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Adjectives

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Page 1: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives

Page 2: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounMost French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some which can appear before or after the noun depending on the meaning.

Adjectives which normally occur before the noun:

autre joli/ebeau/bel/belle mauvais/ebon/bonne nouveau/nouvel/nouvellebref/brève petit/edouble vastehaut/evieux/vieil/vieille

Page 3: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounAdjectives which occur before or after the noun depending on meaning:

ancien: un ancien élève= une maison ancienne=

brave: un brave type=un homme brave=

certain: d’un certain âge= une vérité certaine=

cher: mon cher ami= une robe chère=

Page 4: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounchic: un chic type=

une robe chic=

curieux: une curieuse histoire= une personne curieuse=

dernier: son dernier livre= la semaine dernière=

drôle: une drôle d’histoire= une histoire drôle=

fameux: ton fameux problème= un vin fameux=

Page 5: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounfranc: une franche idiote=

une personne franche=

grand: un grand homme= un homme grand=

gros: un gros effort= un homme gros=

jeune: une jeune femme= une femme jeune=

méchant: une méchante histoire= une fille méchante=

Page 6: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounmême: toujours les mêmes histoires=

le jour même=

nouveau: ma nouvelle voiture= ma voiture neuve=

pauvre: un pauvre homme= un homme pauvre=

propre: ma propre chambre=une serviette propre=

pure: une pure illusion= de race pure=

Page 7: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the nounrare: un rare moment de paix=

un moment rare de l’histoire=

sale: une sale histoire= une nappe sale=

seul: le seul inconvénient= un homme seul=

simple: une simple question de…=une question simple=

triste: une triste histoire= une histoire triste=

Page 8: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the noun

véritable: un véritable problème= un problème véritable=

vert: une verte réprimande= une voiture verte=

vilain: une vilaine action= un enfant vilain=

Page 9: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives modifying the noun

Many adjectives which normally follow the noun can also precede it without significant meaning change. It is done for stylistic effect to vary sentence structure or avoid multiple adjectives following the noun. The position before the noun is favoured when the adjective measures or quantifies the noun:

un léger rhumeune charmante soiréeune forte odeurun misérable repasune importante augmentation

Page 10: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Combinations of adjectivesCardinal numbers are usually the first in any combination of adjectives before the noun. Otherwise the order is the same as in English:

les deux premières semainesles quatres dernières jolies phrasesau bon vieux tempsune autre nouvelle maisonun vrai beau grand châteauce pauvre cher homme

Except with complex numbers:

Il m’a versé les derniers sept cent euros qu’il me devait

To avoid long strings of adjectives before the noun they can be combined with et and/or moved after the noun:

un jeune et joli petit chat or un petit chat jeune et joli

Page 11: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Combinations of adjectivesThe order of adjectives after the noun is the mirror image of English:

la guerre civile espagnoledes lignes parallèles invisiblesdes milieux politiques américainsdes feuilles mortes humidesun agent commercial français

When adjectives which normally precede the noun are modified by adverbs or prepositional phrases they may appear after the noun:

un bel homme - un homme vraiment beauun gros effort - un effort démesurément grosune jolie figure - une figure un peu trop jolieun grand jardin - un jardin grand comme un mouchoir de pocheun bref aperçu - un aperçu des plus brefs

Page 12: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives preceded by de

When nouns are quantified by numbers, the following adjectives may directly follow the noun or be preceded by de. The use with de is found in informal French. Can you identify the difference between these phrases with/without de?

Il y avait dix voyageurs de blessésIl y avait dix voyageurs blessés

J’ai une heure de libre aujourd’huiJ’ai une heure libre aujourd’hui

Page 13: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives with complementsSome adjectives can be followed by nouns, pronouns or infinitives with a linking de or à:

Ils étaient blancs de colèreCes jeunes femmes sont très sûres d’ellesJe suis très heureux de faire votre connaissanceCe problème est facile à résoudre

Indefinite noun phrases and negative expressions can be followed by adjectives and linked by de:

quelque chose de bonquelqu’un d’intéressantrien de plus facileQuoi de neuf?

