administrative thought i ç'kklfud fopkj

Master of Arts (Public Administration) (DDE)

Semester – I

Paper Code – 20PUB21C2

ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHT – I

ç'kklfud fopkj – I

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK

(A State University established under Haryana Act No. XXV of 1975)

NAAC 'A+’ Grade Accredited University

Material Production

Content Writer: Dr. ________

Copyright © 2020, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted

in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written

permission of the copyright holder.

Maharshi Dayanand University

ROHTAK – 124 001

ISBN :

Price : Rs. 325/-

Publisher: Maharshi Dayanand University Press

Publication Year : 2021

M.A. ( Public Administration ) Sem-I

Administrative Thought-I (20PUB21C2)

Total Marks = 100 Semester End Exam = 80

Time = 3 hrs. Internal Assessment = 20

Note: The question paper will consist of five units. Each of the first four units will contain two questions

and the students shall be asked to attempt one question from each unit. Unit - V of each question paper

shall contain eight short answer type questions without any internal choice and it shall be covering the

entire syllabus. As such unit - V shall be Compulsory.

Course Outcomes

CO-1. Help in knowing that how behavioural aspects of human affect the output of the organization.

CO-2. Help in knowing the different factors which can motivate the person to work efficiently.

CO-3. Help in knowing that how the management techniques can be used to increase the performance of

the administration.

CO-4. Impart the knowledge of student about Policy formulation and Implementation.

UNIT-I

Kautilya, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru

UNIT-II

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Swami Vivekanand, Paul H. Appleby

UNIT-III

Woodrow Wilson, Hanry Fayol, F.W.Taylor

UNIT-IV

Luther Gullick, Max Weber, M.P.Follet

Suggested Readings:

1. Nisha Ali, S.S. , Eminent Administrative Thinkers, Delhi, Associated Publishing House, 1998

2. Maheshwari ,S.R. , Administrative Thinkers, New Delhi: Macmillan, India Ltd., 1998

3. Prasad, Ravindra; V.S. Prasad and Satyanarayan (ed.), Administrative Thinkers, New Delhi,

Sterling, 2010.(Hindi & English)

4. Sudha G.S., History of Management Thought, Jaipur, RBSA, 2003, Fourth Edition, (Hindi

Medium) reprint in 2010.

5. Kumar, Umesh and Sanjay Kumar Singh, Prachin Avm Adhunik Parshaskiya Vicharak, New

Delhi, National Book, 1980.

6. Sarkar Monoranjan , Administrative Thinkers, Delhi: Wisdom Press, 2013.

7. Sapru, R.K. , Administrative Theories and Management Thought, New Delhi: PHI Learning, 2009

(2nd Edition).

8. Theory, Narender Kumar, Theory, Eminent Administrative Thinkers, Jaipur: RBSA Publishers,

2002 (Hindi Medium)

9. Goel, S.L., Administrative and Management Thinkers, New Delhi: Deep and Deep, 2008.

10. Polinaidu, S., Public Administration, New Delhi: Galgotia, 2010 (Reprint of 2004 Edition)

fo’k; lwph

bdkbZ 1 %& Kautilya, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru

1- dkSfVY; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1–8

lIrkax fl)kUr

foÙk foHkkx U;k; iz”kklu rFkk dkuwu&O;oLFkk

Hkz’Vkpkj ds rjhds

ewY;kdau

2- egkRek xka/kh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9–14

pEikju iz;ksx jktuhfr dk lajpukRed “kL=

dkaxzsl esa okLrqf”kYih

usr`Ro dh izd`fr

xka/kh th dh eaf=;ksa dks lykg

3- tokgjyky usg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15–17

Lora=rk ls iwoZ usg: ds fopkj

Lora=rk ds ckn usg: ds fopkj

fofHkUu laLFkkvks dk fuekZ.k

fu’d’kZ

vH;kl gsrq iz”u ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

bdkbZ 2 %& Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Swami Vivekanand, Paul H. Appleby

4- ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19–26

uohu O;oLFkk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok;sa

izkUrh; iz/kkuea=h lEesyu

izkUrksa dk n`f’Vdks.k

vfUre fu.kZ;

Lora= Hkkjr esa flfoy lsok;sa

5- Lokeh foosdkuUn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27–31

ifjp; ;k=k,a usr`Ro rFkk laxBu fuekZ.k

vk/kqfud izcU/ku rFkk Lokeh foosdkuUn

Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj oS”ohdj.k

6- iky ,p0 ,iYch --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32–38

egRoiw.kZ izdk"ku

fo”ks’kK vkSj lkekU; ij fopkj

Hkkjr es yksd iz"kklu

vkS/kksfxd vkSj O;olkf;d m|e] 1956

fu’d’kZ

vH;kl gsrq iz”u ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

bdkbZ 3 %& Woodrow Wilson, Hanry Fayol, F.W.Taylor

7- oqMjks foYlu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40–45

jktuhfr&iz”kklu }SrHkko

iz”kklu vkSj tuer

yksd lsok

iz”kklu ds v/;;u dh fof/k;ka

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

8- gsujh Qs;ksy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46–53

iz”kklu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk

vkS|ksfxd fØ;k,¡ rFkk iz”kklfud fØ;k,¡

iz”kklu ds pkSng fl)kUr

izcU/kd ds xq.k

ewY;kadu

9- ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54–60

lkbUVhfQd eSustesUV

viokn }kjk izcU/k fl)kUr

Vsyj ds iz;ksx

Ikzdk;kZRed&QkSjeSuf”ki

Vsyj vkSj QS;ksy% rqyuk

vH;kl gsrq iz”u ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61

bdkbZ 4 %& Luther Gullick, Max Weber, M.P.Follet

10- ywFkj ,p- xqfyd------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62–68

laxBu ds fl)kUr

IkksLMdkWCkZ fopkj

foHkkxh;dj.k ds vk/kkj

eq[;ky;&{ks=h; dk;kZy; lEcU/k

yksd&iz”kklu ij xqfyd ds fopkj

11- eSDl oscj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69–77

lRrk] laxBu vkSj oS/krk

ukSdj”kkgh izfreku

oscj ds vkykspd

fu’d’kZ

12% esjh ikdZj QkSysV ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78–84

jpukRed la?k"kZ

,dhdj.k es ck/kk,¡

leUo;

'kfDr ,oa lRrk

vU; fopkjsa

vH;kl gsrw iz”u -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85

v/;k; & 1

dkSfVY;

(KAUTILYA)

**dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= IywVks ds fjifCyd** ds lUnHkZ esa jktuhfrd&n'kZu dk dksbZ dk;Z ugha gS] vkSj u gh ;g

efU=;ksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu dh dksbZ fu;ekoyh gSA blls T;knk ;g jktkvksa dks vius lkezkT; ij

'kklu djus dk Js"B rjhdk rFkk viuh 'kfDr dks cukus dk O;kogkfjd ijke'kZ çnku djrk gSA &,-,y- ck'ke

Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud bfrgkl esa dkSfVY; dks ,d egku~ fpUrd ds :i esa çflf) çkIr gSA oLrqr% çkphu

Hkkjrh; ç'kklu ds lkFk dkSfVY; dk uke i;kZ;okph ds :i esa tqM+k gSA dkSfVY; us gh **vFkZ'kkL=** dh jpuk

dh tks çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd vkSj ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dh ,dek= oSKkfud vkSj O;ofLFkr O;k[;k djus

okyh iqLrd gSA vFkZ'kkL= esa dkSfVY; us jkt'kkL= dh dyk dk foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj vkt ls

yxHkx 2300 o"kZ iwoZ ds fopkj vkt Hkh dkQh gn rd çklafxdrk j[krs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dkSfVY; dk

**vFkZ'kkL=** yksd ç'kklu ds fo|kFZfk;ksa ds fy, i;kZIr :i ls #fpdj lkexzh ls ifjiw.kZ gSA

dkSfVY; dkSu Fks] mudk tUe dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\ vFkZ'kkL= dh jpuk dc dh xbZ\ vkfn&vkfn ç'uksa ij

fo}kuksa esa erSD; dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA dkSfVY; tkfr ls czkã.k Fks vkSj mudk tUe rhljh ls pkSFkh 'krkCnh

bZlk iwoZ ds vkl&ikl ekuk tkrk gSA muds tUe LFkku dks dqN fo}ku~ r{kf”kyk ekurs gSa] rks dqN ex/k A ij

bruk vo'; gS fd dkSfVY; dh f”k{kk&nh{kk ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; esa gqbZA NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls rhljh

'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ rd Hkkjr esa 16 egk&tuinksa dk mn; gks pqdk Fkk] ftudh foLrr foospuk ckS) xzUFk

*vaxqrjfudk;* esa dh xbZ gSA bu egk&tuinksa esa ,d Fkk ex/k] tks 'kk;n ml le; dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh

egktuin FkkA ex/k egktuin ij pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ rd uUn oa'k dk 'kklu Fkk vkSj uUn oa'k dk

vfUre 'kkld e|ki|uUn FkkA ,d ckj mlus dkSfVY; dk Hkjs njckj esa vieku fd;k Fkk] bl ij dkSfVY; us

uUn oa'k ds uk'k dh çfrKk dhA dkSfVY; us rc dwVuhfr ¼Diplomacy½ dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj e|ki|uUn dh

gR;k djok dj uUn oa'k dk uk'k fd;k rFkk pUæxqIr ekS;Z dks ex/k dh jktxíh ij fcBk;kA

dkSfVY; dh enn ls pUæxqIr ekS;Z us ex/k ij 'kklu fd;kA dkSfVY; dh e`R;q dc vkSj dgk¡ gqbZ]

bldk dksbZ Li"V çek.k miyC/k ugha gSA dkSfVY; vFkok pk.kD;] ftUgsa Hkkjr dk eSfd;koyh Hkh dgk tkrk gS]

dh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ jpuk vFkZ'kkL= gS tks lEHkor% rhljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ dh ekuh tk ldrh gSA

*vFkZ'kkL=* dh gLrfyf[kr ik.Mqfyfi 1904 esa M‚- vkj- 'kke'kkL=h dks çkIr gqbZ] tks eSlwj ds FksA M‚- 'kke'kkL=h

us bldk 1909 esa çdk'ku djok;k vkSj 1915 esa bldk vaxzsth laLdj.k çdkf'kr djk;k x;kA blds i'pkr~

*vFkZ'kkL=* dh ewy&ik.Mqfyfi dh vkSj [kkst dh xbZ rFkk bls vU; çdk'kdksa us çdkf'kr djok;kA ij bu lc

esa vkj-ih- dkaxys dk *vFkZ'kkL=* ij rhu ftYnksa okyk dk;Z lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; gSA bldk çdk'ku eqEcbZ

fo'ofo|ky; }kjk djok;k x;kA

*vFkZ'kkL=* esa 15 vf/kdj.k] 150 v/;k; vkSj 6000 'yksd gSaA ;g fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS fd

dkSfVY; dk *vFkZ'kkL=* vkt ds le; ds v/;;u&vuq'kklu vFkZ'kkL= ¼Economics½ ls fHkUu gSA dkSfVY; dk

*vFkZ'kkL=* jkt'kklu&dyk ¼Statecraft½ ij fy[kk x;k xzUFk gSA dkSfVY; Lo;a fy[krs gSa

2 ç'kklfud fopkj–I

euq"; dh thfodk rFkk og Hkwfe ftl ij os fuHkZj gSa] nksuksa gh *vFkZ* gSaA vr% og 'kkL= *vFkZ'kkL=* gS]

ftlesa euq"; ds jgus okyh Hkwfe ds ykHk rFkk mldk vuqikr djus ds mik;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

vFkZ'kkL= ds lHkh 15 vf/kdj.kksa dk lEcU/k çR;{k :i ls yksd&ç'kklu ls ugha gSA buesa vf/kdj.k

la[;k 1] 2] 5] rFkk 6 dk lEcU/k gh yksd&ç'kklu ls gSA *vFkZ'kkL=* ds vk/ks Hkkx esa rks fons'kh lEcU/k vkSj

lqj{kk ekeyksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

*vFkZ'kkL= ds leLr 15 vf/kdj.kksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh bl çdkj gS

vf/kdj.k fdlls lEcfU/kr gS

1- igyk jkT; rFkk jktk ls lEcfU/kr gSA

2- nwljk ç'kklu ds foHkkx

3- rhljk U;k; ç.kkyh ¼dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk½

4- pkSFkk U;k; iz.kkyh¼n.M O;oLFkk½

5- ik¡pok¡ “kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa ds drZO;

6- NBk jkT; ds lkr vaxks dh foospuk

7- Lkkrok¡ ‘kM~xq.kksa dh foospuk gSA ¼fons”k uhfr½

8- vkBok¡ jkT; }kjk ;q) % fot;] ijkt;

9- uok¡ lsuk] jkT; ij foifÙk;k¡

10- nlok¡ ;q) uhfr

11- X;kjgok¡ ;q) lEcU/kh O;ogkj

12- ckjgok¡ jkT; dh lqj{kk

13- rsjgok¡ jkT; dh lqj{kk ¼”k=qvksa ij fot;½

14- pkSngok¡ jkT; dh lqj{kk ¼xqIr O;oLFkk,a½

15- iUnzgok¡ lkekU; foospukA

fu%lUnsg *vFkZ'kkL=* yksd&ç'kklu ij Hkkjr dk egku~ 'kkL=h; xzUFk gS] ftlesa vf/kdkfj;ksa ds

inlksiku] ukSdj'kkgh ds ykHkksa vkSj foQyrkvksa] ftlesa Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh 'kkfey gS] lkezkT; ds HkkSxksfyd foHkkxksa]

{ks=h; ç'kklu] Hkwfe&jktLo rFkk djkjksi.k dk mYys[k gSA vFkZ'kkL= dk v/;;u nks rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk

gSA igyk] bls ,d ,slk dk;Z ¼Work½ ekuk tk,¡ tks ml le; ds Hkkjr ds lekt vkSj jkT; ij çdk'k Mkyrk

gSA nwljs –f"Vdks.k ls bls ,d ,slh iqLrd ekuk tk,¡ ftlesa jkT; vkSj ljdkj dk o.kZu gS vkSj bl çdkj ;g

lkoZHkkSfed oS|rk j[krk gSA dkSfVY; ds *vFkZ'kkL=* esa yksd&ç'kklu ls lEcfU/kr fopkjksa dks bl v/;k; esa

fofHkUu ifjPNsnksa ij çdV fd;k tk jgk gSA

dkSfVY; us jkT; dh mRifÙk ij cgqr foLrkj ls ugha fy[kk] ij ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd os g‚Cl ds

leku jkT; dh mRifÙk ds *le>kSrkoknh* fl)kUr dk leFkZu djrs FksA jkT; dh lekt esa vge~ Hkwfedk gksrh gS

vkSj dkSfVY; us jkT; ds yksd&dY;k.kdkjh Lo:i dh foospuk dh gSA dkSfVY; us ,d dsUæh—r jkT; dk

leFkZu fd;k gSA dkSfVY; us jkT; ds lIrkax fl)kUr vFkZkr~ jkT; dh jpuk djus okys 7 vaxksa dh foospuk dh

gS

dkSfVY; 3

bu lkrksa vaxksa dh laf{kIr foospuk bl çdkj gSA

jktk ;k Lokeh ¼King½ %& dkSfVY; jktk ;k Lokeh dks jkT; dk loZçFke vkSj 'kh"kZLFk vax ekurs gSaA jktk

jkT; dk çFke ukxfjd gksrk gS vkSj jkT; dh leLr 'kfDr;k¡ jktk esa gh fufgr gksrh gSaA dkSfVY; jktk ds

fy, dfri; xq.kksa dh vis{kk djrs gSaA pqafd jktk jkT; dk lokZsPp inkf/kdkjh gksrk gS vr% mldk xq.koku vkSj

pfj=oku gksuk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA dkSfVY; dk er Fkk fd f'k{kk }kjk ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk

gSA jktk dh 'kfDr;k¡ dkQh O;kid gksrh gSa] vr% muds dq'kyrkiwoZd lapkyu ds fy, jktk esa mPp usr`Ro dh

{kerk gksuh pkfg, vkSj lkFk&lkFk mls ÅtkZoku Hkh gksuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; jktk ds fy, dBksj fnup;kZ dh

O;oLFkk djrs gSaA jktk ds fy, fnu ds 12 ?kaVksa vkSj jkr ds 12 ?kaVksa dks 11

2 ?kaVksa ds vkB&vkB Hkkxksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k x;k vkSj çR;sd Hkkx esa jktk dh fnup;kZ Li"V dh xbZA ijUrq dkSfVY; dk er Fkk fd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i jktk viuh fnup;kZ esa ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrk gSA

vekR; ;k eU=h ¼Amatya or Ministers½%& vekR; ;k eU=h jkT; ds nwljs egÙoiw.kZ vax ds :i esa dkSfVY;

}kjk foosfpr fd, x, gSaA dkSfVY; dk er Fkk fd vekR;ksa dh fu;fqDr jktk djs vkSj mudh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk

ds vk/kkj ij dh tkuh pkfg,A pw¡fd vekR; vfr egÙoiw.kZ nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djrs gSa] vr% jkT; ds fy,

;ksX; vekR;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk Lor% c<+ tkrh gSA jktk ls dkSfVY; dk lq>ko Fkk fd mls fu.kZ; ysrs le;

vekR;ksa ls lykg&e'kfojk djuk pkfg,A

çknsf'kd {ks= ;k tuin ¼Territory½%& dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj tuin dk vFkZ jkT; dh çknsf'kd lhekvksa vkSj

mlds Hkhrj jgus okys yksxksa ls gSA O;fDr;ksa ls foghu çknsf'kd {ks= vkSj çknsf'kd {ks= foghu O;fDr tuin

ugha dgyk ldrsA bl çdkj ;fn ge ns[ksa rks vk/kqfud jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk ds nks egÙoiw.kZ rÙo] {ks= vkSj

O;fDr dkSfVY; dh tuin dh vo/kkj.kk ls esy [kkrs gSaA

nqxZ ¼Forts½%& nqxZ jkT; dk pkSFkk vax gSA nqxZ jkT; dh lqj{kk dh –f"V ls vko';d le>s x, gSaA dkSfVY; us

*vFkZ'kkL=* esa pkj çdkj ds nqxkZsa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA tks nqxZ pkjksa vksj ls tyjkf'k ls f?kjk gks mls vkSfnd

nqxZ dgk tkrk gS] tks nqxZ igkM+ksa ij cuk gks rFkk pkjksa vksj ls iRFkjksa ls f?kjk gks] ioZr nqxZ dgykrk gS] eSnku

ij cuk nqxZ ?kkUou nqxZ dgykrk gS vkSj ouksa ls f?kjk nqxZ ou nqxZ dgykrk gS A nqxZ jktk dh turk dh lqj{kk

ds fy, vko';d le>s x, gSaA

jktdks"k ;k Vªstjh ¼Treasury½%& jkT; ds ik¡posa vax ds :i esa dkSfVY; jktdks"k dks igpkurs gSaA dkSfVY;

jkT; ds fy, jktdks"k ds vR;f/kd egÙo dks Lohdkjrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd pw¡fd lHkh m|e /ku ¼foÙk½ ij

fuHkZj gksrs gSa vr% lokZf/kd /;ku jktdks"k ij fn;k tkuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; ekurs Fks fd euq"; dks /keZ ls lq[k

çkIr gksrk gSA jkT; /keZ dk ewy gksrk gS vkSj Lo;a jkT; dk ewy vFkZ vFkZkr~ foÙk gksrk gSA


n.M ;k lsuk ¼Army½%& dkSfVY; çtk ds j{k.k rFkk jkT; dh lqj{kk ds fy, n.M ;k lsuk dks jkT; dk]

egÙoiw.kZ vax ekurs gSaA

fe= ¼Allies½%& fe= dks dkSfVY; jkT; dk egÙoiw.kZ vax ekurs gSa D;ksafd jkT; dh lqj{kk ds fy, fe= jkT;ksa

dk gksuk vko';d gS tks jkT; dh ladVksa ds le; lgk;rk dj ldsA

dkSfVY; dk lIrkax fl)kUr jkT; dh vkt dh ifjHkk"kk ls dkQh esy [kkrk gSA vkt {ks=] O;fDr]

ljdkj vkSj lEçHkqrk jkT; ds rÙo ekus tkrs gSa] tks dkSfVY; ds lIrkax fl)kUr ls dqN gn rd&esy [kkrs gSaA

