./6%#$'"+%3(1%(*%-+'.#"(/4%

%YK%

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Ngenechen!"#$%"&'()$*'+)$"(),#'-.$&+-/&"0)'1))$"'+)"/#&'"2#$3)&'.(&"#$%"3),)&'-#,"4#5-,67!"/()&)$'"

23.558$-'67!"#$%"'+)"48'8()9":#/83+)&")()3'"#"reew!"'.')5!"()/()&)$'-$*"'+)"3.558$-'6;&"'-)&"'."

'+)",#$%9"""

<$)"3.558$-'6".4":#/83+)&!"'+)"=)+8)$3+)!"'#>)&"-'&"$#5)"4(.5"'+)"pehuen".("?/-$)"

$8'@!"'+)"4(8-'".4"'+)"A(#83#(-#"'())!"$#'-B)"'."C.8'+)($"D+-,);&"(#-$4.()&'9"E$"'+)"&855)(!"'+)"

&)5-F$.5#%-3"=)+8)$3+)",)#B)"'+)-(",.1,#$%"()*-.$"4.("'+)"A$%)#$"4.()&'&"'."3.,,)3'"'+)"4(8-'&"

1+-3+"'+)6"8&)"'."5#>)"4,.8(!"5-,>!"#,3.+.,!"#$%"4..%"4.("'+)-(",-B)&'.3>9"G+)"pehuen"-&"#,&."

()*#(%)%"#&"#"&#3()%".0H)3'!"-$')*(#,"'."=8+8)$3+)"&/-(-'8#,-'6"#$%"#$")&&)$'-#,"),)5)$'".4"'+)-("

3.&5.,.*69IJ""

" K.'+"-$"L#1#--"#$%"D+-,)!"-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)"$))%"3.$'(.,".B)(")3.$.5-3"#3'-B-'-)&"#$%"

()&.8(3)&!"&83+"#&"'+)"'#(.".("'+)"pehuen!"'."&8&'#-$"'+)-("1#6".4",-4)9"A'')5/'&"'."-5/.&)"#"

%-44)()$'"3.558$-'6"%)B),./5)$'"5.%),".("()&'(-3'"8&)".4"'(#%-'-.$#,",#$%&"3+#,,)$*)&"'+)-("

-%)$'-'-)&9""

"

Control of land use and access

E$"#%%-'-.$"'."5#-$'#-$-$*"#"3(83-#,"0.$%"'."'+)",#$%"#$%"&)38(-$*"#33)&&"'."$#'8(#,"()&.8(3)&!"

-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&"$))%"'."3.$'(.,"#33)&&"'."#$")M/#$&)".4"')((-'.(6",#(*)")$.8*+"'."/(.')3'"#$%"

&8&'#-$"&.3-#,"(),#'-.$&"-$"'+)-("3.558$-'-)&!"'+)-("38,'8(#,"#$%"&/-(-'8#,"'(#%-'-.$&!"#$%"'+)"

&)38(-'6".4"'+)-(",-B),-+..%&9"E$%-*)$)-'6"-&"0.'+"#"48$3'-.$".4",#$%"#$%"')((-'.(69"A5.$*"&)B)(#,"

-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)&!"'+)"')(5"?')((-'.(6@"()4)(&"'."#$3)&'(#,"&/#3)"#$%"+#&"#"5.()"#,,F)50(#3-$*"

5)#$-$*"'+#$"?,#$%@9""

E$"N38#%.(!"tierra"2,#$%7"()4)(&"'."'+)"&/#3)"1-'+"()&.8(3)&"'+#'"-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)"

38(()$',6".338/69"Territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"'+)"+-&'.(-3#,"(#$*)"-$"1+-3+"#"/)./,)"+#&"'(#%-'-.$#,,6"

,-B)%9""G+)"3.5/,)M"3.$$)3'-.$"0)'1))$"-%)$'-'6"#$%",.3#,-'6"3#$$.'"0)"0.8*+'".("&.,%O",#$%"-&"

$.'"#"3.55.%-'6"-5/,6-$*"1)#,'+".("/.&&)&&-.$9"C8P#$#"C#16)(")M/,#-$&"'+#'"?583+"5.()"'+#$"

&-*$-46-$*"'+)"/+6&-3#,"#$%"5#')(-#,"3.$'.8(&".4"#"()*-.$!"territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"5.(#,F

3.&5.,.*-3#,"#$%"/.,-'-3#,F)3.$.5-3"3.5/,)M)&"'+#'"&+#/)"-%)$'-'6"#$%"&.3-#,"(),#'-.$&9@QR""

E$"'+)"S#'-$"A5)(-3#$"3.$')M'!"?')((-'.(6@"-&"#"()3)$'"/.,-'-3#,"3.$&'(83'-.$9"E'"+#&")5)(*)%"

4(.5"()3)$'"-$%-*)$.8&",)#%)(&!"/#('-38,#(,6"-$"'+)"TJUR&!"'."5#(>"#"%-44)()$3)"0)'1))$"'+)"

3.$&'(83'-.$".4"(#'-.$#,,6"3#,38,#')%"0,.3>&".4",#$%"'."0)"&.,%"4.(".-,")M'(#3'-.$"#$%"'+)")M')$&-.$"

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-$3,8%)"58,'-/,)"(-B)("0#&-$&"-$"1+-3+"58,'-/,)"&6&')5&".4"/(./)('6"3.$'(.,"3.)M-&'9""""

E$"'+)"V)/#('5)$'".4"=#&'#P#"-$"'+)"A5#P.$"#()#".4"N38#%.(!"'+)"W8-3+1#"/)./,)".4"

C#(#6#>8"()3.*$-P)"#"')((-'.(6!"'+)"Sumak Allpa!"5#%)"8/".4"'+())"/#('&!".("&/#3)&X"Jahuapacha

" TY

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!"#$%&'()*%Caipacha !"#$%$+,"#)*%+-.%Ukupacha !"#$%&/0&123)4%5-.26$-1/&%7$173$&%+.82-2&"$,%"#$&$%

"#,$$%&7+9$&%+-.%,$3+"$.%,$&1/,9$&%+991,.2-6%"1%31-6:&"+-.2-6%",+.2"21-&4%;<%%=/29#>+%3$+.$,*%5-?&%

@#26/+-61*%&+(&%"#+"%AB1/-"+2-&*%,2C$,&*%9+&9+.$&*%+-.%73+2-&%+,$%&",$-6"#*%>2&.18*%7,1"$9"21-*%

+-.%-/",2"21-%62C$-%"1%8+-'2-.4D%E#$%,2"/+3&%"#+"%@+,+(+'/&%7,+9"29$%&$"%93$+,%&1921:9/3"/,+3%+-.%

&(801329%01,.$,&%0$">$$-%"#$8%+-.%"#$%.182-+-"%9/3"/,$*%9,$+"2-6%">1%&$7+,+"$%A>1,3.&%1F%

8$+-2-6D4;G%%E>1%73+9$&%+,$%$&&$-"2+3%F1,%.+23(%+9"2C2"2$&%&/9#%+&%&/0&2&"$-9$%+6,29/3"/,$*%#/-"2-6*%

F2&#2-6*%F,/2"%6+"#$,2-6*%#+-.29,+F"&*%9+-1$%8+'2-6*%+-.%#1/&$%0/23.2-6H;;%"#$%A5-#+02"$.%I$-"$,&D%

+-.%"#$%Purinas,%>#29#%+,$%&#+,$.%F1,$&"%+,$+&4%J-1"#$,%72$9$%1F%"#$%"$,,2"1,(%2&%,$&",29"$.%"1%"#$%

&#+8+-&%+-.%"#$%&72,2"&%!Yachak)4;K%

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>2"#2-%"#$2,%"$,,2"1,(%2&%"#$%sine qua non%F1,%8+2-"+2-2-6%"#$2,%",+.2"21-+3%>+(%1F%32F$*%2-"$,:

9188/-2"(%,$3+"21-&*%&192+3%,$3+"21-&*%+-.%F2.$32"(%"1%"#$2,%F/-.+8$-"+3%0$32$F%&(&"$84%@2-9$%<LMN*%

"#$%@+,+(+'/%7$173$%#+C$%$O7,$&&$.%1771&2"21-%"1%123%$O731,+"21-%+-.%$O",+9"21-%>2"#2-%"#$2,%

"$,,2"1,(4;P%E#$%@+,+(+'/&%C2$>%"#$%$9131629+3%+-.%&1921:$91-1829%287+9"&%0,1/6#"%+01/"%0(%

E$O+91Q&%+9"2C2"2$&%2-%"#$%R1,"#%1F%S9/+.1,%+&%>$33%+&%1"#$,%123%7,1./9"21-%+9"2C2"2$&%+&%

2-9187+"203$%>2"#%"#$2,%C2&21-%1F%2-.26$-$2"(4%%

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>2"#1/"%$+,"#4D;N%@#$%"#2-'&%"#+"%2F%9187+-2$&%$O",+9"%123*%$-C2,1-8$-"+3%.+8+6$%,$&/3"2-6%F,18%

.,2332-6%8/.%>233%.$&",1(%"#$%$+,"#%+-.%$-.+-6$,%"#$%&/,C2C+3%1F%319+3%7$173$4%V$,%10&$,C+"21-&%

#+C$%0$$-%91-F2,8$.*%+"%3$+&"%F,18%"#$%@+,+(+'/%7$,&7$9"2C$4%5-%GWW;*%&$2&829%>1,'%3$.%"1%93+&#$&%

+81-6%@+,+(+'/%8$80$,&%+&%$O731,+"21-%",266$,$.%2-"$,:%+-.%2-",+:$"#-29%91-F329"*%.$&",1($.%",$$&%

+-.%8$.292-+3%73+-"&*%+-.%7,$C$-"$.%9$,$81-2$&%&/9#%+&%"#$%Jista%F,18%"+'2-6%73+9$4;X%%

% 5-%"#$%Y-2"$.%@"+"$&*%Z28+%5-.2+-&%+-.%"#$2,%+-9$&"1,&%#+C$%F+,8$.%+31-6%"#$%[23+%\2C$,%

2-%9$-",+3%J,2]1-+%&2-9$%GWW%J4^4%E#$%>1,.%Z28+%2"&$3F%8$+-&%AE#$%\2C$,%Z$173$D*%91--$9"2-6%

"#$%",20$%2-$O",29+03(%"1%2"&%6$16,+7#29%319+"21-4%J81-6%-+"2C$%",20$&%2-%J,2]1-+*%O’odham

himdag*%1,%A>+(%1F%32F$D*%28732$&%+-%2-"$,91--$9"$.-$&&%1F%"#2-6&*%7$173$*%+-.%+9"21-&4%J991,.2-6%

"1%_-/.&1-%T11.&%!GWWG)*%-+"2C$%",20$&%+,$%F1&"$,2-6%&",$-6"#%+-.%>$33-$&&%2-%"#$2,%9188/-2"2$&%

0(%",+-&3+"2-6%2-9,$+&$.%$91-1829%&$3F:&/FF292$-9(%+-.%,$&1/,9$&%.$,2C$.%F,18%6+82-6%2-"1%&192+3*%

#$+3"#*%+-.%$./9+"21-+3%&$,C29$&%>#29#%8+2-"+2-%9/3"/,+3%2.$-"2"(*%"#$,$0(%7,1C2.2-6%+-%$FF$9"2C$%

7+"#%"1>+,.%"#$%8+2-"$-+-9$%1F%O'odham himdag. ;M%`+9'%1F%+99$&&%"1%3+-.%+-.%31&&%1F%6+82-6%

,$&1/,9$&%826#"%a$17+,.2]$%2"&%C$,(%$O2&"$-9$4%%

E#$%[23+%\2C$,%#+&%7+,"%0$$-%1F%Z28+%9/3"/,$%F1,%&$C$,+3%9$-"/,2$&4%E#$%.2C$,&21-%1F%>+"$,%

2-%"#$%3+"$%">$-"(:F2,&"%9$-"/,(%7,1F1/-.3(%.2&"/,0$.%"#$%",+.2"21-+3%-+"2C$%>+(%1F%32F$%0+&$.%1-%

+6,29/3"/,+3%&/0&2&"$-9$%+-.%2,,26+"21-4%b2$3.&%0$9+8$%0+,,$-*%+6,29/3"/,$%>+&%/-8+-+6$+03$*%+-.%

%<N%

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!"#$%&'()*+,-.&%/&/"-()0/+1$&$2()+-0)$#$-)2&+%#+&/"-)1$3+-)&")+44$5&)-+&/#$)&%/1$26))78$)O’Odham

himdag()2.!!"%&$0)1')+)%/58)5$%$*"-/+,),/4$)/-#",#/-3)3%"9/-3)5%"!2()8.-&/-3()9+%4+%$()+-0)

!%"&$5&/-3)5"**.-/&')8$+,&8()9+2)+,2")&8%$+&$-$06))

:"%)/-0/3$-".2)!$"!,$2()5"-&%",)"#$%)2!$5/4/5),+-02)+-0)&$%%/&"%/$2)$-+1,$2)&8$)4.,4/,,*$-&)

"4)&8%$$)1+2/5)3"+,2;)4/%2&()*+/-&+/-/-3)+)2!/%/&.+,)%$,+&/"-28/!)&")&8$)+%$+2)&8$')8+#$)"55.!/$0)4"%)

3$-$%+&/"-2<)2$5"-0()!%$#$-&/-3)0$#$,"!*$-&)!+&&$%-2)&8+&)$-0+-3$%)&8$/%)9+')"4),/4$)"%)!%$#$-&)

&8$*)4%"*)5+%%'/-3)".&)&%+0/&/"-+,)+5&/#/&/$2<)+-0)&8/%0()*+-+3/-3)%$2".%5$2)"-)&8$/%),+-0)+-0)

0$#$,"!/-3)$5"-"*/5)+5&/#/&/$2)5"-2/2&$-&)9/&8)&8$/%)5"2*","3')+-0)&8$/%)+!!%"+58)&")2$,4=

2.44/5/$-5'6))

)

) >?

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Section 2

Defining borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures

!

"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!)*)-,,/!0%1%2'#*!(3!-!#-1%(#4*1-1'!%#!56%06!-!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!*''8*!1(!

%7+(*'!-!*'1!(3!9-,)'*:!#(.7*:!-#$!%#*1%1)1%(#*!)+(#!16'7;!<#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'=*!0),1).'!6-*!1(!

(+'.-1'!5%16%#!16'!0(#1'>1!(3!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).';!?(!*).9%9':!-!#-1%9'!1.%@'!5%,,!1./!1(!'*1-@,%*6!

@()#$-.%'*!@'15''#!%1*',3!-#$!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!!?6'%.!.',-1%(#*6%+!1(!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!%*!

(31'#!$'3%#'$!%#!1'.7*!(3!@(.$'.!0(#1.(,;!?6'!+.'*'#0'!(3!-!@(.$'.!%#$%0-1'*!16'!'>%*1'#0'!(3!

%#$%&'#()*!,-#$!-#$!1'..%1(./;!?6'!06-#0'*!(3!*).9%9-,!3(.!-#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!'#6-#0'$!%3!

16'/!0-#!-06%'9'!*(7'!$'&.''!(3!0(#1.(,!(9'.!56(!0-#!0.(**!16%*!@(.$'.!-#$!56-1!6-++'#*!5%16%#!

%1*!1'..%1(.%-,!@()#$-.%'*;!!

!!!!!A(##-#!-#$!B%,*(#!CDEEEF!%$'#1%3/!16.''!7-%#!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*!16-1!$'1'.7%#'!

.',-1%(#*!%#!(.!-7(#&!*(0%'1%'*;!!Social and symbolic!boundaries!$'3%#'!7'7@'.*6%+!%#!

0(,,'01%9%1%'*;!G'(+,'!7%&61!06((*'!1(!*6-+'!16%*!3(.7!(3!@()#$-./!%#!1'.7*!(3!$%33'.'#1!0(#1'>1*!

-#$!+.'**).'*;!Cultural boundaries!*'+-.-1'!$%33'.'#1!5(.,$*!(3!7'-#%#&!-7(#&!+'(+,'.

Geopolitical boundaries!$'3%#'!9%*%@,'!-#$!1-#&%@,'!-**'1*;HE!"#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'*!-.()#$!16'!5(.,$!

*''8!0(#1.(,!(9'.!-,,!16.''!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*:!$'3%#%#&!56(!0-#!-#$!0-##(1!0.(**!16'7;!

I()#$-.%'*!*'+-.-1%#&!J)*K!-#$!J16'7K!-.'!%7+(.1-#1!1(!-!0),1).'!3%&61%#&!3(.!*).9%9-,;!!!

!!!<#!%#1'.'*1%#&!'>-7+,'!3.(7!L0)-$(.!(3!*/7@(,%0!@(.$'.*!*6(5*!6(5!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!

-.'!*'+-.-1'$!3.(7!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!"#!M-#)-./!DEEN:!%#$%&'#()*!-01%9%*1*!3.(7!OPQ<"L:!

OPQRLQ<"L:!-#$!PG"G!(00)+%'$!16'!S%#%*1./!(3!L#'.&/!-#$!S%#'*!1(!+.(1'*1!-&-%#*1!16'!

(+'#%#&!(3!16'!*'9'#16!.()#$!(3!(%,!0(#0'**%(#!@%$$%#&!-#$!.'0'#1!06-#&'*!%#!16'!T/$.(0-.@(#*!

U-5:!5.%11'#!1(!.'$)0'!*1-1'!0(#1.(,!(9'.!(%,!(+'.-1%(#*!%#!L0)-$(.;!R(,,(5%#&!-!VN46().!*1-#$(33:!

%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.*!7'1!5%16!16'!7%#%*1'.;!P#'!(3!6%*!3%.*1!-00)*-1%(#*!-&-%#*1!16'!+.(1'*1(.*!5-*!

16-1!16'/!6-$!%,,'&-,,/!'#1'.'$!mi casa!C7/!6()*'F;!W-3-',:!-#!%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.:!.'*+(#$'$!16-1!

J16%*!6()*'!@',(#&*!1(!-,,K!L0)-$(.%-#!0%1%2'#*!-#$!.'X'01'$!16'!%7+,%0-1%(#!16-1!-!&.()+!

6%*1(.%0-,,/!'>0,)$'$!3.(7!L0)-$(.%-#!*(0%'1/!6-$!#(!.%&61!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+!(.!#-1%(#-,!@',(#&%#&;NY!!!!

G).*)%#&!16'!16'7'!(3!6(7'!&.()#$!-#$!56(!@',(#&*!16'.':!W-3-',!'7+6-*%2'$!16-1:!

)#,%8'!-#!(33%0%-,!&(9'.#7'#1!@)%,$%#&:!16'!<7-2(#!$%$!#(1!@',(#&!1(!-,,;!?6'!.%9'.!0(#*1%1)1'$!La

selva es nuestra casa:!16'!"#$%-#*=!6(+'!-#$!*+-0'!(3!@',(#&%#&;!<#/!-01%(#!@/!()1*%$'.*!5%16%#!

16%*!1'..%1(./!.'Z)%.'$!#'&(1%-1%(#!5%16!%1*!%#$%&'#()*!(5#'.*;!?6%*!'>06-#&'!.'9'-,*!6(5!.-0'!-#$!

0,-**!$'3%#'!#(1%(#*!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+:!+.(+'.1/:!'>0,)*%(#:!-#$!3(.)7*!3(.!+-.1%0%+-1%(#;!!

!

!D[!