Page 14: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives used as nounsIn French it is almost always possible to convert an adjective to a noun by placing an article in front of it:

Je ne veux que les mûrs J’adore le rustiqueNous prendrons les grands Elle aurait préféré du moderneLes petits sont déjà partis Le plus énervant, c’est sa voixLes gentils gagnent à la fin Le rouge te va bienLes méchants sont punis L’important c’est de partir tôt

Adjectives and nouns of nationality are usually identical in form except that nouns take capital letters:

Elle est américaineTout Français qui se respecte aime le fromageElle est de nationalité française

Page 15: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjectives used as adverbsSome adjectives can also be used as adverbs (and are invariable):

bas, bon, cher, clair, droit, dur, faux, fin, fort, grand, jeune, juste, lourd, menu, vieux

Ils parlent basLe café sent bonCela coûte trop cherJe n’arrive pas à y voir clair dans son raisonnementIls marchent droitIls travaillent durElles chantent fauxIls parlent trop fortIls s’habillent jeuneIls font vieux

Page 16: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine/Feminine formsThe general rule is that an -e is added to the masculine adjective to produce the feminine form:

Masculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-u absolu absolue

aigu aiguë (¨= for pronunciation)

ambigu ambiguë

-é fermé fermée

-er fier fière

cher chère

amer amère

-i hardi hardie

Exception: favori favorite

Page 17: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-c public publique

turc turque

grec grecque

-ct direct directe

-r sûr sûre

pur pure

-al national nationale

général générale

-el personnel personnelle

professionnel professionnelle

cruel cruelle

-ul nul nulle

Masculine/Feminine forms

Page 18: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-ol espagnol espagnole

-il puéril puérile

civil civile

-il (*note pronunciation)

gentil gentille

pareil pareille

vermeil vermeille

Masculine/Feminine forms

Page 19: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

In the following cases the addition of an -e in the feminine form constitutes the pronunciation of the final consonant:

Masculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-t petit petite

cuit cuite

-s gris grise

mauvais mauvaise

-as bas basse

gras grasse

-et muet muette

coquet coquette

-ot sot sotte

-et complet complète

secret secrète

Masculine/Feminine forms

Page 20: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine/Feminine forms*Pronunciation change: nasal to oral vowel:

Masculine form Feminine form

grand grande

paysan paysanne

partisan partisane

ancien ancienne

enfantin enfantine

européen européenne

féminin féminine

fin fine

mignon mignonne

bon bonne

brun brune

Page 21: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine/Feminine formsIn the following cases the addition of an -e is accompanied by a change in the final consonant or syllable:

Masculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-ais frais fraîche

-aux faux fausse

-er premier première

étranger étrangère

-eux heureux heureuse

nerveux nerveuse

-eux vieux vieille

-eur voleur voleuse

trompeur trompeuse

-eur vengeur vengeresse

-eur observateur observatrice

Page 22: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine/Feminine formsMasculine ending Masculine form Feminine form

-eau nouveau nouvelle

beau belle

-c sec sèche

blanc blanche

-f neuf neuve

actif active

-in bénin bénigne

malin maligne

-ong long longue

-ou mou molle

fou folle

-oux doux douce

roux rousse

Page 23: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Masculine/Feminine formsThe following adjectives have a special masculine form when preceding a vowel or silent h:

beau, fou, mou, nouveau, vieux

un bel effet un fol espoirun nouvel hommeun mol effort un vieil hélicoptère

No change in written or spoken French:

manifeste tranquilleutile sale

Page 24: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Plural forms

In most cases -s is added to the singular form of the adjective and there is no pronunciation change:

content - contents contente - contentesIf the word ends in -s or -x it stays the same:

heureux - heureux gris - gris

If the word ends in -eau add -x rather than -s:

nouveau - nouveaux beau- beaux

Page 25: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Plural forms

Adjectives which end in -al generally change to -aux:

principal - principaux général - générauxmarginal - marginaux normal - normauxExceptions:

banal - banals bancal - bancalsfatal - fatals

glacial - glacials naval - navalsnatal - natalsAdjectives which alternate:

idéal - idéals/idéaux matinal - matinals/matinauxpascal - pascals/pascaux astral - astrals/astraux

Page 26: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjective agreement with nounsAdjectives agree in number and gender with the noun whose meaning they modify:

une voix hésitante ce fameux dimancheL’eau était froide des regards rapides et insistantsAn adjective agreeing with nouns linked by et, ou or ni agrees with the closest noun:

une table et une chaise bleue

The adjective may agree with all of the nouns and will be plural and feminine only if all the nouns are feminine, otherwise it will be masculine:

une table et une chaise bleuesIl ne portait ni de veste ni de pantalon bleus

Page 27: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjective agreement with nouns

Adjectives may agree with the first or second noun when they are linked by de depending on the meaning:

un groupe de chanteuses talentueusesune bande de voyous agressivedes bains de mer fréquentsun geste de générosité déplacée

Page 28: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Adjective agreement with nouns