;|fi dkSfVY; us lEçHkqrk ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fy[kkA dkSfVY; us jkT; ds vaxksa ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ds dk;kZsa

dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj jkT; fuEu dk;Z djrk gSa

1- turk dh j{kk 2- jkT; dh lqj{kk ¼dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk½ 3- tu&dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z

4- lkekftd dk;Z 5- fons'kh lEcU/kksa dk lapkyu

bl çdkj dkSfVY; dk jkT; vgLr{ksioknh jkT; u gksdj yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gSA

dkSfVY; jktk dks dk;kZsa esa lgk;rk nsus ds fy, efU=ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk djrs gSaA efU=ifj"kn~ efU=;ksa

dk fudk; gSA dkSfVY; ds er esa jktk dks efU=;ksa dh fu;qfDr djus dk vf/kdkj gS vksj mls rhu ;k pkj

efU=;ksa dh fu;qfDr djuh pkfg,A dkSfVY; ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij efU=;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh odkyr djrs gSaA

mUgksaus ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij efU=;ksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk& mÙke] e/;e rFkk 'kqæA dkSfVY; jktk dks

efU=ifj"kn~ ls lykg&e'kojk djus dk vkxzg djrs gSaA efU=ifj"kn~ ds eq[; dk;kZsa dks dkSfVY; us bl çdkj

crk;k& 1- jktk dks ijke'kZ 2- jktk ds vkns'kksa dh fØ;kfUofr ij /;ku j[kuk 3- yksd&ç'kklu ij i;Zos{k.kA

ç/kkueU=h vkSj mPp iqjksfgr ¼jkt&xq#½ lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ efU=;ksa esa FksA ,d&nks vU; efU=;ksa ds lkFk

feydj ;s jktk dh vkUrfjd dSfcusV cukrs FksA ;|fi dkSfVY; lHkh efU=;ksa dh egÙoiw.kZ ftEesnkfj;ksa ds

egÙo dks Lohdkjrs gSa fQj Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ç/kkueU=h dks çeq[k LFkku nsrs gSaA dkSfVY; dgrs gSa&

lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ ç/kkuea=h ij fuHkZj djrh gSa] tSls& yksxksa ds dk;kZsa dks çkIr djuk] ckg vkØe.k rFkk

vkUrfjd xM+cfM+;ksa ls lkezkT; dh lqj{kk djuk] vkinkvksa ds fo#) mipkjkRed mik;] mifuos'khdj.k] eqæk

mUu;u] lsuk dk j[k&j[kko] rFkk jkT; ds jktLo dk laxzg.k rFkk forj.kA ¼vf/kdj.k&VII] v/;k;&1½

ç/kkuea=h ds leku mPp iqjksfgr ¼jkt&xq#½ Hkh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ea=h FkkA mlds fy, dkSfVY; us

fuEu ;ksX;rk,¡ ¼xq.k½ crk,¡ gSa

og ftlds ifjokj vkSj pfj= dh rkjhQ dh tkrh gks] ftlus osnksa vkSj N% vaxksa dh f'k{kk çkIr dh gks]

tks nSoh; ;k vkdfLed 'kdqu&vi'kdqu dks le>us dk dkS'ky j[krk gks] ftldks ljdkj ds foKku dk Kku

gks] tks vkKkdkjh gks] vkSj tks vkinkvksa dks jksdrk gks ¼nSoh; ;k ekuoh;½ ¼vFkZ'kkL= esa mYysf[kr fof/k&fo/kkuksa

dks viukdj og ,slk djrk gks½] ,sls O;fDr dks jktk jkt&xq# fu;qDr djrk gSA jktk mldk vuqlj.k Bhd

mlh çdkj djsxk tSls fd ,d f'k"; vius xq# dk] iq= vius firk dk rFkk lsod vius ekfyd dk djrk gSA

¼vf/kdj.k&1] v/;k;&9½

dkSfVY; us dsUæh; ç'kklfud e'khujh esa jktk] mlds fo'oluh; ijke'kZnkrkvksa vkSj foHkkxh; çeq[kksa dks

'kkfey fd;k gSA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj jkT; ds çeq[k inkf/kdkjh fuEu Fks& ea=h] iqjksfgr] lsukifr] ;qojkt]

nkSokfjd] vUrosZf'kd] ç'kkL=h] lekgrkZ] lfUu/kkrk] çns"Vk] uk;d] ikSj] O;kogkfjd] dekZUfrd] efU=ifj"kn~]

v/;{k] n.Miky] vUriky] vVkfjdk vkfn dkSfVY; foHkkxksa dks *rhFkZ* dgrs gSaA

dkSfVY; 5

mi;qZDr inkf/kdkfj;ksa esa efU=;ksa dk dk;Z jktk dks dk;kZsa esa lgk;rk nsuk rFkk mls ijke'kZ miyC/k

djkuk gSA iqjksfgr jktk ij /keZ ds fu;U=.k dh LFkkiuk djrk gS A lsukifr lsuk dk çeq[k uk;d gksrk gSA

;qojkt gh jktk ds ckn jkT; lEHkkyrk gSA nkSokfjd jktegy dh j{kk dk nkf;Ro fuHkkrk gSA jktk dk ç/kku

vaxj{kd vUrosZf'kd gksrk gSA lekgrkZ foÙk foHkkx dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA lfUu/kkrk dk dk;Z jkT; ds Hk.Mkj x`gksa

ls lEcfU/kr gS] çns"Vk U;k;k/kh'k] O;kogkfjd Hkh U;k;k/kh'k] dekZfUrd dkj[kkuksa o [knkuksa ds fujh{k.k dk dk;Z

ns[krs gSaA blds vykok Hkh dkSfVY; jkT; ds vusd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;kZsa vkSj mudh ;ksX;rkvksa dk mYys[k

djrs gSaA tSls& nqxZiky] vkdjk/;{k] dks"Bkxkjk/;{k] i.;k/;{k] vk;q/kkHkkjk/;{k] 'kq"dk/;{k] lhrk/;{k] lwuk/;{k]

eqæk/;{k] iR;/;{k] ukxfjd] xf.kdk/;{k] xkS/;{k] Lo.kZk/;{k vkfnA *vFkZ'kkL=* esa dkSfVY; ds foHkkx esa ç'kklfud

inlksiku bl çdkj Fkk &

foHkkxksa dk foHkktu turk }kjk pkgh xbZ lsokvksa vkSj ljdkj }kjk çnku dh tkus okyh lsokvksa ds

vuqlkj fd;k tkrk FkkA gkyk¡fd blds dfri; viokn Hkh FksA foÙk foHkkx] x`g foHkkx rFkk j{kk foHkkx dfri;

egÙoiw.kZ foHkkx FksA

foÙk foHkkx ¼Finance Department½ esa rhu vf/kdkjh Fks& igyk Fkk] dysDVj tujy egk laxzgd tks

fd ea=h Lrjh; vf/kdkjh Fkk vkSj jktLo laxzg.k mldk eq[; dk;Z FkkA nwljk vf/kdkjh] egk&dks"kkf/kdkjh

¼Treasurer General½ FkkA ;g Hkh ea=h Lrj dk vf/kdkjh gksrk Fkk esa dks"kkxkj&x`g] O;kikjx`g] vUukxkj

¼[kk|ku x`g½] ouksRikn xg] 'kL=kxkj rFkk dkjkxkj ¼tsy½ 'kkfey FksA foÙk foHkkx dk rhljk vf/kdkjh

ys[kk&v/kh{kd ¼Supritendent of Accounts½ Fkk tks ikfjJfed dh –f"V ls ea=h Lrj ls dkQh fuEu gksrk FkkA

;s rhuksa gh ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs FksA ys[kk&v/kh{kd egk&laxzgd ¼dysDVj tujy½ ds v/khu gksrk FkkA

ys[kkvksa dk ijh{k.k djuk egk&laxzgd dk dk;Z FkkA ftyk ys[kkf/kdkfj;ksa dk drZO; Fkk fd os ys[kk&v/kh{kd

ds lEeq[k can ys[kk&iqLrdsa ¼Sealed Books½] oLrq,¡] vkSj 'kq) jktLo dh tkudkjh çLrqr djsaA dkSfVY; dk

er Fkk fd jktk dks çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;;ksa ds ys[kkvksa dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij ns[kuk pkfg,A mls pkfg, fd

efU=ifj"kn~ dh cSBd ds nkSjku og efU=;ksa ls çR;sd foHkkx ds okLrfod ys[kkvksa dk fooj.k lqus A O;kikfjd


xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu v/kh{kdksa ij nksgjk fu;U=.k gksrk FkkA bu v/kh{kdksa ¼;Fkk dks"kkxkj v/kh{kd] dkj[kkuksa ds

v/kh{kd] Vdlky v/kh{kd] [kuu v/kh{kd] leqæh [kkuksa ds v/kh{kd] ued v/kh{kd] Lo.kZ v/kh{kd vkfn½ ij

egk&laxzgd vkSj egk&dks"kkf/kdkjh nksuksa dk fu;U=.k gksrk FkkA

foÙk foHkkx ds vykok x`g foHkkx Hkh vfr egÙoiw.kZ foHkkx FkkA *vFkZ'kkL=* ds vuqlkj x`g foHkkx esa

ç/kkuea=h] }kjiky] gje&v/kh{kd vkfn lHkh ea=h Lrjh; Fks; xzkeh.k Hkkxksa ds v/kh{kd rFkk lhekvksa ds v/kh{kd

bl ea=h Lrj ls fuEu Lrj ds vf/kdkjh Fks rFkk ikliksVZ v/kh{kd ,oa pkjkxkg v/kh{kd vf/kdkjh Hkh Fks ftUgsa

çfro"kZ 1000 i.k osru fn;k tkrk FkkA x`g foHkkx dk dke lEHkkyus okys ea=h ds dk;kZsa dk *vFkZ'kkL=* esa

fooj.k ugha feyrk gSA }kjiky rFkk gjse&v/kh{kd jktk dh O;fDrxr lqj{kk] j{kk rFkk çlUurk ls tqM+s

vf/kdkjh FksA xzkeh.k Hkkxksa vkSj lhekvksa ds v/kh{kdksa dk dk;Z mu yksxksa dks ikliksVZ tkjh djuk Fkk tks ns'k

NksM+uk pkgrs Fks vFkok ns'k esa vkuk pkgrs FksA blh çdkj pkjkxkg v/kh{kd ^iklksa* ¼Passes½ dk ijh{k.k djrs

Fks] ouksa dh lqj{kk djrs Fks] xk;ksa dh j{kk djrs Fks rFkk lM+dksa dh ejEer djokrs FksA *vFkZ'kkL=* ds vuqlkj

lM+dksa dh ejEer djkuk x`g foHkkx dk vfuok;Z dk;Z ugha FkkA xqIrpj Hkh x`g foHkkx ds v/khu vkrs FksA

*vFkZ'kkL=* ds vuqlkj lsukifr lEHkor% j{kk foHkkx dk v/;{k gksrk FkkA jktnwrksa dk Lrj ea=h ds leku Fkk ;k

ugha dh Li"Vrk vFkZ'kkL= esa ugha feyrhA

dkSfVY; us vFkZ'kkL= esa dkfeZd ç'kklu ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k gSA dkSfVY; jkT; ds

dkfeZd dks nks oxkZsa esa ck¡Vrs gSa& ;qDr rFkk mi;qDrA

v/khuLFk deZpkjh ^;qDr* dgykrs Fks rFkk mPprj ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks *mi;qDr* dgk tkrk FkkA

mYys[kuh; gS fd *vFkZ'kkL=* esa fuEu deZpkfj;ksa ds ctk; mPprj dkfeZd ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd

muds ikl vf/kd çkf/kdkj rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk FkkA dkSfVY; dkfeZdksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, ;ksX;rk ds fl)kUr

dh odkyr djrs gSa rFkk lq>ko nsrs gSa fd fu;qfDr;ksa dh ç.kkyh i{kikrjfgr gksuh pkfg,A mPp Lrj ds

dkfeZdksa ls dfri; 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd rFkk v/;kfRed xq.kksa dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA bu xq.kksa dk ewY;kadu fofHkUu

ijh{k.kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA *vFkZ'kkL=* esa dkfeZdksa ds fy, vkpkj&lafgrk dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA dkfeZdksa

ls vis{kk dh xbZ gS os Hkz’Vkpkjh u gksa] jktk ds 'kqHkfpard jgsa rFkk fcuk fdlh }s"kHkko vkSj xqVcUnh ds jkT;

dh lsok djsaA

*vFkZ'kkL=* esa dkfeZdksa dks osru ds vuqlkj Li"V oxhZdj.k miyC/k gSA lokZsPp Js.kh ftUgs 48]000 i.k

çfro"kZ osru fn;k tkrk Fkk esa ç/kkueU=h] iqjksfgr] lsukifr] ;qojkt vkfn 'kkfey FksA nwljh Js.kh ds

inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks 24]000 i.k okf’kZd fn;k tkrk Fkk esa }kjiky] lekgrkZ] lfUu/kkrk vkfnA ikSj] uk;d]

O;kogkfjd] dkfUrd vkfn inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks 12]000 i.k çfro"kZ fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g r`rh; Js.kh dk osrueku

FkkA pkSFkh Js.kh ds dkfeZdksa ¼tSls& lsuk ds fofHkUu vaxksa ds v/;{k½ dks 4]000 i.k çfro"kZ osru fn;k tkrk FkkA

ik¡poh Js.kh ds dkfeZdksa dks 2]000 i.k okf’kZd osru feyrk FkkA blh çdkj jkT; ds dqN dkfeZdksa dks osru dh

NBh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k ftudksa 500 ls 1]000 i.k okf’kZd osru fn;k tkrk FkkA

jk"Vªh; vk; dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds osru vkSj lkoZtfud dk;kZsa esa yxrk Fkk vkSj dqy

feykdj bu inksa ds fy, lEiw.kZ vk; dk ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx lqjf{kr gksrk FkkA ys[kkikyksa vkSj fyfidksa dks 500

i.k feyrs Fks] vkSj f'kfYi;ksa dks 120 i.k fn, tkrs FksA ,d fyfid vkSj mPpre vf/kdkjh ds osru esa 1:96 dk

vuqikr cSBrk gS vkSj ,d f'kYih rFkk ea=h ds osrueku esa 1:100 dk vuqikr gSA** vPNk dk;Z djus okyksa dks

inksUufr nsdj çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA lkoZtfud /ku dk nq#i;ksx u gks lds blfy, deZpkfj;ksa dk

LFkkukUrj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA dkSfVY; deZpkfj;ksa ds *vodk'k* dk leFkZu ugha djrsA fQj Hkh os vkdfLed]

dkSfVY; 7

vLoLFkrk vodk'k dk lq>ko nsrs gSa A ;fn dksbZ dkfeZd Hkz"Vkpkj ;k turk ds neu dk nks"kh ik;k tk,¡ rks

mls dkSfVY; ds er esa dM+k n.M feyuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; us deZpkfj;ksa dh isU'ku O;oLFkk dk Hkh leFkZu

fd;kA

dkSfVY; us eq[;r% nks çdkj dh LFkkuh; ç'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS& çFke] iqj vFkok

uxj rFkk nwljh] xzkeh.k bdkbZA iqj vFkok uxj ds foHfkUu Hkkxksa ij *LFkkfud* dk fu;U=.k FkkA LFkkfud ds

v/khu *xksi* Fks vkSj iqj dk ç/kku vf/kdkjh *ukxfjd* Fkk tks uxj esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk lfgr vU; ç'kklfud

dk;kZsa ds fy, ftEesnkj FkkA xzkeh.k bdkbZ dk izeq[k xzkfed gksrk FkkA

foÙk ç'kklu :ih batu dk bZa/ku gksrk gSA vr% dkSfVY; jktdks"k ij lokZf/kd /;ku nsus dh odkyr

djrs gSaA dkSfVY; us vkfFkZd uhfr ds rhu çeq[k fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS ftu m|eksa ij jkT; dk

vfLrRo fuHkZj djrk gS mudk lapkyu vko';d :i ls jkT; }kjk gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu ewy m|eksa ij

jkT; dk gh LokfeRo vkSj fu;U=.k gksuk pkfg,A bl çdkj ds m|e vkt ds yksd m|eksa ds leku gSa ftu ij

LokfeRo vkSj fu;U=.k jkT; dk gksrk gSA nwljs fl)kUr ds vuqlkj LFkkfir fd, x, m|eksa ij turk viuh

iw¡th] Je rFkk çcU/k yxk ldrh gS vkSj bl çdkj muds çcU/k o lapkyu dk nkf;Ro mUgha dk gksrk gS

ftudh iw¡th muesa fofu;ksftr gksrh gSA rrh; fl)kUr ds vuqlkj m|eksa ij jkT; ds fu;U=.k dk leFkZu

fd;k tkrk gSA dkSfVY; us jktLo rFkk O;; ç'kklu ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk mYys[k Hkh vFkZ'kkL= esa fd;k gSA

vFkZ'kkL= esa rhljs vkSj pkSFks vf/kdj.k esa U;k; ç'kklu rFkk dkuwu&O;oLFkk ç'kklu ds fofo/k vk;keksa

dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA vFkZ'kkL= esa lokZsPp U;kf;d vf/kdkjh jktk dks crk;k x;k gS rFkk U;k; ds lzksr ds

:i esa jkT; dh igpku dh xbZ gSA dkSfVY; jktk ls vkxzg djrk gS fd jktk dks viuh U;kf;d 'kfDr dk

mi;ksx /keZ ds vuqlkj djuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; leqfpr U;k; ç.kkyh dh LFkkiuk ij dkQh tksj nsrs gSa D;ksafd

;g jkT; dk çeq[k nkf;Ro gSA os laxfBr vkSj O;ofLFkr U;k; ç.kkyh dk leFkZu djrs gSaA mUgksaus vFkZ'kkL= esa

nks çdkj ds U;k;ky; crk,¡ gSa

çFke çdkj ds U;k;ky;ksa dks dkSfVY; /keZLFkh; U;k;ky; dgrs gSaA /keZLFkh; U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa

leLr nhokuh ekeys 'kkfey gSa rFkk nwljs d.Vd 'kks/ku U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa QkStnkjh ekeys vkrs gSaA

dkSfVY; dgrs gSa fd U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qDfr jktk }kjk dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj mudh fu;qfDr dk vk/kkj ;ksX;rk

gks A dkSfVY; u dsoy U;k;k/kh'kksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk gh mYys[k djrk gS vfirq U;k;k/kh'kksa ij leqfpr fu;U=.k

ç.kkyh dk Hkh leFkZu djrk gS rkfd U;k;k/kh'kksa dks =qfV;ksa ls cpk;k tk ldsA fu;U=.k ds lkFk&lkFk dkSfVY;

U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=rk dh Hkh odkyr djrs gSaA U;k; çfØ;k ds vfHkUu vax ds :i esa dkSfVY; n.M

