adequacy analysis of two translation tools the bilingual dictionary and the bilingual comparable...

8/4/2019 Adequacy Analysis of Two Translation Tools the Bilingual Dictionary and the Bilingual Comparable Corpus

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Adequacy Analysis of Two Translation Tools: The Bilingual Dictionary and theBilingual Comparable Corpus

By

Joseph IgonoDepartment of FrenchSchool of Languages

Umar Suleiman College of EducationP.M.B 02, Gashua, Yobe State

Being a paper presented at the 23rd Conference of the Linguistic Association ofNigeria held between 9th and 12th of November, 2008 at the University of Maiduguri


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ABSTRACT

This study compares two translation tools: the general bilingual dictionary and the

bilingual comparable corpus. The aim is to see which of these two tools provides greater

assistance for two groups of translators who have to translate a specialized text from

French into English. In experiments performed in this study, two study groups, eachbeing allowed access to one of the tools, were asked to translate a warranty document for

an electronic gadget. The results of their translations were evaluated with the aid of a

quantity corpus gathered for the purpose. The outcome of the analyses shows that thegroup that used the comparable corpus produced more grammatically correct and

idiomatic translations than the group that used the bilingual dictionary. This, in part, was

because the corpus provided access to inventories of attested units of meaning unlikethe discrete, non-contextualized units in the dictionary. It is concluded that both students

and teachers of translation need to become aware of the range of tools that exist.

1 IntroductionTranslating is a process associated with many challenges. A number of translation

competences are identified among which is instrumental and professional competence

(PACTE 1998:99; Bell, 1991; Wilss, 1982; Chi-chiang Shei, 2000). It is clear from the

specifications that no translator could succeed (all the time) without recourse to some

tool. For instance, no one can possess all of the world/encyclopedic knowledge required

to understand and translate texts on all manner of subjects. It becomes clear, therefore,

that translating requires the use of a lot of aids or tools.

The bilingual dictionary is often the first source of information for professional

and trainee translators. Of course by bilingual dictionary, it is meant a dictionary with an

entry which include an L1 L2 translation and provide specifications and examples of

use of the target L2 word (Laufer, 1995). The purpose of such a dictionary according to

Zgusta is to co-ordinate with the lexical units of one language those lexical units of

another language which are equivalent in their lexical meaning (see Pearson, 1998:69).

Whereas scholars, prominent among them, Newmark (1998) argue that the bilingual

dictionary is the translators single, first and most important aid and a translator who does

not consult one when in doubt is arrogant or ignorant or both, others like Fraser (1993,

1994), Robert (1990), Meyer (1988), and Antia (2000) hold a somewhat different view.

Antia (2000) for instance argues that a dictionary that satisfactorily answers anything

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between 40% - 60% of a translators realistic queries is indeed a good dictionary. A

review of works by a number of scholars, like Meyer, Roberts, Fraser, Antia and Sanchez

with respect to the dictionary reveal a common conclusion among these scholars that the

bilingual dictionary is indeed inadequate as a tool in translating, except when the unit of

translation is a single word. Sanchezs work, on the other hand, makes the point about

incompetence in dictionary use.

With respect to corpora in translation however, a scrutiny of work by Zannetti, Sharoff,

Bowker, suggests that comparable corpora are valuable sources of information on

structures, lexis as well as genre conventions; they provide a repertoire of naturally

occurring contexts in the target language onto which hypothesized translations can be

mapped. By bilingual comparable corpus, it is meant a text collection in two languages,

and the texts in question share such common features as topic, domain, author, audience,

time, period, etc. Imagine a collection of texts in English by Nigerian journalists

explaining the xenophobic attack in South Africa and another collection of texts on the

same exact subject written originally in French by French journalists. These two

collections constitute a comparable bilingual corpus for a translator who has to render a

new text on the xenophobic attack from English into French.

The aim of this study therefore is to compare the bilingual dictionary and the bilingual

comparable corpus as tools in translating in order to identify which of the two tools

provides more assistance in the translation of specialized texts and establish in what

specific areas one seems to be particularly useful so that translators attention can be

drawn to the strengths and weaknesses of different tools.

2 Theoretical framework

In evaluating whether it is the bilingual dictionary or the corpus that would provide

greater assistance in the translation of a legal-commercial text, we employed genre theory

and corpus linguistics. Both of these make evaluation transparent and objective in that

they define quality of a translation in terms of quantifiable and empirically verifiable

features.

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3 Methodology

In this research, two groups of students (A and B) were recruited for an experiment.

Group A used bilingual French-English dictionaries, while Group B was given a

comparable bilingual corpus (Appendix II). Both groups were to translate the same

warranty document for an electrical gadget from French into English (see Appendix I)

and verbalize their thoughts and discussions, so that these could be tape-recorded.

Recording was important in order for the researcher to know during the analysis which

tool provided what solution. Potential problem segments had been previously identified

and underlined with the help of a translation and special language expert.