Some adjectives don’t change in relation to gender or number. It can be said that they are nouns being used adjectivally:

marron orange crèmebon marché

cerise angora babacucu

gaga gnangnan kakiriquiqui

rococo snob sympa

*chic is invariable for gender but agrees for number:

un tailleur chic - une robe chic - des vêtements chics

Page 29: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Compound adjective agreementsWith adjective-adjective compounds when the adjectives are coordinated both agree with the noun:

Les enfants sourds-muets Les filles dernières-néesLes sauces aigres-douces Les bébés nouveaux-nésIls dorment la bouche grande-ouverteExcept when the first adjective ends in -i or -o:

Des pièces tragi-comiques Des accords franco-allemandsWith adverb-adjective compounds the adverb remains invariable and the adjective agrees:

Des fonctionnaires haut-placésDes personnes bien-intentionnéesDes signes avant-coureurs

Page 30: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Compound adjective agreementsColour adjective compounds remain invariable:

Des cheveux châtain clair Une veste bleu foncéUne mer vert-bouteille Une couverture gris-rougeIn compounds involving demi- and nu- they are invariable before the noun but agree after it:

Une demi-heure - Une heure et demieNu-tête - Sortir tête nue

In compounds involving mi- it can only occur before the noun and remains invariable:

à mi-tempsla mi-saisonla mi-juin

la mi-journéemi-américainmi-clos

Page 31: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Comparative forms of adjectivesComparatives are formed by putting plus, moins, aussi or si before the adjective. The adjective stays in the same position as usual; before or after the noun, and agrees as usual:

Il voulait une plus grande voitureCe film est moins intéressantSa voiture est aussi grande que la mienneLe courant n’est pas si dangereux par ici

In phrases with plus and moins, writers often insert ne, le or ne le before the verb in formal written French:

Ces virages sont plus dangereux qu’on ne le pense

With aussi only le is inserted:

La charge de travail est aussi lourde que je le croyais

Page 32: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Comparative forms of adjectives

There are two common irregular comparative forms of adjectives:

Meilleur (from bon)Pire (from mauvais)

Il désire avoir une meilleure placeCes marchandises sont meilleuresLe texte est meilleur maintenantLe remède est pire que le malLa vérité est pénible mais le mensonge est pire

Page 33: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Superlative forms of adjectivesThe superlative describes the best or worst of something and is formed by putting the definite article in front of the comparative form. The adjective agrees with the noun:

C’était le plus grand joueur de tousElle est la moins ambitieuse de sa familleC’est la route la plus dangereuse de la région

There are three common irregular superlative adjectives:

le/la/les meilleur(e)(s): Elle porte les meilleurs vêtementsle/la/les pire(s): Le pire, c’est qu’elle voulait revenirle/la/les moindre(s): La moindre des choses serait de venir

Page 34: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Demonstrative adjectivesProximate Non-proximate

Masculine ce, cet ce, cet…-ci ce, cet…-là

Feminine cette cette…-ci cette…-là

Plural ces ces…-ci ces…-là

*Masculine cet appears only in front of a noun or adjective beginning with a vowel or a silent h

The -ci form is added to the noun to stress proximity in space or time (this one here) and the -là stresses distance (that one there):

Cette voiture-ci a fait le tour du mondeCe matin-là je m’étais réveillé tardEst-ce que vous préférez cette voiture-ci ou cette voiture-là?

Page 35: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Possessive adjectivesSingular Plural

First person Masculine mon notre

Feminine ma

Plural mes nos

Second person

Masculine ton votre

Feminine ta

Plural tes vos

Third person Masculine son leur

Feminine sa

Plural ses leurs

Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they precede:

Elle a levé son verre Il a rempli sa tasseIl a cassé ses lunettes

The feminine singular forms ma, ta, sa become mon, ton, son before nouns/adjectives beginning with a vowel or silent h.

Page 36: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Indefinite adjectives

Chaque means each/every and precedes a noun. If there is no noun it becomes chacun(e) and agrees with the noun it describes:

Chaque assiette est peinte à la main/Chacune est peinte à la main

Quelque(s) as an adjective means some and agrees with the noun it precedes:

J’ai quelques idéesJ’ai quelque désir

Page 37: Adjectives. Adjectives modifying the noun Most French adjectives follow the noun they are describing but there are some which precede the noun and some

Interrogative adjectives

Quel(le)(s) means what/which and agrees with the noun it is linked to:

Quel examen veux-tu passer?Quelle profession exerces-tu?Quelles sont tes matières préférées?Quels livres avez-vous lus?