O;oLFkk dk Hkh foLr`r foospu djrs gSaA

dkSfVY; us jkT; }kjk fons'kh lEcU/kksa ds lapkyu] nwr O;oLFkk] xqIrpj O;oLFkk vkfn fo"k;ksa ij Hkh

dkQh foLrkj ls fy[kk gSA dkSfVY; us vUrjkT; lEcU/kksa dh foospuk djrs gq, pkj mik;ksa vkSj "kM~xq.k uhfr ds

fl)kUr dk çfriknu fd;k gSA pkj mik; fuEu gSa&lke] nke@nku] n.M rFkk HksnA ---

lke ls dkSfVY; dk vk'k; lEeku ds ç;ksx ls] nke] nku ls vk'k; /ku nsus ls] n.M ls vk'k; 'k=q dks

nf.Mr djuk rFkk Hksn ls vk'k; 'kadk iSnk djuk@/kks[kk nsus ls gSA "kM~xq.kksa esa lfU/k dk vk'k; fojks/kh i{k ls

le>kSrk djus ls gSA vklu dk vFkZ ;q) dh çrh{kk djus ls gSA foxzg ls vk'k; nq'eu dk midkj djuk] ;ku

ls vk'k; okLrfod vkØe.k djuk] laJ; ls vk'k; 'kfDr'kkyh fojks/kh i{k dh 'kj.k esa pys tkuk rFkk }S/k Hkko

ls vk'k; nksxyh Hkkouk j[kuk gS vFkZkr~ lfU/k o foxzg dk lkFk esa bLrseky djukA dkSfVY; fons'kh lEcU/kksa ds

lapkyu o vkUrfjd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh ds fy, nwr rFkk xqIrpj O;oLFkk ds egÙo dks Hkh mtkxj djrs gSaA


ç'kklu esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ds ckjs esa dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa ,d LFkku ij fy[krs gSa fd ftl çdkj ;fn

thHk ij 'kgn j[k fn;k tk, vkSj O;fDr dks dgk tk, fd og bldk Lokn u ys] rks ;g vlEHko gSA blh

çdkj jkT; ds foÙkh; dk;kZsa dks lEikfnr djus okys dkfeZd ml foÙk dk FkksM+k Hkh Lokn u p[ksa] ;g Hkh

vlEHko gSA dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd foÙkh; dk;kZsa esa layXu O;fDr foÙk dk xcu fd, fcuk ugha jg ldrsA

ijUrq os gesa ,slk djrs gq, ugha fn[krsA bl ckr dks Li"V djrs gq, dkSfVY; ,d mnkgj.k nsrs gq, crkrs gSa

fd ftl çdkj ikuh esa jgus okyh eNyh gesa ikuh ihrs gq, ugha fn[krh gS] mlh çdkj foÙkh; dk;kZsa esa layXu

O;fDr gesa xcu djrs gq, ugha fn[krsA dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL= esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds pkyhl rjhdksa ;k mik;ksa dk mYys[k

djrs gSaA tSls

1- pksjh djuk 2- i{kikr djuk 3- fj'or ysuk o fu.kZ; nsuk 4- fj'or ysdj dksbZ dk;Z djuk 5- jktdh; /ku

ls vf/kd /ku ysuk 6- çkIr dh xbZ jkf'k ls de jkf'k dk mYys[k djuk 7- dj oapu 8- jktdh; /ku dks

jktdks"k esa tek ugha djkuk vkfn&vkfnA

dkSfVY; jktdh; deZpkfj;ksa ls iw.kZ bZekunkjh ls drZO;ikyuk dk vkxzg djrs gSaA

dkSfVY; ds fopkjksa dk ewY;kadu vkSj çklafxdrk ¼Evaluating Kautilya's Views and their Relevance½%&

Mh- eSdUth czkmu viuh iqLrd] **b.fM;u i‚fyfVdy Fk‚V% Ý‚e euq Vw xk¡/kh** esa dkSfVY; dh ç'kalk djrs gq,

dgrs gSa fd dkSfVY; us iw.kZ {kerk] ds lkFk ,d gh dk;Z vFkZkr~ *vFkZ'kkL=* }kjk og lc dqN Li"V dj fn;k

tks fd vjLrq] eSfd;koyh vkSj csdu us vyx&vyx Li"V djus dk ç;kl fd;k FkkA dkSfVY; ds fopkj vkt

ls 2200 o"kZ ls Hkh vf/kd iqjkus gSa rFkkfi vkt Hkh muds fopkjksa dh U;wukf/kd çklafxdrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA

dkSfVY; }kjk jkT; ds tks lkr vax crk, gSa] os dkQh gn rd] flok; lEçHkqrk dks NksM+dj] vk/kqfud jkT; ds

rRoksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA dkSfVY; dk jkT; Hkh yksd&dY;k.kdkjh ç—fr dk Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh jkT; dk Lo:i

yksd&dY;k.kdkjh gh gSA -

dkSfVY; us jkT; dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksa] ftUgsa os rhFkZ dgrs gSa] dk mYys[k

fd;k gSA vkt Hkh jkT; dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa ç'kklfud foHkkxksa dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA dkfeZd ç'kklu ij

dkSfVY; us Hkh i;kZIr /;ku fn;k Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh dkfeZd ç'kklu ij i;kZIr /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA dkSfVY; us

vFkZ'kkL= esa LFkkuh; ç'kklu dk ftØ fd;k gSA LFkkuh; ç'kklu vkt Hkh yksdrU= dh çf'k{k.k'kkyk vkSj

lPph i)fr dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gS A ml le; Hkh dkSfVY; jkT; ds LokfeRo vkSj fu;U=.k okys yksd m|eksa

dh ppkZ djrs gSa vkSj vkt Hkh jkT; yksd m|eksa dh LFkkiuk djrk gSA

dkSfVY; us U;k;&ç.kkyh vkSj n.M O;oLFkk dh foLrr foospuk dh gS rFkk nks çdkj ds U;k;ky;ksa&

/keZLFkh; vkSj d.Vd'kks/ku dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks Øe'k% nhokuh o QkStnkjh ekeys ns[krs FksA vkt dh U;k;

ç.kkyh esa Hkh U;k;ky; nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh çdkj ds dk;kZsa dks djrs gSaA

fu%lUnsg dkSfVY; ¼pk.kD;½ gh ç'kklu ¼çcU/k½ ds lcls igys ys[kd Fks ftudk dk;Z bruk O;kid FkkA

bl çdkj Hkkjr] ekuo lH;rk dk ikyuk] çcU/k o ç'kklu ds tUe LFky ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vkSj

dkSfVY; ¼pk.kD;½ çcU/k vkSj laxBu ij fy[kus okys igys ys[kd FksA

v/;k; & 2

egkRek xk¡/kh

(MAHATMA GANDHI)

eksgunkl djepUn xk¡/kh ¼1869&1948½ ,d vlk/kkj.k çfrHkklEiUu laxBu&fuekZrk FksA ;|fi ;g fojks/kkHkkl

gS] fd e`nq&vjktdrkoknh gksus ds ukrs] os laxBu&fojks/kh euq"; ds :i esa Hkh loksZifj FksA fczfV'k lkezkT;h;

'kfDr] tks çekf.kr bfrgkl esa ,d mPpre dksfV dh laxBukRed e'khu ds :i esa fodflr gqbZ Fkh] mlds

fo#) ,d lQy la?k"kZ djus ds fy,] mUgksaus prqjrk ls bZaV ij bZaV j[kdj ,slh O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks

jk"Vªh; Lora=rk esa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds ;ksX; FkhA muesa bruh vf/kd laxBukRed pkrq;Z vkSj

vHkheq[khdj.k gS bldk dksbZ Hkh çek.k muds çkjfEHkd thou esa ugha FkkA og lHkh çdkj ls lk/kkj.k çrhr gksrs

Fks] cSfjLVj cuus] baXyS.M x,A odkyr ds is'ks esa lfEefyr gksus ds fy, Hkkjr ykSVs ysfdu ,d dk;Zo'k mUgsa

nf{k.k vÝhdk tkuk iM+k tgk¡ ,d ihMkRed vuqHko us mudh thou'kSyh dks gh iw.kZ:is.k cny MkykA xk¡/kh

nsj ls f[kyus okys iq"i dh Hkk¡fr FksA nf{k.k vÝhdk ljdkj ds cgqr ls dkuwu vkSj fu;eu] Li"V :i esa]

vuqfpr ,oa ekuo xfjek ds fo#) Fks vkSj buds fo#) xk¡/kh th us Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,dtqV fd;k tks muds

vkgoku ij bu dkuwuksa vkSj fu;euksa dks vfgalkRed fof/k ls fujLr djkus ds vkUnksyu esa lfEefyr gq,A xk¡/kh

th us lR;kxzg vkUnksyuksa dk dbZ ckj vk;kstu fd;k & buesa 1913 dk vafre Fkk & vkSj blls mUgsa vius

laxBu fuekZ.k pkrq;Z dks /kkjnkj cukus esa lgk;rk feyhA

djhc 21 o"kZ ¼1893&1914½ nf{k.k vÝhdk esa O;rhr djus ds ckn os vUrr%] 1915 esa Hkkjr ykSVsA Hkkjr]

rc muds fy, ,d vifjfpr ns'k FkkA bl dkj.k xk¡/kh th ds fy, ;g vko';d gks x;k fd os igys LFkkuh;

fot;sa çkIr djsa vkSj jktuhfrd –'; dks vf/kd lkQ ns[kus dh dq'kyrk çkIr djsaA

pEikju ç;ksx

mudk ;g ;q) Fkk fcgkj ds ftyk pEikju esa uhy dh [ksrh djus okyksa dh vksj ls vkSj le; Fkk

vçSy 1917A xk¡/kh th] tks fczfV'k jkt dh mnkjrk ij –<+ fo'okl j[krs Fks] vkSj egk;q) esa bl lkezkT; esa

lfØ; leFkZd Hkh Fks] og LFkkuh; mRihfMr —"kd oxZ dks U;k; fnykus ds fy, bl ¼lkezkT;½ ds LFkkuh;

çfrfuf/k;ksa ds fo#) [kM+s gks x,A uhy dh [ksrh djus okyksa ds fo#) [ksfrgj fdlkuksa dh f'kdk;rksa dh

tk¡piM+rky djus ds fy, odhyksa dk ,d ny ysdj os fcgkj esa eksfrgkjh x,A os tSls gh ogk¡ igq¡ps] ftyk

vf/kdkfj;ksa us mUgsa og LFkku NksM+us dks dgk ftls mUgksaus Lohdkj ugha fd;kA tc mUgsa U;k;ky; esa çLrqr

fd;k x;k rks mUgksaus lh/ks nks"k Lohdkj dj U;k;k/kh'k dks HkkSpDdk dj fn;k vkSj dgk]

eSaus bl n.M dks fdlh Hkh :i esa de djus ds fy, ;g oDrO; ugha fn;k gS] u gh oS/k lÙkk ds çfr

vuknj O;Dr djus ds fy,] cfYd eSaus ;g oDrO; vius euq"; gksus ds mPprj fu;e] vUr:psruk dh vkokt

ds dkj.k fn;k gSA

;s 'kCn vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa ds fy, vifjfpr ,oa jgL;iw.kZ Fks ysfdu lk/kkj.k turk ds fy,

vuqjkxiw.kZ FksA tc ljdkj us vkjksi okil fy;k vkSj xk¡/kh th dks eqDr dj fn;k rks pkjksa vksj xk¡/kh th ds

fy, vk'p;Ztud lEeku mRiUu gks x;k fd ,d —"kdk; O;fDr] dsoy vkRecy ls loZ'kfDreku 'kkld ds


fo#) fot; çkIr dj ldrk gSA viuh fot; ls vk'oLr gksdj mUgksaus vius dk;ksaZ dk eap eqEcbZ çftMsUlh

dh vksj c<+k;k tgk¡ mUgksaus 1918 esa vgenkckn ds diM+k fey ekfydksa vkSj etnwjksa ds i{k esa vkej.k vu'ku

Hkh fd;kA mUgsa –<+ fo'okl Fkk fd xqtjkrh ekuo çse Hkkouk mUgsa ejus ugha nsxh vkSj os xyr fl) ugha gq,A

bl çfØ;k esa] xk¡/kh th us vius la;a=ksa vkSj rduhdksa dks vkSj vf/kd ifj"—r dj fy;kA blh çdkj] eqEcbZ ds

ftyk [ksjk ¼vc xqtjkr½ esa Qly dh O;kid vlQyrk dks /;ku esa j[kdj LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dh yxku ekQh

ds fy, ,d lR;kxzg dk xBu fd;kA vUrr%] ljdkj us xjhcksa dks jkgr çnku dj muds lkFk le>kSrk fd;kA

blds vkxs LFkkuh; vkUnksyuksa ds vfrfjDr xk¡/kh th us fczfV'k Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds fo#) dbZ vf[ky

Hkkjrh; lfou; voKk ,oa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu çpfyr fd, ftudh fo"k;&O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj ij dh

x;h gS &

6 vçSy 1919 & jkSysV vf/kfu;e ds fo#) çFke lfou; voKk vkUnksyuA

13 vçSy 1919 & xk¡/kh th us vkUnksyu fuyfEcr fd;kA

1 vxLr 1920 & xk¡/kh th us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] f[kykQr vkUnksyu çkjEHk fd;kA

3 Qjojh 1922 & pkSjk&pkSjh ?kVuk ds ckn xk¡/kh th us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu fuyfEcr fd;kA

ekpZ 1930 & xk¡/kh th us lfou; voKk vkUnksyu çkjEHk fd;kA

4 ekpZ 1931 & vkUnksyu fuyfEcr A

tuojh 1932 & lfou; voKk vkUnksyu iqu% çkjEHk A

ebZ 1934 & vkUnksyu fuyfEcrA

17 vDVwcj 1940 & dk¡xzsl us O;fäxr lfou; voKk vkUnksyu çkjEHk fd;kA

fnlEcj 1941 & lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dk;ZdrkZ fjgk fd, x,A

vxLr 1942 & fczVsu ds fo#) Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu çkjEHk A

jktuhfrd –'; esa] xk¡/kh th ds vkxeu ls iwoZ] dk¡xzsl f'kf{kr mPp e/; oxZ ds opZLo okyh ,d

vfHktkR; oxhZ; laxBu Fkk] vkSj de ;k vf/kd ;g uxjh; ekeyk FkkA muds blesa ços'k ds ckn] bl laxBu

us vius iwoZ ds Dyc pfj= dk ifjR;kx dj fn;kA xk¡/kh th us bls] ,d vk/kkj] vkdkj vkSj n'kZu tks Hkkjrh;

jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl ds *vkn'kZ çdkj* ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+s Fks] çnku fd;sA cky xaxk/kj fryd ,dek= usrk Fks

ftudk jk"Vª esa O;kid tuk/kkj Fkk] os 1920 esa ijyksd fl/kkj x, vkSj blls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd thou esa ,d

fjDrrk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;hA bl ?kVuk us jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl esa xk¡/kh th dk mRd"kZ rhoz dj fn;kA 1920 esa

xk¡/kh th us dk¡xzsl dks ,d u;k lafo/kku fn;kA bl lafo/kku us dk¡xzsl dks ,d tulaxBu] blds pfj= dks

xzkeh.k vkSj bls ,d fof'k"V lkekftd&vkfFkZd dk;ZØe çnku fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd] Þdk¡xzsl xwaxs] v/kHkw[ks

djksM+ksa Hkkjrh;ksa dk tks lkr yk[k xk¡oksa esa fc[kjs gq, gSa] bl ckr ls dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+rk fd os fczfV'k Hkkjr

ds gksa ;k ftls Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dgk tkrk gS] mudk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA

çR;sd tu vkUnksyu ds lkFk] xk¡/kh th us dk¡xzsl dk vk/kkj vkSj O;kid cuk fn;k] vkSj vdYiuh;

:i ls fofHkUu /keksaZ] {ks=ksa vkSj lekt ds vyx&vyx oxZ ls cM+h la[;k esa O;fDRk;ksa dks bl laLFkk esa lfEefyr

fd;kA efgykvksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh cM+h la[;k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

tc] mnkgj.kLo:i] 6 vçSy 1919 dks Hkkjr esa fczfV'k ljdkj ds fo#) viuk çFke lfou; voKk

vkUnksyu çkjEHk fd;k rks mUgksaus ns'kO;kih gM+rky dk vkºoku fd;k vkSj ;g Hkh pkgk fd yksx bls vkRe'kqf)

fnol ds :i esa euk;saA turk dks unh ;k leqæ Luku djuk Fkk] miokl j[kuk Fkk vkSj çkFkZuk djuh FkhA

egkRek xk¡/kh 11

voKk ds mís'; ls mUgksaus ued dk p;u fd;k] ftlls xjhc yksx O;kid jk"Vªh; ç'u esa xgu :i ls layXu

gks x,A tc ckn esa] mUgsa vfgalkRed vkUnksyu dks fuyfEcr djuk iM+k rks vkRe'kqf) ds fy, mUgksaus rhu fnu

dk miokl j[kkA

xk¡/kh th fujarj laxBu fuekZ.k ds fy, ,sls çrhdksa dk ç;ksx djrs Fks tSls & Luku] miokl] çkFkZuk]

ekSu] bR;kfnA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mUgksaus orZeku y{; ds fy, ijEijkxr dk ç;ksx fd;k vkSj budk vf}rh; çHkko

gqvkA

jktuhfr dk lajpukRed 'kL=

jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks cgqvaxh; vkSj cgqvk;keh cukuk xk¡/kh th dk –<+ fu'p; FkkA nks O;kid mís';ksa

dks lkFk&lkFk çkIr djuk ,d lksph&le>h j.kuhfr FkhA Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu oxksaZ dks jktuhfrd :i ls

çsfjr djuk vkSj mudh Hkkxsnkjh dks vFkZiw.kZ cukus ds lkFk&lkFk bl vkUnksyu dks ewrZ:i nsuk FkkA xk¡/kh th

us O;kid vkSj fofHkUu lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd dk;ZØeksa dk fodkl fd;kA ftudk fuekZ.k —"kdksa] gLrf'kfYi;ksa]

f'kYidkjksa] vNwrksa ¼xk¡/kh th us buds fy, *gfjtu* 'kCn fn;k Fkk½] efgykvksa] v/;kidksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa] fey etnwjksa]

iw¡thifr;ksa & la{ksi esa lekt ds çR;sd oxZ dks rRdky çHkkfor djus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA bl y{; ds

fy,] mUgksaus dbZ laxBuksa] tks fu%lansg LoSfPNd ç—fr ds Fks] LoleFkZdksa ds fgrkFkZ fufeZr fd,A

vf[ky Hkkjrh; xzkeks|ksx la?k] fgUnqLrkuh çpkj lHkk] dLrwjck xk¡/kh Le`fr U;kl] uothou U;kl] çk—

frd fpfdRlk U;kl] xks lsok la?k] fgUnqLrkuh etnwj la?k] if'peh Hkkjr vkfnoklh etnwj la?k A turk dk

fo'ks"k vkSj vkfFkZd lq/kkj xk¡/kh th ds fy, Lora=rk dk vfHkUu Hkkx Fkk vkSj muds lalkj esa] lajpukRed dk;Z

vkSj Lojkt lgpkjh FksA

xk¡/kh th dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa fØ;k'khy Hkwfedk us laiw.kZ ns'k esa lk/kkj.k turk dks ,d

y{; vkSj vFkZ çnku fd;kA ,d foiUu] ijaijkxr :i ls misf{kr] O;fDr ds fy, Lojkt] vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k]

bR;kfn ukjs eqf'dy ls gh LFkk;h :i ls çHkko'kkyh gks ldrs FksA blds foijhr] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd

xfrfof/k;k¡ mls lh/kk vkSj 'kh?kz çHkkfor djrh gSa rFkk mls m}sfyr vkSj mRizsfjr dj ldrh gSaA f}rh;] xk¡/kh

th dks ;g vo'; fofnr gqvk gksxk fd vkUnksyu vkSj fojks/k dh jktuhfr ;gk¡ rd fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds

fo#) py jgs la?k"kZ esa Hkh ,d fujarj xfrfof/k ds :i esa ugha jg ldrhA vfuok;Z :i ls dqN Bgjko vkSj

jksd gks ldrh gSA vkSj jktuhfrd usrk vkSj dk;ZdrkZ tc tsy esa gksaxs rks D;k djsaxs\ drkbZ] NqvkNwr o vU;

lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dk fujkdj.k tSls lajpukRed dk;ZØe yksxksa dks & tks tsy ds ckgj ;k vUnj Fks & mUgsa

