adenylyl cyclase overview/structure. what does it do?
TRANSCRIPT
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Adenylyl Cyclase
Overview/Structure
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What does it do?
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Overview- General Structure
• Lyase• Enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP• Interacts with g proteins and
receptors• 1064-1353 amino acids long• 120-150 kilodaltons
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General Structure cont’d
• 10 mammalian isoforms– All membrane bound– 60% similarity – 50%-90% in cytoplasmic regions
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Primary Structure
• The main structural features of mammalian adenylyl cyclases
• M1/M2: 2 sets 6 transmembrane spans• C1a/C1b: large cytoplamic domains (360-390 amino
acids)• C2a/C2b: large cytoplasmic domains (255-330 amino
acids)– Most highly conserved sequence in all isoforms– 50% similar; 25% identical
• N terminus and C terminus
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Primary Structure Topology
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Secondary Structure
• Alpha helices• Beta sheets
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Tertiary Structure• The folding of a protein
into a 3-D structure
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Quaternary Structure
• Interaction between two domains
• Large cytoplasmic domains
– C1a– C2b
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Quaternary Structure
• Adenylyl cyclase interaction with G protein
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Adenylyl Cyclase Function
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OverviewSignal Transduction
-produces cyclic AMP from ATP-responds to a large number of receptors
10 Isoforms-allows a diverse response to the same or similar signals
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Overview
sAC is the tenth form of AC. It is soluble and only found in sperm
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Forskolin
Activation Forskolin
- increases affinity - increases stability - enhances activity
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Activation
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Activation
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Activation
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Catalysis Mechanism
ATP → cAMP +PPi
→ +
ATP cAMP pyrophosphate
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Catalysis Mechanism
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Catalysis Mechanism
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Role of Cyclic AMP Step 1: activates protein kinasesStep 2: protein kinases phosphorylate substrate proteinsStep 3: activated substrate proteins regulate hormone production
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Adenylyl CyclaseRegulation
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GDP
GTP
RECEPTORADENYLYL CYCLASE
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Regulation by Receptors
Alpha-adrenergic receptors:
- Stimulate Gi Proteins
Beta-adrenergic receptors:
- Stimulate Gs Proteins
G Protein Coupled Receptor
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G PROTEIN REGULATION(Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein)
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ADENYLYL CYCLASE BINDING
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Ca2+ Regulation Site
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CALCIUM/CALMODULIN
CA2+ ions
CALMODULIN
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PKC (Protein Kinase C)
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ReferencesThe University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. Human Physiology Animations Page
http://w3.ouhsc.edu/human_physiology/presentation/cyclaseani.gif (movie)
Western Kentucky University: Advanced Molecular Genetics http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/ biol566/Images/gp009.jpg (both primary pics)
Saint Edward’s University. Structure of G-Proteins and Adenylyl Cyclases. http://www.cs.stedwards.edu
Hanoune, Jacques, et al. Adenylyl cyclases: structure, regulation and function in an enzyme superfamily. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 1997: (128) 179-194.
Tang, Wei-Jen and James Hurley. Catalytic Mechanism and Regulation of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Molecular Pharmacology 1998: (54) 231-240.
Sunahara, Roger et al. Complexity and Diversity of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Annual Review of Pharmacology Toxicology 1996: (36) 461-480.
Cann, Martin. Bicarbonate Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases. Life 2004: (9) 529-534.