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Control of geographic borders

!"#$%&'())*#$+#&,##-$.-/.)#-0(%$1#01*#%$2-/$30/#'-$%&2&#%$04#'$)#0)'21".5$+0(-/2'.#%$"2%$2$

*0-)$2-/$+.&&#'$".%&0'67$8#52(%#$)#0)'21".5$+0'/#'%$2'#$30'#$&2-).+*#$&"2-$%63+0*.5$2-/$5(*&('2*$

+0'/#'%9$&"#6$2'#$2$1'.32'6$,26$.-$,".5"$2$%&2&#$52-$2%%#'&$50-&'0*$04#'$5.&.:#-%$2-/$%(+;#5&%7$

<#0)'21".5$+0'/#'%$5'#2&#$&"#$4#'6$50-/.&.0-%$0=$#4#'6/26$*.=#$=0'$.-/.)#-0(%$&'.+#%7$>0"#-$

?@ABCD$10.-&%$0(&$&"2&$=0'$E'2+$4.**2)#%$.-$F%'2#*$.-$@ACA$G&"#$'#2*.&6$0=$&"#$+0'/#'$"2H/I$+#503#$2$

32;0'$=25&0'$(-/#'*6.-)$&"#$%05.2*$0')2-.:2&.0-$0=$HJI$4.**2)#%$2-/$H50(*/I$-0&$&"#'#=0'#$+#$

&'#2&#/$2%$2$&#310'2'69$0'$2+-0'32*9$1"#-03#-0-7KL@$M4#-$.=$E'2+$1#01*#$.-$F%'2#*$2'#$-0&$

50-%./#'#/$-2&.4#$&'.+#%9$&".%$#N231*#$.**(%&'2&#%$&"#$/.2*#5&.52*$'#*2&.0-%$+#&,##-$2$/03.-2-&$

5(*&('#$2-/$3.-0'.&6$101(*2&.0-%$&"'0()"$&#''.&0'.2*$+0'/#'%7$

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1#01*#$='03$1'0&#5&.-)$&"#$#50%6%&#3%$.-$,".5"$&"#6$*.4#7$P0'$&"#$*2%&$QR$6#2'%9$#50-03.5$10*.5.#%$

.-$>".*#$"24#$1'.0'.&.:#/$1'.42&.:2&.0-$2-/$#N10'&2&.0-$&"'0()"$&"#$/#4#*013#-&$0=$*2')#S%52*#$

1'0;#5&%9$%#4#'2*$0=$&"#3$0-$O21(5"#$*2-/7$E%$2$'#%(*&9$%#4#'2*$".)",26%$5(&$&"'0()"$O21(5"#$

&#''.&0'67$F-$TRRR9$*2')#$&'##$1*2-&2&.0-%$#-50312%%.-)$@7C$3.**.0-$"#5&2'#%$0=$#(52*61&(%$2-/$1.-#$

,#'#$1*2-&#/$0-$#N1'01'.2&#/$O21(5"#$*2-/7LT$!"#%#$5033#'5.2*$#-&#'1'.%#%$/232)#/$,.*/*.=#9$

5'#2&#/$%0.*$#'0%.0-9$+*05U#/$*.)"&$-##/#/$&0$)'0,$O21(5"#V%$3#/.5.-2*$1*2-&%9$2-/$10**(&#/$

,2&#'$%(11*.#%7LQ$$

$$$$$$$$$$$!"#$W2&.0-2*$F-/.)#-0(%$X#4#*013#-&$>033.%%.0-9$>YWEXF9$"2%$+##-$(-2+*#$&0$503+2&$

%&'0-)$)04#'-3#-&2*$2-/$1'.42&#$.-&#'#%&$.-$&"#%#$1'0;#5&%7$!"#$@AAQ$F-/.)#-0(%$Z2,$W07$@A7TCQ$

/0#%$-0&$).4#$O21(5"#$50-&'0*$04#'$&"#$-2&('2*$'#%0('5#%$0-$0'$(-/#'$&"#.'$*2-/7$W0'$/0#%$.&$).4#$

&"#3$2$,26$&0$/#2*$,.&"$+0(-/2'6$%1.**04#'%7$O21(5"#$326$+#$=0'5#/$0==$&"#.'$*2-/$,"#-#4#'$

)04#'-3#-&$0'$1'.42&#*6$%10-%0'#/$1'0;#5&%$/##3$&"#.'$'#3042*$&0$+#$.-$&"#$-2&.0-2*$.-&#'#%&7$!".%$

.%$2$&61.52*$52%#$.-$,".5"$/#4#*013#-&$10*.5.#%$1'.0'.&.:#/$+6$&"#$%&2&#$=25.*.&2&#$&"#$%2*#$0'$

50-5#%%.0-$0=$.-/.)#-0(%$*2-/$2-/$&#''.&0'6$&0$1'.42&#$50312-.#%$#2)#'$&0$#N1*0.&$'.5"$-2&('2*$

'#%0('5#%7$X2-)#'$&0$&"#$%('4.42*$0=$.-/.)#-0(%$1#01*#$.%$'2'#*6$2$=25&0'$.-$&"#%#$/#5.%.0-%7$$$

$

Control of symbolic borders

F-$32-6$50(-&'.#%9$5(*&('2*$#3+*#3%$2-/$/.==#'#-5#%$2'#$0')2-.:2&.0-2*$/#4.5#%$&"2&$2'&.5(*2&#$

%05.2*$'#*2&.0-%$2-/$5'#2&#$".#'2'5"6$+#&,##-$1#01*#$?X0--2-$2-/$[.*%0-$@AAAD7$!"#6$2'#$2*%0$

(%#/$&0$#N5*(/#$3.-0'.&6$101(*2&.0-%7$F-$!2.,2-9$4#-#'2&.0-$0=$&"#$\2-$>".-#%#$"#'09$[(S=#-)9$

"2%$5'#2&#/$2$%63+0*.5$+0'/#'$+#&,##-$&"#$.-/.)#-0(%$!%0($1#01*#$2-/$&"#$/03.-2-&$5(*&('#7$

[(S=#-)$,2%$2$3.//*#32-$,"0$50-/(5&#/$&'2/#$,.&"$&"#$!%0($.-$&"#$#.)"&##-&"$5#-&('67$$

$$$$$E=&#'$[(S=#-)$,2%$U.**#/$.-$2$!%0($4.**2)#9$%#4#'2*$\2-$>".-#%#$2(&"0'%$,'0&#$%&0'.#%$

$ @A

Page 25: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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50#$&!,+&!44(1).+&%'.&,#"/.&+.0(1.&#4&6$74.,-&%#&2(8(/(9.&%'.):&5.);/.0&<.1.&.1.2%.+&4#1&'()=&

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&&&&&D#1&%'.&50#$*&6$&<!0&E$0%&!&)!,(;$/!%(8.&)(++/.)!,FF&<'#&".2!).&!&03)"#/&#4&%'.(1&

0%(-)!%(9!%(#,&!0&0!8!-.&!,+&21$./=&'(0&+.!%'&<!0&%'.&;1.%.>%&4#1&+.2!+.0&#4&!2%(#,&!-!(,0%&

(,+(-.,#$0&5!(<!,.0.:&G.0;(%.&1.2.,%&0$22.00.0&#4&(,+(-.,#$0&!2%(8(0%0&(,&4(,+(,-&;#/(%(2!/&!//(.0&

!,+&0%1!%.-(2!//3&)!,.$8.1(,-&5!(<!,.0.&;#/(%(20&%#&%!?.&!&6$74.,-&%.);/.&+#<,*&%'(0&8.,.1!%(#,&

'!0&2#,%(,$.+&%#&%'1(8.:&5'.&6$&)3%'&'!0&0$18(8.+&%<#&+.2!+.0&#4&(,+(-.,#$0&!2%(8(0)&!,+&0%(//&

1.;1.0.,%0&!&03)"#/(2&"#1+.1&".%<..,&H!,&I'(,.0.&!,+&%'.&50#$:&G.0;(%.&%'.&!+8#2!23&!2%(#,0&#4&

%'.&50#$&;.#;/.&!-!(,0%&%'.&8.,.1!%(#,&#4&6$74.,-*&%'.(1&2#,%1#/&#8.1&%'(0&"#1+.1&(0&8.13&41!-(/.*&

!0&+.)#,0%1!%.+&"3&%'.&2#,0%1$2%(#,&#4&!&,.<&%.);/.&(,&CJJB&)(+<!3&".%<..,&K!8(?(&!,+&

5!;!,-$*&%<#&8(//!-.0&%'!%&03)"#/(9.&%'.&1(0.&#4&50#$&.2#,#)(2&!,+&;#/(%(2!/&;#<.1:&

&&&&&&L,&%'(0&2!0.*&%'.&;#<.14$/&1.0#$12.0&#4&%'.&+#)(,!,%&2$/%$1.&#8.1;#<.1.+&%'.&1.0(0%!,2.&#4&

!&,!%(8.&;.#;/.&!,+&21.!%.+&0%1#,-&"#$,+!1(.0&".%<..,&%'.&50#$&!,+&%'.&H!,&I'(,.0.&

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1.)!(,0&!&03)"#/(2&"#1+.1&!0&1.!/&!0&!,3&;'30(2!/&"#1+.1&".%<..,&!,3&,!%(8.&%1(".&!,+&%'.&2$/%$1.&

%'!%&+#)(,!%.0&(%:&&

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Struggle to control administrative and social borders

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!+)(,(0%1!%(8.&"#1+.10:&&L,&CJJJ*&%'.&K%!%.&#4&P!(,.&!;;/(.+&%#&%'.&MK&Q,8(1#,).,%!/&N1#%.2%(#,&

R-.,23&SQNRT&4#1&0#/.&!$%'#1(%3&%#&(00$.&<!0%.<!%.1&+(02'!1-.&;.1)(%0&(,&%'.&0%!%.&$,+.1&%'.&

U!%(#,!/&N#//$%!,%&G(02'!1-.&Q/()(,!%(#,&K30%.):&&5'.&N!00!)!O$#++3&!,+&N.,#"02#%&%1(".0&

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&&&&&&6'(/.&<!(%(,-&4#1&%'.&QNR&+.2(0(#,*&%'1..&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0VW1.!%&U#1%'.1,&N!;.1*&

W.#1-(!7N!2(4(2*&!,+&I'!);(#,&L,%.1,!%(#,!/V-!(,.+&"1#!+&!22.00&%#&%1("!/&+#2$).,%0&$,+.1&%'.&

0%!%.X0&D1..+#)&#4&R22.00&R2%&#1&DYRR:FZ&&5<#&+!30&/!%.1*&%'.&K%!%.&#4&P!(,.&+.)!,+.+&#4&%'.&

QNR&%'.&0!).&!22.00&%#&1.2#1+0&(,&!&/.%%.1&(+.,%(2!/&%#&%'.&+.)!,+&"3&%'.&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0:&&&

&&&&&5'.&)#%(8!%(#,0&#4&%'.&;!;.1&2#);!,(.0&!1.&,#%&2/.!1:&H#<.8.1*&!0&)!E#1&;#//$%.10&(,&

P!(,.*&%'.3&)!3&'!8.&4.!1.+&%'!%&%'.&%1(".0&2#$/+&(,4/$.,2.&%'.&QNR&%#&.,4#12.&<!%.1&O$!/(%3&

&CJ&

Page 26: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%&'()*+,-)!",+'!(*#"*'%./,,0(*1",'2",3"!'(*"*',(*4)!-&'()*,5&+,&%!"&6.,(*,'2",3$7%(1,!"1)!68,

&*6,'2",+'&'",5&+,5(%%(*#,'),(*'"!9"*"8,(',&%+),-(#2',2&9",7""*,&*,&''"-3','),3!)9):",&,

1%&!(4(1&'()*,)4,'2",%(-('+,)4,'!(7&%,+)9"!"(#*'./,,,;*,&*.,"9"*'8,'2",'!(7"+,)33)+"6,'2",!"<$"+',)4,'2",

1)-3&*("+8,52(12,'2"*,(*9):"6,=>??,&*6,4(%"6,&,1)-3%&(*',(*,@&(*",0$3"!()!,A)$!','),4)!1",

1)-3%(&*1"/,,

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&*6,'2"!"4)!",+$7C"1','),+'&'",%&5/,,B2",@&(*",'!(7"+,1)*'"*6,'2&','2(+,%&5,(+,*)',&33%(1&7%",'),

'2"-8,#(9"*,'2"(!,4"6"!&%%.D3!)'"1'"6,+)9"!"(#*,+'&'$+/EF,;*,@&.,GHHI8,'2",@&(*",0$3!"-",

J$6(1(&%,A)$!',!$%"6,(*,4&9)!,)4,'2",1)-3&*("+8,+'&'(*#,'2&','2",@&(*",=!""6)-,)4,?11"++,?1',

6)"+,&33%.,'),'2",K"*)7+1)',L&'()*,&*6,'2",K&++&-&<$)66.,B!(7"+,52"*,'2".,(*'"!&1',

#)9"!*-"*'+,)!,&#"*1("+,&*6,52"*,'2",'!(7"+,&1',&+,(4,'2".,5"!",-$*(1(3&%('("+/,,

5('2,)'2"!,

B2(+,!$%(*#,+$##"+'+,'2&',&$'2)!('.,)9"!,;*6(&*,&44&(!+,(+,+2&!"6,7"'5""*,'2",0'&'",)4,

@&(*",&*6,'2",'5),;*6(&*,'!(7"+/,;4,+)8,!"%&'()*+2(3+,7"'5""*,@&(*",'!(7"+,&*6,'2",+'&'",&!",

6(44"!"*',4!)-,'2)+",)4,L&'(9",?-"!(1&*,'!(7"+,(*,)'2"!,+'&'"+/,B2",GHHI,!$%(*#,&%+),12&%%"*#"+,'2",

9"!.,"M(+'"*1",)4,'2",'!(7"+,&+,%"#&%,)!,3)%('(1&%,"*'('("+,5('2,6(+'(*1',!(#2'+/,,N9"*,'2)$#2,'2",

'!(7"+,2&9",2(+')!(1&%%.,7""*,#$&!&*'""6,3!)'"1'"6,+'&'$+,7.,'2",4"6"!&%,#)9"!*-"*'8,'2".,-$+',

1)*'(*$",'),4(#2',4)!,1)*'!)%,)4,&*,&6-(*(+'!&'(9",&*6,+)1(&%,7)!6"!,&#&(*+','2",%)77.(*#,"44)!'+,)4,

3!(9&'",1)-3&*("+,&*6,+'&'",)44(1(&%+/,,

, ?6-(*(+'!&'(9",7)!6"!,(++$"+,!"4%"1',6(44"!"*1"+,(*,'2",+1)3",)4,3)%('(1&%,3)5"!,7"'5""*,

(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%"+,&*6,'2",+'&'"+,(*,52(12,'2".,%(9"/,0$12,7)!6"!+,&!",&%5&.+,(*,4%$M/,

O)9"!*-"*',&#"*1("+,&*6,)'2"!,#!)$3+,(*,'2",6)-(*&*',1$%'$!",+"":,#!"&'"!,1)*'!)%,)9"!,

(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%",7.,!"6!&5(*#,7)!6"!+,7"'5""*,'2",(*6(#"*)$+,&*6,+$!!)$*6(*#,1)--$*('("+,

&*6,&''"-3'(*#,'),1)*'!)%,52&',2&33"*+,&',&*6,5('2(*,'2)+",7)!6"!+/,?,:".,12&%%"*#",4)!,

(*6(#"*)$+,3")3%"+,(+,'),"M"!','2"(!,)5*,3!"4"!"*1"+,&7)$','2","M'"*',&*6,*&'$!",)4,&6-(*(+'!&'(9",

7)$*6&!("+/,,

, GI

Page 27: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Section 3

Sustaining traditional ways of life

!

"#$!%&%'()*(+),)'-!./!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%3!,)4$,)#..0%!0$2$*0%!.*!'#$)5!6(2(6)'-!'.!1$*$5('$!

5$4$*&$%!/5.7!5$%.&56$%!.*!.5!&*0$5!'#$)5!,(*0!(*0!'.!6.*'5.,!,)/$!8)'#)*!'#$)5!6.77&*)')$%9!"#$-!

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%&%'()*(+,$!/(%#).*9!;*.'#$5!.+<$6')4$!7)1#'!+$!'.!25.#)+)'!.2$5(').*%!,)*=$0!'.!'#$!0)%6.4$5-!(*0!

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%.6)(,,-!%&%'()*(+,$!8(-9!!

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7)1#'!6(&%$!6.*/,)6'!8)'#)*!(*!(+.5)1)*(,!6.77&*)'-!(%!7$7+$5%!6#..%$!%)0$%!(*0!6#(,,$*1$!

$(6#!.'#$5!/.5!)*'$5*(,!,$(0$5%#)29!C(''$5*%!./!0$4$,.27$*'!(%%.6)('$0!8)'#!%.7$!=)*0%!./!

5$%.&56$!&%$!(*0!$>'5(6').*!25(6')6$%!(5$!)*6.72(')+,$!8)'#!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%!./!,)/$!(*0!6&,'&5(,!

25(6')6$%9!D)*(,,-:!7)15(').*!./!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!'.!6)')$%!.5!7)*)*1!6$*'$5%!(*0!'#$!)*'$5*(,!

6.,.*)E(').*!./!)*0)1$*.&%!,(*0%!+-!.&'%)0$5%AA$*6.&5(1$0!+-!6.52.5('$!)*'$5$%'%!.5!'#$!%'('$AA6(*!

0$%'5.-!(+.5)1)*(,!,)/$%'-,$%9?F!

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5$7(5=(+,$!(+),)'-!'.!(0(2'!'.!*$8!(*0!6#(*1)*1!6)56&7%'(*6$%!(*0!'.!7()*'()*!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!

8(-!./!,)/$:!0$%2)'$!+$)*1!5$M&)5$0!'.!7.4$!/5.7!'#$)5!%6(''$5$0!#.7$%'$(0%!(*0!#(7,$'%!./!'#$)5!

6,(*!,(*0%9?N!"#$-!#(4$!(6M&)5$0!,(*0!$,%$8#$5$:!%.7$!./!)'!/(5!/5.7!'#$)5!.5)1)*(,!4),,(1$%:!+&'!

'#$-!#(4$!'5)$0!'.!6&,')4('$!)'!)*!'5(0)').*(,!8(-%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%!('!'#$!

P=!"$0)!7)*$:!7(*(1$0!+-!QRC!Q),,)'.*:!#(4$!7(0$!)'!)72.%%)+,$!/.5!'#$!L.*11.7!'.!6.*')*&$!

'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!8(-!./!,)/$:!$4$*!('!'#$)5!*$8!,.6(').*%9!O*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!(*0!%.6)(,,-!

&*%&%'()*(+,$!(6')4)')$%!25(6')6$0!.*!'#$!,(*0!8#$5$!)*0)1$*.&%!2$.2,$%!,)4$!<$.2(50)E$!'#$)5!

%&54)4(,!$4$*!7.5$!'#(*!'#$!,.%%!./!'#$)5!'5(0)').*(,!,(*0!)'%$,/9!!!"#$-!7(-!+$!(+,$!'.!7.4$!'.!*$8!

,.6(').*%!(*0!=$$2!'#$)5!6&,'&5$!)*'(6':!+&'!.*,-!)/!%'('$!(*0!6.52.5('$!(6'.5%!25.'$6'!'#$7!/5.7!

$*4)5.*7$*'(,,-!0$%'5&6')4$:!&*%&%'()*(+,$!25(6')6$%9!

!

Control over subsurface resources

S.7$!./!'#$!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!)*!S.&'#!;/5)6(!8$5$!(+,$!'.!7()*'()*!6.*'5.,!.4$5!5$%.&56$%!&*0$5!'#$!

,(*0!'#$-!.66&2)$0!/.5!0$6(0$%9!!"#)%!#$,2$0!'#$7!1$*$5('$!(!%&%'()*(+,$!$6.*.7)6:!%.6)(,:!(*0!

!HH!

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!"#$%&"'!"()*+,$(-)($&"+$"+(.!+/&''-"$($!,+(.!0+"&1+$".)2$(3+4!(1!!"+(.!+/%!)($&"+&5+(.!+6&-(.+

75%$/)"+6()(!+$"+898:+)";+(.!+!,()2*$,.'!"(+&5+(.!+)<)%(.!$;+%!=$'!+$"+89>?@+")($#!+A.&$,)"+

<!&<*!@+$"/*-;$"=+(.&,!+5%&'+(.!+B)')+(%$2!@+1!%!+5&%/!;+&55+(.!$%+*)";+$"(&+/&"(%&**!;+%!,!%#!,+

20+1.$(!+,!((*!%,+!)=!%+(&+;!#!*&<+)+;$)'&";+'$"!+$"+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+%!=$&"+$"+(.!+5)%+"&%(.1!,(+

<)%(+&5+(.!+/&-"(%03+D-%$"=+)<)%(.!$;@+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+<!&<*!+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+!";-%!;+(.!+

.)%;,.$<+&5+*$5!+$"+(.!+%!,!%#!,+'&%!+,-//!,,5-**0+(.)"+')"0+&(.!%+/&''-"$($!,+20+%!()$"$"=@+)(+

*!),(+(&+,&'!+!E(!"(@+(.!+/)<)/$(0+(&+=&#!%"+(.!',!*#!,3++

F"+899>@+)5(!%+,!#!%)*+0!)%,+&5+<&*$($/)*+(%)",$($&"+$"+6&-(.+75%$/)@+(.!+C!,($(-($&"+&5+G)";+

C$=.(,+7/(+<%&'&(!;+20+(.!+7BH+I75%$/)"+B)($&")*+H&"=%!,,J+=&#!%"'!"(+&55!%!;+)+*)";+%!5&%'+

,(%)(!=03+K)L$"=+);#)"()=!+&5+(.$,+"!1+*)1@+)+=%&-<+&5+B)')+<!&<*!+1.&+.);+.$,(&%$/)**0+

&//-<$!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+)%!)+5$*!;+)+*)";+/*)$'3+F"+M::N@+(.!+6-<%!'!+H&-%(+&5+7<<!)*,+&5+

6&-(.+75%$/)+.!*;+(.)(+(.$,+/&''-"$(0+1),+!"($(*!;+(&+)+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+$(,+%$=.(+(&+O!E/*-,$#!+

2!"!5$/$)*+&//-<)($&"+)";+-,!P+&5+$(,+*)";@+$"/*-;$"=+'$"!%)*,@+)";+(.)(+$(,+;$,<&,,!,,$&"+')"0+

0!)%,+!)%*$!%+1),+(.!+%!,-*(+&5+%)/$)**0+;$,/%$'$")(&%0+*!=$,*)($&"3Q:@+Q8+++

+++++F"+M::>@+(.!+H&-%(+)*,&+.!*;+(.)(+(.!+/&''-"$(0R,+.$,(&%$/+&1"!%,.$<+$"(!%!,(+$"/*-;!;+

/&''-")*+&1"!%,.$<+&5+'$"!%)*,+)";+;$)'&";,3QM+K.!+G)";+H*)$',+H&-%(+)1)%;!;+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+

(.!+%$=.(+$"+*)";+)";+'$"!%)*,@+1$(.+(.!+<&(!"($)*+5&%+);;$($&")*+!S-$()2*!+%!;%!,,@+$"/*-;$"=+5-";,+

5&%+!"#$%&"'!"()*+%!'!;$)($&"3+F"+T/(&2!%@+M::U@+(.!+6&-(.+75%$/)"+=&#!%"'!"(+,!((*!;+(.!+

C$/.(!%,#!*;+/*)$'+&-(+&5+/&-%(+5&%+C+89:+'$**$&"+I)<<%&E$')(!*0+VMW+'$**$&"J3QN+++

+++++K.!+/&-%(+%!,&*-($&"+$"+5)#&%+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+/&''-"$(0+)";+(.!+%!,&*-($&"+&5+$(,+*)";+