O;Lr j[k ldrs FksA lkFk gh tc Hkkjr Lora= gksxk rks fcuk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çxfr çkIr fd, ftls

lajpukRed dk;ZØe lh/ks çksUur djrs gSa] vPNk thou ugha fcrk;k tk,xkA

,d prqj laxBu&fuekZrk] xk¡/kh th] iw.kZrk esa fo'okl djrs Fks pkgs og dksbZ Hkh xfrfof/k gks xk¡/kh th

vfUre le; rd lko/kkuh ls ckjhfd;ksa dk v/;;u djrs FksA blls iw.kZ y{; dh çkfIr lqfuf'pr gks tkrh Fkh

& uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj fØ;kUo;u ds e/; fdlh fjDrrk dk tksf[ke ugha jg tkrk FkkA usr`Ro ij xk¡/kh th ds

fopkj ml le; ds fopkjksa ls esy [kkrs FksA jk"Vª dh Lora=rk muds le; dh çFke vkSj egkure fpUrk FkhA

bl lanHkZ esa] ,d tuuk;d dks] ,d ,slh turk dks] tks /keZ] Hkk"kk] tkfr vkSj {ks= ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr Fkh]

mls rRij djuk vkSj vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, i;kZIr lkglh cukuk FkkA egkRek xk¡/kh th

ds vuqlkj ;g ,d usrk dh lgh Hkwfedk FkhA ;g orZeku ifjçs{; ds ,dne foijhr gS tgk¡ ,d usrk ds ikl

turk ds fy, Hkfo"; dh dksbZ Li"V rLohj ugha gS] mldk ,dek= y{; rks er çkIr djuk gSA


foÙkh; vkSfpR; dh fpUrk

lkoZtfud /kujkf'k ds ç;ksx ds lEcU/k esa xk¡/kh th mrus gh mRlkgh FksA mUgksaus U;kl fl)kUr dk

çfriknu fd;k vkSj tgk¡ Hkh lkoZtfud /ku dk lEcU/k Fkk os mlds vfUre iSls rd ns[kjs[k djrs FksA

xk¡/kh th vf/kdrj] vke turk dh /kujkf'k ,df=r djrs FksA ;g orZeku fof/k ds ,dne foijhr gS &

vktdy lHkh jktuhfrd ny foÙk ds fy, cM+s&cM+s O;kikfj;ksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA tc ,d lk/kkj.k O;fä dqN

iSls nku esa nsrk gS rks mls ml dkj.k ds ckjs esa lkspuk iM+rk gS tks mldk R;kx vkxs c<+kus okyk gS- vkSj bl

çfØ;k esa og blds çfr ,d –<+ vkLFkk fodflr dj ysrk gSA ç'kklu esa tufç; Hkkxsnkjh dks xgu cukus ds

fy, xk¡/kh th }kjk ç;qDr ;g ,d rduhd FkhA

lu~ 1921 esa] mUgksaus *fryd Lojkt dks"k* esa mnkjrkiwoZd ;ksxnku djus ds fy, turk ls vihy dh

vkSj mUgsa fujk'kk ugha gqbZA 1927 esa] mUgksaus fy[kk] *bl dks"k us jk"Vª ds fo'kkyre mís'; dh iwfrZ dh gSA

vpkud brus fo'kky laxBu dk tUe] fcuk bl jk"Vªh; fo'kky dks"k ds lEHko ugha gks ldrk Fkk] ysfdu xk¡/kh

th bl fopkj ds i{k esa ugha Fks fd lkoZtfud laLFkk;sa fdlh LFkk;h dks"k ;k m/kkj yh x;h jkf'k ls pyk;h

tk,A muds gh 'kCnksa esa] ,d lkoZtfud laLFkk dk vfHkçk; gS ,d ,slh laLFkk tks turk dh lgefr vkSj

tudks"k ls ifjpkfyr gksA tc ,slh laLFkk dks tuleFkZu feyuk cUn gks tk; rks ;g vius vfLrRo ds

vf/kdkj dks [kks nsrh gSA LFkk;h dks"k ls pyk;h tkus okyh laLFkk;sa cgq/kk tuer dh mis{kk djrh gqbZ ik;h

tkrh gSaA

dk¡xzsl esa okLrqf'kYih

xk¡/kh th ds gkFkksa esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu cu x;h vkSj bldk y{; jk"Vªh; Lora=rk

dh çkfIrA ,d ckj y{; çkfIr gks tk; rks xk¡/kh bls fo?kfVr djuk pkgrs FksA de ls de muds vuqeku esa]

dk¡xzsl laØe.kdkyhu FkhA ysfdu laxBuksa esa u;s y{;ksa dks [kkstus vkSj cukus dh ço`fÙk gksrh gS tc os ,d

y{; dh iwfrZ ds lehi gksrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj vius vfLrRo dks oS/k cuk ysrs gSaA ,d çfl) ekeyk

fofYdulu dEiuh dk gS dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ls loksZÙke ryokjksa dh fuekZrk Fkh] bl dEiuh us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd

ryokjksa ds ç;ksx ds fy, mi;qDr ;qx cM+h 'kh?kzrk ls lekIr gks jgk gS] vkSj dEiuh ds cUn gksus dh

lEHkkouk;sa c<+ jgh gSa & ;g fu%lansg] fujk'kktud fLFkfr Fkh] fQj fofYdulu dEiuh us jstj CysMksa ds m|ksx

esa ,d c<+rs gq, cktkj dk irk yxk fy;k] vkt muds CysM lEiw.kZ fo'o esa lcls vf/kd ek¡x esa gSA

ysfdu la?k"kZ ;qx dh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl ,d fHkUu laxBu FkkA tSlk fd igys gh dgk tk pqdk gS]

;g ,d ,slk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu Fkk ftlesa fofHkUu vkSj vfHkeq[khdj.kksa ds O;fä;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxsnkjh gksrh gSA

;|fi blesa dbZ dfe;k¡ Fkha vkSj 1945 ds fuokZpuksa esa lÙkk esa vk tkus ds ckn dk¡xzsl esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj xqVckth

dh ppkZ Fkh] dk¡xzsl Hkkjrh; tuthou esa O;kIr R;kx] d"V lgu vkSj ifo=rk dk çrhd FkhA

xk¡/kh th ugha pkgrs Fks fd Lora= Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny dks dk¡xzsl dh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu

dh [;kfr mÙkjkf/kdkj esa feysA xk¡/kh dks iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk fd Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ dk¡xzsl vH;qfnr gksrh gqbZ

oSpkfjd vkSj jktuhfrd mÙkstukvksa esa vius iqjkru ewY;ksa dks cuk, ugha j[k ik,xh vkSj çR;sd ny] tks

mH;qfnr gksxk mls] lp gS] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl esa vius iSr`d vkSj vk/;kfRed ?kj dk nkok djuk gksxkA

mUgsa ;g Hk; ges'kk lrkrk jgrk Fkk fd Lora= Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd ny lkQ vkSj fo'kq) ugha jg ik;saxsA lcls

vf/kd] xk¡/kh th dk ;g –<+ fo'okl Fkk fd Lora= Hkkjr esa dksbZ Hkh Lo;a dks dk¡xzsl dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh u ekus

vkSj lcdks vius O;fäxr miyfC/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij er vkSj oS/krk çkIr djuh gksxhA

egkRek xk¡/kh 13

tc Hkkjr Lora= gqvk rks ;s leLr dkj.k muds efLr"d esa ,d Hkkj ds :i esa FksA tSlk fd mudk

nqHkkZX; jgk] mUgsa dk¡xzsl ds uSfrd iru dk n'kZd cuuk iM+kA mudh e`R;q ds ,d fnu igys] ;g 29 tuojh

1948 dk fnu Fkk] mUgksaus og fy[kk ftls vkerkSj ij mudh vafre olh;r vkSj ifo= ?kks"k.kk le>k tkrk gS]

mudk er Fkk &

**;|fi nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr] Hkkjr us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl }kjk fodflr lk/kuksa ls Lora=rk çkIr dj

yh gS] dk¡xzsl vius orZeku vkdkj vkSj Lo:i esa ;Fkk & tSls ,d çpkj okgu vkSj lalnh; e'khu] viuh

mi;ksfxrk ls vf/kd th pqdh gSA Hkkjr dks 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa ls fHkUu] vius lkr yk[k xzkeksa ds lanHkZ esa

lkekftd] uSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=rk vc Hkh çkIr djuh ckdh gSA çtkrkaf=d y{; dh vksj Hkkjr dh çxfr

esa lSfud 'kfDr ds Åij flfoy dk la?k"kZ vo';EHkkoh gSA bls jktuhfrd ny vkSj lkEçnkf;d laxBuksa ds

lkFk vLoLFk çfrLi/kkZ ls i`Fkd~ j[kuk gksxkA buds fy, vkSj blh çdkj ds vU; dkj.kksa ls ,d vkbZå lhå

lhå ¼vf[ky Hkkjrh; dk¡xzsl lfefr½ orZeku dk¡xzsl laxBu dks fo?kfVr djus ,oa yksd lsod ny ds :i esa

iqf"ir gksus dk ladYi djrh gSA

ijUrq xk¡/kh th brus thfor ugha jgs fd os viuh lykg dks dk;kZfUor gksrs ns[k ldsaA fo'o esa dgha Hkh]

lcls fo'kky tulaxBu&fuekZrk xk¡/kh th blds 'kkfUriw.kZ lekiu dks lqfuf'pr ugha dj ik,A

usr`Ro dh ç—fr

xk¡/kh th ds usr`Ro dk lzksr u rks dkuwu Fkk vkSj u dksbZ ifo=h—r lÙkkA os ,d dfj'ekxkj usrk Fks] u

fd vkSipkfjd :i ls ukfer ijaijkxr usrk & os tkfr ls czkã.k ugha Fks] u gh foosd&oS/k lzksr ls 'kfDr çkIr

djus okysA ,slk rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd] Þ,d dfj'ekxkj usrk--- og gS ftlds ikl dksbZ laxfBr Þe'khu** ugha

gksrh vkSj ftldh 'kfDr fdlh laLFkk—r çfØ;k ls çkIr ugha dh x;h gS vkSj tks O;fDr;ksa dks vius lans'k ls

ifjofrZr dj nsrk gS rFkk le>ko&cq>ko ls mudh LokfeHkfDr çkIr dj ysrk gSA *esjk er* mUgksaus dgk Fkk]

Þmlh lhek rd çHkkoh gksrk gS tgk¡ rd eq> esa –<+ fo'okl jgrk gSA eSa xqIr jgL; dk mn~?kkVu dj nw¡ fd

esjh jk; dk lnL;ksa ¼dk¡xzsl½ ij cgq/kk dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+rkA Lora=rk ds lehi vkus ij dk¡xzsl ij ls xk¡/kh

th dh idM+ detksj iM+us yxhA vkSj] Lora=rk ds i'pkR] os vifjgk;Z gks x, & ,d ,slk iru tks

dfj'ekxkj usr`Ro esa fufgr gksrk gSA

xk¡/kh th deZ esa vkLFkk j[krs Fks vkSj mudk dk;Z{ks=] vfuok;Z :i ls] ljdkj ls ckgj Fkk ;|fi ;g

leku /kjkry ij FkkA vkRelgk;rk vkSj LoSfPNd deZ ij mudk fo'okl FkkA okLro esa] os ljdkj ds lEcU/k

esa /kwfey –f"Vdks.k j[krs Fks vkSj bldh dksbZ foLr`r Hkwfedk ugha ekurs FksA os ;g dgdj bldh HkrZ~luk djrs

Fks fd ;g *'kh"kZ ij Hkkjh cjcknh dh dxkj rd [kphZyk* gSA mUgksaus vkxs dgk Fkk fd] Þesjs fy, dkuwu] O;oLFkk

vkSj vPNh ljdkj cgqr eg¡xh [kjhn gksxh vxj blds fy, fn;k tkus okyk ewY; lk/kkj.k turk dh fuiV

nfjærk gksA**

xk¡/kh th Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa esa f'kdkj dh ryk'k esa ?kwers gq, ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls ?k`.kk djrs Fks] D;ksafd]

muds vuqlkj] os fo/oa'kkRed 'kfDr Fks u fd lajpukRed A blds LFkku ij mudh vkLFkk xzkeiapk;rksa ij FkhA

tc mUgsa ;g crk;k x;k fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa iapk;rksa ds fy, dksbZ çko/kku ugha gS rks mUgksaus cM+h rhoz vkSj

Li"V çfrfØ;k dh &

eq>s ;g lwpuk nh x;h gS iwoZ&çHkkfor lafo/kku esa iapk;rksa vkSj fodsUæhdj.k ds funsZ'ku ds fy, dksbZ

ftØ ugha gSA vxj gekjh Lora=rk turk dh vkokt dks çfrfofEcr djuk pkgs rks ;g fu'p; gh ,d Hkwy gS

ftldk fujkdj.k 'kh?kz djuk gksxkA iapk;rksa dh 'kfä ftruh vf/kd gksxh] mruk gh vf/kd tufgr gksxkA


fQj Hkh] iapk;rksa ds çHkko'kkyh vkSj dk;Zdq'ky gksus ds fy, turk ds 'kSf{kd Lrj dks i;kZIr Åij mBkuk

iM+sxkA

xk¡/kh th ds bl rdZ ds dkj.k gh Hkkjr dh lafo/kku fuekZ=h lHkk dks 'kfeZUnk gksuk iM+k vkSj jkT; ds

uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa esa ,d vuqPNsn tksM+uk iM+k ftlesa dgk x;k gS] xzkeiapk;rksa ds xBu ds fy, jkT; dne

mBk,xk vkSj mUgsa 'kfä vkSj lÙkk çnku djsxk tks mUgsa Lo'kklu dh bdkbZ ds :i esa ;ksX; cukus ds fy,

vko';d gSA okLro esa xk¡/kh th ds ewY;ksa dh ;kstuk xzkeksa ds pkjksa vksj cquh gqbZ Fkh] mudh nqfu;k esa

fodsUæhdj.k lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ FkkA 18 tuojh 1942 dks xk¡/kh th us 'kklu ds y{; dh O;k[;k dh Fkh]

Þy{; ftls çkIr djuk gS og gS iw.kZ ekufld ,oa uSfrd fodkl la;qä ekuo lq[kA eSa uSfrd fo'ks"k.k dks

vk/;kfRed ds i;kZ;okph ds :i esa ç;ksx djrk gw¡A ;g fodsUæhdj.k ds v/khu çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dsUæhdj.k] ,d O;oLFkk ds :i esa] lekt dh vfgalkRed lajpuk ls esy ugha [kkrkA

pw¡fd Hkkjr Lora=rk dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk Fkk] vr: xk¡/kh th us viuk lkjk /;ku rRdkyhu

leL;kvksa dh vksj yxkuk çkjEHk fd;kA 1937 esa] çkUrh; Lok;Ùkrk fØ;k'khy gqbZ vkSj xka/kh th dk /;ku eaf=;ksa

ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh vksj x;kA

xk¡/kh th dh eaf=;ksa dks lykg

gfjtu ds rRdkyhu vafre laLdj.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ys[k Nik Fkk ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk dk¡xzsl ea=hA bl

ys[k esa] xk¡/kh th us in Lohdkj djus dh uhfr ij vius fopkj ,oa dk¡xzsl ?kks"k.kki= ds lanHkZ esa eaf=;ksa ds

fy, D;k djuk lEHko Fkk] fn,A bl ys[k ds vuqlkj&

ea=ky; ,dne u'kkcUnh ykxw djsa] f'k{kk dks vkRelefFkZr cuk;sa u fd efnjk yxku ls lefFkZrA ;g

vk'p;Ztud fopkj çrhr gks ldrk gS ysfdu eSa iw.kZ:i ls lqfo/kktud vkSj rdZlaxr ekurk gw¡A dkjkxkjksa dks

lq/kkjxgksa vkSj dk;Z'kkykvksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk;A os vkRefuHkZj ,oa 'kSf{kd gksa u fd [kphZyk vkSj n.MkRed

foHkkx A xk¡/kh&bfoZu le>kSrs ds vuqlkj] ftldk vc dsoy ued ifjPNsn 'ks"k gS] fu/kZu O;fDr ds fy, ued

eq¶r gksuk pkfg,] ysfdu ;g ugha gSA diM+s dh leLr [kjhn [kknh esa gh gksuh pkfg,A uxjksa dh vis{kk xzkeksa

vkSj fdlkuksa dh vksj /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g reke O;k[;k;sa Øec) :i esa ugha yh x;h gSaA ;s iw.kZr:

oS/k gSa ysfdu buesa ls ,d dks Hkh çkIr djus dk ç;kl ugha fd;k x;k gSA iqu%] eaf=;ksa ds O;fäxr O;ogkj ds

lEcU/k esaA dk¡xzsl ds ea=h fdl çdkj Lo;a dks vfHkO;ä djsaxs\ mudk ç/kku] dk¡xzsl dk v/;{k] jsy esa rrh;

Js.kh esa ;k=k djrk gSA D;k os çFke Js.kh ls ;k=k djsaxsA v/;{k [kknh dh eksVh /kksrh] dqrkZ vkSj ckLdsV ls

larq"V gS] D;k eaf=;ksa dks if'peh iSekus esa if'peh 'kSyh esa [kpZ dh t:jr gksxh\ dk¡xzsl&tuksa us Lo;a dks

fiNys l=g o"kksaZ esa dBksj ljyrk esa vuq'kkflr fd;k gSA jk"Vª eaf=;ksa ls vis{kk djsxk fd os vius çkUrksa esa

ç'kklu ds vUrxZr mlh ljyrk dks ykxw djsaA os blls 'kfeZUnk ugha gksaxsA xk¡/kh th ds fopkj laxBu&fuekZ.k

vkSj laxBuksa ds lEcU/k esa fdlh fof/kor ;k O;ofLFkr v/;;u ls çokfgr ugha gq, gSaA ekuo LoHkko dk xgu

v/;;u gksus ds dkj.k] fo'ks"kdj] Hkkjrh; efLr"d dk] og Hkkjrh; Lora=rk çkfIr ds fy, j.kuhfr ,oa la;a=ksa

dk fodkl dj jgs Fks vkSj blh çfØ;k esa] mUgsa vfuok;Z :i ls] viuh laxBukRed çfrHkk dk Hkh çn'kZu djuk

FkkA ;|fi] Lo;a mUgksaus ,d jk"VªO;kih] ,drk ds lw= esa vkc)] inlksikuh; bdkbZ jk"Vª dh Lora=rk ds fy,

cuk;h Fkh] ysfdu os O;kid vkSipkfjd laxBuksa ls ?k`.kk djrs FksA ewy:i ls] xk¡/kh th laxBu&fojks/kh iq#"k FksA

v/;k; & 3

tokgjyky usg:

(JAWAHARLAL NEHRU)

yksd iz”kklu ds ckjs esa tokgj yky usg: ds fopkjksa dks fy[kuk ljy dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk dfBu Hkh gSA ;g

usg: th ds fy, vklku gS] ftUgksaus ns”k ds Lora=rk la?k’kZ esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj 1947 ls 1964 rd

¼e`R;q Ik;ZUr½ Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h ds :Ik esa dk;Z fd;k] bl izdkj muds ikl yksd iz”kklu fo’k; ls lEcfU/kr

cM+h ek=k esa lkexzh miyC/k FkhA ijUrq fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy, yksd iz”kklu fo’k; ij usg: ds voyksdu

vkSj Hkk’k.kksa dh O;k[;k djuk cgqr dfBu dk;Z gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd usg: th izR;sd ?kVuk ij

ugha cksyrs FksA

izR;sd O;fDr dks ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd iz/kkuea=h in dh izd`fr vuqlkj bldh dqN fu/kkZfjr