Based on the translation provided by the two groups, and the tape-recorded

deliberations, the solution to a source corpus problem is identified and classified as

follows:

Correct dictionary solution (coded as +D) Incorrect dictionary solution (coded as D) Correct corpus solution (coded as +C) Incorrect corpus solution (coded as C)

To allow for situations where students fail to use either tool and resort instead to their

personal intuitions, we also had the following coding categories:

Correct solution from personal intuition (coded as +) Incorrect solution from personal intuition (coded as - )

The correctness or otherwise of the solutions provided is determined by the use of

a fairly large and representative sample of warranty documents compiled in a semi-

automated way known as quantity corpus. These documents which are quite different

from the ones used as tool by one of the group in this study were downloaded from ten

different electronics companies. This compilation was use to verify the appropriateness of

the terminological, phraseological and stylistic choices made by students (Bowker

2000:192). This is done by searching through the quantity corpus to see the frequencies

of occurrences of solutions and the environment in which they appear in English

warranty documents.

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4 Results

4.1 The translation of single-unit terms

Given the outcome of some of the literature reviewed in this study, it was shown

especially in Antia (2000) that the dictionary is very valuable in translation especially

when the units of translation are made up of single units term. As the data in column 2 of

table 1 shows, there is only one single-unit term - garantie in the pre-identified problem

segments of the document translated by our experimental groups. While this term was

translated by the general dictionary group, as shown in table 1 below, as guarantee, the

comparable corpus group, rendered it as warranty.

Table 1-Translation of Single-Unit term(Key To Abbreviations: CLA=classification; -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus Solution; XX=No

Sol Proffered)

PROBLEMSEGMENT

DICTIONARYSOLUTION

CLCORPUS

SOLUTIONCLA

SOLUTIONFROM

PERSONALINTUITION

CLA

GARANTIE Guarantee D Warranty +C XX XX

The general bilingual dictionary group translated garantie as guarantee becauseevidence in their protocol data shows that guarantee is the only English equivalent

offered by the two dictionaries to the French word garantie within the context of the

text. There is no indication in the two dictionaries used by the group to show that the

French word garantie could be translated in English as warranty.

The corpus users, having considered the environment the term garantie appeared and

having taken account of the accompanying word limite, decided to translate the term as

warranty even though one of the members of the group protested that she was not

familiar with the word. Their protocol data show that after searching through the

collection of texts at their disposal they saw that the term warranty is used constantly.

They then concluded that garantie limite should be translated as limited warranty.

They were right.

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While guarantee can be taken to be a synonym for warranty, its usage in

electronic warranty documents is unpopular. Search results through our quantity corpus

(series of warranty documents from several electronic companies) indicate that warranty

is a preferred equivalent. To further confirm the correctness of the translation, another

search was done using Google. The search result for the term limited guarantee in

Google yields over 64 million hits but an analysis of several pages of the hit list shows

that the exact collocation limited guarantee does not appear. We find rather text

stretches in which limited appears at some distance from guarantee. On the other hand, a

Google search for limited warranty yielded 28 million hits, with most of the pages

examined having the exact collocation, limited warranty. This shows that limited

warranty is the genre-appropriate translation of garantie limite.

Even though the dictionary is of no assistance in the translation of the single-unit

term in the problem segment, it is difficult to generalize or corroborate other research

outcome that the corpus is better than the bilingual dictionary or that the dictionary is

better in the translation of single unit terms given that it is only an instance of analysis of

a single-unit term that is done here.

4.2 Translation of Multi-unit Terms

Table 2-Classification of Solutions to Multi-Unit Terms(Key To Abbreviations: -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +D=Correct Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus

Solution; -C=Incorrect Corpus Solution; +=Correct Solution from Personal Intuition; Dg=Dictionary Group;

Cl=Classification; Xx=No Sol Proffered)

NOPROBLEMSEGMENT

DICTIONARYSOLUTION

CL.CORPUS

SOLUTIONCL.

SOLUTIONFROM

PERSONALINTUITION

CL.

1. lacheteurinitial

The initial buyer +D

The original

consumer

purchaser

(SIC)

+C XX XX

2. Son contenantoriginal XX XX Its originalcarton(package)

+CIts original

package (DG)+

3. un dtaillantautoris Sharp. Any retailerauthorized bySharp

+D

Sharp

authorized

dealer

+C XX XX

4. une installationinadquate

An inadequate

installationD

Improper

installation+C XX XX

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5. une utilisationnon approprie,

XX XXInappropriate

use+C

Non proper

utilisation

(DG)

-

6. une usurenormale ;

Normal wear DNormal wear

and tear+C XX XX

7. une tension dela lignelectrique

High tensioncaused by the

electricity

D High voltage +C XX XX

8. Configurationet/ouprogrammation

Configuration or

programmingD

Set up and/or

programming+C XX XX

9. La preuvedachat

Prove of purchase DThe proof ofpurchase

+C XX XX

Given the argument that the Bilingual dictionary is better in the translation of

single unit terms, one will ordinarily expects that the bilingual dictionary is of no

relevance in the translation of multi-unit terms. There are nine multi-unit terms in the pre-

identified problem segments. Out of these nine multi-unit terms, the general dictionary

group translated three segments correctly with one correct solution coming from their

personal intuition and six incorrectly including one of the incorrect translations based on

personal intuition. The comparable corpus group on the contrary was able to translate all

the multi-unit terms correctly.

