Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quicklyJ Look at these examples:

0 Our holiday was too short - the time passed very quickly. 0 Two people were seriously injured in the accident.

Quickly and seriously a re adverbs. Many adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: adjective: quick senous careful quiet heavy bad adverb: quickly seriously carefully quiecly heavily badly

For spelling, see Appendix 6.

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example: fri endly lively elderly Ionely silly lovely

Adjecrive or adverb?

Adjecrives (quick/careful ere.) reil us about a noim (somcbody or somerhing). We use adjecrives before nouns:

0 Sam is a careful driver. (nota carefully driver)

o Wc didn'r go out because of the heavy ra in .

Compare:

1 1 O She speaks perfect English.

t1djectit·e + 110 1111

Ad\·erbs (quickly/carefull y crc. l relt us abour a i·erb (IJOw somebody does somerhing or hou· somerhing happens):

O Sam drove carcfully a long rhe narrow road. (11o t dro\'e ca reful )

o We didn 't go out because ir was raining heavily. (n o t raining hea\'y)

o She speaks English perfectly. 1 "'" - 1101111 - .1d1·ub

We also use adjecrives after some verbs, especially be, and also look/feeVsound etc. Compare:

o Please be quiet. O 1 was disappointed rhar my exam resulrs

were so bad . o Why do you always look so serious? o 1 feel happy.

O Please speak quietly. O 1 was unhappy rhar 1 did so badly in rhe

exam. (11ot did so bad ) D \X' hy do you ne\·er take me seriously? o The children were playing happily.

We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For example: reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective) terribly sorry (adverb + adjective) incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)

o lt's a reasonably cheap restaurant and rhe food is extremely good. o l' m tcrribly sorry. 1 didn'r mean ro push you. (not terrible sorry) D Maria learns languages incredibly quickly. o The examination was surprisingly easy.

You can also use an adverb before a past participle (injured/organised/wrinen etc. ): o Two people were seriously injured in the accident. (not serious in jured l o The meeting was very badly organised.

Adjectives after be/look/ feel etc. -- Unit 99C Adjectives and adverbs 2-+ Unit 101

Exercises Unit 100 100.1 Complete each sen te nee with an adverb. The first letters of the adverb are given.

1 We didn't go out because ir was raining he .9.-:-:Y.~."" . 2 Our ream lost rhe game because we played very ba"""""""" ...... """ .. ""."""." . . 3 I had lirtle difficulry finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea """".".""."""""""""""""" . 4 We had to wait for a long time, but we didn't complain. We waited pat." .. "."."" .. " .. "." .. ""."" 5 ~obody knew Steve was coming to see us. He arrived unex"""""""""""""""""""""." . 6 ,\like keeps fit by playing rennis reg.""""""""".".""".""""" ... " . ï 1 don 't speak French verv well, but 1 can understand per""."""" .. """ ... "." .. "." ... ".". if people speak

si " ." ." .""""""""" """"""".". and cl.".""""".""""""." .. "".""""

100.2 Put in the correct word.

T 1 $e.Yt0i.4 S1 " . . d . h . d ( . I . 1 ) 1 ,,.o peop e were ." .... "."."."""."~"". m1ure in t e acc1 ent. senous senous y 2 The driver of the car had ." "~-~@..;?""" injuries. (serious / seriously) 3 1 think you beha\·ed very """.""""" .. """"""""" .. ".". . (selfish / selfishly) 4 Rose is """""".".".""""""""""""" upset about losing her job. (terrible I terribly) 5 There was a """"""""".""""." .. """""". change in the weather. (sudden/ suddenly) 6 E,·erybody at the party was ."""."""."""" .. "."."""." dressed. (colourful I colourfully) ï Linda likes wearing " ...... """.""." .. "." ... ".""."". cloches. (colourful / colourfully) 8 Liz fe il and hun herself quite """"""""""""""""""""."" . (bad/ badly ) 9 joe says he didn'r do well ar school because he was ".""""""""".""." "."""""" taughr. (bad/ bad ly)

10 Don 't go up rhar ladder. Ir doesn't look "."".:" " .... "." .... "." ... "."" . (safe I safely)

100.3 Complete each sentence using a word from the box. Sometimes you need the adjective (carefu l etc.) and sometimes the adverb (ca refu lly etc.).

careful (ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) happy/bappily nervous( ly) perfect(ly)

financial( ly) quiclc(ly)

1 Our holidar was roo short. The time passed very " ... q~.~!:!;i ..... .

fluent(ly) special(ly)

2 Steve doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always " ..... " ..... "".""""" .... "." ..... " 3 Sue works """."""""."""""""""."""" . She never seems to stop. 4 Rachel and Patrick are very " .. "."""""""."""."""."""". married. 5 ~laria 's English is \·ery " .... """"""""."".""."." .. " ... alrhough she makes quite a lot of mistakes. 6 1 cooked this meal "."""."""."."""""""."""." for you, so 1 hope you like it. ï Everything was very quier. There was " .. """"""".""""""" ... """". si lence. 8 1 rried on the shoes and they firted me ".""""." """.""""""""""" . 9 Do you usuall y fee] " ... """."".""" .. "."" .. "."""" before examinations?

l 0 l'd like to buy a car, but it's ""."""""""""""""""""""" impossible for me at the moment.