/*)$',+,(%!"=(.!"+$(,+)2$*$(0+(&+')$"()$"+(%);$($&",+!,,!"($)*+(&+$(,+,-%#$#)*3+K.!+*)";+/*)$'+

!".)"/!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+<!&<*!R,+/&"(%&*+&#!%+(.!$%+")(-%)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+%!,(&%!;+(.!$%+

*$#!*$.&&;,3+F"+M::Q@+(.!+/&''-"$(0+*)-"/.!;+)+/&''-"$(0+<%&X!/(@+(.!+H&''-"$(0+

H&",!%#)"/0@+1.$/.+,!(+),$;!+8U@:::+.!/()%!,+&5+-";!#!*&<!;+*)";+(&+2!+5%!!+5%&'+=%)Y$"=@+(&+

<%!,!%#!+-"$S-!+2$&*&=$/)*+%!,&-%/!,+)";+)((%)/(+(&-%$,(,+(&+(.!+)%!)3+K.!+/&''-"$(0+$,+)*,&+

/&",$;!%$"=+(&-%$,'+)%&-";+(.!+5&%'!%+'$"!+),+1!**+),+,&'!+5&%'+&5+')%$/-*(-%!3++

+++++H&'<*!(!*0+/&"(%&**!;+20+(.!+$";$=!"&-,+/&''-"$(0@+(.!,!+)/($#$($!,+1$**+=!"!%)(!+!"&-=.+

'&"!0+(&+,-<<&%(+)+,-,()$")2*!+*&/)*+!/&"&'03+K.!+,-,()$")2$*$(0+&5+(.!+B)')+<!&<*!R,+1)0+&5+

*$5!+1$**+;!<!";+&"+(.!$%+/)<)/$(0+(&+*!#!%)=!+(.!+5-";,+(.)(+)%!+"&1+(.!$%,@+)";+(&+%!;$%!/(+)";+

%!;$,(%$2-(!+'&"!0+(.%&-=.&-(+(.!+/&''-"$(0+$"+1)0,+(.)(+)%!+,&/$)**0+!S-$()2*!+)";+$"+.)%'&"0+

1$(.+(%);$($&")*+;!/$,$&"Z')L$"=+<%&/!,,!,3++

+

+ MN

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Control over surface resources

!"#$%&'%()&"*+$,)",-)+.$/"&0#"-$"1$#)+"*#/)+$"&$02)%#$-3&'4430$1%#+0$(-3&/)$3&$"56%"*+$)-)7)&0$"1$

+"6)#)%(&0844/3&$3-+"$/#)30)$/23--)&()+9$:&$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$&30*#3-$#)+"*#/)+$"&$=30%6)$

>7)#%/3&$-3&'$236)$5))&$'%6)#0)'$58$02)$1)')#3-$("6)#&7)&0$%&$+)6)#3-$/3+)+9$?2%+$23+$,#)6)&0)'$

02)+)$/"77*&%0%)+$1#"7$73&3(%&($')6)-",7)&0$%&$3$+*+03%&35-)$@389$$$$

$$$$$$$$$$:&$>#%A"&3.$:&'%3&$@30)#$#%(20+$236)$5)/"7)$02)$+*5B)/0$"1$)&'-)++$')530)9$?2#"*(2"*0$02)$

@)+0)#&$,3#0$"1$02)$;&%0)'$<030)+.$-3#()$5-"/C+$"1$*&D*3&0%1%)'$@30)#$#%(20+$#)73%&$*&+)00-)'9$?2)$

>#%A"&3$E30)#$<)00-)7)&0+$>/0$"1$FGGH$I>E<>J$#),#)+)&0+$"&)$3,,#"3/2$0230$23+$5))&$3//),0)'$

58$3--$,3#0%)+$%&6"-6)'$44$&30%6)$0#%5)+.$&"&4&30%6)$@30)#$*+)#+.$3&'$02)$+030)9$>E<>$#)/"(&%A)+$

02)$#%(20$"1$02)$K%6)#$:&'%3&$L"77*&%08$0"$236)$3//)++$0"$(""'$D*3-%08$@30)#$3&'$0"$73&3()$

@30)#$"&$02)%#$#)+)#630%"&9$$

?2)$@30)#$+)00-)7)&0$"11)#+$3$6%+%"&$"1$+)/*#%08$3&'$+035%-%08$1"#$1*0*#)$()&)#30%"&+$@2"$

@%--$5)$35-)$0"$73%&03%&$02)%#$0#3'%0%"&3-$@38$"1$-%1)$@%02"*0$13/%&($02)$23#'+2%,$"1$

')+)#0%1%/30%"&9MH$?2#"*(2$02)$>/0.$02)$NK:L$%+$&"@$%&$/"&0#"-$"1$3-7"+0$23-1$"1$02)$@30)#$%&$02)$

L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$')-%6)#)'$58$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0.$@30)#$,#)6%"*+-8$')-%6)#)'$1#"7$

>#%A"&3$0"$L3-%1"#&%39$?2#"*(2$02)$L)&0#3-$>#%A"&3$O#"B)/0$IL>OJ.$P9M$7%--%"&$3/#)41))0$"1$

L"-"#3'"$K%6)#$@30)#$,)#$8)3#$@%--$5)$5#"*(20$0"$02)$/"*&0%)+$"1$O%73.$O%&3-.$3&'$Q3#%/",39$?2%+$

%+$02)$+%&(-)$-3#()+0$+"*#/)$"1$#)&)@35-)$@30)#$%&$>#%A"&3$3&'$@%--$5)$)++)&0%3-$0"$+*,,"#0$02)$

,"++%5-)$#)5%#02$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$3(#%/*-0*#3-$3/0%6%0%)+$58$02)$O%73$0#%5)$0230$236)$5))&$353&'"&)'$

"6)#$02)$,3+0$+)6)#3-$')/3')+$5)/3*+)$@30)#$@3+$&"0$363%-35-)9$$$

:&$?3%@3&.$/"77*&%08$)11"#0+$0"$#)6%03-%A)$02)$#%6)#$?3&38%C*$2)-,)'$5*%-'$+"/%3-$/3,%03-$

37"&($02)$&30%6)$?+"*$6%--3()#+9$?2)$#)(%"&$"1$<36%C%$%+$&"@$3$,#"7%&)&0$0"*#%+0$3#)3$1"#$

?3%@3&)+)$@2"$/"7)$0"$6%+%0$3$/"77*&%08453+)'$)/"0"*#%+7$,3#C$0230$()&)#30)+$#)6)&*)+$"1$

35"*0$RSMG.GGG$,)#$8)3#$1"#$3$/"77*&%08$"1$SGG$,)",-)9MM$:&$PTTM.$02)$<36%C%$L"77*&%08$

U)6)-",7)&0$L"*&/%-$I<LULJ$%&%0%30)'$3$1%+2$/"&+)#630%"&$7"6)7)&0$0230$-)'$0"$02)$U3&38%C*$

V/"-"(8$O3#C9$?2)$,3#C$)&35-)+$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$0"$73C)$02)%#$"@&$')/%+%"&+$35"*0$2"@$0"$

53-3&/)$)/"&"7%/$')6)-",7)&0$@%02$#)+"*#/)$,#"0)/0%"&9$?2)$,3#C$23+$3-+"$5#"*(20$5)00)#$

%&1#3+0#*/0*#)$3&'$()&)#30)'$%&/"7)$0"$+*,,"#0$+/2"-3#+2%,+$3&'$5%#02$+*5+%'%)+9$:0$%+$5)/"7%&($3&$

)&6%35-)$7"')-$1"#$"02)#$&)3#58$6%--3()+9$:0+$+*//)++$"@)+$7*/2$0"$02)$+"/%3-$6%#0*)+$"1$7*0*3-$

3++%+03&/)$3&'$02)$/-3&$+0#*/0*#)$"1$0#3'%0%"&3-$?+"*$/*-0*#)9$$

<*/2$)11"#0+$@)#)$-30)#$#)/"(&%A)'$58$02)$("6)#&7)&0$@2%/2.$1"#$02)$1%#+0$0%7).$(#3&0)'$

@30)#$#%(20+$0"$3$-"/3-%089$W02)#$?+"*$/"77*&%0%)+$2"+0$3&&*3-$1)+0%63-+$"#$236)$/#)30)'$3$?+"*$

1"*&'30%"&.$+*/2$3+$02)$?+"*$O)",-)$L*-0*#)$X$>#0+$!"*&'30%"&$)+035-%+2)'$%&$FGGP.$0"$2)-,$2"-'$

02)%#$,)",-)$0"()02)#9$?2)$?+"*$3#)$03C%&($1*--$3'63&03()$"1$02)%#$#%(20$0"$+)-14("6)#&3&/)$3&'$3#)$

$FH$

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!"#$%&'()"(*+*),%&()-.%#()#,/%)%"&,0(0%1.*)20.(!%)-()-.(#.*"+#3.*('.&.#,)./(42(.3")"+#%*5(,&/(

3+0)+#,0(1.*)%6,0(7#"8.3)*9(((

( :-.(3,*.*("1(;#%<"&,(,&/(:,%!,&(*+''.*)()-,)(/%#.3)02(3"&)#"00%&'(&,)+#,0(#.*"+#3.*=(

7,#)%3+0,#02(!,).#=("&()-.(0,&/(!%00(,00"!(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*()"(/.6.0"7(,3)%6%)%.*()-,)(*+77"#)(

)-.%#(4,*%3(&../*(,&/('.&.#,).(1+)+#.(.3"&"52>4+%0/%&'(7#"8.3)*(%&(-,#5"&2(!%)-()-.%#(

3"*5"0"'29((

(

Control over human resources

?,*)02=(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*(&../()"(3"&)#"0(-+5,&(#.*"+#3.*(%&()-.%#(3"55+&%)%.*(%&("#/.#()"(

7#.*.#6.()-.%#(0,&'+,'.=()#,/%)%"&*=(,&/(#%)+,0*9(@"/.0*("1(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(

3"55+&%)%.*(-,6.(*-"!&('#.,)(*+33.**(%&(5,%&),%&%&'(%&).#'.&.#,)%"&,0(3"&&.3)%"&*(,&/(-.07%&'(

3-%0/#.&(,3A+%#.()-.(0,&'+,'.*=(*)"#%.*=(,&/(#%)+,0*(.**.&)%,0()"()-.(7#,3)%3.*()-,)(-,6.(4..&(

5,%&),%&./(1"#('.&.#,)%"&*(42()-.%#()#%4.*9(B&(C3+,/"#=(%&(DEEF=(+&/.#()-.(7#.**+#.("1(GHI;BC(

JG"&1./.#,)%"&("1(B&/%'.&"+*(I,)%"&,0%)%.*("1(C3+,/"#K=()-.('"6.#&5.&)(,77#"6./(4%0%&'+,0(

./+3,)%"&(1"#(%&/%'.&"+*(7."70.*9(:-.(,77#"6,0(#.3"'&%<./()-.(/%6.#*%)2("1(.)-&%3('#"+7*(%&()-.(

3"+&)#2=(.,3-(!%)-(%)*("!&(/%*)%&3)(0,&'+,'.(,&/(%/.&)%)29((

L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%*(,&(%&/%'.&%<./(%&*)%)+)%"&()-#"+'-(!-%3-(,4"#%'%&,0(7."70.*(3,&(

4.)).#(+&/.#*),&/(,&/(/.6.0"7()-.%#(%/.&)%)%.*9(;*(M+<,&&,(M,!2.#(7"%&)*("+)=(N%)(O%*P(,(7#"8.3)("1(

,&/(1"#()-.(1+)+#.Q("1(%/.&)%)2(3#.,)%"&=(3"55+&%)2(1"#5,)%"&=(,&/(*.01>/.).#5%&,)%"&9(:-+*=(

%&/%'.&"+*(./+3,)%"&(O#.7#.*.&)*P()-.(.5.#'.&3.("1(0"3,0(,0).#&,)%6.*()"(*),).(,&/(3"#7"#,).(

/%*3#%5%&,)%"&=(.R70"%),)%"&=(,&/(/%*,6"!,09STU(B)(1+&3)%"&*(%&(7,#,00.0()"()-.(1"#5,0(*),).(

./+3,)%"&(*2*).59((

(((((((((((H&.("1()-.(5"*)(*+33.**1+0(4%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(%&%)%,)%6.*(%*()-.(M-+,#(V,/%"(C/+3,)%"&(

M2*).5(JMCVLBMWK9((B)(+*.*(#,/%"()"(#.,3-(*)+/.&)*(/%*7.#*./()-#"+'-"+)()-.(M-+,#().##%)"#2(!-"(

5%'-)(4.()""(#.5").()"(,)).&/(N7-2*%3,0S(*3-""0*9(:"/,2=(#,/%"(./+3,)%"&(#.,3-.*(M-+,#(*)+/.&)*(

%&(FXE(0"3,)%"&*9(:-#..(-+&/#./(,&/(1%1)2>"&.(M-+,#().,3-.#*Y(,%/.*(,**%*)(*)+/.&)*(%&(M-+,#(

).##%)"#29(Z&"!0./'.("1(M7,&%*-(-,*(.&,40./(M-+,#*()"(3"&)#%4+).()"(C3+,/"#%,&(7"0%)%3,0(0%1.(,&/(

4+%0/(,(*)#"&'.#(%&/%'.&"+*(5"6.5.&)9(;3,/.5%3,002=(*)+/.&)*(,0*"(0.,#&(,4"+)(M-+,#(3"*5"0"'2=(

)#,/%)%"&*=(,&/()-.(0"3,0(.3"0"'29(

L%0%&'+,0(./+3,)%"&(-,*(*)#.&')-.&./(M-+,#(3+0)+#,0(%/.&)%)2(,&/(.57"!.#./()-.5(,*(,(

'#"+79((MCVLBMW(%*("1).&(*..&(,*(,(5"/.0(1"#(4%3+0)+#,0(./+3,)%"&(%&(#.5").(%&/%'.&"+*(

3"55+&%)%.*(,#"+&/()-.(!"#0/9(B)(/.5"&*)#,).*(-"!(%57"#),&)(%&/%'.&"+*(3"&)#"0("6.#(./+3,)%"&(

3,&(4.(%&(-.07%&'(*)+/.&)*(+&/.#*),&/()-.%#("#%'%&*(,&/(/.1.&/()-.%#(#%'-)*("&()-.(&,)%"&,0(7"0%)%3,0(

*3.&.9T[((

( FT

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! "#$%$!&'($)!*+%$!#(%,-'($%!(../%,'+,$!,#$!(01-',+2*$!)-'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!-)!0+(2,+(2(24!

*-2,'-.!-5$'!1#6%(*+.!+23!*/.,/'+.!'$%-/'*$%7!8**$%%!,-!+!*.$+2!$25('-20$2,!+23!*+'$)/.!

0+2+4$0$2,!-)!)-'$%,%9!:+,$'9!0(2$'+.%9!1$,'-*#$0(*+.%9!+23!0(2(24!:(..!#$.1!,'+3(,(-2+.!1$-1.$%!

1'-,$*,!,#$('!:+6%!-)!.()$9!()!,#$6!*#--%$9!-'!+..-:!,#$0!,-!3$5$.-1!(2!:+6%!,#+,!+'$!

$25('-20$2,+..6!%/%,+(2+&.$9!%-*(+..6!$;/(,+&.$9!+23!$*-2-0(*+..6!5(+&.$!)-'!,#$!4'$+,$%,!2/0&$'!

-)!1$-1.$!(2!,#$('!*-00/2(,67!<-2,'-.!-5$'!,#$!$3/*+,(-2+.!%6%,$0!:(..!0+=$!(,!1-%%(&.$!)-'!

(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!,-!1$'1$,/+,$!.+24/+4$%!+23!,'+3(,(-2%!,#'-/4#!4$2$'+,(-2%7!!

"#$!;/$%,(-2!(%!2-,!:#$,#$'!(23(4$2-/%!1$-1.$%!%#-/.3!0+(2,+(2!,#$('!,'+3(,(-2+.!:+6!-)!

.()$!-'!(2,$4'+,$!,#$0%$.5$%!(2,-!,#$!2+,(-2+.!$*-2-0(*!-'!2+,(-2+.!1-.(,(*+.!.()$7!!>,!(%!:#$,#$'!,#$6!

+'$!+..-:$3!,-!*#--%$!#-:!,#$6!:+2,!,-!$5-.5$9!3$)(2$!,#$('!'$.+,(-2%#(1!:(,#!,#$!3-0(2+2,!

*/.,/'$9!+23!*-2,'-.!,#$!3$5$.-10$2,!-)!'$%-/'*$%!-2!,#$('!,$''(,-'6!)-'!,#$('!-:2!&$2$)(,7!!

!?@!

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Section 4

Using national and international strategies

!

"#!$%&'%!($!)**'%(!+$#(%$,!$-'%!#)(.%),!%'*$.%+'*!)#&!/)#)0'!(1'2%!('%%2($%2'*!2#!*.*()2#)3,'!4)5*6!

2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!)%'!.*2#0!*'-'%),!*(%)('02'*!($!%'*7$#&!($!7%'**.%'*!+%')('&!35!(1'!&$/2#)#(!

+.,(.%'8!91%$.01!2#+%')*'&!+)7)+2(5:3.2,&2#0!)#&!+$,,)3$%)(2$#!42(1!$(1'%!2#&20'#$.*!7'$7,'*!

(1'5!1)-'!)&$7('&!)!42&'!%)#0'!$;!()+(2+*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!+,)2/*8!"#!*$/'!+)*'*6!(1'5!1)-'!3.2,(!

+$),2(2$#*!42(1!&$/'*(2+!7$,2(2+),!7)%(2'*!42,,2#0!($!&';'#&!(1'2%!2#('%'*(*8!"#!$(1'%*!(1'5!1)-'!

'#0)0'&!2#!&2%'+(!#'0$(2)(2$#*!42(1!(1'!*()('8!"#!)!;'4!'<(%'/'!2#*()#+'*6!(1'5!1)-'!(%2'&!($!.*'!

#)(2$#),!)#&!2#('%#)(2$#),!+$.%(*!($!7.%*.'!(1'2%!,)#&!+,)2/*8!!

! !

Mobilization through national and international coalitions

=#'!$;!(1'!/$*(!-2*23,'!()+(2+*!+1$*'#!35!2#&20'#$.*!0%$.7*!2#!-)%2$.*!7)%(*!$;!(1'!4$%,&!1)*!

3''#!($!3.2,&!+$),2(2$#*!42(1!#)(2$#),!>?=*!)#&!(%)#*#)(2$#),!>?=*8!!"(!4$.,&!3'!)!/2*()@'!($!

)**./'6!1$4'-'%6!(1)(!*.+1!),,2)#+'*!)%'!')*5!($!$%0)#2A'!)#&!*.*()2#8!!!