Hkwfedk,a ,oa fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSaA dbZ ckj ;g lkQ ugh gksrk fd laxBu izeq[k ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrs le; ;g

iz/kkuea=h dk drZO; Fkk ;k fQj Lo;a ds fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDrA tSls O;fDrxr rkSj ij ,d O;fDr dkyk

cktkjh djus okyks dks Qkalh ij yVdkus dh ckr djrk gS ijUrq t cog fdlh in ij vklhu gks rks bl

izdkj ds ekeyksa es ogha O;fDr enq vkSj lgu”khy cu tkrk gSA fczfV”k jkt ds le; dh iz”kklfud lajpuk ls

usg: izlUu ugha Fks ysfdu fQj Hkh Lora=rk ds ckn mUgksusa dksbZ cM+k iz”kklfud lq/kkj ugha fd;kA bl izdkj

ds iz”uksa dk mÙkj nsuk eqf”dy yxrk gSA

usg: ,sfrgkfld n`f’V rFkk cM+s ifjizs{; ds lkFk cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo j[krs FksA muds iz”kklfud fopkjksa

rFkk O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy, usg: ds xq.kksa dks tkuuk vko”;d gSA mUgksaus vius thou ds izkjfEHkd o’kZ

xzsV fczVsu esa fcrk,a] bl le; iq¡thokn vius f”k[kj ij FkkA QSfc;al ds }kjk bl le; lq/kkjksa dh ekax Hkh dh

tk jgh FkhA usg: th Hkh lektokn] lkekftd ekeyksa es jkT; dk gLr{ksi] lkoZtfud oLrqvks a ij lkoZtfud

vf/kdkj tSls eq|ksa dks vkRelkr dj fy;kA fczfV”k fo”ofo|ky; esa ekuuh; ekeyksa dk Nk= jgrs gq, mUgksaus

Hkkjr dks ,d vyx n`f’Vdks.k ls ns[kkA bl izdkj mudk n`f’Vdks.k {ksf=; u jgdj oSf”od cu x;k vkSj

:fnzokfnrk vkSj /keZrU= muds xkS.k cu x,A usg: tUe ls gh /keZfujis{k FksA os vUrZjk’Vªh; leqnk; esa Hkkjr

dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fu;r djuk pkgrs FksA usg: th ekuorkoknh Fks vkSj fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vU;k; rFkk

“kks’k.k ds fojks/kh FksA os foKku vkSj rduhd es vkLFkk j[krs Fks vkSj Hkkjr ds Hkfo’; ds fy, budks egRoiw.kZ

ekurs FksA 1930 ds n”kd esa os lk¡f[;dh dh fo”ks’k odkyr djus yxs FksA os if”peh mnkjokn ds leFkZd Fks

rFkk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds vfUre QSfoa;l FksA gkyk¡fd usg: th if”peh jktuhfrd ewY;ksa ls izHkkfor Fks fQj Hkh

os yksdra=] lkezkT;okn rFkk iz”kklfud lajpuk esa Hksn djrs FksA os fczfV”k yksdra= ds iz”klad Fks fdUrq

lkezkT;okn ds dBksj vkykspd FksA

Lora=k ls iwoZ usg: ds fopkj %& jk’Vªh; Lora=rk la?k’kZ ds nkSjku tokgjyky usg: us iz”kklu ij vius fopkj

fn, gSa gkykafd bl le; rd mUgs iz”kklu dk dksbZ O;ogkfjd Kku ugh FkkA mudk iz”kklfud vuqHko flQZ

bruk Fkk fd os 1924&25 esa bykgckn E;qufliy cksMZ ds v/;{k jgs FksA os yksd iz”klu dks Hkkjr esa fczfV”k

lkezkT;okn dk eq[; fgLlk ekurs FksA 1935 bZ0 esa mUgksus fy[kk Fkk fd esjk ;g iw.kZ fo”okl gS tc rd Hkkjr

esa bafM;u flfoy lfoZl iz”kklfud vkSj yksd lsokvksa dk dk;Z dj jgh gS rc rd dksbZ Hkh u;k vkns”k ykxw

ugha gks ldrkA lrkoknh Hkko rFkk Lora=rk lkFk ugha jg ldrs blfy, ;g t:jh gS fd vkbZ lh ,l rFkk

lekukUrj lsokvksa dks lekIr fd;k tk,A


Tkc 1946 bZ0 esa os vUrfje ljdkj ds iz/kkuea=h cus rks Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl ds vf/kos”ku esa mUgksus

dgk&flfoy lsok,¡ ekufld nf’Vdks.k ls iRFkj cu xbZ gS os iqjkuh gks xbZ gS rFkk muds ikl iqjkuh rduhds

gSa vkSj le; ds lkFk ugha py jgh gS] ns[kuk ;g gS fd bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkr;ksa es ge fdrus le; rd dk;Z

dj ldrs gSaaA fiNys rhu&pkj eghuksa dk vuqHko ;g gS fd vf/kdkfj;ksa us viuk O;ogkj vkSj nf’Vdks.k ugh

cnyk gSA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn usg: ds fopkj %& jk’Vªh; iz”kklu ij usg: ds fopkj lkQ ,oa Li’V Fks vkSj ,slk

yxrk Fkk fd mUgsa tc Hkh volj feysxk os iz”kklu rFkk ukSdj”kkgh es vko”;d ifjorZu djsaxsA vxLr 1947

esa Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h cuus ij mUgs ,slk volj feykA fdUrq rF; crkrs gSa fd fojklr esa feyk iz”kklu ,sls gh

pyrk jgkA bl eqn~ns ij mudh pqIih ,d igsyh cu xbZA “kk;n blds eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr FksA

izFke rks og jkLrk ftlls Hkkjr us fczfV”k ls Lora=rk izkIr dh FkhA fczfV”k ljdkj us Hkkjr dks

Lora=rk nsus dk loSa/kkfud rjhdk viuk;kA Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vf/kfu;e 1947 ds }kjk Hkkjr dks Lora=rk

feyhA bl le; tks ?kfVr gqvk og dkuquksa] fu;eksa o vf/kfu;eksa ds vuqlkj gqvkA lEiw.kZ okrkoj.k dBksj

loSa/kkfud vkSj fof/kijk;.k FkkA bl izdkj ml le; ljdkj esa dksbZ cM+k ifjorZu lEHko ugha FkkA Hkkjr esa

Lora=rk ds ckn iz”kklu dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus esa usg: dk Lo;a dk LoHkko Hkh de ftEesnkj ugh gSA

og iqjkru if”peh izdkj ds mnkjoknh FksA lkFk gh yksd iz”kklu us Hkh usg: ds izkphu fopkjks es cnyko ykus

ds fujUrj dks”kh”ksa “kq: dhA ukSdj”kkgh us bl nkSjku viuh egrk dks izekf.kr fd;k RkFkk Lo;a dks jk’Vª ds

dk;ksaZ ds fy, gh crk;kA “kk;n blhfy, usg: us ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd fxfjtk “kadj izlkn igys Hkkjr fojks/kh

xfrfof/k;ksa es “kkfey jgs gS fQj Hkh mUgsa fons”kh ekeyksa dk ea=h cuk;kA bl izdkj Lora= Hkkjr esa Hkh

lkezkT;oknh dky dh iz”kklfud O;oLFkk fujUrj cuh jghA Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e] 1935 ds iz”kklu ls

lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks Hkh FkksM+h cgqr “kCnkoyh esa cnyko dj viuk fy;k x;kA fdUrq izkphu iz”kklfud O;oLFkk

dks fcuk cnyko ds viukus dk usg: dk ;g fu.kZ; fooknkLin cu x;kA bl fu.kZ; us jktuhfrd usr`Ro dks

dkbZ cM+k ifjorZu ugh djus fn;kA blh le; yksd iz”kklu esa lq/kkj dj jk’Vª ds fy, u, y{; vkSj mEehns

LFkkfir djus dk volj Hkh lekIr gks x;kA ;g ;kn j[kk tkuk pkfg, Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn cM+s iz”kklfud

lq/kkj djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ volj FkkA

blhfy, izR;sd O;fDr dks ;g “kadk gS fd iz”kklu ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa es usg: dh dksbZ :fp FkhA dqN

ys[kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd yksd iz”kklu ls lacaf/kr fo’k;ksa dks ljnkj iVsy dh lkSaidj usg: larq’V gks x,A

lafo/kku ds elkSns esa Hkh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk izko/kku ugha Fkk ftls ckn es uoEcj 1948 esa ljnkj iVsy

ds usg: dks fy[ks i= ds ckn lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

vkbZ- lh- ,l- ds lnL; ,p0 oh0 vkj0 ysaxj] tks usg: ds fizafliy lfpo jgs ds vuqlkj] usg: ds

fy, izkphu ckrksa ds ckjs esa lkspus dk le; ugha Fkk D;ksafd mu ij orZeku dk;ksZ dk ncko FkkA usg:

ukSdj”kkgh dks ,slk oxZ Hkh ugh ekurs Fks ftuds lkFk fdlh leL;k ij ckrphr dh tk ldsA usg: ,d vn~Hkqr

O;fDr Fks tks Hkkjr dks vUrZjk’Vªh; Lrj ij izLrqr djrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius vki dks iz”kklfud taxy esa dHkh

ugh my>k;kA

fofHkUu laLFkkvks dk fuekZ.k %& usg: n”kZu] bfrgkl] jktuhfr] foKku vkSj rduhd ds {ks= dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds

egRoiw.kZ tkudkj FksA bfrgkl ds ,d Nk= ds :Ik esa os pkgrs Fks fd Hkfo’; foKku vkSj rduhd }kjk izHkkfor

gksA 1937 esa mUgksus vuqHko fd;k fd foKku vkt ds ;qx dh egRoiw.kZ /kkj.kk gS rFkk vk/kqfud ;qx esa lcls

izHkkodkjh rRo gSA blh izdkj mUgksus jk’Vªh; ;kstuk ij cy fn;k rFkk jk’Vªh; ;kstuk ij cy fn;k rFkk

jk’Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlus Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy, vusd fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA mUgksus jk’Vªh;

;kstuk dk ;g fopkj viuh 1927 ds lksfo;r ;qfu;u dh ;k=k ls izkIr fd;kA Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h jgrs mUgksus

lkekftd&vkfFkZd ;kstuk dh ckr dh rFkk jk’Vªh; fodkl gsrw 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA ;kstuk

vk;ksx ds }kjk u dsoy ns”k ds fodkl ds fy, iapo’khZ; ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k cfYd blus iz”kklu

tokgjyky usg: 17

dh mfpr iqu%lajpuk rFkk ifjorZu ds lq>ko Hkh fn,A jk’Vªh; fodkl ifj’kn Hkh usg: dk gh nf’Vdks.k Fkk

rFkk 1952 es bldh LFkkiuk esa mUgksus egRoiw.kZ :fp yh FkhA 1957 esa yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k ds fy, mUgksus

izR;sd jkT; es xzkeh.k LFkkuh; ljdkj ds fy, iapk;rh jkt dks viukus dh ckr dhA iapk;rh jkt esa mudh

xgjh :fp Fkh RkFkk os bls lQy cukuk pkgrs FksA 1954esa Hkkjrh; yksd iz”kklu laLFkku dh LFkkiuk esa Hkh

mUgksaus lg;ksx fd;k rFkk 1964 bZ0 rd os blds v/;{k Hkh jgsA os lkoZtfud miØeksa ds Hkh leFkZd FksA usg:

bl ckr ij tksj nsrs Fks fd iz”kklfud vf/kdkjh;ksa dh ;ksX;rk bl ckr esa gS fd os lk/kkj.k ekuo dh fdruh

lsok djrs gSaA os pkgrs Fks fd vf/kdkjh lfpoky; esa u jgdj {ks= esa ?kqesA os flfoy lsodksa dh rVLFkk dh

/kkj.kk dks Hkh ugh ekurs FksA usg: th ukSdj”kkgh dks iz”kklu vkSj yksxksa ds chp ck/kk ekurs FksA os dgrs Fks fd

fu;e vkSj vf/kfu;e ljdkj ds dk;ksZ dh xfr dks /khek djrs gSaA

tokgjyky usg: dk iz”kklu esa dk;Z v/;;u rFkk vks ,aM ,e dks viukus dk lq>ko nsrs FksA usg: dk

,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ;g Hkh Fkk fd os fofHkUu laLFkkuksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqlkj izfr’Bkfir djuk pkgrs FksA os

fu;a=d ,o egkys[kk ijh{kd dks Hkkjr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ cqtZ ekurs Fks tks dk;Zdkjh;ksa ij utj j[krk gS rFkk

xyrh ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugh NksM+rk gSA os l a?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh flQkfj”kksa dk Hkh LkEeku djrs FksA 17

o’kZ rd Hkkjr ds eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds :Ik esa mUgksus Hkkjrh; iz”kklu ij izR;{k vUrZn`f’V j[khA nqHkkZX;o”k] mUgksus

vius iz”kklfud vuqHkoksa dk dksbZ O;ofLFkr vkSj laxfBr v/;;u ugh NksM+k] fQj Hkh mUgksus iz”kklu ij vius

fopkj j[ks gSaA tSls mudh izkFkfedrk y?kq dSfcusV ,d lkFk dk;Z ugha dj ldrhA cM+h dSfcusV tc nks ;k

rhu iafDr;ksa es cSB tk, rks vukSipkfjd cSBd yxrh gSA 1948 esa ctV ij cksyrs gq, mUgksus iz”kklu ij

lalnh; fu;a=.k dk o.kZu fd;k&;fn dksbZ lksprk gS fd eaf=;ks dh fu;qfDRk ls fOkHkkx fu;af=r gksrs gSa rks og

xyr gS cfYd ea=h gh vkSjks ds }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSA os iz”kklfud e”khu dks le>us esa vlQy jgrs gS rFkk

iz”kkldksa }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSA os dgrs gS fd ;fn iV<+kfHk lhrkjeS;k lfpoky; ds fdlh Hkou dh ,d ehy

;k=k djs oks ;g fdlh ;q) dk;kZy; dh 70 ehy ;k=k ds leku gksxhA bl izdkj izR;sd ns”k es lfpoky;

brus my>s gq, gS fd mUgsa le>uk eqf”dy gSA vf/kd eaf=;ksa dh fu;qfDr lek/kku ugha leL;k gSA lkFk gh

yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls iz”kklfud laLFkkvksa dks fu;fU=r djuk ,d cM+h leL;k gSA blds vfrfjDr iz”kklfud

ekeys tc vf/kd rduhdh gks tkrs gS rks laln ds fy, bUgsa foLr`r es le>uk eqf”dy gks tkrk gSA

mi;qZDr o.kZu crkrk gS fd usg: yksdra= esa lalnh; fu;a=.k dh leL;kvks dks le>rs FksA os lekt esa

foKku vkSj rduhd dh egrk dks ns[krs gq, yksd iz”kklu esa fo”ks’kKks dks egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ds leFkZd FksA bl

lo ifjn”; vuqlkj usg: dk lekt esa yksd iz”kklu dh lgh Hkwfedk vkSj LFkku gsrw egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA

fu’d’kZr usg: th dk O;fDrRo fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vkSj yksd iz”kklu muesa ls ,d gSA

ijUrq okLro esa os ,d nk”kZfud] fpard] Loiun”khZ rFkk mPp mM+ku okys O;fDr FksA yksd iz”kklu ls os T;knk

lacaf/kr ugha jgs ijUrq os ,d egku O;fDr FksA okLrfod :Ik esa os J)kyq O;fDr Fks ijUrq le; ds lkFk ,sls

pkiywlks vkSj ;kstukdkjksa ls f?kj x, ftUgksaus muds dke esa ck/kk mRiUu dh rFkk os vk/kkjHkwr lPpkbZ ls nwj

gksrs pys x,A viuh lgu”khyrk vkSj ilan ds dkj.k tc izrki flag dSjks us ljdkj ds lkeus cM+h ijs”kkuh

[kMh dh rks Hkh mUgksaus dks cM+k fu.kZ; ugha fy;kA usg: th us ,d yEch ;k=k r; dh blfy, mUgksaus dqN

eqn~nksa dh mis{kk dhA yksd iz”kklu ij mudk izHkko lajpukRed vf/kd rFkk dk;kZRed de FkkA muds }kjk

vusd ubZ lajpukvksa rFkk laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA fdlh dks ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd izeq[k dk;Zdkjh

pkags oks jktuhfrd gks ;k iz”kklfud mudh rkdr in ds lkFk gksrh gS vkSj tc os in R;kxrs gS rks rkdr de

gksrh gS rFkk laxBu esa mudh detksjh QSy tkrh gSA ;g lHkh “kh’kZ O;fDR;ksa ds fy, “kfeZanxh Hkjk gS vkSj usg:

Hkh muesa ls ,d FksA


vH;kl gsr q iz”u

nh?kZ&mÙkjh; iz”u

1- lIrkax fl)kar dh foospuk fdft,A

2- dkSfVY; ds fopkjksa dh izklafxdrk crk,aA

3- egkRek xka/kh dk iz”kklfud fopkjd ds :Ik esa o.kZu djsaA

4- tokgjyky usg: dk iz”kklu esa ;ksxnku crk,aA

y?kq&mÙkjh; iz”u

1- vFkZ”kkL= esa fdrus vf/kdj.k gSaA

2- dkSfVY; us Hkz’Vkpkj ds fdrus rjhds crk,a gSA

3- egkRek xka/kh dk izFke lR;kxzg dkSu lk FkkA

4- tokgjyky usg: us fdu laLFkkvks dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

5- Lora=rk ds ckn usg: th ds yksd iz”kklu ij fopkjksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu djsaA

6- egkRek xka/kh dh eaf=;ksa dks lykg dk o.kZu djsaA

v/;k; & 4

ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy

(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL)

orZeku Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ¼1875&1950½ ,d cgqeq[kh çfrHkklEiUu O;fDrRo

FksA ,d ç'kkld ds :i esa mudk dksbZ rqY; ugha FkkA tSlk fd ge vkt ekurs gSa] os Hkkjr ds ,dhdkjd FksA

os vfxze iafDr ds lfØ; ç'kkld FksA vkSj lgt gh mUgsa pk.kD; dh Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk gS tks vFkZ'kkL=

ds çfl) ys[kd] vkSj ekS;Z lkezkT; ds fuekZrk FksA ysfdu iVsy us Hkkjrh; ,dhdj.k dk dk;Z ek= ik¡p o"kksaZ esa

gh lEiUu dj fy;k FkkA blls Hkh vf/kd] muds ç'kklfud dk;Z ,d O;kid {ks= dks <d ysrs gSaA tc bUgsa

,d lkFk feyk;k tk; rks os ,d ,slk fuekZ.k çLrqr djrs gSa ftls ,d çtkra= esa vkn'kZ yksd ç'kklu dgk tk

ldrk gSA

ljnkj iVsy dks ,d ,sls IysVks ds :i esa ns[kuk tks ç'kklfud LoIuyksd fl)kUr cuk jgk gks] O;FkZ

gSA iVsy bl /kjk ls Fks vkSj /kjkry ij fopjrs FksA os ;FkkFkZoknh Fks] vkSj dsoy ,d fu'py mís'; ds çfr

dfVc) FksA os ,d iDds ns'kHkDr Fks vkSj mudk Lora=rk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ ,dek= y{; Fkk jk"Vª dk ,dhdj.k

vkSj ç'kklu dks lq–<+ cukuk tks LFkkf;Ro vkSj fodkl dk eq[; ;U= gSA muds ;FkkFkZokn us mUgsa ueuh; –

f"Vdks.k çnku fd;kA pw¡fd iVsy jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª&lajpuk esa lfUufgr mHkjrh gqbZ leL;kvksa ls tw> jgs

Fks] mUgsa lfg".kqrk vkSj lkeUtL; dh çcy Hkkouk fodflr djuh FkhA os vius y{; ls fopfyr ugha gksaxs

ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k volj ds fy, cuk;h x;h j.kuhfr Hkh fodflr djuh FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]

ljnkj iVsy ,d ç'kkld ,oa ,d dq'ky 'kkld ds vn~Hkqr feJ.k FksA ,d dq'ky 'kkld ,d LoIu] ,d