100.4 Choose two word s (one from each box) to complete each sentence.

absolutely -reasooahly-u nnecessarily

badly seriously unusually

completely sligbtly

changed enormous planned

~ damaged iU long qui et

1 l thought the restaurant wou ld be expensive, but it was "".r.~.Ql'.)aj>.~".0..~"" . .

2 Steve's mother is ".""""""""""""" .. ""."".""""""""""""." .""".".""." in hospita!. 3 What a big house! lr's .""".".""""""" .. """"""""""""""".""".""."""""."" .. " . . 4 lt wasn'r a serious accident. The car was only ."".".""""""""""""""""""""""."."""."""."".""""""" . 5 The children are normall y very lively, but chey're .".""" .. "."""""". "".".".""""""".""."""""".""."""." today. 6 When I returned home after 20 years, everyrhing had ".""""" .""""""".". """. "" .. """""""""""""" .... "" . . ï The film was "."."."."."".""."." . . """."""""""."""""""""""" . lr could have been much shorrer. 8 A lor wem wrong during our holiday because ic was ".".""."".""""""""""""""" .. """"."""""""""""" .

~ Additional exercise 31 (page 320) 201

202

Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) Good/well

Good is an adjective. The adverb is well: O Your English is good . but You speak English well. O Susan is a good pianist. but Susan plays rhe piano well.

We use well (not good) wirh past participles (dressed/known ere.): well-dressed well-known well-educaced welJ-paid O Gary's father is a well-known writer.

But welt is also an adjecrive with rhe meaning 'in good health': O 'How are you roday? 'l'm very welt, thanks.'

Fast/hard/late

These words are borh adjeccives and adverbs: adjective adverb

O Darren is a very fase runner. o Kare is a hard worker. O J was late.

Lately = recencly: o Have you seen Tom lately?

Hardly

Darren can run verr fast. Kate works hard. (not works hard ly) Igor up late this morning.

Hardly = very litcle, almosc nor. Srudr these examples: O Sarah wasn'r very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me.

(= she spoke to me very lircle, almosc nor ar all) O We've only met once or C\vice. We hardly know each other.

Hard and hardly are different. Compare: o He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, with a loc of efforrl o l'm nor surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very lircle)

You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere: 0 A: How much money have we gor?

B: Hardly any. (= very lircle, a lmost none)

o These rwo cameras are very si mila r. There's hardly ~(8/~ . ~~\ t I~ any difference berween chem.

o The exam resulcs were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few srudencs passed)

Noce chat you can say: o She said hardly anything. or She bardly said anything. O We've gor hardly any money. or We've hardly gor any money.

1 can hardly do someching = ic's very difficult for me. almost impossible: o Your wriring is rerrible. l can hardly read ir. {= ic is almosr impossible co read ic) O My leg was hurring me. 1 could hardly walk.

Hardly ever = almost never: o l'm nearly always at home in the e\·enings. 1 bardly ever go out.

Hardly a lso means 'certainly nor'. Fo r example: o lr 's hardly surprising rhar you're rired. You haven ·c slepr for rhree days.

(= it's certa inly nor surprising) o The sicuarion is serious, bur ir's hardly a crisis. (= it's cerrainly nota crisis)

Adjectives after verbs ('You look tired' etc.) -+ Unit 99C Adjectives and adverbs 1 - Unit 100

Exercises Unit 101

101.1 Put in good or well.

1 1 play tennis but rm nor \·ery ..... 99.9.4 ..... . 1. Your exam resu lrs were ,·ery ...... " ........................... .

7 Lucy speaks German very ." .... "" .. """"""."."."" . 8 Lucy's German is very ... "."."""." .. "."""""" . .

3 You did ... " ... " .... " .. " ... """". in ~·our exams. 9 Our new business isn'c doing very 4 The weather was .""." ....... " .... """" while we " ... """" .. "" .......... " ..... at the moment.

were on holiday. 10 1 like your har. Ic looks ."."" ........ " ....... " ...... on you. - 1 didn ·c sleep ..................... " .. "... lasc nighc. 11 l've met her a few times, bur 1 don'r know 6 How are you? Are you . .."." ........ " ... " .. " ? her """ ...... " .. "." .... "."." ..