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Negotiation

F'%2/4/7+.%9")'#7&/20%&',&1/'")2%#7&@/2%$+4/%6")',%#$/&7%D+*%&'#"%,&7/9#%'/1"#&+#&"'2%D&#$%6/,/7+.0%

7/1&"'+.0%+',%."9+.%1"4/7'5/'#2%#"%37/22%#$/&7%.+',%9.+&52:%G/23&#/%#$/%9"2#0%./'1#$0%+',%

9"53./H&#*%"6%,&7/9#%'/1"#&+#&"'20%17")32%#$+#%$+4/%5+'+1/,%#"%1/#%2#+#/%+9#"72%#"%#$/%#+@./%$+4/%

6")',%#$&2%+337"+9$%I)&#/%2)99/226).:%%

F'%#$/%#D/'#&/#$%9/'#)7*0%#$/%B&21+J+%"6%!7&#&2$%-".)5@&+%&'%-+'+,+%D/7/%6"79/,%&'#"%+%

KLM2I)+7/ME&."5/#/7%7/2/74/0%+%67+9#&"'%"6%#$/&7%#7+,&#&"'+.%#/77&#"7*%"6%?N0OOO%2I)+7/%E&."5/#/72:%

P"7%,/9+,/20%#$/*%5+,/%4+7&")2%+##/53#2%#"%D&'%@+9E%#/77&#"7*%#$+#%#$/*%@/.&/4/%!7&#&2$%-".)5@&+%

$+,%&../1+..*%2#"./':%G/23&#/%#$/2/%/66"7#2%#$/%1"4/7'5/'#J2%3"2&#&"'0%@+2/,%"'%#$/%/#$'"9/'#7&9%

+22)53#&"'%#$+#%+@"7&1&'+.%.+',2%9").,%@/%2/&8/,%D&#$")#%9"53/'2+#&"'0%37/4+&./,:%%%

Q&#$%#$/%2)33"7#%"6%#$/&7%9$&/60%P7+'E%-+.,/70%#$/%B&21+J2%&'&#&+#/,%+%.+',%9.+&5%&'%=RLS%&'%

#$/%!7&#&2$%-".)5@&+%T)37/5/%9")7#0%D$&9$%7/2).#/,%&'%+%=RKA%,/9&2&"'0%-+.,/7%42:%U##"7'/*%

(/'/7+.%"6%!:-:0%7/9"1'&8&'1%6"7%#$/%6&72#%#&5/%#$+#%+@"7&1&'+.%.+',%#&#./%37/9/,/,%!7&#&2$%+77&4+.%&'%

B"7#$%U5/7&9+:LK%(+#$/7&'1%5"5/'#)50%&'%=RKL%#$/%B&21+J+%/'#/7/,%'/1"#&+#&"'2%D&#$%#$/%

6/,/7+.%1"4/7'5/'#0%+',%.+#/70%D&#$%!7&#&2$%-".)5@&+:%%

F'%=RRS0%+6#/7%?O%*/+72%"6%'/1"#&+#&"'%+5"'1%#$/%B&21+J+0%#$/%-+'+,&+'%6/,/7+.%

1"4/7'5/'#0%+',%#$/%37"4&'9&+.%1"4/7'5/'#0%#$/%B&21+J+%P&'+.%U17//5/'#%D+2%2&1'/,%@*%+..%

3+7#&/2%+',%2)@2/I)/'#.*%7+#&6&/,%@*%KO%3/79/'#%"6%#$/%B&21+J+%3"3).+#&"':%!*%#$&2%7+#&6&9+#&"'0%#$/%

B&21+J+%1+&'/,%+)#"'"5*%D&#$&'%#$/%-+'+,&+'%./1+.%67+5/D"7E:%;$/%B&21+J+%9+2/%2)11/2#2%#$+#%

P&72#%V/"3./2%9+'%5+'+1/%#"%3)72)/%#$/&7%9.+&52%#$7")1$%,&7/9#%'/1"#&+#&"'2%+',%/4/'%+.#/7%#$/%

6)',+5/'#+.%'+#)7/%"6%#$/&7%9"'6.&9#)+.%7/.+#&"'2%D&#$%#$/%,"5&'+'#%9).#)7/:%%

%

Litigation

P&'+..*0%#$/%.+2#%2#7+#/1*%+,4+'9/,%@*%'+#&4/%3/"3./2%&'%#$/&7%9.+&52%+1+&'2#%#$/%,"5&'+'#%9).#)7/%

$+2%@//'%#$/%)2/%"6%'+#&"'+.%"7%&'#/7'+#&"'+.%9")7#2%+',%&'#/7'+#&"'+.%#7/+#&/20%7/2".)#&"'20%"7%

9"'4/'#&"'2%2&1'/,%+',W"7%7+#&6&/,%@*%#$/%2#+#/:%T&5&.+7%&'%2"5/%D+*2%#"%'/1"#&+#&"'0%.&#&1+#&"'%

37"9/,)7/2%+7/%9"2#.*0%9+'%,7+1%"'%6"7%5+'*%*/+720%+',%"66/7%'"%1)+7+'#//%"6%+%3"2&#&4/%")#9"5/%

6"7%&',&1/'")2%3/"3./2:%X&#&1+#&"'%7/I)&7/2%/H3/7#%E'"D./,1/%"6%9")7#%2*2#/52%+',%37"9/,)7/2%+2%

% A=

Page 37: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"##$%&$'("$&)**+,'$+-$#".%#$%/0+1%12$+,.%345%'4+3&$!4##43.$'+$/"-"3/$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&6$

7),'(",8+,"9$43/4."3+)&$1#%48&$1%3$:"$)3/",843"/$:2$%$3+343/"*"3/"3'$+,$3+3',%3&*%,"3'$

;)/414%,26$$

$ <3$=1)%/+,9$'("$8%43$1+3-#41'$:"'!""3$'("$>%,%2%?)$*"+*#"$%3/$'("$=1)%/+,4%3$&'%'"$

+11),,"/$43$@AAB$!("3$=1)%/+,$.,%3'"/$'+$'("$C,."3'43"%3$1+8*%32$DED$FD+8*%GH%$E"3",%#$/"$

D+8:)&'4:#"&I$'("$,4.('$'+$1%,,2$+)'$&"4&841$"J*#+,%'4+3&$+3$#%3/$8+,"$'(%3$(%#-$+-$!(41($4&$43$

>%,%2%?)$'",,4'+,26BK$<3$C*,4#$LMMN9$>%,%2%?)9$("#*"/$:2$'!+$=1)%/+,4%3$OEP&9$D=Q<>$%3/$

DR=>9$*,"&"3'"/$%$1#%48$'+$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$-+,$T)8%3$U4.('&$%.%43&'$'("$>'%'"$

+-$=1)%/+,6BA$<3$V%29$LMMN9$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+),'$-+,$T)8%3$U4.('&$+,/","/$=1)%/+,$'+$

48*#"8"3'$*,"1%)'4+3%,2$8"%&),"&$'+$*,+'"1'$'("$W*(2&41%#9$*&21(+#+.41%#9$%3/$8+,%#$43'".,4'2$+-$

>%,%2%?)X$%&$!"##$%&$W'("$&*"14%#$,"#%'4+3$'("$1+88)34'2$(%&$!4'($4'&$'",,4'+,26X$$

Y%'",9$43$Q)#2$LMMZ9 '("$D+),'$+,/","/$W*,+04&4+3%#$8"%&),"&$%3/$,"&+#0"[/\$'+$,"])4,"$'("$

=1)%/+,4%3$>'%'"$'+$%/+*'9$!4'(+)'$/"#%29$%##$8"%&),"&$3"1"&&%,2$'+$*,+'"1'$'("$#4-"$%3/$*",&+3%#$

43'".,4'2$+-$%##$8"8:",&$+-$'("$^41(!%$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&$+-$>%,%2%?)6X_M$743%##29$43$P1'+:",$

LMMZ9$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+),'$-+,$T)8%3$U4.('&$/"1#%,"/$'("$%/84&&4:4#4'2$+-$'("$434'4%#$

*"'4'4+36$$

R"&*4'"$'("&"$1+),'$,)#43.&$%3/$43'",3%'4+3%#$*,"&&),"$+3$'("$=1)%/+,4%3$&'%'"9$43$Q%3)%,2$

LMM`9$-+),$2+)3.$*"+*#"$+-$>%,%2%?)$!","$/"'%43"/$%3/$'+,'),"/$:2$DED$"8*#+2""&6$C&$%$,"&)#'9$

43$Q)3"$LMM`9$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+),'$+-$T)8%3$U4.('&$,%'4-4"/$'("$*,+04&4+3%#$8"%&),"&$

+,/","/$43$Q)#2$LMMZ$43$-%0+,$+-$>%,%2%?)6_@$C$1,)14%#$*+43'$(","$4&$'(%'$'("$/4--","3'$/"14&4+3&$

'%?"3$:2$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$43/4,"1'#2$,"1+.345"$()8%3$,4.('&$04+#%'4+3&$:2$'("$

&'%'"6$$

U"1"3'#29$'("$%''4')/"$+-$'("$&'%'"$1(%3."/$/,%&'41%##29$%&$&(+!3$:2$&'%'"8"3'&$8%/"$%'$%$

("%,43.$+-$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$+-$T)8%3$U4.('&$+3$V%,1($@Z9$LMMB6$R),43.$'(%'$

("%,43.9$'("$C''+,3"2$E"3",%#$+--","/$%$-,4"3/#2$&"''#"8"3'$'+$>%,%2%?)$!(41($'("2$,"-)&"/9$

1#%4843.$'(%'$'("$&'%'"$#%1?"/$1,"/4:4#4'26$a4"!43.$,"1"3'$04+#%'4+3&$%&$'++$&",4+)&$-+,$'("$&'%'"$'+$

W,"*%4,X9$'("$1+88)34'2$&""&$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$%&$'("$+3#2$#".4'48%'"$%,:4'",$'+$

;)/."$'("$=1)%/+,4%3$&'%'"$%3/$+,/",$,"*%,%'4+3&6_L$C$-43%#$,)#43.$4&$"J*"1'"/$&(+,'#26$$

C&$&).."&'"/$:2$'(4&$1%&"9$#4'4.%'4+3$1%3$'%?"$&"0",%#$2"%,&$%3/$/+"&$3+'$.)%,%3'""$'(%'$

04+#%'4+3&$+-$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&b$,4.('&$!4##$:"$,"/,"&&"/6$T+!"0",9$!("3$3%'4+3%#$1+),'&$,)#"$

*+&4'40"#2$43$-%0+,$+-$3%'40"$',4:"&9$'("&"$#".%#$/"14&4+3&$1%3$:"$)&"/$*):#41#2$'+$"8*(%&45"$'(%'$

04+#%'4+3&$(%0"$:""3$1+884''"/$:2$'("$&'%'"6$c+&4'40"$,)#43.&$1%3$%#&+$&"'$48*+,'%3'$*,"1"/"3'&$

'(%'$1%3$("#*$+'(",$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&$43$'("$1+)3',26$<'$8)&'$:"$3+'"/9$'(+).(9$'(%'$43'",3%'4+3%#$$

$

$NL$

Page 38: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%&$#'()*+&,$-&)"%&,'.,/+&0()1()*2&,&+%,%-&3,/&1-!(1-&%"&(*)"$-&1-!(+(")+&%4,%&5,6"$&&

()1(*-)"#+&7-"7'-+8&&&

& 9)1(*-)"#+&7-"7'-+&4,6-&$-+"$%-1&%"&,&.(1-&,$$,/&"5&+%$,%-*(-+&%"&7$-++&%4-($&!',(3+:&

()!'#1()*&+7")%,)-"#+&,''(,)!-+&,)1&+%$--%&3"0('(;,%(")2&4(*4'/&+"74(+%(!,%-1&)-*"%(,%(")+2&,)1&

'(%(*,%(")&()&),%("),'&,)1&()%-$),%("),'&!"#$%+&,)1&%$(0#),'+8&&

& <<

Page 39: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

Section 5

State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims

!

"#$!%&'(&$)*$%!(+,(-.$+!/0!*-+*)$-12%!3$134$%!&1!32'%2$!&#$*'!.4(*5%!#(,$!3'1+2.$+!(!6*+$!'(-)$!

17!12&.15$%!(-+!'$(.&*1-%8!9-!%15$!*-%&(-.$%:!)1,$'-5$-&%!('$!-1&!$,$-!(.;-164$+)*-)!-(&*,$!

&'*/$%<!+$5(-+%!1'!('$!'$%31-+*-)!-$)(&*,$40!&1!&#$*'!.4(*5%8!9-!1&#$'%:!&#$!'$%31-%$!17!&#$!%&(&$!

#(%!/$$-!&1!)'(-&!*-+*)$-12%!)'123%!,('*12%!4$,$4%!17!(2&1-150:!(-+!%15$&*5$%!$,$-!

%1,$'$*)-&0:!&#'12)#!&#$!'$.1)-*&*1-!17!$=2(4!%&(&2%!71'!-(&*,$!&'*/$%8!9-!%15$!*-%&(-.$%:!$,$-!

(2&1-150!*%!-1&!(-!(+$=2(&$!%142&*1->!6$!.(-!$?3$.&!&#$%$!)'123%!&1!+*$!12&8!"#$!.(%$!%&2+*$%!

3'$%$-&$+!/$416!+$%.'*/$!&#$!6*+$!'(-)$!17!'$%31-%$%!/0!&#$!+15*-(-&!.24&2'$!&1!&#$!%&'(&$)*$%!

.#1%$-!/0!*-+*)$-12%!3$134$%8!

!

Type 1 – No reaction or negative reaction by the state

"#$!7*'%&!&03$!17!'$%31-%$!&1!*-+*)$-12%!4(-+!.4(*5%!#(%!/$$-!(-!(/%$-.$!17!'$(.&*1-!/0!&#$!%&(&$!

1'!%&'1-)!1331%*&*1-!&1!3'131%(4%!32&!71'6('+!/0!-(&*,$!&'*/$%8!!

9-!9%'($4:!@$+12*-%!#(,$!%2%&(*-$+!&#$*'!&'(+*&*1-(4!6(0!17!4*7$!*-!&#$!A$)$,!+$%$'&!71'!

)$-$'(&*1-%8!9-!&#$!4(&$!BCDE%!(-+!$('40!BCFE%:!&#$!)1,$'-5$-&!17!9%'($4!3'$%%$+!@$+12*-%!&1!

'$%$&&4$!*-!%$,$-!34(--$+!&16-%8!9-!&#$!+$%*)-!17!&#$%$!34(.$%!4*&&4$!.1-%*+$'(&*1-!6(%!)*,$-!&1!

@$+12*-!.24&2'$8!G(.;!17!@$+12*-!*-,14,$5$-&!*-!&#$!+$%*)-!5(0!#(,$!%15$&#*-)!&1!+1!6*&#!&#$!

7(.&!&#(&!51'$!&#(-!#(47!17!&#$!@$+12*-%!'$72%$+!&1!51,$8!"#$0!.4(*5$+!&#(&!&#$!*-&$-&*1-!/$#*-+!

&#*%!%$&&4$5$-&!314*.0!6(%!-1&:!(%!9%'($4!.4(*5$+:!(!+$%*'$!&1!)*,$!&#$5!(..$%%!&1!51+$'-!%$',*.$%:!

/2&!'(&#$'!(-!$771'&!&1!.1-.$-&'(&$!&#$5!*-!('$(%!&#(&!6124+!$-(/4$!&#$!&'(-%7$'!17!&#$*'!4(-+!&1!&#$!

%&(&$!(-+!4$(+!&1!&#$*'!24&*5(&$!(%%*5*4(&*1-8!!

"#$!%$,$-!'$.1)-*H$+!@$+12*-!&16-%!$%&(/4*%#$+!(&!&#$!$-+!17!&#$!BCDE%!3(*+!4*&&4$!

(&&$-&*1-!&1!&'*/(4!%&'2.&2'$:!71'.*-)!&'*/$%!6*&#!(!#*%&1'0!17!'*,(4'0!(-+!(-&()1-*%5!&1!4*,$!

&1)$&#$'8!"#$!&16-%!(4%1!177$'$+!*-%277*.*$-&!4(-+!71'!@$+12*-!()'*.24&2'$8!!"#$!(+(3&(&*1-!17!

@$+12*-%!&1!&#$!51+$'-!6(0!17!4*7$!*-!&#$%$!-$6!&16-%!#(%!4$+!&1!.1-74*.&%!/$&6$$-!%$?$%:!

/$&6$$-!14+$'!(-+!012-)$'!)$-$'(&*1-%:!(-+!/$&6$$-!-2.4$('!7(5*4*$%!(-+!&#$!&'*/$%8!!

@$+12*-%!6#1!'$%*%&$+!'$%$&&4$5$-&!'$5(*-$+!*-!2-'$.1)-*H$+!,*44()$%8!"#$%$!('$!

*-71'5(4!.1552-*&*$%!6*&#!-1!3$'5(-$-&!%&'2.&2'$%!1'!32/4*.!%$',*.$%8!"1+(0:!&#$!)1,$'-5$-&!

+1$%!-1&!'$.1)-*H$!&#$%$!%$&&4$5$-&%!(-+!.1-%*+$'%!&#$5!*44$)(48!"#$!41.(&*1-%!1-!6#*.#!&#$0!#(,$!

/$$-!/2*4&!6$'$!.4(%%*7*$+!(%!()'*.24&2'(4!4(-+!*-!BCDI!2-+$'!(!J4(--*-)!(-+!K1-%&'2.&*1-!G(6!

&#(&!*)-1'$+!&#$!$?*%&$-.$!17!@$+12*-!,*44()$%!(-+!41.(4*&*$%8!!

!LM!

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!"#$#%&"'()*#$((#)+&"&#,-(($.&"#$%&#'/0&%#)+%&$)"#12#0&31(-)-1/#$/0#31")#12#)+&3#01#/1)#

%&4&-,&#5$"-4#"&%,-4&"6#!#%&4&/)#%&"71/"&#)1#8&01'-/#0-")%&""#+$"#5&&/#)+&#9+$%1/#2-,&:;&$%#7($/*#

<+-4+#122&%"#/'3&%1'"#-/4&/)-,&"#)1#8&01'-/"#<-((-/.#)1#31,&#-/)1#)+&#%&41./-=&0#)1</"6#

>1<&,&%*#)+&#?"%$&(-#.1,&%/3&/)#+$"#$("1#%&"1%)&0#)1#";")&3$)-4#4%17#0&")%'4)-1/*#0&31(-)-1/#12#

+1'"&"*#$/0#(&.$(#5$))(&"#-/#41'%)#)1#'/0&%"41%&#)+&#")$)&@"#($/0#1</&%"+-7#4($-3"A#)1#3$B&#)+&#

(-,&"#12#8&01'-/"#-/#)+&#,-(($.&"#7$%)-4'($%(;#'/41321%)$5(&A#$/0#)1#41/,-/4&#)+&3#)1#31,&6##

C/#5$($/4&*#7&/$()-&"#1,&%"+$01<#-/4&/)-,&"*#(&$0-/.#)+&#8&01'-/"#)1#%&D&4)#)+&#<+1(&#

7($/#$/0#)1#-/4%&$"&#)+&-%#%&"-")$/4&#)1#)+&#?"%$&(-#")$)&6EF#8;#4137$%-"1/*#)+&#G1%0$/-$/#%&"71/"&#

)1#8&01'-/#&221%)"#)1#7%&"&%,&#)+&-%#)%$0-)-1/$(#<$;#12#(-2&#&37+$"-=&"#-/4&/)-,&"#$/0#-"#

4+$%$4)&%-=&0#5;#$#+&-.+)&/&0#(&,&(#12#4'()'%$(#$<$%&/&""#$/0#"&/"-)-,-);6#H1%&1,&%*#.1,&%/3&/)#

0&4-"-1/"#%&.$%0-/.#8&01'-/"#$%&#3$0&#41(($51%$)-,&(;6##

?/#I$")&%/#I'%17&*#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"#$%&#2$4-/.#"-3-($%#1771"-)-1/#)1#)+&-%#($/0#4($-3"*#<-)+#

)+&#$00-)-1/$(#0-"$0,$/)$.&#12#5&-/.#0-"7&%"&0#$4%1""#"&,&%$(#41'/)%-&"#$/0#/1)#+$,-/.#$#'/-2-&0#

1%.$/-=$)-1/$(#")%'4)'%&#)1#$0,$/4&#)+&-%#4($-3"6#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"#$%&#"7%&$0#$31/.#"&,&%$(#

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'/0&)&%3-/&0#/'35&%#-/#K'%B&;6#K+&#!')1/131'"#P&7'5(-4#12#J%-3&$#-"#,&%;#0-,&%"&6##K<&(,&#

7&%4&/)#12#)+&#717'($)-1/#$%&#K$)$%"A#NT#7&%4&/)#P'""-$/"A#MR#7&%4&/)#QB%$-/-$/"A#$/0#)+%&&#

7&%4&/)#1)+&%#.%1'7"6##

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$"#$/#$')14+)+1/1'"#1%#-/0-.&/1'"#7&17(&A#$/#122-4-$(#%&41./-)-1/#12#)+&-%#)%$0-)-1/$(#(&$0&%"#$"#

"'7%&3&#%&7%&"&/)$)-,&#$')+1%-)-&"A#&22&4)-,&#%&7%&"&/)$)-1/#$)#$((#(&,&("#12#.1,&%/3&/)A#$/#

-37%1,&3&/)#-/#"14-1&41/13-4#41/0-)-1/"#"'22-4-&/)#)1#$((1<#)+&#%&)'%/#12#$((#7&17(&#0&71%)&0#5;#

)+&#91,-&)#P&.-3&#-/#)+&#RUTO"A#$/0#&V'$(#%-.+)"#12#$((#7&17(&"#12#J%-3&$#%&.$%0-/.#7%-,$)-=$)-1/#

$/0#&37(1;3&/)6#

#C)+&%#")$B&+1(0&%"#-/#)+&#%&.-1/::P'""-$*#QB%$-/&*#)+&#W1/:K$)$%#717'($)-1/*#$/0#)+&#

.1,&%/3&/)#12#)+&#!')1/131'"#P&7'5(-4#12#J%-3&$::01#/1)#%&41./-=&#)+&#K$)$%"@#4($-3"#$/0#

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7$%)-4-7$)-1/*#1%#"&(2:.1,&%/3&/)#21%#)+&#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"*#-/4('0-/.#)+&#%-.+)#12#"&(2:

0&)&%3-/$)-1/6#?/#RUUX#)+&#QB%$-/-$/#Y1,&%/3&/)#&,&/#0&7%-,&0#J%-3&$/#K$)$%"#<+1#+$0#/1)#

15)$-/&0#QB%$-/-$/#4-)-=&/"+-7#12#)+&#%-.+)#)1#,1)&6ET#

J137(&Z#2&$)'%&"#12#)%-5$(#717'($)-1/"#4135-/&0#<-)+#)+&#%&7&$)&0#3-.%$)-1/#12#)+&-%#

$/4&")1%"#+$,&#$(<$;"#3$0&#-)#0-22-4'()#21%#)+&#!0-,$"-"#12#?/0-$#)1#0-"4'""#)+&-%#-/0-.&/&-);6#

[+-(&#31")#"4+1($%"#4+$((&/.&#)+&#/1)-1/*#)+&#!0-,$"-"#+$,&#5&&/#0&"4%-5&0#$"#)+&#1/(;#/$)-,&"#12#

# FS

Page 41: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%&'())*+,)-.$/),0%/+"1)-.0$,),$2.-/).%30)"+-)+4-0")500")%,-$678%-0#)%/)-.+/0)+4)$"#$20"+7/)90+980&)

:+;030,1)8$<0)=%">)"%-$30)90+980)%,+7"#)-.0);+,8#1)-.0)?#$3%/$/).%30)8+"2)500")0@687#0#)4,+=)

-.0)"%-$+"%8)/+6$0->&))

A7,$"2)-.0)6+8+"$%8),02$=01)-.0)?#$3%/$/);0,0)"02806-0#)5>)-.0)B,$-$/.)%"#)$/+8%-0#)4,+=)

-.0),0/-)+4)-.0)/+6$0->&)C%"#)+;"0,/)%"#)-,%#0,D=+"0>80"#0,/)4$"%"60#)-.0$,)%2,$678-7,%8)9,+E06-/&)