Consider the translation ofUne installation inadequate for example,this unitwas

translated by the general bilingual dictionary group as an inadequate installation. Upon

the consultation of the dictionaries, the translation option offered for inadquate, the

search term, by the dictionaries was inadquate. This same segment was however,

translated by the corpus group as improper installation. Searches through some

collections of warranty documents (quantity corpus) show that improper installation is

preferred to inadequate installation. We decided to do a Google search. The search on

inadequate installation yields over 11,700 hits. An analysis of several pages of the hit

list shows that the exact collocation inadequate installation less frequently appears inwarranty documents. A Google search for improper installation yielded, on the

contrary, over 948,000 hits, with most of the pages examined showing a frequent use of

installation closely collocated to the left with improper in electronic related texts.

In the translation oftension de la ligne lectrique, the general bilingual dictionary

group could not translate the segment because the group did not know what tension

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means in the context of the source text. After consulting the dictionaries, the equivalent

provided for translating this word could not be used. A further search down the dictionary

entries made the group feel tension could be used in the context of the dictionary

example avoir de la tension translated as to have high blood pressure. Hence, they

decided a literal translation of the segment une tension de la ligne lectrique as high

tension caused by the electricity. A search for high tension caused by electricity in

Google yields 1 million hits. It was also discovered upon examination of the text

stretches that almost all the texts are dealing with medical issues. But the bilingual

comparable corpus group was able to translate the segment correctly as high voltage

though not by the aid of the corpus but through the use of their personal intuition. A

search for high Voltage yields 70 million hits all dealing with power surge or

electricity.

Another incorrect translation was that of usure normale. This was under-

translated by the general bilingual dictionary group as normal wear. This under-

translation was caused by the fact that the equivalent provided by the dictionaries to the

search word usure was restrictive. The definition given by the dictionaries to usure is

wear. This definition misled the group into translating usure normale as normal wear.

For the corpus group, though they hypothesized normal wearing out for the same une

usure normale, after going through their translation aids, they saw in the document from

Sony Corporation the expression to parts wearing out due to normal wear and tear.

As their deliberation shows, they decided to drop their earlier hypothesis and translated

une usure normale as normal wear and tear. And the solution is indeed correct. It is

not that it was easy for them to identify the correct translations but once they succeeded

in identifying the possible correct translations, they are able to select them and use them

correctly.

If we are to base our judgment of efficacy of tools on numbers of errors, the

bilingual dictionary has no place in the translation of multi-unit terms. This is because,

out of the 9 multi-unit terms, only 3 were translated correctly by the dictionary group.

But if relevance is to be given at all to the fact that there are some multi-unit terms that

one can translate at least with the bilingual dictionary as shown in this study then, one

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cannot dismissed the bilingual dictionary as completely useless in the translation of

multi-unit terms.

3 Translation of Contextualized Phrases

Table 3-classification to solutions to contextualized phrases

(Key To Abbreviations: -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +D=Correct Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus

Solution; -C=Incorrect Corpus Solution; +=Correct Solution from Personal Intuition; Dg=Dictionary Group;

CLA=Classification; Xx=No Sol Proffered)

NOPROBLEMSEGMENT

DICTIONARYSOLUTION

CLA.CORPUS

SOLUTIONCLA.

SOLUTIONFROM

PERSONALINTUITION

CLA.

1. Donne lagarantie

Give the

guaranteeD

Warrants

that+C XX XX

2.exempt de

dfaut de

fabrication.

Except by the

fault ofproduction

D

is free from

defects in

material and

workmanship

+C XX XX

3.durant la

priode de

garantie

stipul,

During the

stipulated period

of this guarantee

D

During the

stipulatedwarranty

period+C

XX XX

4.Sengage rparer ou

remplacer selon

son choix

Will engage itselfto repair or

replace according

to his choice

D

Will repair or

replace, at

Sharps option

+C XX XX

5. Lobjet d`unemploi abusif,

XX XXAbusiveoperation

+CAn object ofabuse (GDG)

-

6.Tel quil est

mentionn dans

le manuel depropritaire

Such that

mentionned

inside the manualof ownership

D

Such as is

mentioned in

the ownersmanual

+C XX XX

7.Aux produitsSharp altrs

modifis,

rgls ou

rpars

For the Sharp

product tempered,modified, ruled or

repair

D

Sharp productaltered,

modified,

adjusted or

repaired

+C XX XX

8. Y compris,mais non limitau

Included but notlimited in

DIncluding butnot limited to

+C XX XX

9. Aux dfautscosmtiques la surface

XX XX

Any damage

to the

cosmetic parts

+C

In the absent

of oil/greaseon the surface

(GDG)

-

10.Du liquide

rpandu

The widespread

of liquide D XX XX

Liquid

spillage+

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(CCG)

11.

le numro de

srie et demodle ou le

marquage

CSA/CUL, oules deux ont t

enlevs ou

effacs ;

XX XX

Model and

serial number

or the

CSA/CULmark or both

have been

removed,

defaced oraltered

+C

Their serial

number,

model or

maker

CSA/CUL orthe two have

been removed

or cleaned.(GDG)

-

12.Des fins de

locationXX XX

Used for

commercialpurposes

+C

Have their

limit of

lifespan

(GDG)

-

13.

Au cours de la

priode de la

garantie

During thestipulated period

of guarantee

D

During the

specified

warrantyperiod

+C XX XX

It is with the translations of contextualized phrases that solid evidence emerged in

this study that the bilingual dictionary is of no use. With regards to the translation of the

thirteen (13) phrases in the problem segments, none was translated correctly by the

general dictionary group. The comparable corpus group offered twelve (12) correct

translations and left one unit un-translated for structural reasons.