101.2 Complete these sentences using well + the following words:

beh1H0ed dressed in formed kept known pa id written

The children were \'ery good. They were .""~~:::.b.~.~Y.~ .. " . . 1. r m urprised you ha,·en·c heard of her. She is quice ... "" .. "."."." .. ".".""""".".".".""""""""."."."."" .... "."."."""" .. "" .. """ . . 3 Our neighbours' garden is neat and tidy. lt is very "."" .. "." .. ""." .. ""."."""."."."."."."."."." .. "".".".".".".".".".".".".".""." . . 4 1 enjoyed che book you lent me. 1t·s a grear story and ir's ve ry "".""""."."." .. ".""."".".".""""."""." .... " .. "."."""" .. . 5 Tania knows a lor about man~· rhings. She is ver~· .. "".".".""""." .. "" .. """.".""" .. """"."""."""".""""""".".".".""".".""." .. . 6 ~ la rk·s cloches are always smarr. He is always """"" .. "."."."""."."""".""".""."."."""" .. """""."""."."."."."." .. ""."."." .. " .. " . . - j ane has a loc of responsibiliry in her job, but she isn·t very ".""""."""" ....... " .. " .... "" .. ".""".".".".""".".""".""."."." .

101.3 Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.

r m tired because r\'e been working hard. .""O.K"" ............ " ... "" .......... " ....... "." .. ""."." ..... "."" .... "." ....... " .... . 2 1 rried hru:Q co remember her name. bur 1 couldn't. . .. "."." .. "" .. " ....... " ....... " .... "." ................ ""."."."."." .... "."."." .. """ .. . 3 This coat i pracrically unused. l' \'e ~ worn ir. 4 Judy is a good cennis player. She hics rhe ball hard h-. - Don ·r walk so fiil! 1 can ·r keep up with you. 6 1 had plenty of time. so 1 was walking slow.

101.4 Complete the sentences. Use hardly + the following verbs (in the correct form):

change hear ~ recognise say sleep speak

Scon and Tracy ha\'e only mee once before. They .""b..~.4J,y" .. ~.!'.\Q~" ... each orher. 2 You·re speaking ,·ery quierly. 1 can ."."."""."""""".""""".""".""""""""".""".".".".".""." you. 3 rm \'ery rired rh is morning. 1 .. "."."."."."."." .... "" .... ".".".".".".""" .. """."".".".".""" last night. 4 \X'e were so shocked when we heard rhe news, we could .".""."."."."." ..... " .. " .. " ... " .. ""."." ... "".""."" ..... ""."." ... . - 1'ace wa \'ery quier this e\'ening. She " .. """."" .. "".".""" .... " .. """"."."""""."."""""""."."."" a word. 6 You look rhe sarne now as you looked 15 years ago. You\·e """."".""."""."."".""."""".".""."".""""."""."."." ... "" . - 1 met Dave a tew days ago. 1 hadn 't seen him for a long rimc and he looks very different now.

1 ."."." .. "."" .. "."."""".""""""."."""." .. """""".""""""". him.

101.5 Complete these sen tences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever.

l ril have co go shopping. There·s ..... b.o....r.4J,y_".~~t.!'.!.Ll'.'9 .. ". co eat. 2 lr was a very warm day and rhere was .......... " ...... " .. " ... ""."." .. "."."." .. " .. "" ...... ".". wind. 3 ·o o you know much abour computers?' 'No, ."." .... """ .. " .... "" .. " ... """." .. ""." ..... " ... """ ... .' 4 The hotel was almosr em pry. There was ............ " ... "." ........................................ "."" ... sraying there. - 1 listen co rhe radio quire ofren. but 1 .... " ......... "._." ....... " ........................ " ............ " watch television. 6 Our new boss is not \'ery popular. . ... " ... " ......... - ..... " ... """ ..... " ...................... ". likes her. - Ic was very crowded in rhe room. There was .... "" ......... "."""" ................... " ...... "."."." ...... to sit. 8 \X'e used co be good fr iends. but we ··-····-·······."."" ... ""."" ... " .. " .. "." .................. see each ocher now. 9 lt was nice driving this morning. There was ... " ... " ........... """.".".".""." ..... "" ... " .. """."." traffic.

1 O 1 hare rhis town. There's ." ......... """."""""".""" .... "."""""""" .. "" .. co do and ."""."."".""""""""."."."."." .. "" .. "."."."."." ro go.

-... Additional excrcise 31 (page 320) 203