?/)%),0/78-1)=%">)?#$3%/$/)%667=78%-0#)#05-)%"#)030"-7%88>)8+/-)-.0$,)8%"#&))

!")FGH'1)-.0)*+,0/-)?6-)80#)-+)#03%/-%-$"2)$=9%6-/)+")?#$3%/$/I)7/0)+4)4+,0/-),0/+7,60/1)%/)

$-)0/-%58$/.0#)-.0)%5/+87-0),$2.-)+4)-.0)/-%-0)+30,)4+,0/-)8%"#1)$2"+,$"2)?#$3%/$/I)67/-+=%,>D7/0)

,$2.-/&)?4-0,)$"#090"#0"601)/6.+8%,/)%"#)/+6$%8);+,<0,/).0890#)/-,0"2-.0")-.0)/+8$#%,$->)+4)

?#$3%/$/)%6,+//)-,$5%8)8$"0/)$")9,+-0/-)%2%$"/-)+44$6$%8)8%6<)+4),0/906-)4+,)67/-+=%,>)4+,0/-),$2.-/&'J)

!")4%6-1)$")!"#$%1)-.0)$#0"-$4$6%-$+")+4)?#$3%/$/)%/)$"#$20"+7/)90+980),040,/)/906$4$6%88>)-+)-.0$,)

8%6<)+4)6+"-,+8)+30,)K-.0$,L)"%-7,%8),0/+7,60/1)"+-)-+)-.0$,)97-%-$30)68%$=)-+)50$"2)-.0)"%-$30)

90+980)+4)!"#$%&))

!")-.0)9%/-)MN)>0%,/1),%9$#)$"#7/-,$%8$O%-$+")%"#)#0308+9=0"-1)/76.)%/)#%=)6+"/-,76-$+"1)

.%30)030")47,-.0,),0/-,$6-0#)?#$3%/$/I/)7/0)+4)8%"#)%"#)4+,0/-/&)P$"60)=%">)?#$3%/$/)8$30)$")/-009)

%"#),0=+-0)%,0%/1)%8/+);088)/7$-0#)-+)#%=)6+"/-,76-$+"1)-.0/0)9,+E06-/).%30).%#)0/906$%88>)

#0/-,76-$30)$=9%6-/)+")-.0$,)8$30/&)*+,->)90,60"-)+4)-.0)90+980)#$/98%60#)5>)#%=/)$")!"#$%).%30)

500")?#$3%/$/1);.+),09,0/0"-)+"8>)0$2.-)90,60"-)+4)-.0)-+-%8)9+978%-$+"&''))

A$/98%60=0"-)#0/-,+>0#)-;+)$=9+,-%"-)5%/0/)+4)-.0$,)8$30/Q)-.0$,)-$0)-+)"%-7,%8),0/+7,60/)

%"#)-.0)/+6$%8)5+"#/)%=+"2)-.0)?#$3%/$/)-.0=/0830/&)R.0)P%,#%,)P%,+3%,)S,+E06-)%88020#8>)

%4406-0#)79)-+)MNN1NNN)90+980)-.,+72.)#$/98%60=0"-)5>)6%"%8)6+"/-,76-$+"1)/06+"#%,>)

#$/98%60=0"-1)6+=90"/%-+,>)%44+,0/-%-$+"1)%"#)9758$6).0%8-.).%O%,#/&'T)R.0)#%=)9,+E06-/).%30)

0"#0#)%">)6.%"60)+4)%7-+"+=>)4+,)-.0)?#$3%/$/&)!")U%,6.)HNNV1)47,-.0,)6+"/-,76-$+")+4)-.0)#%=)

79)-+)%).0$2.-)+4)FFN)=0-0,/);%/)%7-.+,$O0#&)

)!")-.0/0)6%/0/1)$"#$20"+7/)90+980/)4%60)/-,+"2)+99+/$-$+")4,+=)"%-$+"%8)2+30,"=0"-/)

;.$6.),047/0)-+)%##,0//)-.0$,)6+"60,"/&)R.0$,)68%$=/).%30)500")$2"+,0#&)W%-$30)-,$50/)6%");%$-)

%"#).+90)4+,)%)6.%"20)$"),02$=0)+,)%)/.$4-)$")-.0)9+8$-$6%8)678-7,0)+4)-.0)6+7"-,>&)?8-0,"%-$308>1)

-.0>)=$2.-)5,$"2)$"-+)98%>)+"0)+,)=+,0)+4)-.0)%99,+%6.0/)#$/67//0#)$")-.0)9,03$+7/)/06-$+"&))

Type 2– Demands are heard by the state, but disputes are not resolved

?)/06+"#)->90)+4)/-%-0),0/9+"/0)-+)-.0)68%$=/)+4)"%-$30)90+980/).%/)500")-+)%6<"+;80#20)-.0$,)

#0=%"#/)%"#),04806-)9758$68>)+");%>/)-+)%##,0//)-.0=1)57-)-+)=%<0)"+)=%E+,)6.%"20/)$")-.0)/-%-7/)

+4)$"#$20"+7/)-,$50/)+,)-+)+440,)"+),0/+87-$+")+4)/906$4$6)68%$=/&)!")-.0/0)$"/-%"60/1)2+30,"=0"-/)

%,0)"+-),0%#>)-+)%8-0,)-.0$,),08%-$+"/);$-.)$"#$20"+7/)90+980/)+,)-+),0/9+"#)-+)-.0$,)98$2.-&))

)MJ)

Page 42: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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*&"4'#E(12&+"#+*#.%(#'4,#,42#B:/%#'(22#4B?&.&+:2#.%4"#&.2#+1&-&"4'#E(12&+"#<.%(#!;F#$+"E(".&+"#

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.%(#1&-%.2#+*#&"3&-("+:2#I(+I'(2#4"3#.%(&1#'(-4'#1(I1(2(".4.&E(2#.+#?(#/+"2:'.(3#,%("#2.4.(#

3(/&2&+"2#41(#?(&"-#B43(L#4"3#&.#(2.4?'&2%(3#4#3(/(".14'&K(3#I:?'&/#4-("/6#,&.%#?+.%#&"3&-("+:2#

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.%(#2.4.:2#+*#H4I:/%(#I(+I'(#&"#$%&'(#%4E(#-&E("#.%(B#B+1(#1&-%.2#+"#I4I(1)#?:.#.%(#

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!"#T:64"4)#B+2.#5B(1&"3&4"#3(B4"32#1(E+'E(#41+:"3#'4"3#.&.'&"-#4"3#/+".1+'#+E(1#.%(#

"4.:14'#1(2+:1/(2#I1(2(".#+"#4"3#:"3(1#.%(#'4"3C#!"#78UG)#.%(#T:64"(2(#-+E(1"B(".#4-1((3#.+#

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4:.%+1&.6#.+#B4Q(#'4"3#:2(#3(/&2&+"2#&"#.%(&1#41(4C#P+,(E(1)#&.#4'2+#I'4/(3#5B(1&"3&4"2#:"3(1#.%(#

/+".1+'#+*#-+E(1"B(".V4II+&".(3#W&''4-(#$4I.4&"2L#*+1?43(#.%(#24'(#+*#4'/+%+'L#1(2.1&/.(3#.%(#

(BI'+6B(".#+*#5B(1&"3&4"2L#4"3#2.1&II(3#.%(B#+*#3&2/1(.&+"#.+#(X/':3(#+:.2&3(12C##Y(/:1&.6#+*#

'4"3#.(":1(#,42#4'2+#:"3(1B&"(3)#42#5B(1&"3&4"2#3&3#"+.#-4&"#2:?2:1*4/(#1&-%.2#4"3#1(/(&E(3#"+#

.&.'(#.+#'4"32#,&.%&"#GG#*((.#+*#1&E(12#4"3#/+42.4'#41(42)#41(42#(22(".&4'#.+#B4&".4&"&"-#.%(&1#

.143&.&+"4'#,46#+*#'&*(C#J%(6#,(1(#*+1?&33("#.+#2(''#.%(&1#'4"3#,&.%+:.#4II1+E4'#+*#.%(#H&"&2.(1C##

!"#@AAG)#:"3(1#I1(22:1(#*1+B#.%(#Z+1'3#[4"Q)#T:64"4#("4/.(3#4#"(,#5B(1&"3&4"#5/.#

.%4.#-4E(#.%(#&"3&-("+:2#I(+I'(#B+1(#/+".1+'#+E(1#'+/4'#-+E(1"B(".C#P+,(E(1)#&"#.%&2#"(,#'4,#

.%(#H&"&2.(1#1(.4&"2#I+,(1#.+#1(R(/.#/+BB:"&.6#1:'(2L#4II1+E(#/+".14/.2#?(.,(("#/+BB:"&.&(2#

4"3#+:.2&3(12L#+E(11:'(#/+BB:"&.6#'4"3#:2(#3(/&2&+"2L#4"3#.4Q(#'4"3#,&.%+:.#/+BI("24.&+"C#

\&"4''6)#4"3#B+2.#&BI+1.4".'6)#.%(#2.4.(#1(.4&"(3#+,"(12%&I#+*#.%(#2:?2+&'#1(2+:1/(2#(22(".&4'#.+#

T:64"4S2#(/+"+B6CU8##

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.&.'(3#'4"3C#J%(#H&"&2.(1#&2#4'2+#4''+,(3#.+#+E(11&3(#4#/+BB:"&.6S2#E(.+#+*#'41-(V2/4'(#B&"&"-#

I1+R(/.2#R:3-(3#.+#?(#&"#.%(#I:?'&/#&".(1(2.C#52#&"#$%&'()#.%(#T:64"4#/42(#2:--(2.2#.%4.#.%(#

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(/+"+B&/#E4':(#+*#B&"(14'#1(2+:1/(2#+"#.%(&1#'4"3C##

# DU

Page 43: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%%&'("#()*+$,-.'(/01()*+$,-."$#(2/$/1(0$2(3-41,(5.-3($(2/.-#6(#16$/"41(.1$*/"-#(/-(

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-K%"6$/"-#2(+#,1.(FLM(>-#41#/"-#(CNO'($#,(.1P+12/1,(/0$/(/01(;1/"/"-#(K1(,1*%$.1,("#$,3"22"K%1(

$#,(/01(*$21(*%-21,<JC((!+./01.3-.1'()*+$,-.92(=//-.#1&(?1#1.$%(,",(#-/("#412/"6$/1(,1$/0($#,(

.$;1(/0.1$/2(*%$"31,(K&(7$.$&$8+(313K1.2<(E-(13;0$2"D1()*+$,-.92(2-41.1"6#/&'(/01(Q"#"2/1.(-5(

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Page 44: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%#&%$'()%*#+&*,($-!+.#"+$/&0!+12#$3#0&((#$3#!%#-4&#5$6$5)-.#!"#)%7)*&%!,3#$%7#-+)'$(#6&!6(&3#

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@%#%!%&#!"#-4&3&#5$3&3#7!#3,54#5!%7)-)!%3#&A)3-<##

Type 3 – Significant or partial resolution of land claims

@%#3!/&#5$3&3#)%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3#4$:&#/$%$*&7#-!#$7:$%5&#-4&)+#($%7#5($)/3#;,)-&#3,55&33",((.<#

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+&3!(,-)!%#6+!5&7,+&3#-!#+&$54#+&3!(,-)!%<#B4+!,*4#3&:&+$(#3-+$-&*)&32#)%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3#4$:&#

3&&%#-4&)+#7&/$%73#3)*%)")5$%-(.#!+#6$+-)$((.#$77+&33&7<##C$-):&#-+)'&3#4$:&#$54)&:&7#3&("D

7&-&+/)%$-)!%2#+&$(#$,-!%!/.2#!+#6$+-)$(#$,-!%!/.2#$%7#4$:&#*$)%&7#")%$%5)$(#5!/6&%3$-)!%#"+!/#

-4&#*!:&+%/&%-<##

Self Determination

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Partial resolution of land claims

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T&%!)+H1)&"(!-+J5$*+1%'7$+)51)+)5$+H&!'1I1+51#$+6"(!$()$4+)"+)5$+0"!!+"8+)5$&%+!"#$%$&'()*+&(+

$S651('$+8"%+0&,&)$4+%&'5)!+4$0$'1)$4+/*+E%&)&!5+F"07,/&1+1(4+F1(141-==+

+ J5$+F1(14&1(+'"#$%(,$()+51!+/$$(+3&00&('+)"+%$4$8&($+)5$+%$01)&"(!5&2+/$)3$$(+)5$+!)1)$+

1(4+&(4&'$("7!+2$"20$!+1(4+)"+'%1()+17)"(","7!+!)1)7!+)"+(1)&#$+)%&/$!-+<"3$#$%9+17)"(",*+4"$!+

(")+$K710+!$08C4$)$%,&(1)&"(+1(4+61(+&(#"0#$+6",2%",&!$!+"#$%+)5$+1,"7()+"8+01(4+)51)+&!+'%1()$4+

+VL+

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!"#$%&#'()*#(+,#"&-.'($/!+*#$%($#0.*$#1&#!1&2&,3#4$#('*!#'&(5&*#!6&+#$%&#7.&*$/!+#!8#%!)#$%&#*$($.*#

!8#9/"*$#:($/!+*#!"#9/"*$#;&!6'&*#)/''#1&#,&8/+&,#/+#$%&#8.$."&#*/+<&#!+'2#(#6&"0(+&+$#-"(+$#!8#8.''#

*!5&"&/-+$2#)!.',#&+,#$%&#,/*<.**/!+3###

#

Autonomy recognized but not implemented

=#$%/",#$26&#!8#"&*!'.$/!+#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#'(+,#<'(/0*#<!+*/*$*#!8#-"(+$/+-#(.$!+!02#$!#/+,/-&+!.*#

$"/1&*#1.$#)/$%!.$#(+2#*6&</('#>'&-/*'($&,?#0&(+*#!8#/06'&0&+$/+-#$%/*#+&)#*$($.*3#4+#@(/)(+A#

,."/+-#$%&#6"&*/,&+$/('#&'&<$/!+#!8#BCCCA#/+,/-&+!.*#(<$/5/*$*A#*.66!"$&,#12#$%&#D;;#6("$2A#

!"-(+/E&,#(#<(06(/-+#$!#6.*%#8!")(",#/+,/-&+!.*#6!'/</&*3#@%&#*.<<&**8.''2#*/-+&,#F@"&($2#!8#

:&)#;("$+&"*%/6#1&$)&&+#$%&#4+,/-&+!.*#;&!6'&*#(+,#$%&#G!5&"+0&+$#!8#@(/)(+H#%(*#*&5&"('#

("$/<'&*A#/+<'.,/+-#"&<!-+/$/!+#!8#$%&#+($."('#*!5&"&/-+$2#!8#@(/)(+I*#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#

6"!0!$/!+#!8#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#8!"#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#<!+<'.*/!+#!8#(#'(+,#$"&($2#)/$%#

/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&*J#$%&#"&/+*$($&0&+$#!8#$"(,/$/!+('#+(0&*#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#<!00.+/$/&*#(+,#+($."('#

'(+,0("L*J#$%&#"&<!5&"2#!8#$"(,/$/!+('#$&""/$!"/&*#(+,#.*&#!8#+($."('#"&*!."<&*#8!"#/+,/-&+!.*#

<!00.+/$/&*#(+,#6&!6'&*J#(+,#$%&#6"!5/*/!+#!8#<!+-"&**/!+('#"&6"&*&+$($/5&*#8!"#&(<%#/+,/-&+!.*#

6&!6'&3#@%/*#(-"&&0&+$#"&<!-+/E&*#/+,/-&+!.*#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#/+#$%&!"2A#6.$$/+-#(+#&+,#$!#$%&#

,/*<"/0/+($/5&#(+,#(**/0/'($/!+/*$#($$/$.,&*#!8#$%&#6"&5/!.*#"&-/0&3##

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!"-(+/E&,#<!00.+/$2#&88!"$#$!#*(8&-.(",#$%&#"/5&"#@(+(2/L.#$%($#".+*#$%"!.-%#$%&#<!00.+/$23#

N!)&5&"A#$%&/"#"/-%$#$!#(<$#%(*#1&&+#'/0/$&,#12#$%&#+($/!+('#-!5&"+0&+$3#=,0/+/*$"($/5&#"&-/!+*#

%(5&#2&$#$!#1&#"&!"-(+/E&,#$!#&+(1'&#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&#$!#(<%/&5&#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&3#O.""&+$'2A#

/+,/-&+!.*#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#,!&*#+!$#0&(+#'!<('#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#/+#$%&#P."/*,/<$/!+#!8#$%&#xiangA#

(+#(,0/+/*$"($/5&#'&5&'#*0(''&"#$%(+#$%&#<!.+$23##4+#@(/)(+A#$%&#(.$!+!02#!8#$%&#@*!.#6&!6'&#/*#

5&"2#'/0/$&,#/+#6"(<$/<&#,&*6/$&#(#$"&($2#-"(+$/+-#(+,#,&8/+/+-#*&'8K-!5&"+(+<&#8!"#/+,/-&+!.*#

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<!.+$"2I*#BCRS#<!+*$/$.$/!+#"&<!-+/E&*#$%&#<.*$!0("2#'()*#!8#/+,/-&+!.*#6&!6'&#(*#(#1/+,/+-#6("$#

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0&(+/+-#0!*$'2#12#<!+8'/<$*#"&'($&,#$!#'(+,#.*&#(+,#"&*!."<&#"/-%$*3#4+#BCCTA#$%&#Q!+--!0#8/'&,#(#

'()*./$#(-(/+*$#$%&#0/+/+-#<!06(+2#UN;#U/''/$!+#$!#6"!$&*$#(-(/+*$#$%&#&+5/"!+0&+$('#/06(<$*#!8#

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,!''("*#$!#$%&#1./',/+-#!8#(66"!6"/($&#$(/'/+-*#<!+$(/+0&+$#8(</'/$/&*#12#UN;#U/''/$!+J#$%&#<"&($/!+##

#

# TY

Page 49: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$#%&'(%#"!&#%)*#+*!+,*#!"#%)*#-,.#/01*&2#$34#$#"'34#"!&#5!66'30%0*(#03#%)*#6!(%#)*$10,.#$""*5%*4#

$&*$(#!"#%)*#,!7*&#89#:*40#/01*&;##

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%)*#603*#()!&%,.#%)*&*$"%*&;#A340C*3!'(#C&!'+(#7*3%#@$59#%!#5!'&%#$(903C#"!&#6!&*#5!6+*3($%0!3#

"!&#*310&!36*3%$,#4$6$C*;#A3#DEEF?#%)*#+$&%0*(#&*$5)*4#$3!%)*&#(*%%,*6*3%;#G)!&%,.#$"%*&?#<=>#

(!,4#0%(#()$&*#!"#%)*#603*#%!#$3!%)*&#5!6+$3.#$"%*&#4!03C#$#('@!+%06$,#5,*$3#'+?#$C$03#70%)!'%#

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>$+'$#J*7#K'03*$#404#3!%#5!3%*(%#,$34#!73*&()0+#!&#,$34#'($C*?#@'%#*310&!36*3%$,#4$6$C*#

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6$03%$0303C#*5!3!605#$34#5',%'&$,,.#(0C30"05$3%#$5%010%0*(;#A3#%)*#*34?#(!1*&*0C3%.#!&#$'%!3!6.#

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%&0@*(#!3#+$+*&?#@'%#$&*#,060%*4#03#+&$5%05*#@*5$'(*#!"#%)*#C!1*&36*3%(I#'370,,03C3*((#!&#03$@0,0%.#

%!#"!,,!7#%)&!'C)#!3#06+,*6*3%$%0!3;##

Monetary compensation

L#"!'&%)#%.+*#!"#&*(+!3(*#%!#&*(!,103C#0340C*3!'(#,$34#5,$06(#)$(#@**3#%!#!""*&#6!3*%$&.#

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&*(!'&5*(;#A3#%)0(#,$(%#5$(*?#%)*&*#0(#3!#C'$&$3%**#%)$%#5,*$&#@!&4*&(#70,,#@*#6$03%$03*4#@*%7**3#

3$%01*#+*!+,*#$34#%)*#4!603$3%#5',%'&*;#A3#%)*#O30%*4#G%$%*(?#%)&!'C)#%)*#L&0P!3$#Q$%*&#

G*%%,*6*3%#L5%#!"#DEEF?#%)*#R*3%&$,#L&0P!3$#>&!S*5%#TRL>U#70,,#@&03C#V;W#60,,0!3#$5&*B"**%#!"#

R!,!&$4!#/01*&#7$%*&#+*&#.*$&#%!#%)*#L&0P!3$#5!'3%0*(#!"#>06$?#>03$,?#$34#X$&05!+$;#:)*#RL>#0(#

%)*#,$&C*(%#(03C,*#&*(!'&5*#!"#&*3*7$@,*#7$%*&#('++,0*(#03#L&0P!3$;##

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&*)$@0,0%$%*#%)*#G$3#R$&,!(#A&&0C$%0!3#>&!S*5%#$34#YW[#60,,0!3#70,,#*(%$@,0()#$3#8+*&$%0!3(?#

X$03%*3$35*?#$34#/*)$@0,0%$%0!3#:&'(%#-'34#%!#4*"&$.#5!(%(#$((!50$%*4#70%)#%)*#4*,01*&.#!"#RL>#

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$34#"$&6*&(#70,,#@*#$@,*#%!#&*(%!&*#5',%01$%0!3#!"#50%&'(#5&!+(?#1*C*%$@,*(?#5!%%!3?#$,"$,"$?#$34#

C&$03(;#=!7*1*&?#%)*&*#0(#3!#C'$&$3%**#%)$%#%)*#5!66'30%.#70,,#@*#$@,*#%!#*""*5%01*,.#+&$5%05*#

#FF#

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!"#$%&'("!)*#("(+*&),#-("."-(!#/$()0%1("+)%2%)-(/#()0")(%##%'")%/&(.%33(4*(+"##%*5(/,)(%&(."-1()0")(

.%33($/1)(4*&*!%)(%&5%'*&/,1(6*/63*17(

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1,1)"%&()0*%#(."-(/!(3%!*7(=++/#5%&'()/()0*()#*")-:()0*(;%1'"<"(.%33(#*+*%2*(6"-$*&)1(/!(>?@A(

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( BI

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!"#!$%"&'()*+"#(),+()&--'..%#)&/%.)*&"$)0%.!&#()+"#)%(1!2+1!"$)1,%)/+*'%)&3)1,%(%)*&((%()!()*!4%*5)

1&)*%+#)1&)!"1%"(%)#%6+1%)+"#)-&"1.&/%.(57)8'.1,%.2&.%9)1,%.%)!()"&)$'+.+"1%%)1,+1)2&"%1+.5)

-&20%"(+1!&"):!**)*%+#)1&)+).%(1&.+1!&")&3)1.+#!1!&"+*)0.+-1!-%()&.)0.%(%./+1!&")&3)1,%)!"#!$%"%!15)

&3)1,%)"+1!/%)0%&0*%)!"/&*/%#7)

);<)

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Section 6

Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims !!