U;k;ksfpr Hkkouk o ,d ;kstuklEiUu O;fDr gksrk gSA ysfdu vko';d ugha fd og vPNk ç'kkld Hkh gks% og

;g u tkurk gks fd og vius LoIu dks dSls çkIr djsA Bhd blh çdkj] ,d ç'kkld ds ikl dksbZ LoIu u

gksA ljnkj iVsy ,d nwjn'khZ 'kkld ,oa ,d ;ksX; ç'kkld nksuksa gh FksA

lu~ 1945 esa fufeZr vUrfje ljdkj esa ljnkj iVsy x`gea=h cusA blds vfrfjDr os lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k

ea=h rFkk ns'kh jkT;ksa ds Hkh ea=h FksA Hkkjr esa x`g ea=ky; lnSo gh vR;f/kd laosnu'khy jgk gS] ljyrk ls

vU; lHkh ea=ky;ksa ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ] fo'ks"kdj mu v'kkUr fnuksa esaA ljnkj iVsy x`g ea=ky; ds ç/kku Fks

blh dkj.k mUgsa mu v'kkUr çkjfEHkd fnuksa esa bl uotkr x.kra= dks fn'kk nsus dk çR;{k nkf;Ro fuHkkuk FkkA

Hkkjrh; yksd lsok ds çfrf"Br lnL; fxfjtk 'kadj cktisbZ fy[krs gSa] mu [krjukd fnuksa esa gekjs uohu jk"Vª

dk HkkX; ,d rjktw ij yVdk gqvk FkkA fd] FkksM+h vfLFkjrk ds i'pkr~ ;g rjktw fLFkj gks x;k tks dsoy

yksxksa dk vius usrkvksa ij vkLFkk vkSj fo'okl ds dkj.k ugha cfYd bu u, x`gea=h dh –<+ bPNk'kfDr ,oa

lcy gkFkksa ds dkj.k lEHko gks ldkA yksd lsok foHkkx x`g foHkkx ds v/khu Fkk vr: ljnkj iVsy dks yksd

lsok dks jk"Vªh; ,drk] çtkra= vkSj fodkl ds çfr laosnu'khy cukus dk lqvolj feykA

;g mfpr gksxk fd oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ds O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k djus okys eq[; çHkkoksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk,A os

lkSjk"Vª ds ,d xk¡o esa iSnk gq, Fks vkSj ,d lk/kkj.k fdlku ifjokj ls lEcfU/kr FksA blls mUgsa xzkeh.k Hkkjr

dh —"kdksa dhs leL;kvksa vkSj fpUrkvksa dk çR;{k Kku çkIr FkkA blhfy,] ;g LokHkkfod Hkh Fkk fd os vius –

f"Vdks.k esa thou Hkj ,d —"kd gh jgsA mUgksaus ,d lknk ,oa la;eh thou ft;kA lHkh rF;ksa ls ;g Li"V


gksrk gS fd mudk thou ferO;;h jgk rc Hkh tc Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ mUgksaus viuk deZ{ks= fnYyh cuk;kA

fdlh dks ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd iVsy Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa ds ifjokj esa ls FksA muds firk us 1857 ds

Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA bl çdkj ToyUr ns'kHkfDr mudh fojklr Fkh u fd çkIr fd;k x;k xq.k A

rhljk çHkko ftlus mudh ekufldrk dh lajpuk dh Fkh og Fkk mudh Lo;a dh foÙkh; i`"BHkwfe A

iVsy dk ykyu&ikyu cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gqvk Fkk ftUgksaus mUgsa xjhch ,oa blds ifj.kkeksa ls

xgjs :i ls ifjfpr fd;k FkkA bl çdkj mUgsa jk"Vª ds lk/kkj.k euq"; dh dfBukbZ;ksa vkSj ijs'kkfu;ksa dk çR;{k

Kku gks x;kA xjhch ds Lokn us 'kk;n muesa LokoyEch gksus dh rhoz mRd.Bk Hkj nhA dsoy dBksj ifjJe }kjk

os ,d lEiUu vf/koDrk cu x, vkSj lq[k&lqfo/kkiw.kZ thou rFkk if'peh thou 'kSyh viukus esa lQy gq,A

ysfdu egkRek ds lkFk lEcU/k us mUgsa iw.kZ:i ls ifjofrZr dj fn;k vkSj mUgksaus xk¡/khoknh

thou&i)fr viuk yhA iVsy esa laxBu cukus dh LoHkkfod çfrHkk Fkh ftldk mUgksaus le; ij ifjp; fn;kA

vius v/;{kh; dky esa mUgksaus dk¡xzsl ds foÙkh; ys[ks&tks[ks ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;kA mUgksaus dk¡xzsl ea=ky;ksa ds

lkFk gh lkFk ny e'khu ij Hkh utj j[khA os ,sls fdlh O;fä dks ugha NksM+rs Fks] tks Hkz"Vkpkj esa layXu gksA

tc flU/k ds vkj0ds0 fla/ok us 1931 esa djkph vf/kos'ku ds fy, ,df=r /kujkf'k ny dks"k esa tek ugha dh rks

mUgksaus lkoZtfud :i ls viuh ukjktxh çdV dh vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd] Þ/kedh Hkh nh fd vxj jkf'k ny dks"k esa

tek ugha djk;h x;h rks vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh djsaxsA ;gk¡ ij ;g mYys[k #fpdj gksxk fd mUgksaus vius

iq= ¼Mkák HkkbZ½ dks ikjh ls igys ykHk u feys dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ldkjkRed dne mBk,A

jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds fnuksa ds ;qlqQ esgjyh lektoknh >qdko okys egku usrk Fks] mUgksaus ljnkj iVsy

dh ç'kklfud {kerk dks J)katfy nh Fkh] mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ÞiVsy Hkkjr esa lcls ;ksX; laxBu&fuekZrk ,oa

lcls vf/kd dBksj gSaA vius gh gkFkksa ls mUgksaus ,d ,slh jktuhfrd e'khu dh lajpuk vkSj fuekZ.k fd;k gS

ftlus u dsoy muds dbZ fojksf/k;ksa dks rksM+ Mkyk gS cfYd fons'kh ukSdj'kkgh dks Hkh] dbZ ckj pfdr ,oa

Hkfo"; esa xEHkhj [krjksa ds vkHkkl ls Mjk fn;k gSA vius thou esa iVsy us çkUrksa esa dk¡xzsl dks fu;af=r fd;k

Fkk vkSj nwljs yksx mudh vksj Hk; vkSj vknj ds fefJr Hkko ls ns[krs FksA vius lHkh ckdh ns'kokfl;ksa dh

Hkk¡fr iVsy Hkh vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgh ds çcy vkykspd FksA 1931 esa] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl ds v/;{k ds :i

esa mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh&

gesa i<+k;k x;k gS fd ge lkspsa fd gekjk ukxfjd ç'kklu ¼og gS] iw.kZ Lojkt ds v/khu] Hkkjr dh

ek¡x½ ,d vdk;Zdq'ky vkSj Hkz"V gksxk vxj ge mPp osru okys fczfV'k ukxfjd lsodksa dh ;ksX; lgk;rk R;kx

nsaA fiNys o"kksaZ esa dk¡xzsl us ftu ç'kklfud 'kfä;ksa dk çn'kZu fd;k gS vkSj ;g rF; fd bldh lgk;rk ds

fy, cM+h la[;k esa Js"B uj&ukjh fcuk osru ;k U;wure osru ds f[kaps pys tk jgs gSa mlls Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj

vdk;Z{kerk dk Hk; i;kZIr ek=k esa lekIr gks tkuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh lEHkkfor Hkz"Vkpkj dk mPpre vuqeku

Hkh gekjh nqcZy jk"Vªh; fuf/k ij mruk cM+k cks> ugha gksxk ftruk fd bl Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus ds fy, nh tkus

okyh QhlA vUr esa mUgksaus dgk] ;g vr% vko';d gS fd vxj Hkkjr dks LokoyEch gksuk gS rks mls flfoy

lsok O;; ij cgqr vf/kd dVkSrh djuh gksxh vkSj flfoy lsok ds osru HkÙkksa esa egRoiw.kZ deh djuh gksxhA

Lora=rk us muds –f"Vdks.k dks cny fn;kA

Lora=rk ds dqN gh ekg iwoZ] iVsy us lafo/kku fuekZ=h lHkk esa flfoy lsok ds çfr viuh ukjktxh çnf'kZr dh

Fkh] eSaus xqM+xk¡o ¼iatkc dk vkSj vc gfj;k.kk dk ,d ftyk½ ds ftyk eftLVªsV dks gVkus dk ç;kl fd;kA eSaus

iatkc ds jkT;iky dks fy[kk] eSaus ok;ljk; ls flQkfj'k dhA ysfdu esjs fy, mls gVkuk cgqr dfBu gqvkA

mUgksaus tu çfrfuf/k;ksa dks Hkwrdky Hkwy tkus dh lykg nhA "geus cgqr o"kksaZ rd vaxzstksa ds fo#) la?k"kZ

ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy 21

fd;kA eSa mudk lcls cM+k 'k=q Fkk vkSj os Hkh eq>s ,slk gh le>rs Fks--- ¼ysfdu vc os tkurs gSa½ eSa muds

lkeus Li"V gw¡ vkSj os ¼flfoy lsod½ eq>s viuk fo'oluh; fe= ekurs gSaA tc Lora=rk feyh rks os bl lsok

ds çcy leFkZd cu x,A lu~ 1949 esa] os] blds leFkZu esa] lafo/kku fuekZ=h lHkk esa mB [kM+s gq, &

**eSa vkidks vk'oklu nsrk gw¡ fd bu dfBu le;ksa esa eSaus buds lkFk dke fd;k gSA eSa ,d Hkkjh

mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk ls dg jgk gw¡ vkSj eq>s dcwy Hkh djuk pkfg, fd ns'kHkfä ds fcUnq ij] oQknkjh ds

fcUnq ij] fo'oluh;rk ds fcUnq ij vkSj ;ksX;rk ds fcUnq ij budk fodYi ugha gSA os mrus gh vPNs gSa ftrus

ge --- eSa bl lnu esa bls çekf.kr Hkh djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd vxj fiNys nks ;k rhu o"kksaZ esa flfoy lsok lnL;ksa

us fo'ks"k :i ls ,oa oQknkjh ls O;ogkj u fd;k gksrk rks ;g la?k /kjk'kk;h gks x;k gksrkA vkSj ç'kklfud

leL;kvksa ls lEcU/kh çLrkoksa esa mUgksaus is'ksoj flfoy lsodksa dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa viuk

fo'oluh; lykgdkj vkSj ç'kkld ekukA

tSlk fd igys gh dgk tk pqdk gS] ç'kklu ij iVsy ds fopkj O;kid {ks= esa QSys gSa ftu ij /;ku

tkuk pkfg,A ysfdu muds lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nks gSa & uofufeZr Hkkjr esa djhc ik¡p lkS ns'kh fj;klrksa

dk foy; o ,dhdj.k] rFkk ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dk fuekZ.kA ;g dguk i;kZIr gS fd vk/kqfud Hkkjr] tSlk

ge bls le>rs gSa] og iVsy ds vFkd ç;Ruksa dk ifj.kke gS] vkSj vf/kd dgus dh ;gk¡ ij vko';drk ugha gSA

gesa viuk /;ku muds nwljs ;ksxnku dh vksj yxkuk pkfg, og gS vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok;saA tSlk fd fofnr gS]

;s lsok;sa jk"Vªh; –f"Vdks.k ls] mHkjrs gq, la?kokn ds çfrdwy gksus ds dkj.k ,d pqHkrs gq, dk¡Vs dh Hkk¡fr FkhA

tc f}rh; egk;q) ds i'pkr~ laoS/kkfud ifjorZuksa ij fopkj gks jgk Fkk rks fdlh us Hkh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa

ds ç'u dks ugha mBk;kA vDVwcj 1946] dks x`g lfpo us Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok esa HkrhZ lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kk

dhA ;g lafo/kku ifjorZuksa dks fØ;kfUor gksus ds cgqr igys gh fczVsu dh lsokvksa ds lkFk lEcU/k&foPNsn dk

çFke Li"V ladsr FkkA vLokHkkfod ugha] fd flfoy lsok vius Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa vfuf'pr gks x;h vkSj bldk

eukscy Hkh fxj x;kA

ljnkj iVsy Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgh dks Lora= Hkkjr esa l'kDr cukuk pkgrs FksA iVsy bl

bLikrh <k¡ps dks Hkkjr dh ç'kklfud ,drk dk nqxZ ekurs Fks rFkk vk'oLr Fks fd ç'kklfud ,drk tks Lora=

Hkkjr ds fy, ije vko';d Fkh og bl bLikrh <k¡ps dks cuk, j[kdj gh çkIr dh tk ldrh FkhA x`g lfpo

ds }kjk vkbZå lhå ,lå HkrhZ lekfIr lqudj iVsy us 'kh?kzrk ls dke fy;k vkSj nks fnuksa esa gh] vko';d

oSdfYid çcU/k ij fopkj djus ds fy, ,d lEesyu ftls çkUrh; ç/kkuea=h lEesyu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS]

dk vk;kstu fd;kA n VkbEl ¼yUnu½ us x`g lfpo ¼ea=h½ ds HkrhZ lekfIr fu.kZ; ij ;g fVIi.kh nh] *ftruk

'kh?kz xgea=h dk fu;a=.k lekIr gksxk vkSj orZeku <k¡pk fxjsxk mruk gh vPNk gksxkA*

uohu O;oLFkk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok;sa

Lej.k gsrq] ;q)dky esa x`g lfpo us vkbZå lhå ,lå vkSj vkbZå ihå ,l- esa HkrhZ dks lekIr dj fn;k

Fkk vkSj tc 'kkfUr LFkkfir gqbZ rks Hkkjr esa laoS/kkfud ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k bls iqu: çkjEHk ugha fd;k tk ldkA

1946 esa tokgjyky usg: ds ç/kkueaf=Ro esa vUrfje ljdkj LFkkfir gqbZ vkSj vc Lora=rk Hkh lkQ fn[kkbZ nsus

yxh FkhA tc uo&Hkkjr vH;qfnr gks jgk Fkk rks ,d le; Hkkjrh; usr`Ro dks pqHkus okyk dk¡Vk] vf[ky Hkkjrh;

lsok laLFkk dk oj.k fd;k tkus yxk vkSj bl xkFkk esa ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us vxznwr dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA

çkUrh; ç/kkuea=h lEesyu vius efLr"d esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ds iqutZUe dh ;kstuk ds

vuq:i ljnkj iVsy us 20 vkSj 21 vDVwcj 1946 dks çkUrh; ç/kkueaf=;ksa dk ,d lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;kA

ysfdu xSj dk¡xzsl nyksa }kjk 'kkflr çkUrksa dk çfrfuf/kRo ea=h Lrj ds jktuhfrd çfrfuf/k ;k ukxfjd lsodksa


}kjk fd;k x;kA iatkc] tgk¡ ;wfu;fuLV ikVhZ lÙkk esa Fkh] dk çfrfuf/kRo blds jktLo ea=h us fd;k FkkA flU/k

dk çfrfuf/kRo blds eq[; lfpo vkSj caxky tgk¡ eqfLye yhx lÙkk esa Fkh mlus ,d vfrfjä lfpo Lrj ds

ukxfjd lsod dks Hkstk FkkA mÙkj&if'pe lhek çkUr ds ç/kkuea=h M‚- [kku lkgc lEesyu esa nwljs fnu ds

vijkg esa gh mifLFkr gks ik,A gk¡] ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy] bl lEesyu ds iFk&çn'kZd] nksuksa gh fnu vius

x`g lfpo vkSj rhu lglfpoksa ds lkFk mifLFkr jgsA os ç/kkuea=h tks bl lEesyu esa mifLFkr Fks os Fks mÙkj

çns'k ls if.Mr xksfoUn oYyHk iar] eækl ls Vhå çdk'ku] cacbZ ls chålhå [ksj] fcgkj ls Jh—".k flUgk]

mM+hlk ls gjs —".k esgrkc] e/; çkUr ls if.Mr jfo 'kadj 'kqDyk] vle ls xksihukFk cknksZyksbZA

ljnkj iVsy

vius mn~?kkVu Hkk"k.k esa ljnkj iVsy us ;g ç'u mBk;k fd flfoy lsok o Hkkjr iqfyl lsok] tSlk fd

igys dgk tk pqdk gS fd buesa HkrhZ Hkkjr lfpo us jksd nh Fkh] D;k muds LFkku ij dsUæh; ;k çkUrh; lsok

gksuh pkfg,A mUgksaus *vf[ky Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok* dh LFkkiuk esa dsUæh; ljdkj dk leFkZu O;Dr fd;k

rFkk mUgksaus crk;k fd blls dsUæ vkSj çkUrksa nksuksa dks gh cgqr ykHk gksaxsA bl çdkj dh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok

dsUæ vkSj çkUrksa ds e/; lkeUtL; esa lgk;rk] ç'kklu Lrj esa fof'k"V ,d:irk vkSj dsUæh; ç'kklu dks HkwLrj

ds ;FkkFkZ ls tksM+us esa lgk;d gksxhA os bl ckr ij Hkh cy nsrs jgs fd viuh vksj ls çkUrh; ç'kklu O;kid

–f"Vdks.k çkIr djsxk rFkk mPpre inksa ds fy, loksZÙke ¼deZpkfj;ksa dks½ çkIr djsxkA mUgksaus bl ckr ij Hkh

tksj fn;k fd bu lsokvksa esa larks"k vkSj lqj{kk dh vko';drk rFkk ;g Hkh fd ;s lkEçnkf;drk vkSj nyh;

>qdko ls eqDr gksaA

çkUrksa dk –f"Vdks.k

çFke fnu tks Hkh O;fDr cksys muesa mÙkj çns'k] ckEcs] fcgkj] vle] mM+hlk] e/; çkUr vkSj eækl ds

ç/kkueaf=;ksa us de ;k vf/kd lgefr ls] bl çdkj dh lsok ds fuekZ.k dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj pkgk fd Hkkjr

lfpo dk fu;a=.k rRdky lekIr dj fn;k tk;A vle ds ç/kkuea=h xksihukFk cknksZyksbZ us bl lsok dk leFkZu

fd;k ysfdu pkgk fd bl ij çkUrh; fu;a=.k i;kZIr gksuk pkfg, ,oa Hkwfe&iq=ksa ¼LFkkuh; uo;qodksa½ dks vkSj

vf/kd volj fn, tkus pkfg,A mÙkj çns'k ds ç/kkuea=h if.Mr xksfoUn cYyHk iar us nwljk –f"Vdks.k

viuk;kA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd dsUæh; ljdkj dsoy HkrhZ vkSj çf'k{k.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gks] os Hkkjr lfpo ds

LFkku ij dsUæ ljdkj dks ekuus ls lger ugha Fks] vkSj pkgrs Fks fd lsok ij çkUrksa dk iw.kZ fu;a=.k gksA

Lej.k jgs] fd os ç/kkuea=h tks dk¡xzsl ds Fks] os vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ds ckjs esa vius i{k ds vk/kkj ij

rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vs tk ldrs gSa

1- chå lhå [ksj] jfo 'kadj 'kqDyk vkSj gjs —".k esgrkc us Li"V ,oa fcuk fdlh otZuk ds vf[ky Hkkjrh;

ç'kklfud lsok dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA

2- cknksZyksbZ ¼vle½ bu lsokvksa ij çkUrksa dk i;kZIr fu;a=.k pkgrs FksA

3- iar ¼må çå½ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds i{k esa Fks ysfdu dsUæ dks nks gh dk;Z & HkrhZ vkSj çf'k{k.k ds nsuk

pkgrs Fks rFkk vU; nkf;Ro vuq'kklu vkSj fu;a=.k çkUrksa esa gh fufgr pkgrs FksA

mu çkUrksa us] tSls caxky] iatkc vkSj flU/k ftuesa dk¡xzsl ikVhZ lÙkk esa ugha Fkh] vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok esa