In the first segment of table 3 above, the dictionary group gave a simple rendering

of donne la garantie as give the guarantee. The translation of the phrase donne la

garantieposeda problem of a unique nature. As has been observed before, since the use

of guarantee has no currency in English electronic warranty documents, we decided to

rate as incorrect anywhere that garantie is translated as guarantee. It has to be stated

though that we have noticed the use of gives the guarantee in non-electronic related

documents. The translation offered by the corpus group warrants that was confirmed

from our quantity corpus to be the attested usage.

During the translation of this segment, the corpus group after a failed search in

Royal and Sony for a solution consulted Nokia to see whether any input could be found.

The group was fortunate to see: Nokia will repair, or replace, at Nokias option, any

defective parts, or any that will not properly operate for their intended use with new or

factory rebuilt replacement items. This input was modified and the problem segment

was translated correctly as Will repair or replace, at Sharps option.

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Another segment poorly translated by the dictionary group is that of du liquid

rpandu. The group gave the equivalent of rpandu as widespread and the

dictionary group went ahead to translate the segment as the widespread of liquid

without much reflection on the option provided by the dictionary. The corpus group on its

part translated the segment correctly as liquid spillage. A solution the group got from

the personal intuition of one its members.

While some of the errors committed by the dictionary group are pragmatic in

nature, others are purely grammatical. Take as an example the translation of exempt de

dfaut de fabrication; it was erroneously translated as except by the fault of production.

It could have been translated as free from defects in material and workmanship as

rendered by the corpus group, a solution which is the attested usage as indicated in almost

all the texts that make up the quantity corpus.

The solving of a problem segment by searching a translation option for a word

instead of the entire segment in the dictionary (which is not even possible while using

dictionary) has adverse consequences whenever the result of such searches is used. Given

that a lot of the problem segments are made of contextualized phrases, most of the

assistance the dictionary group got from the dictionaries was rather useless. This is one

area where the bilingual comparable corpus was very useful. A close look at the

translation of the bilingual comparable corpus group shows that translation errors if any

are kept to the minimum. The summary of the results is given in the table below.

Table 4 Summary of the translation results

Keys: PS=Problem Segment; SU=Single-Unit Terms; MU=Multi-Unit Terms; NO+SOL=Number of CorrectSolutions; NO- SOL=Number of Incorrect Solutions ;)

PSGDG CCG

NO+SOL NO-SOL NO+SOL NO-SOLSU 0 1 1 _

MU 31+ 61- 9 _

PHRASES 0 134- 12 _

TOTAL 31+ 205- 22 _

The results of the analysis of the data provided by the experimental groups show

that those who used the bilingual comparable corpus as translation tool were able to

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provide correct translation to the single-unit term, the nine multi-unit terms, and to twelve

out of the thirteen phrases. On the other hand, the group that used the general bilingual

dictionary provided incorrect translation to the single-unit term and all the phrases. They

however, provided correct translations to three of the nine multi-unit terms.

It is also worthy of note however, that a reasonable numbers of the translations offered by

the dictionary group came from their personal intuition though almost all were incorrect.

The dictionary group, perhaps due to the difficulty of using most of the solutions

proposed in the dictionaries, was more creative in the use of their personal intuition than

the bilingual comparable corpus group. Given the outcome of these results however, it

could be said that those who used the bilingual comparable corpus out-performed those

that used the dictionaries. This better performance can be seen when the actual full text

translations are compared.

TRANSLATION PRODUCED BY THE TEXT GROUP

SHARPLimited Warranty

Products of the Personnel office

Congratulation! You have just made a wise choiceSharp Electronic of Canada Ltd ( hereafter named Sharp) expressly warrants to the original

consumer purchaser of the under mentioned product henceforth called Sharp as follows: that if

this product is delivered in its original carton (package) and if sold and distributed in Canadaeither by Sharp or its authorized dealer and under normal use and maintenance, the said

product will be free from defects in material and workmanship. Should there be any defect

during the stipulated warranty period, Sharp will repair or replace, at Sharps option, the

specified product.The warranty offered by Sharp does not extend to:

A. Equipments that have been subjected to abnormal use, negligence, accident,improper installation or misuse, such as is mentioned in the owners manual.

B. Sharp products altered, modified, adjusted or repaired without authorization fromSharp or its service facilities.

C. Damages caused by or repairs required as a result of the use of products withunsuitable appliances or that not recommended by Sharp including but not limited

to papers, batteries, or softwares.D. Accessories, glasswares, consumable or peripheral items that require replacement

as a result of the normal use of the products including without being limited to

batteries, ribbons, correction tapes, AC adapters, ink rollers, printwheel or papers.

E. Any damage to the cosmetic parts or external housing of the appliance as a result ofnormal wear and tear.

F. Any damage caused by external and environmental related conditions, including butnot limited to liquid spillage, high voltage or overload of power line.

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G. Any product whose model and serial number or the CSA/CUL mark or both havebeen removed defaced or altered.

H. Any product use for commercial purposes.I. Any cost of installation, setup and /or programming.Should this Sharp product becomes defective, during the specified warranty period,

warranty services would be offered upon the delivery of this Sharp product along with the proof

of purchase and a copy of this LIMITED WARRANTY document to Sharp service facilities or toan authorized service agent (SIC).