"#$%&'(!)*(+'%'*(,!&--#&$!%*!.#!#,,#(%'&/!%*!%0#!,1))#,,!*2!/&(+!)/&'3,!.4!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#,6!!

7'$,%8!&!,#%!*2!-$#$#91','%#,!'(%#$(&/!%*!%0#!)/&'3,!31,%!.#!*$5&(':#+!'(!*$+#$!%*!3*1(%!&!

)*3-#//'(5!)&,#6!!;#)*(+8!'(!3&(4!)&,#,!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!-$#,,1$#!31,%!.#!.$*150%!%*!.#&$!*(!

5*<#$(3#(%,!$#,',%&(%!%*!%0#!)/&'3,!*2!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#,6!!=0'$+8!%0#!<&/1#,!*2!%0#!+*3'(&(%!

)1/%1$#!31,%!.#!#(/',%#+!'(!,1--*$%!*2!)/&'3,!%0&%!+*!(*%8!&%!2'$,%!5/&()#8!&--#&$!%*!.#!)*(,',%#(%!

>'%0!%0#'$!'(%#$#,%,6!!7*1$%08!'(!%0#!)*1$,#!*2!/#5&/!*$!&/%#$(&%'<#!+#)','*(!3&?'(5!&$*1(+!/&(+!

',,1#,8!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#!31,%!.#!&//*>#+!%*!&$%')1/&%#!%0#'$!*>(!)*()#-%'*(!*2!%0#'$!+#,'$#+!

,%&%1,!&(+!$'50%,6!!7'(&//48!'%!',!(#)#,,&$4!%*!-1%!,%$1)%1$#,!'(!-/&)#!%*!3*('%*$!&+0#$#()#!%*!

&5$##3#(%,!.#%>##(!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#,!&(+!%0#!+*3'(&(%!)1/%1$#6!

Preparing conditions within the community

"#$%&'(!-$#$#91','%#!)*(+'%'*(,!>'//!#(0&()#!%0#!/'?#/'0**+!%0&%!%0#!+#3&(+,!*2!'(+'5#(*1,!

-#*-/#,!>'//!.#!0#&$+!*$!$#,*/<#+6!=0#!'(+'5#(*1,!3*<#3#(%!(##+,!%*!.#!)*0#,'<#8!&(+!(&%'<#!

-#*-/#!31,%!,-#&?!>'%0!&!1('2'#+!<*')#6!;%$*(5!'(+'5#(*1,!/#&+#$,0'-!',!$#91'$#+!%*!3*.'/':#!

'(+'5#(*1,!)*(,%'%1#()'#,6!!

=0#!'('%'&/!,%#-8!2*$!%0#!-#*-/#!*2!&(!'(+'5#(*1,!)*331('%48!',!%*!&,,13#!%0&%!%0#'$!

)1/%1$#!&(+!>&4!*2!/'2#!&$#!>*$%0!2'50%'(5!2*$6!@(/#,,!%0',!)*(+'%'*(!',!3#%8!'%!',!1(/'?#/4!%0&%!%0#!

/#&+#$,0'-!>'//!#3#$5#!%*!&+<&()#!'(+'5#(*1,!)/&'3,6!A2!'(+'5#(*1,!-#*-/#!&$#!(*%!-$*1+!*2!%0#'$!

)1/%1$#,8!%0#(!%0#'$!)*331('%'#,!>'//!#<#(%1&//4!)$13./#!2$*3!>'%0'(8!&,!4*1(5#$!5#(#$&%'*(,!

)0**,#!%*!&+*-%!%0#!>&4,!*2!%0#!+*3'(&(%!)1/%1$#,!&(+!2&'/!%*!-&,,!%0#'$!/&(51&5#,!&(+!)1/%1$#,!

&/*(5!%*!%0#'$!)0'/+$#(6!!;*3#!'(+'5#(*1,!5$*1-,!2##/!'(2#$'*$!&(+!&,0&3#+!*2!%0#'$!)1/%1$#,6!!

B0#(!%0',!0&--#(,8!&!)1/%1$#!>'//!(*%!,1$<'<#8!(*!3&%%#$!0*>!31)0!/&(+!',!3&+#!&<&'/&./#6!!

=0#!#(/',%3#(%!*2!(&%'*(&/!&(+!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!CDE,!'(!,1--*$%!%0#!$'50%,!*2!'(+'5#(*1,!

-#*-/#,8!+#-#(+,!*(!%0#!&,,#$%'*(!*2!%0#!<&/1#!*2!%$&+'%'*(&/!>&4,!%0&%!3#3.#$,!*2!%0#!)*331('%4!

3'50%!0&<#!2*$5*%%#(6!7*$!#F&3-/#8!*(#!*2!EF2&3!G3#$')&H,!-$*5$&3,!'(!;*1%0!G3#$')&!',!

0#/-'(5!'(+'5#(*1,!G(+#&(!)*331('%'#,!$#I/#&$(!%*!5$*>!)$*-,!,1)0!&,!91'(*&8!)&J'01&8!&(+!

&/2&/2&6KLL!!

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The value of international pressure

=0#!)&,#,!#F&3'(#+!'(!%0',!,%1+4!$#<#&/!%0#!)&-&)'%4!*2!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!CDE,!%*!#F#$%!-$#,,1$#!*(!

2*$#'5(!5*<#$(3#(%,6!B0#(!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!-$#,,1$#!*$!,1--*$%!+*!(*%!#F',%!*$!+',&--#&$8!%0#!<*')#,!

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Page 53: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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)()$#'$&)3$%&'!$%,#"'$%$0'%,#!38%$'9%&'!$*7#!"&)$#03'&'0'9)2#"!3#&-)'3#*/11!3&#!"#.%**'()#13'(%&)#

'$()*&.)$&*#+'&-#/$13!()$#)0!$!.'07#*!0'%,7#%$2#)$('3!$.)$&%,#:)$)"'&*7#0%$#1,%4#%$#'.1!3&%$&#

*/11!3&'$8#3!,)#'"#&-)4#&-3)%&)$#&!#1/,,#!/&#!"#%#13!;)0&5##

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3'8-&*#%$2#)$('3!$.)$&%,#CDE*5#F-)#.%;!3#('0&!34#0%.)#+-)$#&-)#G!3,2#H%$I#+'&-23)+#'&*#

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+!3IS#&-)#3'8-&#&!#-)%,&-S#%$2#&-)#3'8-&#&!#"!!25>A>##<$#E0&!:)3#OAAA7#&-)#<$2'%$#=/13).)#Q!/3&#

0!$"'3.)2#&-)#,)8%,'&4#!"#&-)#2%.#0!$*&3/0&'!$5>AO###

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R'8-&*#-%2#,'&&,)#)"")0&5#F-)3)#-%*#:))$#$!#%2)N/%&)#3)-%:','&%&'!$#!3#3)*)&&,).)$&#!"#&-!*)#

2'*1,%0)2#!3#0!../$'&')*#2'*3/1&)2#:4#&-)#13!;)0&5#<$#*!.)#3)*1)0&*7#&-)#)$2#!"#'$&)3$%&'!$%,#

2!$!3#13)**/3)#,':)3%&)2#&-)#*&%&)#"3!.#&-)#$))2#&!#3)*1)0&#&-)#3'8-&*#!"#&-)#2%.T%"")0&)2#

1!1/,%&'!$*5##

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'$2'8)$!/*#1)!1,)*7#$%&'()#&3':)*#.%4#-%()#*!.)#,)()3%8)5##F-)4#+',,#:)#%:,)#&!#%11)%,#"!3#

'$&)3$%&'!$%,#%**'*&%$0)#%$2#*/11!3&#+-'0-#0!/,2#'$",/)$0)#8!()3$.)$&%,#%0&!3*#'$#&-)'3#!+$#

0!/$&3')*5#Q-',)#'*#!$)#!"#&-)#&-3))#$%&'!$*#'$#&-)#+!3,2#&-%&#-%*#"%',)2#&!#3%&'"4#&-)#<UE#

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"3))2!.7#%$2#,%$2#%$2#3)*!/30)#*)0/3'&4#%*#%&&).1&*#&!#X:%,I%$'9)Y#&-)#3)8'!$#%$2#%*#&-3)%&*#&!#&-)#

"!/$2%&'!$*#!"#Q-',)%$#)0!$!.'0#1!,'04#%$2#$%&'!$%,#,%+5>AJ#F-'*#'*#0!$*!$%$&#+'&-#Q-',)M*#

3)"/*%,#&!#3%&'"4#&-)#<UE#Q!$()$&'!$#>V?#%$2#&-)3):4#%00)1&#%$#'$&)3$%&'!$%,#:'$2'$8#%83)).)$&#

3)8%32'$8#&-)#3'8-&*#!"#'$2'8)$!/*#1)!1,)*5#<$#&-'*#1%3&'0/,%3#0%*)7#'&#.'8-&#:)#'.1!3&%$&7#&-)$7#&!#

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Page 54: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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!./(',&6.-2$'.-+,&-!&"+6.!-+%"+'$2&)"/!$)$'.-+&!$'("!&'($+&'("&%-!"&*$,.7&!./('&'-&$0'-+-%89&&

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Enlisting the dominant culture

:&'(.!)&#$7'-!&.+&'("&,077",,#02&$,,"!'.-+&-#&.+)./"+-0,&72$.%,&.,&'-&%0,'"!&'("&,011-!'&-#&

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!./(',&-#&.+)./"+-0,&1"-12"9&&&

<+&=$.;$+3&#-!&"5$%12"3&#-!&'("&1$,'&';-&)"7$)",&'("&$7'.6.,%&-#&'("&=,-0&1"-12"&($,&

#-70,")&-+&'("&!"2$'.-+,(.1&*"';""+&'("&=,-0&$+)&'("&/-6"!+%"+'&$+)&-+&'("&!"*0.2).+/&-#&

7$1$7.'8&$+)&.)"+'.'8&;.'(.+&'("&=,-0&7-%%0+.'89&=("&>$+&?(.+","&.+($*.'$+',&-#&'("&$!"$&($6"&

!"/$!)")&'("&"7-+-%.7&$+)&1-2.'.7$2&$7(."6"%"+',&-#&'("&=,-0&;.'(&%.,'!0,'&$+)&*.''"!+",,&$+)&

($6"&*""+&!"207'$+'&'-&$77"1'&'(".!&.+7!"$,.+/&1-;"!9&@-!&'("&>$+&?(.+","&.+&'("&!"/.-+3&'("&

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)"%-+,'!$'",&$+&.+7!"$,")&'"+,.-+&;.'(.+&'("&=,-0&7-%%0+.'83&;(.7(&($,&'$H"+&-6"!&

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<#&'("&=,-0&$!"&'-&$7(."6"&'!0"&,"2#A/-6"!+$+7"3&.'&.,&",,"+'.$2&#-!&'("%&'-&!")"#.+"&'(".!&

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Page 55: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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5)9&!"#&9(3$)5)!&'07!0%#&$)&!"5!&'(0)!%;&35;&8#&956)$):+&&

Engaging indigenous people in defining their status and rights

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)##9&2(%&)5!$=#&!%$8#*&!(&8#&9$%#'!7;&#):5:#9&$)&!"#&9#*$:)&(2&57!#%)5!$=#*&!(&#>'70*$()&5)9&

9(3$)5!$()+&&

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Monitoring agreements

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*(0%'#*&!(&%#175'#&*(3#&(2&!"#&N$75&O$=#%&65!#%&!"5!&"5*&8##)&7(*!&(=#%&!"#&75*!&'#)!0%;+,-R&D"#&

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!"#!$%&'()*&'$+))$(,$-.&$/012$3)+45'$,(%$6+-&%7$+))$3)+45'$,(%$489:%4&'$-($6+-&%$%4;.-'7$+8<$

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!3-$+8<$(-.&%$@+%+))&)$+;%&&5&8-'A$$

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Section 7!

First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future

"#$!%$&%'($)*+!,(),-(!%$!./(!01#2)$3!4#,*#!5(6!7*%$(#3!)8!"/%-(3!./8(#.($(&!9:!./(!#;.%)$+!)<!

.8#$+$#.%)$#-!;)1,#$%(+!#$&!*$,8).(;.(&!9:!./(!+.#.(3!/),(!.)!#;/%(=(!'8(#.(8!#*.)$)1:3!+(-<>

&(.(81%$#.%)$3!)8!,)-%.%;#-!;)$.8)-!)=(8!./(%8!.(88%.)8:?!@.!%+!*$-%A(-:!./#.!./(!'8)*,+!+.*&%(&!/(8(!

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;-#%1+!9#-#$;(+!./(!#*.)$)1:!)<!C%8+.!4(),-(+!#$&!./(!+)=(8(%'$.:!)<!./(!&)1%$#$.!;*-.*8(+!./#.!

+*88)*$&!./(1B!@$!,#8.%;*-#83!#9)8%'%$#-+!$((&!.)!;)$.8)-!./(!#--);#.%)$!)<!$#.*8#-!8(+)*8;(+!)$!#$&!

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./)*'/!<%$#-!&(;%+%)$+!#9)*.!./(!+(..%$'!)<!9)8&(8+!F#$&!6/#.!/#,,($+!#.!#$&!6%./%$!./(1G!1*+.!9(!

1#&(!9:!+)=(8(%'$!+.#.(+3!./(+(!')=(8$1($.+!#8(!1)8(!-%A(-:!.)!8(+,)$&!.)!,8(++*8(!<8)1!

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%$&%'($)*+!,(),-(+!#$&!./(%8!+*,,)8.!;)#-%.%)$+!;#$!$(').%#.(!&%8(;.-:!6%./!./(!+.#.(+3!./(!1)8(!

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+%.*#.%)$B!!

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)<!<#%8$(++3!8#./(8!./#$!#8'*1($.+!'8)*$&(&!%$!%$.(8$#.%)$#-!-#6I!#$&!(J,-)8(!./(!,)++%9%-%.%(+!)<!

+/#8%$'!8(=($*(!&(8%=(&!<8)1!8(+)*8;(!*.%-%2#.%)$!#+!-)$'!#+!8(+)*8;(+!#8(!1#$#'(&!%$!#!6#:!./#.!

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$(').%#.%)$+!6%./)*.!./(!+*,,)8.!)<!%$.(8$#.%)$#-!$(.6)8A+!#$&!&)1(+.%;!;)#-%.%)$+3!/)6(=(83!#8(!

-%A(-:!.)!<#%-B!!

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./(!+#1(!+.#.(B!@$!"#$#&#3!./(!5%+'#K#!D8(#.:!#..8#;.(&!;8%.%;%+1!#$&!+A(,.%;%+1!<8)1!C%8+.!

5#.%)$+!9)./!%$+%&(!#$&!)*.+%&(!N8%.%+/!")-*19%#B!M)1(!C%8+.!5#.%)$+!6)88:!./#.!./(!5%+'#K#!

!OP!

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!"#$%&'()**'+$,#')%')+-.//)0*#'1."'%2#+'%.'3#4.%)$%#'0#%%#"'5#$*/'()%2'4"#$%#"'#+-2$/)/'.3'

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#=$+-*#>'<3%)*'%2#'1)3$*'"<*)34'.1'%2#'A3%#"BC+#")?$3'D.<"%'1."'E<+$3'F)42%/')/')//<#5')3'G99:'

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%2#'A3%#"BC+#")?$3'D.<"%I/'"<*)34'."5#"/';?<$5."'%.'-$&'"#-$"$%).3/'%.'H$"$&$,<>'$35'5#?*$"#/'

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!"#!

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+0&/,+,$(&7!7&(/!&(/!%$0)1+!*0&'+,')1!$D)0!5&G$0!/)D)7$*5)(+!*0$G)'+19!H,(&7732!C,77!+4)!1+0.667)!$%!

E&0&3&F.!1)0D)!&1!&!0)%)0)(')!*$,(+!%$0!$+4)0!,(/,6)($.1!*)$*7)1!,(!I&+,(!@5)0,'&!7$$F,(6!+$!6&,(!

'$(+0$7!$D)0!+4),0!+)00,+$03!&(/!0)1$.0')1J!K,77!&!*$1,+,D)!0.7,(6!)('$.0&6)!L0$&/)0!/,&7$6.)!

&5$(6!'$55.(,+,)1!&(/!'$5*&(,)1!L)'&.1)!&!*0)')/)(+!4&1!L))(!1)+J!!M(73!+,5)!C,77!+)779!

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Page 61: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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)

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)

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E:MJ7@()E+),011V/+)Crude chronicles+)P9@6:AC)P9$7)3&%K7@5%8J)F@755)

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The Case Studies !

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$

References$

:13#/-&4$8@$&0-$:''767$F7-&,4$O@$PBKKQR@$LATAUTONOMY-Capítulo Ecuador: Informe Final, Fundación Pueblo Indio del Ecuador4$S*/.7@$$

TN:;%U@$PBKKVR@$Sarayaku4$El Pueblo del Cenit, Identidad y Construcción Étnica4$TN:;%UW;X>%4$S*/.7@$$$

$

Y7'7H)/04$!@$PBKKBR@$80$,#&'5"$7+$-/&172*#Z$U/1$573?&0/#,$&0-$/0-/2#07*,$?#7?1#,$7+$."#$

>5*&-7'/&0$:3&M70@$Canadian Journal of Development Studies B[PQR\$C[[9CC[@$

%/']04$:@$PBKKQR@$Changing interactions between humans and nature in Sarayaku, Ecuadorian Amazon@$X75.7'&1$-/,,@$X#?.@$7+$F*'&1$X#H#17?3#0.$&0-$:2'7#57172(4$%ND@$:5.&$D0/H#',/.&./,$&2'/5*1.*'&#$%*#5/&@$:2'&'/&$H71@$QQ^@$$

$

$ CA

Page 67: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Mapuche (Chile)

Alexis Schulman

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/)$#*-!/-.!#7-#$#-7!#-$'(-/$#*-/&!,+33*($8!?,!*5!-*01!#$!#,!$**!,**-!$*!$'&&!#5!2/3+)%'!.'A/-.,!)/-!

D'!(')*-)#&'.!0#$%#-!$%'!)+(('-$!)*-$'C$!*5!$%'!:%#&'/-!,$/$'8!:%#&'/-!)#4#&!,*)#'$B!%/,!5*(!$%'!