Hkkx ysus ds çfr viuh –<+ vfuPNk çdV dhA ysfdu xSj&Hkkxsnkjh dks fujis{k ,oa iw.kZ ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k x;kA

iatkc ds jktLo ea=h uokc lj eqt¶Qj vyh dkftycD'k pkgrs Fks fd vkbZå lhå ,lå vkSj vkbZå ihå ,l-

'kh?kzrkfr'kh?kz lekIr dj fn;k tk; ysfdu viuh ljdkj dk ;g er Hkh O;Dr fd;k fd bl lsok dk


çkUrhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A ¼flfoy½ lsokvksa ij çkUrksa dk iw.kZ fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg,] vkSj iw.kZ fu;a=.k ds fy, mUgsa

viuh lsokvksa dk p;u djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh gksuk pkfg,A fopkj&foe'kZ ls tks Li"V gqvk og Fkk vkbZå lhå

,lå vkSj vkbZå ihå lsokvksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkkjr lfpo dh Hkwfedk ds fo#) ,d fu'p; A lEesyu us bl ckr

ij cy fn;k fd mldk fu;a=.k 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz lekIr fd;k tk;A ysfdu buds LFkku ij lsokvksa ds lEcU/k esa

tks fopkj O;Dr fd, x, muesa loZlEefr ugha FkhA

çLrko dh Loh—fr

Hkkjr ds ykSg iq#"k ljnkj iVsy lger ugha gq, vkSj –<+rk ls vius ekSfyd çLrko ij vfMx jgsA

fopkj&foe'kZ ds lekiu esa "vf[ky Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ds fuekZ.k ds i{k esa ,d lkekU; lgefr ij tksj

nsrs gq, mUgksaus ;g vk'kk O;Dr dh fd ,d lkekU; ;kstuk cu tkus ds ckn os yksx tks vHkh blds i{k esa ugha

gSa] mUgsa iDdk fo'okl gks tk,xk fd fu;a=.k lEcU/kh çkUrh; laosnukvksa dk i;kZIr /;ku j[kk x;k gS vkSj os

blesa lfEefyr gks tk;saxsA

vU; fopkjks dh O;k[;k

lEesyu esa vU; lEcfU/kr fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ dh x;hA HkrhZ dh fof/k vkSj çdkj ;g Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok

esa O;kIr fu;eksa vkSj fu;euksa dks viukus esa lger FkhA xksfoUn cYyHk iar ds lq>koksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq,

blus çLrkfor Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok vkSj Hkkjrh; oSnsf'kd lsok ds ,d la;qä çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk dh laLrqfr

dhA vU; fo"k;ksa ij fy, x, fu.kZ;] Li"V :i ls] çkUrh; laosnukvksa ds çfr vknjiw.kZ Fks vkSj çkUrksa ds fy,

i;kZIr Lok;Ùkrk Hkh NksM+h x;hA dSMj la[;k ds fu/kkZj.k ds lEcU/k esa çkUrksa dks fu'p; djuk Fkk fd fdrus

LFkku gksaxs ftuds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksxhA dsUæ ljdkj

viuh vko';drk dk Lo;a fu/kkZj.k djsxh vkSj çkUrksa ds çLrkoksa dks çkIr djus ds i'pkr~ dSMj foLrkj dk

fu/kkZj.k Hkh djsxhA çkUrh; flfoy lsok inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh çksUufr dk dksVk çLrkfor lsok esa mPp inksa dk 25

çfr'kr fu/kkZfjr djus dh laLrqfr dh x;hA çkUrh; lsok esa mPpre ds p;u ds fy,] p;u vkSj fu;e fuekZ.k

ds fy, çkUrksa dks Lora= NksM+ fn;k x;k] ysfdu os O;fä tks vUrr: p;fur gksaxs mUgsa la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx

ls vuqdwyrk çek.ki= çkIr djuk gksxkA ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k x;k fd vodk'k] isU'ku vkSj vU; lsok&'krksaZ ds

ykHk çkUrh; lsokvksa ij ykxw gksus okys fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd, tkus pkfg,A lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g

Fkh fd vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vkcaVu çkUrksa dh lykg ls gksuk Fkk rFkk tSlk fd lEesyu us laLrqfr dh Fkh] fd tgk¡

rd lEHko gks] p;fur mEehnokjksa dk vkcaVu djus esa mUgsa vius mn~xe okys çkUrksa dks fn;s tkus pkfg,A

ljnkj iVsy us lEesyu dks dbZ vkSj egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa esa laLrqfr gsrq euok;kA çLrkfor vf[ky Hkkjrh;

ç'kklfud lsok ds osru&nj ç'u ij bldk ekuuk Fkk fd vkbZå lhå ,lå dk osrueku cgqr Å¡pk gS] ekurs

gq, ,d iapo"khZ; osrueku #- 300&350&400&450&500 dh laLrqfr dh vkSj bl lEcU/k esa vfUre fu.kZ;

¼çFke½ dsUæh; osru vk;ksx ij NksM+ fn;k ftldh fu;qfDr ljdkj }kjk dh tk pqdh FkhA

çkUrksa ds çfrfuf/k Hkh bl ckr ls lger Fks fd mu çkUrksa esa Hkh osrueku] tks dsUæh; ;kstuk esa

lfEefyr ugha Fks] ,d:i gksus pkfg, rkfd vxj os ckn esa blesa lfEefyr gksus dk fu.kZ; ysa rks çkUrh; lsokvksa

ds dSMj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok esa foy; djus esa dfBukbZ u gksA nwljk çLrqr fd;k x;k rdZ] vUrj&çkUrh;

çfrLi/kkZ dks jksduk FkkA


vfUre fu.kZ;

ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us fopkj&foe'kZ dk lekiu] vf[ky Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok o Hkkjrh; iqfyl

lsok ds fuekZ.k esa çkUrh; ç/kkueaf=;ksa ds lkekU; leFkZu ij tksj nsdj fd;kA fopkj&foe'kZ ls ;g fu"d"kZ ugha

fudyk Fkk ysfdu ljnkj blls fpfUrr ugha FksA os bu lsokvksa dks pkgrs Fks vkSj mUgsa ;s çkIr gqbZ] ;g leLr

dsUæ dh egku fot; Fkh] vkSj vf/kd lR; :i esa] oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dh O;fDrxr fot; A okLro esa iVsy dks

vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk tud ekuk tk ldrk gSA mudk dk;Z] 'kk;n vUrfje ljdkj esa eqfLye yhx ds

çkjEHk esa u lfEefyr gksus ls de nq"dj gks x;k FkkA eqfLye yhx vUrfje ljdkj esa rc lfEefyr gqbZ tc

çkUrh; ç/kkuea=h lEesyu esa fopkj&foe'kZ lekIr gks pqdk FkkA

bl lEesyu ds ,d lIrkg i'pkRk] dsUæh; O;oLFkkfidk lHkk esa ,d vojks/k mRiUu gqvkA iVsy dk

Li"V mÙkj Fkk] eSaus çkUrh; ç/kkueaf=;ksa dk lEesyu 21 vDVwcj 1946 dks bu lsokvksa ¼Hkkjrh; lfpo½ ds LFkku

ij çcU/k ij fopkj&foe'kZ djus ds fy, cqyk;k FkkA lEesyu esa vke lgefr bl mís'; ds fy,] uohu vf[ky

Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds i{k esa FkhaA bldh O;kid O;k[;k çkUrksa ls iwNdj rS;kj dh tk jgh gS vkSj tc

çcU/k dks vfUre :i fn;k tk;sxk rks mldh lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kk dj nh tk;sxhA

Lora= Hkkjr esa flfoy lsok;sa

iVsy le; ugha [kksuk pkgrs Fks vkSj blfy, bldh mÙkjkf/kdkjh lsok] ftls vc uohu uke Hkkjrh;

ç'kklfud lsok ¼vkbZå ,å ,lå½ dgk tkrk gS fØ;k'khy gS] vkSj bl çdkj ;g ,d lEiUu rF; gks pqdh gSA

1946 esa vkbZå ,å ,lå dk çFke cSp l'kL= lsuk ls eqDr dfeZ;ksa esa ls HkrhZ fd;k x;k vkSj bUgsa vçSy

1947 esa eSVdkQ gkml ¼fnYyh½ çf'k{k.k laLFkku esa çf'kf{kr fd;k x;kA yksgk xeZ Fkk vkSj iVsy us –<+ fu'p;

dj fy;k Fkk fd os fdlh Hkh voLFkk esa ç'kklu dks BIi ugha gksus nsaxsA 24 vçSy 1947 dks vkbZå ,å ,lå ds

çFke cSp ds çf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, iVsy us dgk fd vkbZå ,å ,lå dk xBu fons'kh gkFkksa ls

Hkkjrh; gkFkksa esa ÞlÙkk gLrkUrj.k dk Li"V ladsr gSA mUgksaus tksj nsdj dgk fd vkbZå lhå ,lå ds LFkku ij

vkbZå ,å ,lå dk xBu ,d ,slh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dk mn~?kkVu gS tks iw.kZr% Hkkjrh; inkf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk

lapkfyr vkSj iw.kZr: Hkkjrh; fu;a=.k ds v/khu gksxhA vkSj vc bls Lora= gksuk gS vr% bls Hkwrdkyhu

ijEijkvksa vkSj LoHkkoksa ls fcuk çHkkfor gq,] jk"Vª lsok dh lPph Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA bUgksaus vkxs dgk

*os fnu tc bu lsokvksa ds dehZ Lokeh gksrs Fks os lekIr gks x, gSa ---- 'kk;n vki bl dgkor ds ckjs esa

ifjfpr gksaxs fd Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok u Hkkjrh; vkSj u flfoy ¼lH;½ vkSj u gh blesa lsok Hkkouk Hkjh gS ----

vkids iwoZorhZ vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fons'kh 'kkldksa ds vfHkdj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djuk iM+rk Fkk] vkSj Lo;a viuh

U;k; Hkkouk ds fo#)] mUgsa viuh fons'kh Lokfe;ksa ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk Fkk---- ,d ukxfjd lsod

dks fdlh Hkh :i esa jktuhfr esa Hkkx ugha ysuk pkfg,A vkSj u gh mls Lo;a dks lkEçnkf;d fooknksa esa Q¡lkuk

pkfg,A bu lHkh ckrksa esa uSfrdrk ds ekxZ ls fopfyr gksus dk vFkZ gksxk lkoZtfud lsok dks Hkz"V cukuk ,oa

bldh Js"Brk dks /kwfey djukA

flfoy lsok fopkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, iVsy us dgk] ;g cgqr cqjk fnu gksxk tc turk mPp

inklhu vf/kdkfj;ksa dk lEeku ugha djsxhA ea=h vkrs gSa vkSj ea=h tkrs gSa] ysfdu ç'kklu dh LFkk;h e'khu

¼flfoy lsok½ dks Js"B ,oa –<+ gksuk pkfg,] vkSj mls tu vknj Hkh feyuk pkfg,A flfoy lsok fLFkjrk dh

lzksr gSA Lora=rk ds Bhd i'pkr~ mUgksaus ckrphr djus ds fy, ofj"B flfoy lsodksa dks vius ?kj ij cqyk;kA

iVsy ds thou xkFkkdkj us çkDdFku esa gh o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd mUgksaus vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa us o"kksaZ


jk"Vª lsok dh ToyUr bPNk ls dk;Z fd;kA iVsy us mUgsa jk"Vª lsok ds fy, mlh Hkk¡fr vfiZr gksus ds fy,

vkeaf=r fd;kA mUgksaus blds cnys esa dqN opu ugha fn;kA

ljnkj iVsy fopkj djus ,oa lykg nsus esa flfoy lsok dh iw.kZ Lora=rk ij fo'okl djrs FksA ;gh

,d fof/k Fkh ftlds }kjk jktuhfrd usr`Ro dks is'ksoj ukSdj'kkgh esa loksZÙke çkIr gks ldrk gSA mUgksaus Li"V

:i ls dgk Fkk] esjs lfpo dks esjs –f"Vdks.k ds fo#) fVIi.kh fy[kus dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g Lora=rk eSaus vius

lHkh lfpoksa dks çnku dh gSA eSaus muls dgk gS] vxj rqe viuh bZekunkjhiw.kZ lykg bl Hk; ls ugha ns ik jgs

gks fd og rqEgkjs ea=h dks vçlUu dj nsxh; rc] —i;k vkidks in NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A eSa nwljs lfpo dks

fu;qDr dj yw¡xkA eSa dHkh Hkh Li"V ,oa Hk;ghu /kkj.kk ls vçlUu ugha gks ldrkA ;s yksx ;a= gSaA mUgsa gVk

nks] eq>s] flok; vjktdrk ds] dqN Hkh ugha fn[kkbZ nsxkA ,d lfpo dh ckr gS] ftlls iVsy us lykg ek¡xh

FkhA lykg nsus ls igys mlus iVsy ls iwNk fd D;k og ¼iVsy½ bZekunkjhiw.kZ lykg pkgsaxsA iVsy us iyVdj

iwNk] ÞD;k ljdkj rqEgsa 4000 #- çfrekg csbZekuhiw.kZ lykg ds fy, nsrh gS\ rqEgkjk drZO; gS fd rqe bZekunkjh

ds lkFk lykg nks vkSj ;g esjs Åij fuHkZj djrk gS fd eSa mls ekuw¡ ;k u ekuw¡A mudk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr

ljdkj ds lfpoksa dh fLFkfr cgqr Å¡ph gksrh gS vkSj tu vkdyu esa Hkh mls mPpLrjh; cuk, j[kk tkuk

pkfg,A vU;Fkk Hkh os ukSdj'kkgh vuq'kklu vkSj ojh;rkØe dk cgqr /;ku j[krs FksA mUgksaus ,d ckj if'peh

caxky ds eq[;ea=h chå lhå jk; dks Hkh bl ckr ds fy, yrkM+k Fkk fd mUgksaus ç/kkuea=h ds lkFk v'kksHkuh;

O;ogkj fd;k FkkA mUgksaus fy[kk] eq>s bl ckr ij cM+k d"V gqvk fd vkius ç/kkuea=h dks bl çdkj fy[kk A

vxj ;g O;fDrxr i= gksrk] ;k vki muls ckr dj jgs gksrs] rks 'kk;n ,d ofj"B gksus ds dkj.k] ;g Lora=rk

vkidks gksrhA ysfdu ,d vkSipkfjd laçs"k.k esa] ,d ç/kkuea=h ds :i esa] eq>s vk'kk Fkh fd vkidk O;ogkj

vknjiw.kZ gksxk tSlk fd ç/kkuea=h ds mPp in dh xfjek dks ns[krs gq, vko';d gS rFkk Lo;a vkids in ds

fy, Hkh xfjeke; gksrkA

tc ç/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg: us ,d flfoy lsod dks eq[; vk;qDr ds çkUr vtesj esa gky ds gh

lkEçnkf;d naxksa dh tk¡p djus ds fy, fu;qDr- fd;k] rks iVsy us 'kh"kZ esa eq[; vk;qDr lfgr ljdkjh e'khu

dh mis{kk djus ij ç/kkuea=h dh vkykspuk dhA ljnkj iVsy] usg: th ls ;g dgus esa ugha fgpfdpk, fd

vxj og vtesj tkus esa vleFkZ Fks rks ,d lsokjr flfoy deZpkjh dks Hkstus ds LFkku ij iVsy dks ;k vU;

fdlh ea=h dks Hkst fn;k gksrk ftlls eq[; vk;qDr ds efLr"d esa dksbZ HkkfUr mRiUu ugha gksrhA eq[; vk;qDRk]

Þ;ksX;re vf/kdkfj;ksa esa ls ,d Fkk ftldh dk;Zdq'kyrk vkSj bZekunkjh ij dksbZ lansg ugha fd;k tk ldrk

FkkA okLro esa] iVsy ç'kklfud vuq'kklu vkSj çfØ;k dh vogsyuk cnkZ'r ugha dj ldrs FksA

tokgjyky usg: ds foijhr] iVsy flfoy lsok dk vknj djrs FksA ,påohåvkjå vk;axj] tks Hkkjrh;

flfoy lsok ds ekus gq, vf/kdkjh vkSj ç/kkuea=h ds ç/kku lfpo Fks] dgk gS fd tokgjyky usg: flfoy

lsodksa ds ckjs esa ;g ugha lksprs Fks fd os fo'ks"k çdkj ds ekus gq, O;fDRk gSa vkSj "ftuds lkFk muds fy,

fug:½ ç/kkuea=h ds le{k vkus okyh leL;kvksa ds i{k&foi{k esa fopkj&foe'kZ djuk mfpr FkkA

;g iVsy ds ç'kklfud efLr"d dh ,d >yd çLrqr djrk gSA iVsy lEiw.kZ uhfr çLrqr djrs Fks vkSj bldk

fØ;kUo;u flfoy lsodksa ij NksM+ nsrs FksA og lko/kkuh ls flfoy lsodksa dk p;u djrs Fks ysfdu mlds

i'pkr~ og mu ij iw.kZ fo'okl djrs FksA ;g vk;axj dgrs gSa flfoy lsodksa dks viuh {kerk dh lhek rd

muds fy, dk;Z djus ds fy, vfiZr dj nsrk Fkk rFkk tgk¡ rd ekuoh; :i esa lEHko gks mUgsa grk'k ugha gksus

nsrk FkkA iVsy us flfoy lsok esa fo'okl mRçsfjr fd;k vkSj mls vuqHko djk;k fd og muds ¼iVsy½ lkFk

ç'kklu dk;Z esa Hkkxhnkj gSa] vkns'k çkIr djus okyk ek= fyfid ughaA


iVsy us ,d ckj flfoy lsok ds lEcU/k esa vius fopkj vius x`g lfpo] ,påohåvkjå vk;axj ds le{k

Li"V fd, FksA Þ;g cgqr cqjk fnu gksxk vxj turk mPp inklhu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vknj dh –f"V ls ugha ns[ksaA

ea=h vkrs gSa ea=h tkrs gSa ysfdu LFkk;h flfoy lsok ¼ljdkjh ra=½ dks vPNk vkSj –<+ rFkk turk ds fy,

vknj.kh; gksuk pkfg,A

,d vU; volj ij iVsy us dgk gS fd yksx gels ,d LoPN vkSj dk;Zdq”ky iz”kklu dh mEehn j[krs gSa tks

mudh lqj{kk dj ldsA ljnkj iVsy Hkkjrh; lekt dh detksjh;ksa dks vPNh rjg tkurs Fks blhfy, bu

detksjh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, laLFkkRed mipkj dh ckr djrs gS ftlls foHkkftr ns”k ds ,dhdj.k dks cy

fey ldsA muds vuqlkj mi;qZDr dk;Z flfoy lsok ds }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc fnlEcj 1949 es usg:

ds }kjk vtesj esa ,d flfoy lsod dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ rks iVsy us iz”kklfud vuq”kklu dk iz;ksx u gksus

dkj.k bl ckr dk fojks/k Hkh fd;k Fkk ftlls ukjkt gksdj usg: us iVsy dks i= Hkh fy[kk rFkk dgk fd

iz/kkuea=h dh gSfl;r ls os fdlh ekeys dh tkudkjh gsrw ,slk dj jgsa gS vkSj ;fn os ,slk ugh dj ldrs rks