TRANSLATION PRODUCED BY THE DICTIONARY GROUP

SHARP

LIMITED GUARANTEE

Personal Officer Product

Well done! You have done an excellent chopping!

Sharp Electronics of Canada Limited (here after named sharp give the following guarantee to the

initial buyer of this product here under called sharp, if this was wrapped in its original packageand it was sold and distributed in Canada by sharp or any retailer autorised by sharp.

The sharp guarantee that the product manual, if it was used and well kept, except by the

fault of the production. If any fault of its production was discovered during the stipulated period

of this guarantee the company will engage itself to repair or replace according to his choice of

the product mentioned here under.

The guarantee given by the sharp did not cover these:

a. The equipment that have been an object of abuse, negligence,accident of an inadequate installation or non proper

utilization, such that mentioned inside the manual of

ownership.

b. For the sharp product tempered, modified, ruled or repairedelsewhere a part from sharp office or a retailer autorisedservice by sharp.

c. Any damage caused or repair required by the used of thefollowing articles not designed or approved by sharp included,

but not limited in the paper, batteries or software;d. In replacement of the accessories, parts in glass, consumable

items or peripheral became necessary following normal use ofthe product included, but without limit with the batteries, the

ribbons, correctors ribbons, the convertors, the ink roller,

the daisy wheel or the paper.

e. In the absence of oil/grease on the surface or inner part of theequipment been caused by normal wear.

f. Any damage caused by the external condition relative to theenvironment included but not limited to the widespread of

liquide, high tension caused by the electricity or other.

g. For product which their Serial number, model or markerCSA/CUL or the two have been removed or cleaned.

h. For product used have their limit of life span.i. In the cost of installation, configuration or programming.

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If a fault in production was detected in this sharp product during the stipulated period of

guarantee, the repair under guarantee would be given provided that the sharp product was

delivered as well as prove of purchase and a copy of this LIMITED GUARANTEE have a repair

centre by sharp or an autorised retailer by sharp.

5 Conclusion and RecommendationThe group that used the comparable corpus produced more grammatically correct

and idiomatic translations than the group that used the bilingual dictionary. In part, this

was because the corpus provided access to inventories of attested units of meaning

unlike the discrete, non-contextualized units in the dictionary. It is therefore

recommended that both students and teachers of translating need to become aware of the

range of tools that exist.

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Sanchez, M. (2005) Research on Dictionary use by Trainee Translators.

http://deu.proz.com/doc/227.

Sarcevic, S. (1991) Bilingual and Multilingual Legal Dictionaries: New Standards for

the future. InMeta. Vol. 36(4), 615 626.

Sharoff, S. (2006). Translation as Problem solving: Uses of Comparable Corpora.

[email protected].

Sharp (2003) Garantie limite. Ontario: Sharp Electronic du Canada Lte.

Sony (2003) Warranty Information. Ontario: Sony of Canada Ltd.

The Pacte Group (1998) Acquiring Translation Competence: Hypotheses and

Methodological Problems of a Research Project in Investigating Translation.

Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 99 106.

UsingEnglish.com (2007). Bilingual dictionaries: glossary Definition page last modified

on 27/08/2007 at 20:56

Wilss, W. (1982) The Science of Translation. Turbingen: Gunter Narr. Verlag,

Zanettin, F. (1998) Bilingual Comparable Corpora and the Training of Translators in

Meta. Vol. 43(4), 616 630.

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APPENDIX I - SOURCE TEXTSharp

GARANTIE LIMITEproduit de bureau personnel

Bravo! vous venez de faire un excellent achat!

Sharp Electronique du Canada Lte (ci-aprs nomme Sharp) donne la garantie expresse

suivante lacheteur initial du produit ci-dessous mentionn de Sharp, si celui-ci est

emball dans son contenant original et sil est vendu et distribu au Canada par Sharp oupar un dtaillant autoris Sharp.

Sharp garantie que ledit produit est, sil est utilis et entretenue normalement, exempt de

dfaut de fabrication. Si un dfaut de fabrication est dcel durant la priode de garantiestipul, Sharp sengage rparer ou remplacer selon son choix le produit spcifi ci-

dessous.

La garantie offerte par Sharp ne sapplique pas:

(a) Aux appareils qui ont t lobjet d`un emploi abusif, de ngligence, dun accident,dune installation inadquate ou dune utilisation non approprie, tel quil est

mentionn dans le manuel de propritaire.(b) Aux produits Sharp altrs modifis, rgls ou rpars ailleurs quaux bureaux de

Sharp ou a un dtaillant autoris au service Sharp.

(c) Au dommage caus ou rparation requise la suite de utilisation avec des articlesnon dsigns ou approuvs par Sharp, y compris, mais non limit au papier, les

piles, ou logiciel ;

(d) Au replacement des accessoire, des pices en verre, des articles consommables ou priphriques, devenu ncessaire la suite d` utilisation normale du produit, y

compris, mais sans en tre limit, aux piles, les ruban, le ruban correcteur, les

adaptateurs c.a., le rouleur encreur, la marguerite ou le papier ;(e) Aux dfauts cosmtiques la surface ou lextrieur de l`appareil et qui sont causs

par une usure normale ;

(f) Aux dommages causs par des conditions extrieures et relatives lenvironnement,y compris, mais non limit du liquide rpandu, une tension de la ligne lectrique

ou de transmission trop leve ou autre ;

(g) Aux produits dont le numro de srie et de modle ou le marquage CSA/CUL,ou les deux ont t enlevs ou effacs ;

(h) Aux produits de utilises des fins de location.