! N\

Page 71: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%&'($%()!'*+),%#*-)+$%"+%$.)#)%*##/)#0%12%3*$*4)+#%3'+%5)%)+6'6),%*+%$.)%,)5'$)%'+,%,)!'+,%'%

(),*()3$*"+%"2%7.*-)'+%&(*"(*$*)#8%'%()#"-/$*"+%!'9%5)%&"##*5-)0%

%References

:9-;*+8%<0%=>??@A0%Indigenous peoples rights in Chile: Progress and

contradictions in the context of globalization.%B()#)+$),%'$%$.)%7'+',*'+%%

:##"3*'$*"+%2"(%C'$*+%:!)(*3'+%'+,%7'(*55)'+%D$/,*)#0%EEF111%7"+6()##0%%

D*!"+%G('#*)(%H+*I)(#*$98%F'+3"/I)(8%7'+','0%J'(3.%>?KL>0%

%

M(9'+8%<0%=LNN>A0%By Reason or by Force: Territory, State Power and Mapuche

Land Rights in Southern Chile.%J'#$)(#%O.)#*#8%H+*I)(#*$9%"2%7'-*2"(+*'8%%

M)(P)-)90%%%

%

Q/!'+%R*6.$#%S'$3.%=QRSA%=LNNTA0%Undue Process: Terrorism Trials,

Military Courts, and the Mapuche in Southern Chile.%:I'*-'5-)%'$U%%

.$$&UVV;;;0.(;0"(6V()&"($#VLNNTV3.*-)>NNTV*+,)W0.$!0%:33)##),%J'(3.%LNNX0%%

%

D4+'Y,)(8%J0%=LNNZA%[$.+",)I)-"&!)+$%'+,%,)!"3('$*3%3"+#"-*,'$*"+%*+%%

7.*-)U%$.)%J'&/3.)%\/)#$*"+0%1+%C'+6)(%[0]0%'+,%J/+"48%[0%=[,#0%A8%

Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America0%S*-!*+6$"+8%][U%%

<'6/'(%B()##0%

%XX%

Page 72: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Amerindians (Guyana)

Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman

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Page 73: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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Page 74: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

!"#$%&'(()*+,$&-$!&.(!/.%(,+#!$&(#0+(1%2+,(#%(,+3,!*+(#0+(/!&-(,$40#.(-+5!#+(56(2!/7$&4(!2!6(

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-+!/.(2$#0(*$&+,.(!&-(1!#,%//$&4(#0+$,(%2&(5%,-+,.(#%(-$."%8,!4+(8&2+/"%*+($&#+,/%1+,.(<($&(

+..+&"+;(!..+,#$&4(de facto(#0+(,$40#.(#0+6(*!6(&%#(5+(!5/+(#%(4+#(de jure'(

(

References

=+&#,!/(>&#+//$4+&"+()4+&"6;(Guyana;($&(?%,/-(:!"#5%%7;(!9!$/!5/+(!#(0##1@AA222'"$!'4%9A"$!A(

185/$"!#$%&.A3!"#5%%7A4+%.A46'0#*/'((

(

B,$33$#0.;(C'(DEFFGH'(Ownership, use, occupation and management of ancestral Akawaio and

Arekuna territory in the Upper Mazaruni;(Guyana'((

I+&&+..6;(J'(DEFFEH'(Amerindian Environmental Politics and Resource Justice in GuyanaI8*!&(

K$40#.(=+&#+,;(L'='(M+,7+/+6;(NEONG;(!9!$/!5/+(!#

0##1@AA222'0,"5+,7+/+6'%,4A-%2&/%!-A,+1%,#P/0+&&+..6'1-3'(

Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Concluding Observations:

Guyana(DEFFGH(=QKR(=%**';(SG,-(T+..';(U(GVE;(L'W'(R%"'(=ABLXA=YANS'(

(

L11+,(Z![!,8&$()*+,$&-$!&(R$.#,$"#(=%8&"$/;()*+,$&-$!&(U+%1/+.()..%"$!#$%&(%3(B86!&!(!&-(

:UU'(DEFFFH'(Indigenous Peoples, Land Rights and Mining in the Upper Mazaruni'(

( V\

Page 75: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Pima: A Gila River Indian community

(Arizona, United States)

Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes

!

"#$!%&'()*+!,+-$&!.$--/$0$*-1!%2-!)3!4556!7%,.%8!'1!-#$!9&):;2-!)3!/+*:0+&<!/$='1/+-')*!+*:!

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Page 77: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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+

References

L4E4+5O7+E)2!()+T)!#$2"94+IUOOV*+E),()0<)#+VOJ4 Arizona Water Settlements Act: Joint Hearing

before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy And Natural

Resources and the Committee on Indian Affairs4++L2$()3+E(!()9+E)2!()*+5O7(1+A-2"#)99*+59(+E)99$-2+

-2+E4+6VW4+D!91$2"(-2*+XAM++L4E4+>-;)#20)2(+Y#$2($2"+B//$%)+;$!+>YB+C%%)99+XBA@XM+

/MKO76O4.!$94++?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+V*+UOOZ+/#-0+

1((,M[[/#.)<"!()4!%%)994",-4"-;[%"$<$2[")(3-%4%"$\3<2!0)]5O7^9)2!()^1)!#$2"9_3-%$3]/MKO76O

4.!$9++

+

X)G-2"*+X4+IUOONJ4 History of the Gila River Water Settlements Act 2004+IA1!,()#9++

5`7J4+?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+5*+UOOZ+/#-0+1((,M[[...4"$'!#$;)#4%-0[9)((')0)2(41(0+

+

?)!*+C4+I5KKWJ4++At the Desert's Green Edge: An ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima4+

a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+

+

8%A--'*+X4+I5KK6J4++Command of the waters: Iron triangles, Federal water

development, and Indian Wwater4++a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+

+

E1&#(9*+G4+IUOOOJ4++Indian Reserved Water Rights: The Winters Doctrine in its Social and

Legal Context, 1880’s-1930’s.++Legal History of North America (Vol 8).++S-#0!2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+

B='!1-0!+Y#)994+

+WU+

Page 78: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot

(Maine, United States)

J. Eric Kent

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7'.#0$2'-8#23$(,$5((0$9-(046&.$',0$9'9#-$1+22.:$+,$'00+&+(,$&($'8-+642&4-#:$)+."+,8:$',0$&(4-+.1;$$

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Page 82: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

References

!"#$%&'%#()*+),-../()0%$'%12%#)//3)!4#$4#"'%)5"'67()87%)94#':"&;)974%&<=+)

>4#)2"6?@#4A&;)'4)'7%):"BCA<')D#%"')E4#'7%#&)9"$%#)F+)9%&42C64')E"'<4&)

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N4AC%+)

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06A::L()O+),/PPQ3+)*"<&%)M&;<"&)R"&;)!:"<1C)!"C%+)SF"<:"2:%)"'K)BBB+B"2"&"?<+641T)

1%U:"&;U6:"<1+7'1+)

))

87<2%"A:'()9+),-../()0A11%#3+)*"<&%)0A$#%1%)!4A#')#A:%C)M&;<"&)8#<2%C)1AC')'A#&)4F%#)6%#'"<&)

;46A1%&'C)'4)$"$%#)641$"&<%C+)><#C')!<#6A<')#%JAC%C)'4)<&'%#F%&%+)5"2"&"?<)R%@":)E%BC+)

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!41$"&L+)

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Page 83: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Native Hawaiians (United States)

Katherine Wallace

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!"#$%&''()*+)*#*,-./0#1-#/,-2(#1%(+,#/-0+1+-)03#-,#4(&5()0#1%(6#!"#!'-$5+)*#&11(6/10#1-#7-,6#&#

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References

<%.,$%+''3#=9#&)8#>())(#?9#@(80A9#@BCCDA9##Islands in captivity: The record of the International

Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians9##<&6!,+8*(E#?-.1%#F)8#G,(009##

#

H&'.&'&)+3#I9#:9#@BCCBA9##In the name of Hawaiians: Native identities and cultural politics9##

J+))(&/-'+0E#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#J+))(0-1&#G,(009#

#

?$%(.(,3#L9#@BCCBA9##Water and Power in Hawai’i: The Waiahole Water Case and the Future of

the Islands9#K)/.!'+0%(8#8+00(,1&1+-)3#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#<&'+7-,)+&3#?&)1&#<,.M9##

#

K9?9#<-66+00+-)#-)#<+2+'#I+*%103#H&4&++#N82+0-,"#<-66+11((#@K?<<IA9#@OPPOA9#A broken

trust: The Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy years of failure of the federal and state

governments to protect the civil rights of Native Hawaiians9##

#

K9?9#<-66+00+-)#-)#<+2+'#I+*%103#H&4&++#N82+0-,"#<-66+11((#@K?<<IA9#@BCCOA9##

Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano

for federal and state programs benefiting Native Hawaiians9##N#0.66&,"#,(/-,1#-7#1%(#N.*.01#

OPPQ#&)8#?(/1(6!(,#BCCC#<-66.)+1"#R-,.60#+)#H-)-'.'.3#H&4&++9##

#QB#

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The Nisga’a (Canada)

Andrea Glen

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CD<DDD!',+/6(<!,/=)E!,#$!%&'()*)!69:;$+!);/9,!F<FDD>GDD!!!HBB/+=&6(!,/!%&'()*)!1$($6='<!,#$E!

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)6=!2&'#&6(>GD?!!"#+/9(#/9,!,#$&+!#&',/+E<!,#$!%&'()*)!#)4$!(/4$+6$=!,#$:'$14$'!)BB/+=&6(!,/!

Ayuukhl Nisga’a<!)6!)6B&$6,!B/=$!/2!1)J'!,+)6':&,,$=!/+)11E!&6!,#$!%&'()*)!1)6(9)($>GDG!!Ayuukhl

Nisga’a =$'B+&;$'!#/J!,#$!%&'()*)!J$+$!01)B$=!&6!,#$!%)''!I)11$E!)6=!$6,+9',$=!J&,#!&,'!

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I)11$E!&'!,#9'!&6,$(+)1!,/!,#$!%&'()*)!$B/6/:E<!B91,9+$<!)6=!B/':/1/(E!L!,#),!&'<!,/!,#$&+!&=$6,&,E>!!!

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B$6,9+E!,#$!B/1/6&)1!(/4$+6:$6,!/2!7+&,&'#!8/19:;&)!'$&N$=!,#$!%&'()*)!1)6=>GDO!!"#&'!4&/1),$=!

,#$!3/E)1!.+/B1):),&/6!/2!?PQC<!J#&B#!#)=!=$B1)+$=!,#),!)6E!K6=&)6!1)6='!6/,!09+B#)'$=!,/!=),$!

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Page 91: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

References

!"#"$"%&'()*)+,&!-./01)"&2&3)+4"5"&3"*)-#%&Nisga’a Final Agreement 67&8/4/+*&9::;<%&

"=")."1.>&"*&,**?@AABBBC")#DE)#"DC4DCD"A?(A"4(A#+4"A#)+$>FG>C,*0.&H3-B&3)+4"5"&I)#".&84(>>0>#*&

8D*%&JC'C!C&9:::K&

&

L-..-M%&NC&6OPPP<C&&The world is our witness: The historic journey of the Nisga’a into CanadaC&

!".4"(M@&I)Q*,&R-/+>C&

&

S-+>%&8C&6OPPP<&Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a TreatyC&L"$>)("&

T"(U@&R"(1-/(&T/1.)+,)#4C&&

&

S"/#>*%&VC&69::W<C&Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claimsC&

X"#D-/=>(@&V-/4."+&2&LDY#*M(>C&

&;W&

Page 92: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Tatars of the Autonomous

Republic of Crimea (Ukraine)

Artur Demchuk

!"#$%&'()&*&"+(&"%(,%+-%',&'*+(./()0"1#-(2%.23%+(45.(+%**3%,(#'(6&+*%"'(60".2%(&+(%&"37(&+(*5%(

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Page 93: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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Page 94: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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References

!,,F2+"$=#L3F'+3;#AL3;D;#ARSSTD;#7$%#7'"'+&#2/#6+)(%'U#G%"-+4#"2#"$%#V2(%,'43;#W-+$'(U#W-I%#

H4)*%+&)"9#X+%&&;##

#

Y+)'4#Z;#[),,)'(&;#AB??RD;#7$%#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&;#7$%#W)'&12+'#L01%+)%4.%#'43#"$%#<2+5)45#2/#'#

\'")24;#]%)3%4U#L;^;#Y+),,;##

#

<)&$%+=#!,'4#[;#ARSSTD;#Y%"F%%4#G-&&)'4&=#K""2('4&#'43#7-+I&U#6+)(%'#'43#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&;#

E&"'4:-,U#E&)&#X+%&&;#

#

# TS

Page 95: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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(HI(

Page 96: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan)

Talia Berman-Kishony

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!"!#$%&'"()*'(*+",-%(.*/0'$1*&01*)'&#%&'"(*'(*2),%1$*')*("&*%(%$"3"#)*'(*'4!",&%(&*,1)!15&)6*71*

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2),%1$*%(-*&01*=1-"#'(*!"!#$%&'"(*'(*&01*?131>.*

References

='(*@#0%44%-*A.*The Tribes of Jordan at the beginning of the twenty-first century; Home and

Homeland: The Dialogist of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan.**

*

+%99#,*B.*CDEEFG.*H01*H,%();",4%&'"(*";*=1-"#'(*$';1.*2(*The Bedouin and the desert aspects of

nomadic life in the Arab East.*I$9%(:J*B&%&1*K('>1,)'&:*";*?17*L",M*N,1)).*

*

O%:(1*O.*CDEEPG.*Q"41*%(-*0"41$%(-J*H01*-'%$"3'5)*";*&,'9%$*%(-*(%&'"(%$*'-1(&'&'1)*'(*+",-%(6*

N,'(51&"(J*N,'(51&"(*K('>1,)'&:*!,1)).**

*

@1',*I.*DEER.*As nomadism ends.*="#$-1,6*<S6*KBIJ*/1)&>'17*N,1)).*

*

T")1(8U>'*2.*CVWWPG.*The reemergence of space: the case of the Bedouin6*Q%';%*K('>1,)'&:6*2),%1$.*

*

*EV*

Page 98: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Tsou (Taiwan)

Shunling Chen

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Page 99: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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References

B"),089),0$A5$%,+$6"&)8*%,$A5$V:;;JW5$X#0'!)%!#+$%&!','3*Y$A(%,12'(3),0$1#-280'?#(,),0$

),1!)!&!)',1$2'($-'4%-$4'33',89''-$(#1'&(4#1$),$!.'$!()/%-$?)--%0#1$),$A%).%,5$R&3%,$I4'-'0*$:L$

VJW>$ZL8T[>$:;;J$$

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Page 102: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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Page 103: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Adivasi (India)

Shizuka Hashimoto

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Page 104: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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!

References

!

"#$%&'#()!*+%,#!-.//012!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the

Narmada Valley2!345!67('8!9:;7(<!=>%$4(&%,?!@(4&&2!

!

A7(&4)!"2!#><!BC7+#&!"2-.//D12!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review2!9,,#5#8!

E4&7F(G4&!HF,F(4&!I>,4(>#,%7>#J2!

!

H%&C4()!K%JJ%#+!H2!-4<21!-.//012!Toward sustainable development? Struggling Over India’s

Narmada River2!*(+7>'8!3262)!A2L2!MC#(N42!

! ! ! !

E7?)!*2!-.///12!The cost of living2!345!67('8!A7<4(>!O%P(#(?2!

!

E#Q#R7N#J)!"2!-DSST12!Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme

Court and the Narmada Valley struggle2!U4>,4(!;7(!,C4!M,F<?!7;!O#5!#><!V7$4(>#>G4)!W#5#C#(J#J!

34C(F!=>%$4(&%,?)!345!X4CJ%2!

! .S.

Page 107: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Richtersveld Community (South Africa)

Jessica Tucker-Mohl

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!"#$%&'()**+,"*-.$/*0-.#1*#23"-4*5.3*.*3600"33*#$*2,.2*2,"*78116$#29*%82*5,.2*#2*5.$2"/:*!62*#2*

;"1.#$3*28*!"*3""$*,85*2,"*/;.1.2#0*0,.$%"3*5#--*.44"02*2,"*#$/#%"$#29*84*2,"*<#0,2";3="-/";3&*

References

*

+;.,.$:*>&*?@((AB&*+,"*<#0,2";3="-/*78116$#29*C*D2,";3*=&*E-"FG8;*H2/&I*J"0-.;.2#8$*84*.*

K<#%,2*#$*H.$/L*2,;86%,*.*063281.;9*M$2";"32&*N"23*32.%"*48;*#$2;8/602#8$*84*E!8;#%#$.-*+#2-"*#$28*

N862,*E4;#0.$*-"%.-*3932"1&*12*Tul. J. Int’l & Comp. L.:*OPOQOR@&*

*

S#;G";:*D&*?@(('B&*+,#3*-.$/*#3*19*-.$/I*+,"*"=8-62#8$*84*T;8T";29*;#%,23*.$/*-.$/*;"48;1*#$*N862,*

E4;#0.&*Conn. Int’l Law J. l 621&*

*

U;833*E&*?@((AB&*+,"*78$32#262#8$:*;"08$0#-#.2#8$:*.$/*2;.$3#2#8$.-*V632#0"I*H"338$3*4;81*N862,*

E4;#0.*.$/*M3;."-&L*40 Stan. J. Int’l Law 47&*

*

H""*<&*?@(('B&*M$/#%"$863*<#%,23*.$/*2,"*W8-#2#03*84*M/"$2#29*#$*W832QET.;2,"#/*N862,*E4;#0.&*M$*

X.;2,8-81"5*J".$*.$/*Y";81"*Z&*H"=#*?"/3&B:*At the Risk of Being Heard:*R(Q[(A&*

* [(O

Page 111: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea)!

Autumn Graham

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Page 112: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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References

>+&/0*(?8(@ABB9C8(?"0+-,(+53-0)(";()*$(DE(=$2+(F+1$("1()*$(G"1.."5(%+,,-.$/(";()*$(H"&)*(I,6'(

ABBJ8(DEKI,6(?"0+-,(F"1+)"&+1.(L&"M$0)(N$3"&)(H"8(O(;"&(DE(=$2+(F+1+1.(P+5+)$28(98(((

(

>+&/0*'(?8(@ABBQC8(R0)+1.(.,"7-,,6S(T0"K3",+)+0/(+1(L-34-(H$#(U4+1$-'(University of Michigan

Journal of the International Institute, 3(@9C8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(

*))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",91"9VE+&/0*8*)5,(

(

>+&/0*(?8(@ABBQC8(X,$-1+1.(43(DE(=$2+S(?$)),$5$1)(;-%"&/(G"1.."5(3$"3,$8(University of

Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 4 @AC8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(

*))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",:1"AV"E)$2+8*)5,((

(

Y-0E/"1'(N+0*-&2(=8(@JZZ9C8(Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?

Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Working Paper No. 418(N$/"4&0$(F-1-.$5$1)(+1(R/+-K

L-0+;+0(L&".&-5S(X-17$&&-8((

(

[4&)"1'([8(@ABBB'(R4.4/)(AJC8(BHP -25+)/(DE(=$2+(5+1$(+/($1%+&"15$1)-,(2+/-/)$&8(Asia

Times8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(*))3SVV###8-)+5$/80"5V"0$-1+-VR!A9R*ZA8*)5,8((

(

( AZB

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Notes

Introduction What is Indigenity?

"$!%&&'()*+,!-'!-./!"00#!1'2345-*'+!6/+737!5+)!-./!15+!%8/(*&5+!9/54-.!:(,5+*;5-*'+!<.--2=>>???$25.'$'(,>/+,4*7.>@9%>2(A4/&3$.-8B$!C!$D'+;54/;E!9$!<"0FGB$!1('2*/)5)!&'83+*-5(*5!'!*+)*H*)354$!I57!4/J/7!*+)*,/+57!J!/4!23/K4'!L523&./$!NutramE!M/5(!NNE!O$P$!O$!General Information on the Amerindian Population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ative Hawaiian Reorganization Act,!hearing before the Committee on

Indian Affairs$!0$!:AA*&/!'A!95?5**5+!%AA5*(7!<:9%B$!<C##GB$!I57-!5&&/77/)!Z/K(35(JE!FE!C##P!5-!.--2=>>???$'.5$'(,$!"#$!@2//&.!KJ!6.*/A!['7/2.!D'7+/44!-'!-./!\(*-*7.!6'438K*5!I/,*745-3(/E!C!]/&/8K/(!"00FE!U3'-/)!*+!^'7/E!%$!<_)$B$!<C###B$!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty$!L5)/*(5!15(W=!95(K'3(!13K4*7.*+,$!""$!V.*7!45+)!.57!K//+!5&U3*(/)!-.('3,.!-./!T*7,5`5!V(/5-J!'A!C###$!!"C$!V.*7!5(/5!(/2(/7/+-7!?.5-!*7!&544/)!-./!N+)*,/+'37!^/7/(H/)!I5+)$!"O$!V./!Treaty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a$@$!<"00CB$!People of India: An IntroductionE!:XA'()!R+*H/(7*-J!1(/77E!R@%$!!V.'3,.!-./!+38K/(!'A!-./!%)*H57*7!?57!/7-*85-/)!-'!K/!FQ$O!8*44*'+!2/'24/!<GOS!&'883+*-*/7B!57!5!?.'4/E!+'-!544!'A!-./8!?/(/!*+H'4H/)!*+!)*723-/7!'H/(!-./!@@1$!!V./!/7-*85-/!'A!2('b/&-!5AA/&-/)!2/'24/!H5(*/7!7*,+*A*&5+-4J!)/2/+)*+,!'+!?.'!&54&345-/!*-$!!%&&'()*+,!-'!-./!*+)/2/+)/+-!(/H*/?!KJ!L'(7/!c!\/(,/(E!/7-*85-/)!+38K/(!'A!2/'24/!5AA/&-/)!KJ!-./!@@1!*7!"00ES##!'A!?.*&.!SGd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e\37.8/+`!5+)!]'3K4/!f*7*'+=!-./!gh+/U!g!a.'85+*!@5+!I5+)!645*8!5+)!-./!634-3(54!1'4*-*&7!'A!e6'883+*-J`!5+)!e]/H/4'28/+-`!*+!-./!a545.5(*$!Journal of Southern African

StudiesE!(27)!QE!FOOYSO$!"P$!V.*7!5(/5!?57!5?5()/)!KJ!-./!@'3-.!%A(*&5+!I5+)!645*87!6'3(-!*+!5!(34*+,!*+!C##Q$!!"F$!@&.''(4E![$!<"00OB$!Culture and change among the Muyu.!V(5+745-/)!KJ!D![!H5+!_X/4$!W*-4H!V(5+745-*'+7!@/(*/7!CO$!I*/)/+=!a*-4H!1(/77$!V./!M'+,,'8!5(/!5!73KY,('32!'A!-./!L3J3$!Z*,3(/7!A('8!15235!?/K!

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! """

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#$%&'#($%!)*+,-*+,!(&,%+%-$,-./!-0*-!-0$!1&,22&)!*#$!*#&',3!45666!7$&7.$8!90$!)&%-!#$($,-!,'):$#%!*#$!

*;*+.*:.$!*-!0--7<==>>>87*7'*>$:8&#2=:+:=0*/%=.&(=1?@AB?C873D!