(i) Aux cots dinstallation, Configuration et/ou programmation.Si un dfaut de fabrication est dcel dans ce produit Sharp au cours de la priode de la

garantie, la rparation sous garantie est offerte la condition que le produit Sharp soitlivre ainsi que la preuve dachat et une copie de cette GARANTIE LIMITEE un centre

agre de service Sharp ou un dtaillant autoris au service Sharp.

Although, we have highlighted the segments of interest (as identified by the

lecturer of LSP) for the analysis, the highlighting will not be there when the text is given

to students to translate.

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APPENDIX IIPre-Analysis of our bilingual comparable corpus for Possible Translation Equivalent

SHARP TEXT 1 ROYAL TEXT 2 SONY TEXT 3 - NOKIA

Segments reprsdans le texte source Sources possibles d`quivalent en anglais Sources possibles d`quivalent en anglais Sources possibles d`quivalent en Anglais

Sharp GARANTIELIMITE

produit de bureau

personnelBravo! vous venez de faireun excellent achat!

Sharp Electronique du

Canada Lte (ci-aprsnomme Sharp) donne lagarantie expresse suivante lacheteur initial du produit

ci-dessous mentionn deSharp, si celui-ci estemball dans son contenantoriginal et sil est vendu et

distribu au Canada parSharp ou par un dtaillantautoris Sharp.Sharp garantie que ledit

produit est, sil est utilis etentretenue normalement,exempt de dfaut defabrication.

Si un dfaut de fabricationest dcel durant la priode

de garantie stipul, Sharpsengage a rparer ouremplacer selon son choix

le produit spcifi ci-dessous.

La garantie offerte parSharp ne sapplique pas:

(a) Aux appareils qui ontt lobjet d`un emploiabusif, de ngligence, dunaccident, dune installation

inadquate ou duneutilisation non approprie,tel quil est mentionn dans

le manuel de propritaire.(b) Aux produits Sharpaltrs modifis, rgls ourpars ailleurs quaux

bureaux de Sharp ou undtaillant autoris auservice Sharp.

(c) Au dommage caus ourparation requise la suitede utilisation avec des

ROYAL ELECTRONICREFERENCE DEVICEWARRANTY

Royal customers Business

Product, 765 U.S. Highway202, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807,WARRANTS that new DM

Organizeris free of defect of

workmanship and materials.

PARTS: New or comparablerebuilt parts in exchange fordefective parts for one yearfrom date of purchase.

LABOUR: From RoyalCorporate Service Centre for

NINETY DAYS from the date

of purchase. Product be sentpostage prepaid and insure toRoyal. At the completion of therepair, the consumer will be

responsible for return shippingcharge from Royal, and any

parts or services no longer

covered under warranty.This warranty does not apply to

persons who purchase this

product second hand or used.

This warranty does not includethe adjustments, and repair bycircumstances beyond the

control of Royal, including butnot limited to fire or othercasualty, accident, neglect,abuse, abnormal use, or battery

leakage, damage.

THERE ARE NO OTHER

EXPRESSEDWARRANTIES EXPECT ASSTATED HEREIN. AFTERTHE PERIOD OFEXPRESSED WARRANTYSET FORTH HEREIN,THERE IS NO EXPRESSEDOR IMPLIEDWARRANTIES ANDTHOSE EXCLUDED

Consumer 1 Year WarrantySony of Canada Ltd.

(hereinafter referred to as"Sony") hereby warrants,subject to the conditions

herein below set forth thatshould this product becomedefective by reason of

improper workmanship ormaterial during the specifiedwarranty period, Sony willrepair the same, effecting all

necessary parts replacements,without charge for either partsor labor.

The warranty period is asfollows:1. Labor: ONE year from thedate of original purchase at

retail.2. Parts: ONE year (ThermalHead, Projector Lamp: 90days) from the date of original

purchase at retail.

Conditions

Registration: The RegistrationForm must be sent to Sonywithin ten (10) days after the

date of original purchase atretail. At the same time,information as requested onthe customer portion of thewarranty form should be

entered for future reference.

Unauthorized Repair, Abuse,Etc.:

The unit must not have beenpreviously altered, modified,repaired or serviced by

anyone other than the servicefacilities authorized by Sonyto render such services. Theserial number on the unit mustnot have been altered or

removed. The unit must nothave been subject to accident,misuse, abuse or operated

contrary to the instructionscontained in the Owner's

Nokia Products Corp.Limited Lifetime Warranty

Nokia Products Corp.(Nokia) warrants that thiscellular mobile telephone

accessory (Product) is freefrom defects in material andworkmanship, according to

the following terms andconditions:1. The limited warranty forthe Product extends for the

lifetime of the productbeginning on the date ofpurchase of the Product.2. The limited warranty

extends only to the originalconsumer purchaser(Consumer) of the Productand is not assignable or

transferable to any subsequentpurchaser/end-user.3. The limited warrantyextends only to Consumers

who purchase the Product inthe United States.4. During the limited warranty

period, Nokia will repair, orreplace, at Nokias option,any defective parts, or any

that will not properly operatefor their intended use withnew or factory rebuiltreplacement items. No chargewill be made to the Consumer

for nay such parts. Nokia willalso pay for the labor chargesincurred by Nokia in repairingor replacing the defective

parts. The external housingand cosmetic parts shall befree from defects the time of

shipment and, therefore, shallnot be covered under theselimited warranty terms.5. Upon request from Nokia,the Consumer must provide

information to reasonablyprove the date of purchase.6. The Consumer shall bear

the cost of shipping theProduct to Nokia. Nokia shall

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articles non dsigns ouapprouvs par Sharp, ycompris, mais non limit au

papier, les piles, oulogiciel ;(d) Au replacement desaccessoire, des pices en

verre, des articlesconsommables ou

priphriques, devenuncessaire la suite d`

utilisation normale duproduit, y compris, maissans en tre limit, aux

piles, les ruban, le rubancorrecteur, les adaptateursc.a.,

le rouleur encreur, lamarguerite ou le papier ;(e) Aux dfautscosmtiques la surface ou

lextrieur de l`appareil et

qui sont causs paruneusure normale ;(f) Aux dommages causs

par des conditions

extrieures et relatives lenvironnement, y compris,mais non limit du liquiderpandu, une tension de la

ligne lectrique ou detransmission trop leve ouautre ;(g) Aux produits dont le

numero de serie et demodele ou le marquage

CSA/CUL, ou les deux ont

ete enleves ou effaces ;(h) Aux produits deutilises des fins de

location.

(i) Aux cotsdinstallation, Configurationet/ou programmation.

Si un dfaut de fabricationest dcel dans ce produitSharp au cours de la priodede la garantie, la rparation

sous garantie est offerte lacondition que le produitSharp soit livre ainsi que la

preuve dachat et une copiede cette GARANTIELIMITEE un centre agrede service Sharp ou un

dtaillant autoris auservice Sharp.

INCLUDE THOSE OFMERCHANTIBILITY ANDFITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE.Royal shall not be heldresponsible for consequentialdamages resulting from any

failure, defect or malfunction ofthis product. Some States do notallow limitations on how longan implied warranty lasts and

some States do not allow theexclusion or limitation ofincidental or consequentialdamages, so the above

limitations may not apply toyou.

TO OBTAIN SERVICEUNDER THE TERMS OFTHIS WARRANTY:

Pack your Organizer in theoriginal carton or equivalent.Enclose a copy of the bill ofsale or other documentation

showing original purchase date.Enclose a card or notedescribing the difficulty youhave had with Organizer. Be

sure to include your completename and address.Mail the above prepaid andinsure to Royal consumer

Service Centre, 765 U. S.Highway 202, Bridgewater,

NJ08807. The Service Centre

cannot be held responsible forany loss or damage in transit.

Please retain proof of purchaseto establish date of original

purchase.Your warranty starts on the date

of purchase.

Manual, or used forcommercial purposes, or usedas a rental unit at any time

prior to or after originalpurchase at retail. Should thisunit be used for commercial

purposes, or rental, Sony's

standard commercial warrantywill apply. The opinion ofSony with respect to thismatter shall be final.

Proper Delivery:The unit must be shipped,

freight prepaid, or deliveredto one of the nearest SonyService facilities in Canada in

either its original package orsimilar package affording anequal degree of protection andwith instructions indicating a

location within Canada to

which the unit must bereturned. The repaired unitwill be returned to customerfreight prepaid. All

accessories that are enclosedwith the unit must be listedindividually on the packingslip for the shipping

documentation. Sony shallhave no liability whatsoeverfor loss or damage to suchaccessories if they are not

listed. Defective accessoriesshould be returned to Sony as

a separate repair item.

On Site Service for Direct-View Television (22 inch and

above) and Projection TV:This service only applies to acustomer living within 50kmradius of an authorized Sony

service facility and can bereached by a service vehicle.

Proof of Date Purchase:

This warranty applies to theproduct from the original dateof purchase at retail.Therefore, the owner must

furnish proof of originalpurchase at retail.

Subject Products:

This warranty may beenclosed with and beapplicable to the following

Sony products:Watchman TVsTape Recorders

bear the cost of shipping theProduct back to the Consumerafter the completion of

service under this limitedwarranty.7. The consumer shall haveno coverage or benefits under

this limited warranty if any ofthe following conditions areapplicable:a) The Product has been

subject to: abnormal use,abnormal condition, improperstorage, exposure to moisture

or dampness, unauthorizedmodifications, unauthorizedconnections, unauthorized

repair, misuse, neglect, abuse,accident, alteration, improperinstallation, or other actswhich are not the fault of

Nokia, including damage

caused by shipping and blownfuses.

b) Nokia was not notified byConsumer of the alleged

defect or malfunction of theProduct during the applicablelimited warranty period.c) The product serial number

plate or the accessory datecode has been removed,defaced or altered.8. If a problem develops

during the limited warrantyperiod, the Consumer shouldtake the following step-by-

step procedure:a) The consumer shall returnthe Product to the place of

purchase for repair orreplacement processing.

b) If a is not convenient theConsumer may contact the

Customer Service Departmentat Nokia, at the phone numberlisted on the bottom of this

page.

c) The Consumer shall shipthe Product prepaid andinsured. Expenses related toremoving the Product from an

installation are not coveredunder this limited warranty.d) The Consumer will be

billed for any parts or labor

charges not covered by thislimited warranty. TheConsumer shall be

responsible for expensesrelated to reinstallation of theProduct.