"E8!F$$!F+%%&,%5!G8!H466IJ8!K+#%-!7$&7.$%<!L,3+2$,&'%!M'.-'#$%!*,3!-0$+#!K'-'#$%5!M0*7-$#!N5!O&,3&,<!

P$*Q-+&,!R&&Q%8!

!

Section 1!Indigenity and the land: The vital link

!

468!L,-$#;+$>%!(&,3'(-$3!:/!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!+,!T$#'!*,3!R&.+;+*5!C*/UG',$5!466"8!F$$!*.%&!

F-$;$,%&,!C8!H466"J8!Gender and modernity in Andean Bolivia8!S'%-+,<!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!9$W*%!T#$%%8!

4"8!S,-0#&7&.&2+%-%!3+%*2#$$!&;$#!0&>!.&,2!-0$!@+%2*X*!0*;$!:$$,!+,!@&#-0!S)$#+(*8!Y&>$;$#5!$;$#/&,$!

*2#$$%!-0*-!-0$/!>$#$!+,!-0$!@*%!#+;$#!;*..$/!.&,2!:$D&#$!-0$!Z'#&7$*,%8!P&%$5!S8!H4666J8!Spirit dance at

Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!C*3$+#*!T*#Q<!Y*#:&'#!T':.+%0+,28![\U[]!

448!P&%$5!S8!H4666J8!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!C*3$+#*!T*#Q<!

Y*#:&'#!T':.+%0+,28!["8[[8!

4N8!R*;+%Q*#5!S)+-*!H"EEI). In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada

Valley5!VFS5!?WD&#3!V,+;$#%+-/!T#$%%8!""IU""]8!

4[8!9#*%Q5!YUB8!!H"EE4J8!Y*>*++*,%!*,3!0')*,!#+20-%<!S,!',D'.D+..$3!7#&)+%$!&D!+,-$#,*-+&,*.!.*>8!M8!^*#3!

*,3!F8!_$,,$!H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of

Indigenous Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!4E"UN6"8!

4I8!VF!M&))+%%+&,!&,!M+;+.!P+20-%5!Y*>*++!S3;+%&#/!M&))+--$$!HVFMMPJ8!H466"J8!Reconciliation at a

crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State

programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000

Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii8!!F$$!0--7<==>>>8'%((#82&;=7':%=%*(=0+6\6"=7#$D80-)!

O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the

islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8!

4\8!9#*%Q5!C8!H"EENJ8!!90$!7&.+-+(%!&D!&77#$%%+&,<!90$!V,+-$3!F-*-$%!+,!Y*>*++8!L,!M8!^*#3!*,3!F8!_$,,$!

HZ3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous

Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!"E"U46N8!

^*..*($5!B8!!H466\J8!T$#%&,*.!(&))',+(*-+&,%8!!Y&,&.'.'!*,3!^*+.'Q'5!Y*>*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!!

4]8!9#*%Q5!C8! H"EENJ8! !90$!7&.+-+(%! &D! &77#$%%+&,<!90$!V,+-$3!F-*-$%! +,!Y*>*++8!M8!^*#3! *,3!F8!_$,,$!

H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous

Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$<!F&'-0!Z,3!T#$%%8!4]]U4E68!

^*..*($5!B*-0$#+,$8!!466\8!!T$#%&,*.!(&))',+(*-+&,%8!!Y&,&.'.'!*,3!^*+.'Q'5!Y*>*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!!

4b8!O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the

islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8!!

4E8!?#$..*,*!C8!H466[J8!L,3+2$,&'%!7$&7.$%5!$,$#2/5!*,3!$,;+#&,)$,-*.!c'%-+($<!90$!T*,2'$=P*.(&!

0/3#&$.$(-#+(!7#&c$(-!+,!M0+.$X%!S.-&!Rd&Rd&8!^&#Q+,2!T*7$#8!S;*+.*:.$!*-!

0--7<==>>>8(+$.8&#2=T':.+(*-+&,%=P*.(&eR#+$De44G'.6[873D!

N68!0/0!F*>/$#,!F8!H466[J8!Crude chronicles8!f'#0*)<!f'Q$!V,+;$#%+-/!T#$%%8!bN8!

N"8!L,D&#)*-+&,!&:-*+,$3!3'#+,2!*,!+,-$#;+$>!:$->$$,!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!*,3!L,g%!F0+2'*,2&!+,!C*#(0!

466\8!

N48!F$$!Y*%-+,2%!f8!*,3!^+.%&,!98!H"EEEJ8!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State8!@$>!1&#Q<!

?WD&#3!L,-$#,*-+&,*.!T':.+%0$#%8!"E8!!!

F$$!F+#g,!S8!H466[J8!Changing Interactions between Human and Nature in Sarayaku5!Z('*3&#+*,!S)*`&,8!

V,7':.+%0$3!f&(-&#*.!f+%%$#-*-+&,!5!F>$3+%0!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!S2#+('.-'#*.!F(+$,($%8!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%&!'()!*+,-*)./012!3./040/0)-!5)6!/,!01/)+!316!01/+3!)/(10.!.,1750./-8!60-/9+:31.)!,7!70-()-!316!23;)!69)!/,!01.+)3-)6!1,0-)!316!.,1-)<9)1/!6).+)3-)!01!343053:050/=!,7!7,,6!+)-,9+.)-8!6)-/+9./0,1!,7!/+))->!;)60.0135!*531/->!316!5)34)-!9-)6!/,!:9056!+,,7-8!;050/3+0?3/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!316!6)3/(!/(+)3/-!/,@3+6-!.,;;910/=!;);:)+-8!0-,53/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!69)!/,!+,36-!.5,-0128!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!.)+);,10)-!69)!/,!-)0-;0.!501)-!.+,--012!*3+/-!,7!/()!-3.+)6!7,+)-/>!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!/()!311935!.)5):+3/0,1!AB0-/3C>!316!@3+!:)/@))1!-(3;31-!7+,;!/()!3+)3&!DEFGHI&!J#KKLM&!Sarayaku>!El pueblo del cenit, identidad y

construcción étnica&!DEFGHINGOPHQ!R90/,&!!!$S&!T19/-,1!U,,6-!'&>!V5301)!T&>!W!D+31.0-.,!E&!J#KK#M&!IX,6(3;!Y0;632!3-!3!-,9+.)!,7!-/+)12/(!316!@)551)--!3;,12!/()!',(,1,!IX,6(3;!,7!H,9/()+1!F+0?,13!316!Z,+/()+1!H,1,+3>![)\0.,!Q!H=;*,-09;!,1!Z3/04)!F;)+0.31!@)551)--& Journal!of Sociology and Social Welfare, 29!J"M>!$L]L$&!!Section 2!Defining!borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures

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-/44,3;15>!*38!;3?(.1;:*1(!1'(!(?(31.!:;?;3:!0;.(!1/!1'(!*8/+1;/3!/2!+0/?;.;/3*7!4(*.,0(.>!./!*.!1/!;8(31;25!

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4,.1!b-/4+75!.10;-175!*38!;44(8;*1(75!6;1'!1'(!/08(0.!20/4!1'(!M31(0_Y4(0;-*3!P/,01!/2!`,4*3!A;:'1.>!;3!

/08(0!1/!(22(-1;?(75!+0/1(-1!1'(!7;2(>!+(0./3*7!;31(:0;15!*38!20((!4/?(4(31!/2!*77!4(49(0.!/2!1'(!;38;:(3/,.!

+(/+7(!/2!=*0*5*B,%e!&'(!P/,01!*7./!/08(0(8!1'(!;44(8;*1(!0(4/?*7!/2!1'(!(]+7/.;?(.!+7*-(8!95!1'(!PZP!

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XF%!'11+JKK666%.*0*5*B,%-/4K/;7K3(6.G$GH"X%'147f(3:!!

!

Section 5!State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims!

!

XH%!=((!P'*+1(0!H!/2!A/.(3_g?;!M%!EFGG#I%!The reemergence of space: the case of the Bedouin.!`*;2*!

W3;?(0.;15>!M.0*(7%!

X#%!h/,38*1;/3!2/0!A(.(*0-'!*38!=,++/01!/2!1'(!M38;:(3/,.!C(/+7(.!/2!P0;4(*%!EFGG#). Crimean Tatar:

Report%!W38(01*B(3!;3!*--/08*3-(!6;1'!1'(!*01;-7(!F@1'!/2!1'(!h0*4(6/0B!P/3?(31;/3!2/0!1'(!C0/1(-1;/3!/2!

i*1;/3*7!);3/0;1;(.!a2!P/,3-;7!/2!O,0/+(%!Y?*;7*97(!*1!'11+JKK666%,3+/%/0:K*01;-7(%+'+L;8N""GF!!X@%!d*]*>!j%!E"[[[I%!&0;9(.!*.!M38;:(3/,.!C(/+7(!/2!M38;*%!Economic and Political Weekly, 34!E@"I%!Y?*;7*97(!*1J!'11+JKK666%(+6%/0:%;3K!E.,9.-0;+1;/3!0(Q,;0(8I%!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%&!'()*+,(-.!/&!0"11#2&!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley&!345!67-,8!9:;7-<!=>*)4-+*?@!A-4++&!$$&!A(?5(-<B(>.!/&!0CDDD2&!Dams and Tribal People in India&!E7>?-*FG?*>H!I(I4-!?7!JB4K(?*L!M4)*45!"&C8!N(K+.!O><*H4>7G+!A47IP4!(><!)GP>4-(FP4!4?B>*L!K*>7-*?*4+.!I-4I(-4<!(+!(>!*>IG?!?7!?B4!Q7-P<!E7KK*++*7>!7>!N(K+.!E(I4!J75>.!()(*P(FP4!(?8!B??I8RR555&<(K+&7-HR<7L+R,F(+4RL7>?-*FR+7LCD$&I<;!0P(+?!(LL4++4<!S4F-G(-@.!T.!CDD$2&!$T&!U7-+4.!'&!(><!JB7K(+!'&!0"11C2&!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review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`2&!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03, Admissibility, The Kichwa Peoples of the

Sarayaku Community and Its Members&!/)(*P(FP4!(?!B??I8RR555&L*<B&7-HR(>>G(P-4IRCDDZ4>HR\LG(<7-&"%$&D`4>H&B?K!T"&!aJB4!7*P!L7>L4++*7>!*+!(![?(?4!<4L*+*7>!H7)4->4<!F@!?B4!L7>+?*?G?*7>(P!I-*>L*IP4!7;!IGFP*L!<7K(*>!7)4-!>(?G-(P!-4+7G-L4+!7;!?B4!+GF+7*P.!(><!?B(?!?B4!L7>?-(L?!P4H(PP@!4>?4-4<!*>?7!5*?B!?B4!EWE!L7>+?*?G?4+!(>!(L?!<7L?-*>(PP@!,>75>!(+!(>!(L?!7;!(<K*>*+?-(?*)4!L7>L4++*7>b&!0c2![B7GP<!(>!(L?!7;!?B*+!>(?G-4!L(G+4!7-!I7?4>?*(PP@!L(G+4!B(-K!?7!(!I-*)(?4!*><*)*<G(P.!+GLB!(+.!;7-!4:(KIP4.!4>)*-7>K4>?(P!B(-K.!\LG(<7-*(>!P4H*+P(?*7>!I-7)*<4+!;7-!(>7?B4-!?@I4!7;!P4H(P!(L?*7>!?B(?!*+!(<4]G(?4!(><!4;;4L?*)4!(+!-4]G*-4<!F@!?B4!O>?4-^/K4-*L(>!E7G-?b&!/>!(L?!7;!(<K*>*+?-(?*)4!L7>L4++*7>!*+!(>!(L?!?B-7GHB!5B*LB!?B4![?(?4!(G?B7-*d4+!I-*)(?4!I(-?*4+!?7!L(--@!7G?!L4-?(*>!(L?*)*?*4+!?B(?.!*>!I-*>L*IP4.!(-4!G><4-!*?+!IG-)*45&![44!O>?4-^/K4-*L(>!E7KK*++*7>!7>!_GK(>!M*HB?+&!0CDDZ.!9L?7F4-!"`2&!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03, Admissibility, The

Kichwa Peoples of the Sarayaku Community and Its Members&!B??I8RR555&L*<B&7-HR(>>G(P-4IRCDDZ4>HR\LG(<7-&"%$&D`4>H&B?K!TC&!JB4!O>?4-!/K4-*L(>!E7KK*++*7>!7>!_GK(>!M*HB?+!(><!?B4!O>?4-!/K4-*L(>!E7G-?!;7-!_GK(>!M*HB?+!(-4!F7<*4+!7;!?B4!9-H(>*d(?*7>!7;!/K4-*L(>![?(?4+&![44!/K>4+?@!O>?4->(?*7>(P!0CDD%2.!Business and Human

Rights – Ecuador, Oil Rights or Human Rights&!/P+7.!(+!+77>!(+!B4!H7?!4P4L?4<!*>!37)4KF4-!CDDC.!A-4+*<4>?!WG?*4--4d!(>>7G>L4<!?B(?!?B4!7*P!4:?-(L?*7>!*>!?B4!'P7L,!C`!5*PP!F4!L(--*4<!7G?!*><4;*>*?4P@!(><!?B4!K*P*?(-@!+4>?.!*;!>4L4++(-@&!T`&!JB4!4:I-4++*7>!aP4H(P!(KF*HG*?@b!*+!G+4<!F@!MG++4PP!'(-+B!*>!?B4!=[!L(+4!*>!5B*LB!?B4!a(G?7>7K7G+!(G?B7-*?@!7;!O><*(>!?-*F4+!*+!-4L7H>*d4<!F@!E7>H-4++!(><!?B4!L7G-?+.!FG?!?B4-4!(-4!>7!LP4(-!F7G><(-*4+!F4?544>!?B4!L7KI4?4>L4+!7;!S4<4-(P.![?(?4.!(><!O><*(>!*>+?*?G?*7>+&b!'(-+B.!M&!0"11$.!eG>42&!Effective

negotiation by indigenous peoples&!O>?4->(?*7>(P!f(F7-!9-H(>*d(?*7>.!I(-?!O.!T&!!TZ&![44!B??I8RR555&+(-(@(,G&L7KR7*PR>45+D%""C1&B?KPg4>H!T#&!'(-+B.!M&!0"11$.!eG>42&!Effective negotiation by indigenous peoples.!W4>4)(8!O>?4->(?*7>(P!f(F7-!9-H(>*d(?*7>&!T&!T%&!B??I8RR555&>dB*+?7-@&>4?&>dRI7P*?*L+R?-4(?@R?B4^?-4(?@^*>^F-*4;!!T$&!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dR+?7-@R+B7-?+?7-@&IBI!!TT&!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dR+?7-@R?-4(?@<4F(?4<&IBI!!T1!B??I8RR?-4(?@7;5(*?(>H*&H7)?&>dRL(+4+?G<*4+R>H(*?(BG&IBI!!1D&!9X[GPP*)(>.!N&. The Politics of Indigeneity and Contemporary Challenges to Maori Self-Determination.!M4;4-44<!I(I4-!I-4+4>?4<!?7!?B4!/G+?-(P(+*(>!A7P*?*L(P![?G<*4+!/++7L*(?*7>!E7>;4-4>L4!=>*)4-+*?@!7;!/<4P(*<4!C1![4I?4KF4-!^!"!9L?7F4-!CDDZ.!I&#^%&!O>!eG>4!CDD`.!*>!Ngati Apa v. Attorney General.!?B4!E7G-?!7;!/II4(P!5(+!(+,4<!?B4!;7PP75*>H!]G4+?*7>8!aN74+!?B4!U(7-*!f(><!E7G-?!B()4!hG-*+<*L?*7>!?7!L7>+*<4-!?*?P4!?7!?B4!;7-4+B7-4!(><!+4(F4<i&b!JB4!L7G-?X+!(>+54-4<!j@4+X.!FG?!5*?B!?B4!L(G?*7>!?B(?!?B4!?4+?!;7-!+GLB!L7>+*<4-(?*7>!-4+GP?*>H!*>!;44!+*KIP4!?*?P4!5(+!B*HB!(><!P*,4P@!?7!F4!H-(>?4<!7>P@!-(-4P@&!S7PP75*>H!?B*+!<4L*+*7>.!(!I7P*?*L(P!4:(HH4-(?*7>!(F7G?!?B4!*KIP*L(?*7>+!7;!?B4!L7G-?X+!<4L*+*7>!P4<!U(7-*!?7!(<7I?!(!<4;4>+*)4!(??*?G<4&!JB4!H7)4->K4>?X+!(LL4I?(>L4!7;!?B(?!4:(HH4-(?*7>!*+!*><*L(?*)4!7;!(!I-4)(*P*>H!I7P*?*L(P!LP*K(?4!7;!<*+?-G+?+!?7!U(7-*!(+I*-(?*7>!?7!4:I-4++!*?+!75>!*<4>?*?@&!!1"&!9X[GPP*)(>.!N&. The Politics of Indigeneity and Contemporary Challenges to Maori Self-Determination.!M4;4-44<!I(I4-!I-4+4>?4<!?7!?B4!/G+?-(P(+*(>!A7P*?*L(P![?G<*4+!/++7L*(?*7>!E7>;4-4>L4!=>*)4-+*?@!7;!/<4P(*<4!C1![4I?4KF4-!^!"!9L?7F4-!CDDZ.!I&1&!/LL7-<*>H!?7!9X[GPP*)(>.!JB4!Nationhood [I44LB!<4P*)4-4<!

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!""#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$%!&'%(')*!+,,-!.(/!01.2'3$3!4%!/20!%4/$4%!45!64%0!)(708!4)!64%0!7'98!54)!'77!:$/$;0%3<!$%!4..43$/$4%!/4!/20!

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0F.7'$%3<!G/20!3.00:2!3/)(:H!)034%'%:0!9$/2!'%!070:/4)'/0!:4%:0)%0>!A*!.0):0./$4%3!45!'%!4?0)01.2'3$3!4%!

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J')>!'%>!EB![0%%0!T\>3BUB!T+,,-UB!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous HawaiiansB!!Z'1A)$>=0M!E4(/2!\%>!O)033B!+L"RP,"B!!!])$55$%<!&B!T+,,+<!&(%0!+UB!!E4?0)0$=%/*M!D(/!45!E$=2/<!^4/!D(/!45!@$%>B!Honolulu AdvertiserB!!L-B!Y$H0H0!E:20(0)<!&B!T+,,+UB!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the islandsB!!W%.(A7$320>!>4:/4)'7!>$330)/'/$4%<!W%$?0)3$/*!45!Z'7$54)%$'<!E'%/'!Z)(;B!WE! Z411$33$4%! 4%! Z$?$7! V$=2/3<! Q'9'$$! C>?$34)*! Z411$//00! TWEZZVUB! T+,,"UB!Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in Honolulu, HawaiiB!!E00!2//.MNN999B(3::)B=4?N.(A3N3':N2$,#,"N.)05B2/1!L_B!Y$H0H0!E:20(0)<!&B!T+,,+UB!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the islandsB!!W%.(A7$320>!>4:/4)'7!>$330)/'/$4%<!W%$?0)3$/*!45!Z'7$54)%$'<!E'%/'!Z)(;B!L#B!D55$:0!45!Q'9'$$'%!C55'$)3!TDQCUB!T+,,#UB!Y'3/!'::0330>!`0A)(')*<!a<!+,,b!'/!2//.MNN999B42'B4)=B!

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Section 6!Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims

!

LLB!E00!J'7H0%<!CB!T`'77!+,,,U!I20!^$3='8'!C=)0010%/M!^0=4/$'/$%=!3.':0!$%!/20!1'3/0)83!24(30B!

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Section 7!First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future!

!

",#B!Arizona Water Settlements Act: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy And Natural Resources and the Committee on Indian AffairsB!!W%$/0>!E/'/03!E0%'/0<!",a/2!Z4%=)033<!"3/!E033$4%!4%!EB!-Pb<!E0./01A0)!P,<!+,,PB!I03/$14%*!A*!V$:2')>!OB!^'):$'<!.B!+a!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador)

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Page 123: Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoplesweb.mit.edu/publicdisputes/projarea/pdf/indigenous_peoples.pdf · 5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34 6. Doing

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American Exposure Pathways!@B!?'/>!J*'/B4!Q+I('*+2/+.,1!Y('/3.*'4!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:%!!K/!:/.:!.C/!+A2@/'!*O!/+'*11/>!.'(@,1!2/2@/':!,.!V555`%!0//!C..DEFFGGG%/D,%H*IF:3(O*'A2F=55$FD'/:/+.,.(*+:F>,B=F'/HF:/::(*+=F3*'/B\O'/>%D>O!!"9;%!&+!/a3/11/+.!C(:.*'B!*O!.C/!31,(2!,+>!.C/!(2D1(3,.(*+:!*O!:*I/'/(H+.B!3,+!@/!O*A+>!(+!_'(21/B!0%!Z=559[%!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!:*I/'/(H+.B!(+!X,(+/%!The Maine Policy Review, 13 Z=[4!"=\=V%!ZC..DEFFGGG%A2,(+/%/>AF23:3FX7SFb*1";R*=F@'(21/BF@'(21/B%C.2[!"9$%!MC/!,A.C*'!C,:!>',G+!O'*2!2A1.(D1/!:*A'3/:4!(+31A>(+H!'/3/+.!(+./'I(/G:!G(.C!D'(+3(D,1!,3.*':!,+>!D,:.!'/:/,'3C!,:!,!>*3A2/+.,'B!O(122,^/'!,+>!G(.+/::!.*!.C/!/I/+.:!*O!.C/!"#<5c:%!!MC/!'/:A1.(+H!O(124!Abnaki:

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