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TelephonesAudio/Video AccessoriesVideo Cassette Recorders

and related accessoriesCar Audio ProductsRadio Cassette CombinationsVideo Printers

Digital Audio Tape RecordersWalkman/Portable HeadsetStereo RadiosVideo Camera Recorders and

related accessoriesPortable CD PlayersIC Chip Recorders

Portable MiniDiscRecorder/PlayersMidi/Micro/Mini Systems

Digital Still Cameras andrelated accessoriesDVDWeb TV (Set Top Box)

Digital Video Cassette

Recorders and relatedaccessoriesDigital Video CameraRecorders and related

accessoriesLCD ProjectorsDirect-View TelevisionsProjection Televisions

LTV Combo (TV with built inVTR)LCD Rear Projection TV

This warranty does not extendto broken or damaged

cabinets, accessories,

batteries, exposed antennasand styluses, and, to partswearing out due to normal

wear and tear. This warrantydoes not cover regular

product maintenance such ascleaning, lubrication or

check-ups. This warranty isvalid only in Canada.

EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT

PROHIBITED BYAPPLICABLE LAW, ALLOTHER WARRANTIESAND CONDITIONS,

EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,AND WHETHER ARISINGBY LAW, BY STATUTE,BY COURSE OF DEALING

OR USAGE OF TRADE,INCLUDING WITHOUTLIMITATION IMPLIED

WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY,MERCHANTABLE

e) If the Product is returnedduring the limited warranty

period, but the problem with

the Product cannot be fixedunder the terms andconditions of this limitedwarranty, the Consumer will

be notified and given anestimate of the charges theConsumer must pay to havethe Product repaired, with all

shipping charges billed to theConsumer.

If the estimate is refused,

the Product will be returnedfreight collect. If the Productis returned to Nokia after the

expiration of the warrantyperiod, Nokias normalservice policies shall applyand the Consumer will be

invoiced for all shipping

charges.9. The Product consists ofnewly assembled equipmentthat may contain used

components which have beenreprocessed to allow machinecompliance with Product

performance and reliability

specifications.10. ANY IMPLIEDWARRANTY OFMERCHANTABILITY, OR

FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE

OR USE, SHALL BE

LIMITED TO THEDURATION OF THEFOREGOING WRITTEN

WARRANTY.OTHERWISE, THEFOREGOING WARRANTYIS THE PURCHASER'S

SOLE AND EXCLUSIVEREMEDY AND IS IN LIEUOF ALL OTHERWARRANTIES, EXPRESS

OR IMPLIED.NOKIA SHALL NOT BE

LIABLE FOR INCIDENTALOR CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES OR A LOSS OFANTICIPATED BENEFITSOR PROFITS, RESULTINGFROM THE PURCHASE OR

USE OF THE PRODUCT ORARISING FROM THEBREACH OF THE

WARRANTY EVEN IFNOKIA KNEW OF THELIKELIHOOD OF SUCH

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QUALITY AND FITNESSFOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE. UNDER NO

CIRCUMSTANCES SHALLSony BE LIABLE FOR ANAMOUNT GREATERTHAN THE ACTUAL

PURCHASE PRICE OF THEUNIT OR FOR ANYSPECIAL, INCIDENTALOR CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES SUSTAINED INCONNECTION WITH SAIDUNIT AND Sony NEITHER

ASSUMES NORAUTHORIZES ANYREPRESENTATIVE OR

OTHER PERSON TOASSUME FOR IT ANYOBLIGATION ORLIABLILITY OTHER THAN

SUCH AS IS EXPRESSLY

SET FORTH HEREIN.SOME JURISDICTIONS DO

NOT ALLOW THEEXCLUSION OF IMPLIED

WARRANTIES ANDCONDITIONS.THE INFORMATIONOBTAINED FROM YOU

MAY BE USED BY SONYOR ITS AFFILIATEDCOMPANIES FOR THEPURPOSE OF DIRECT

MAIL, INCLUDINGPRODUCT INFORMATION

AND/OR SPECIAL

OFFERS.Sony of Canada Ltd., 115Gordon Baker Road, Toronto,

Ontario M2H 3R6ATTENTION: WARRANTYCONTROL CENTRE

DAMAGES.11. Some states do not allowlimitation of how long

implied warranty last, so theabove limitations may notapply to you (the Consumer).Some states do not allow the

exclusion or limitation ofincidental or consequentialdamages, so the abovelimitations or exclusions may

not apply to you (theConsumer). This limitedwarranty gives you the

specific legal rights and youmay also have other rightswhich vary fm state to state.

12. Nokia neither assumes norauthorizes any authorizedservice center or any personor entity to assume for it any

other obligation or liability

beyond that which isexpressly provided for in thislimited warranty.13. Questions concerning this

limited warranty may bedirected to: NOKIAPRODUCTSCORPORATION, 1801

PENN STREET,MELBOURNE, FLORIDA32901; TELEPHONE: (407)-

952-2100; CONSUMERSERVICE: 1-(800)-666-5553;FAX (818)-287-6612.

This warranty is subject tochange by Nokia MobilePhones with out notice to

Canyon River Cellular, toinsure current warrantyconditions, please refer to themanufactures web site

http://www.nokia.com/
http://www.nokia.com/http://www.nokia.com/

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