;s mudh Lora=rk dk guu gksxk vkSj mUgksaus bLrhQk nsu rd dh ckr dghA bldk tokc nsrs gq, iVsy us

fy[kk fd usg: dh Lora=rk dk guu djus fd mudh dksbZ bPNk ugh gS vkSj u gh eS vkidksa “kfeZank djuk

pkgrk gw¡A ijUrq ;g ftEesnkjh] vf/kdkj vkSj fØ;k ds {ks= dk ,d ekSfyd iz”u gSA iVsy ds }kjk usg: ds

bLrhQs dh ckr dks vLohdkj dj fn;k x;k RkFkk fy[kk fd D;k usg: eq>s ,d vi zHkko”kkyh lg;ksxh ds :Ik es

pkgrs gSaA

iVsy crkrs gS fd iz/kkuea=h dh uhfr;ksa dks viukus vkSj ykxw djus ds fy, lykg nsus dk vf/kdkj gS ijUrq

mls fdlh ea=ky; ds ckjs es dk;Z djrs le; lEcfU/kr ea=h ls Hkh lykg ysuh pkfg, ftlls iz/kkuea=h u

dsoy iz”kklu izHkko”kkyh izeq[k gksxk cfYd yksdrkaf=d fl)karks dk ikyu Hkh gksxkA

fu’d’kZr ljnkj iVsy] IysVks vkSj vjLrq dh rjg iz”kklfud nk”kZfud ugh FksA og rks ,d Ikz”kkld Fks

ftldh tM+sa tehu ls tqM+h gqbZ FkhA og ,d lesudrkZ Fks rFkk iz;ksxksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr FksA esu gw

:YM bafM;ka ds ys[kd fQfyi es”ku iVsy dks ,d izkd`frd iz”kkld dgrs gS ftUgsa fdlh izdkj ds vuqHko dh

vko”;drk ugh FkhA ,p oh0 ysaxj ds vuqlkj iVsy dh iz”kklfud {kerk ds nks dkj.k Fks igyk og fu.kZ; ysus

ls igys lHkh ckrksa dks lqurs FksA nqljk muesa vLohdkj ;ksX; ckrksa dks ugh dgus dh {kerk FkhA

v/;k; & 5

Lokeh foosdkuUn

(SWAMI VIVEKANAND)

ifjp;&Lokeh foosdkuUn vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds ,d egkure fuekZrk Fks] vkSj Hkkjr }kjk fons'kksa dks Hksts x,

vk/;kfRed nwrksa esa lokZf/kd fo[;kr FksA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ^/keZ Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; thou ds lexz laxhr dk

eq[; Loj ,oa dsUæ gSA Hkkjr dh fof'k"V ço`fÙk] fo'o ds thou esa] lnSo mldk fof'k"V mís'; rFkk /keZ jgk

gSA *jktuhfrd egkurk vFkok lSfud 'kfä dHkh Hkh gekjh tkfr dk mís'; ugha jgk( ;g gekjk mís'; u dHkh

Fkk] vkSj u dHkh gksxkA gekjk ,d y{; gS ekuork dh lEiw.kZ vk/;kfRed 'kfä dks lqjf{kr j[kukA vius eækl

¼vc psUubZ½ Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus ;g /kkj.kk çdV dh] fd ;fn fdlh vkdfLed vkink ds dkj.k Hkkjr us /keZ dk

ifjR;kx djds jktuhfrd vFkok lkekftd lq/kkj dks gh vius thou dk dsUæ cuk fy;k] rc mldk vUr gks

tk;sxkA dksyEcks ls ysdj vyeksM+k rd mUgksaus vius Jksrkvksa ls ;gh dgk fd] ÞHkkjr dh çk.kçn 'kfä rFkk

vej vkRek /keZ esa gS*A

Lokeh foosdkuUn dydÙkk ¼vc dksydkrk½ fo'ofo|ky; ds ,d çfrHkk'kkyh Lukrd Fks vkSj Lisalj rFkk

fey] d‚UV rFkk ghxy vkSj fQDVs ds nk'kZfud fopkjksa ls HkyhHkk¡fr voxr FksA mUgksaus la;qä jkT; vesfjdk

rFkk baXyS.M esa dbZ o"kZ O;rhr fd;s Fks vkSj og ;wjksi ds vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh x, FksA mUgksaus if'pe dh lH;rk esa

cgqr&lh ewY;oku oLrq,¡ ns[kha] tks Lo;a muds vius ns'k esa ugha FkhaA vr,o mUgksaus vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks mUgsa

& xzg.k djus dk mins'k fn;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn ds erkuqlkj] ;fn Hkkjr if'pe dks cgqr dqN fl[kk ldrk

gS] rc if'pe Hkh Hkkjr dks cgqr dqN fl[kk ldrk gSA mUgksaus bl lR; & ij Hkh cy fn;k fd tks jk"Vª viuh

jk"Vªh; lthork dks [kks nsrk gS] og u"V gks tkrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn ds erkuqlkj Hkkjr dh thou 'kfä

mlds /keZ esa gSA vr,o mUgksaus fgUnw vk/;kfRedrk rFkk ik'pkR; foKku dk vkSj osnkar ds fopkjksa rFkk if'pe

dh lkekftd O;oLFkk ds ,d çHkkoh leUo; dk okLrfod ç;kl fd;kA

çkjfEHkd thou& Lokeh foosdkuUn dk tUe 12 tuojh] lu~ 1863 dks] edj laØkafr ds fnu caxky esa

xaxk dh fo'ks"k iwtk ij dydÙkk ¼vc dksydkrk½ ds ,d egku dqyhura=h dk;LFk ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA muds

firk dydÙkk ¼vc dksydkrk½ gkbZdksVZ esa odkyr djrs Fks vkSj ekrk ,d lqf'kf{kr ohjkaxuk Fkha] ftudk

ohjHkko fgUnw egkdkO;ksa ls iksf"kr gqvk FkkA foosdkuUn us viuh ekrk ds Hkfä&Hkko] vkRe la;e rFkk mR—"V

pfj= dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj ç'kalk dh gS vkSj dgk gS fd og muds thou rFkk deZ dh çsj.kk FkhaA muds firkeg] tks

fd ,d /kuk<~î rFkk lqlaL—r O;fä Fks] 25 o"kZ dh NksVh&lh vk;q esa gh lalkj ls fuo`Ùk gksdj laU;klh gks x,

FksA

,d fo|kFkhZ ds :i esa Lokeh foosdkuUn us u dsoy ,d foy{k.k Lej.k'kfä rFkk ,d vlk/kkj.k çfrHkk

dk ifjp; fn;k] vfirq ihfM+rksa ds çfr ,d rhoz laosnuk rFkk ifo=rk vkSj vk/;kfRedrk ds fy, ,d mR—"V

çse dk Hkh çn'kZu fd;kA ,d fo|kFkhZ ds :i esa mudh ;ksX;rk dk o.kZu] d‚yst ds ç/kkukpk;Z Jh gsLVh ds

'kCnksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA *ujsUæukFk okLro esa vlk/kkj.k çfrHkk'kkyh gSA eSaus nwj&nwj rd ;k=k dh gS fdUrq

eSaus ,slh cqf) okyk yM+dk vHkh rd dgha ugha ns[kk gS] teZu fo'o&fo|ky;ksa esa n'kZu'kkL= ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkh

eq>s ,slk ugha feykA og fuf'pr :i ls gh [;kfr çkIr djsxkA* nhu rFkk ihfM+r ds çfr muds çse ds fo"k; esa


bruk dguk gh i;kZIr gS fd muds ikl tks dqN Hkh gksrk Fkk og mlh dks lk/kqvksa rFkk fHk{kqvksa dks ns fn;k

djrs FksA mudh bl çofÙk dks la;r j[kuk mudh ekrk ds fy, ,d leL;k FkhA mudh vk/;kfRed mRdaBk ds

fo"k; esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd og fofHkUu /keksaZ ds f'k{kdksa ds ikl tkrs Fks vkSj muls ;g iwNrs Fks fd D;k

vkius ijekRek dk n'kZu fd;k gSA nqHkkZX;o'k] Jh jke—".k ijegal ls mudh HksaV gksus ls iwoZ] fdlh us Hkh

mudks bl ç'u dk larks"ktud ldkjkRed mÙkj ugha fn;kA Jh jke—".k ds lkFk mudh HksaV vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ

fl) gqbZ( mlus u dsoy ujsUæukFk ds lexz thou dh /kkjk dks cny fn;k] vfirq fgUnw /keZ ds bfrgkl esa ,d

uohu v/;k; Hkh [kksy fn;kA

ujsUæukFk dh çfrHkk cgqeq[kh Fkh vkSj mlus çk;% vius lHkh xq.kksa dks fodflr fd;k FkkA mudk 'kjhj

cfy"B Fkk( og ,d vPNk f[kykM+h rFkk eqDdsckt Fkk vkSj rSjus rFkk ?kqM+lokjh esa cgqr dq'ky FkkA mudk Loj

cgqr e/kqj Fkk vkSj og cgqr vPNk xk ldrk FkkA Jh jke—".k us ujsUæ ls tks igyk dk;Z djus dks dgk og

,d xkuk lqukuk Fkk vkSj og mlds xhrksa ls brus vf/kd çHkkfor gq, fd og dqN nsj rd bZ'oj ds /;ku esa

eXu gks x,A ujsUæukFk nk'kZfud oknfookn esa cgqr #fp ysrk Fkk vkSj og fdlh Hkh ckr dks dsoy blhfy, gh

Lohdkj ugha dj ysrk Fkk fd mls nwljs O;fä ekurs FksA ujsUæukFk us Jh jke—".k dks ,dne gh viuk xq#

Lohdkj ugha dj fy;k( ;|fi og mudh vksj vk—"V vo'; gks x;k Fkk] rFkkfi og muds çHkqRo ds le{k

,dne ugha >qdkA mldh cqf) dks mlds ân; ds çfr vfo'okl FkkA og viuh Lok/khurk dks lqjf{kr j[kuk

pkgrk FkkA og vius xq# dh dksbZ Hkh ,slh ckr Lohdkj ugha djuk pkgrk Fkk] tks fd mldh cqf) dks ekU; u

gksA ujsUæukFk ds fy, ml ckSf)d /kjkry ls ml vk/;kfRed Lrj ij vk tkuk ftl ij fd mldk xq# jgrk

Fkk] dksbZ lqxe ckr u FkhA ;qok ujsUæ dks Jh jke—".k dks viuk xq# eku ysus vkSj vk/;kfRed çdk'k çkIr

djus rFkk xq: dk vk/;kfRed mÙkjkf/kdkjh le>k tkus ls iwoZ dksbZ ik¡p ;k N% o"kksaZ rd mudh f'k";rk djuh

iM+hA ujsUæukFk dks osnkar rFkk ik'pkR; n'kZu'kkL= dk vPNk Kku Fkk vkSj og n'kZu'kkL= dk ,d çHkko'kkyh

çksQslj cu ldrk Fkk( ijUrq Lokeh foosdkuUn cuus ds fy, muds fy, og vk/;kfRed vuqHko çkIr djuk

vko';d Fkk] ftldk fd osnkar ,d ckSf)d foospu gSA ml vk/;kfRed vuqHko dks mlus ml xq# ls çkIr

fd;k ftldh u dsoy Lo;a dh egku~ vk/;kfRed vuqHkwfr Fkh] vfirq tks viuh vk/;kfRedrk dks Li'kZ }kjk

nwljksa ds Hkhrj Hkh lapkfjr dj ldrk FkkA bl çdkj dk vfUre lapj.k Jh jke—".k ds 'kjhjkUr ls rhu ;k

pkj fnu iwoZ vxLr lu~ 1886 esa gqvk] tc mUgksaus ujsUæ dks vius ikl cqyk;k vkSj mlds lkFk vdsyk NksM+

fn;s tkus dh bPNk çdV dhA mUgksaus vius fç; f'k"; dks çseHkjh –f"V ls fugkjk vkSj vkuUnkfrjsd ls

lekf/kLFk gks x,A bl rhoz vk/;kfRedrk ds okrkoj.k us ujsUæ dks pkjksa vksj ls vkPNkfnr dj fn;kA tc xq#

iqu% lkekU; psruk esa vk;s Fks] rc mudh vk¡[kksa ls vJq/kkjk çokfgr gks jgh FkhA mUgksaus ujsUæ ls dgk&

&*vkt eSaus rqedks viuk loZLo ns fn;k gS vkSj vc eSa ,d daxky Qdhj gw¡] esjs ikl vc dqN ugha gSA bl

'kfä ds }kjk rqe lalkj dk egku dY;k.k djksxs vkSj tc rd ;g mís'; iwjk ugha gksxk] rc rd rqe ykSVdj

ugha vkvksxsA*

jksesu jkSyka dk dguk gS fd mlh {k.k ls xq# dh leLr 'kfä;k¡ ujsUæukFk dks çkIr gks xbZa ,oa xq#

rFkk f'k"; ,dkdkj gks x,A

;k=k,¡&xq# ds 'kjhjkar ds mijkar ujsUæukFk dk vfoyEc dk;Z vius leLr lg&f'k";ksa dks laxfBr

djuk rFkk mudks xq# ds lans'k dk çlkj djus ds fy, rS;kj djuk FkkA ujsUæ ds mRlkg ls çsfjr gksdj vkSj

mlds usr`Ro esa mUgksaus lalkj dk ifjR;kx dj fn;kA mUgksaus laU;kl xzg.k dj fy;k vkSj nf{k.ks'oj rFkk

dydÙkk ds e/; ckjkuxj esa ,d NksVk&lk eB LFkkfir fd;kA ckjkuxj dk eB mlds xq# Hkkb;ksa dh

vk/;kfRed&f'k{kk dh ,d ikB'kkyk cu x;kA fdUrq ujsUæukFk esa ,d Hkze.k'khy lk/kq cuus dh Hkkouk mRiUu

Lokeh foosdkuUn 29

gqbZ vkSj mlus lu~ 1888 esa ,d lkFkh ds lkFk vdLekr ckjkuxj NksM+ fn;kA tc dHkh mlds lkFkh mldh

mifLFkfr vko';d le>rs Fks] rc ;nk&dnk eB esa vk tkrk FkkA ijUrq lu~ 1891 esa mldh iyk;u dh

mRd.Bk vR;f/kd rhoz gks mBhA og fcuk fdlh lkFk ds] fcuk ,d uke ls rFkk fcuk gkFk esa ,d n.M vkSj

de.My ds ,d vKkr fHk{kqd ds :i esa ckgj fudy iM+s vkSj o"kksaZ rd Hkkjr dh xgurk esa [kks;s jgsA* lu~

1888 ls 1893 bZå rd] yxHkx ik¡p o"kZ rd og ns'k Hkj esa ?kwesa ,oa mUgs vf/kdrj iSny pyuk iM+k] vkSj

cgq/kk Hkw[kk jguk iM+k] vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks mudk thou gh xEHkhj ladV esa iM+ x;kA mUgs Hkkjr dk okLrfod

n'kZu djus dk volj feykA mUgksaus ,d vksj rks vius djksM+ksa ns'kokfl;ksa dks viuh >ksifM+;ksa esa iM+s gq,

nfjærk dh pDdh esa filrs gq, ns[kk] vkSj nwljh vksj] /kfu;ksa dks vius çklknksa esa foykflrk vkSj vkucku dk

thou O;rhr djrs gq, ns[kkA muds eu esa fopkj mRiUu gqvk fd ,d lPps /kkfeZd O;fä dk çFke drZO;

nfjæksa dh lsok djuk rFkk mudks Å¡pk mBkuk gSA nwljh ckr tks mUgksaus vius Hkze.k esa vuqHko dh] og Fkh

tkfr;ksa] lEçnk;ksa] çFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dh vR;f/kd fofo/krk ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh ,drkA

mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd lEiw.kZ ns'k dh in ;k=k djds ,oa tulk/kkj.k dh n;uh; fLFkfr ns[kus ds mijkUr

Lokeh foosdkuUn dU;kdqekjh igq¡psA dU;kdqekjh nsoh ds efUnj ls ckgj vkdj vkSj leqærV ls rSjdj yxHkx

nks lkS xt dh nwjh ij] pêku ij cSBdj mUgksaus Lo;a ls ç'u fd;k % esjk D;k drZO; gS \ ,d laU;klh ds :i

esa mUgksaus Lo;a dks bZ'oj dh lsok esa vfiZr dj fn;k FkkA mUgksaus ;g vuqHko fd;k] fd os ftl bZ'oj dh lsok

djuk pkgrs Fks] mldk lkdkj :i ekuo tkfr gSA vr% mudh bZ'oj&lsok Hkkjr dh ekuork ls çkjEHk gksuh

pkfg;sA Lokehth ds ân; ls phRdkj mBh % *;fn eSa ml ijekRek dh ftlesa fd eSa fo'okl djrk gw¡] tks leLr

vkRekvksa dk ;ksx gS] mikluk dj ldw¡] vkSj lcls c<+dj] ml ijekRek dh tks leLr tkfr;ksa ds nq"Vtu]

ihfM+rtu rFkk nfjætu esa lkdkj gks mBk gS] mikluk dj ldw] rc eSa ckj&ckj tUe ysuk pkgw¡xkA*

*Hkkjr ds iqu#RFkku gsrq dk;Z djus okyksa dks LokFkZijrk] }s"k] yksHk rFkk lÙkk dh Hkw[k] dk ifjR;kx dj

nsuk pkfg;s vkSj nfjæ] fuj{kj rFkk jksfx;ksa dh lsok esa Lo;a dks vfiZr dj nsuk pkfg;( ;s lHkh ijekRek ds

lkdkj :i gSaA*

Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkkjr ds ,sls vla[; lk/kqvksa ds lEcU/k esa fopkj fd;k tks dksbZ jpukRed dk;Z

ugha djrsA vPNk gksrk] ;fn muesa ,d uohu Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;k tk ldrk] tks mUgsa Hkkjr ds nfjæ rFkk

fuj{kj tulk/kkj.k dh lsok djus gsrq çsfjr dj nsrhA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ gsrq laU;kfl;ksa dh 'kfä dk mi;ksx

djus gsrq /ku dh cgqr vf/kd ek=k visf{kr FkhA Lokeh th Lo;a loZFkk fu/kZu fHk{kqd Fks] vkSj vius LokFkhZ ,oa

le`) ns'kokfl;ksa ls vf/kd vk'kk ugha j[k ldrs FksA vr% mUgksaus Hkkjr ds nfjæ tux.k dh vksj ls lexz

lalkj ls /ku ek¡xus dk fu'p; fd;k] /kuh rFkk le) vesfjdk dk fp= mudh vk¡[kksa ds le{k vk x;kA ijUrq

os brus vkRe&vfHkekuh Fks fd os ,d fHk{kqd ds :i esa lgk;rk dh Hkh[k ugha ek¡x ldrs FksA muds vusd fe=ksa

us muls vesfjdk tkus vkSj ogk¡ f'kdkxks esa gksus okys /keZ&egklEesyu esa Hkkjr dk çfrfuf/kRo djus dk vkxzg

fd;kA mUgsa ;g fopkj vPNk yxkA mUgksaus lkspk fd os vesfjdkokfl;ksa dks Hkkjr dk çkphu Kku ns ldrs Fks

vkSj mlds cnys esa oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh Kku ogk¡ ls Hkkjr yk ldrs FksA bl izdkj mUgksus 1893 bZ0 esa

vesfjdk dh ;k=k dh rFkk f”kdkxks ds /keZ&egklEesyu esa fgLlk fy;kA

usr`Ro rFkk laxBu fuekZ.k %& Lokeh foosdkuUn ds usr`Ro xq.k dh tkudkjh 1895 es yUnu esa ?kfVr ,d ?kVuk

ls irk pyrh gSA ml le; os yUnu esa Lokeh J}kuUn ds lkFk ,d vfHkHkk’k.k nsus igq¡ps Fks ijUrq tc Lokeh

foosdkUkUn vius vfHkHkk’k.k ds fy, [kM+s gq, rks mUgksus ?kks’k.kk dh fd muds LFkku ij Lokeh J}kuUn cksysaxsA

FkksM+s vk”p;Z ds ckn Lokeh J}kuUn us ,d vPNk vfHkHkk’k.k fn;k vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn us ml fnu eglwl

fd;k dh lHkh J}kuUn ds vkRe fo”okl dks txkus ds fy, FkksM+s lgkjs dh t:jr gSA ;g ?kVuk Lokeh


foosdkuUn ds usr`Ro rFkk izcU/ku “kSyh dh tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA lkFk gh ;g ?kVuk crkrh gS fd

foosdkuUn th dsoy vk/;kfRed usrk ugha Fks cfYd os ,d O;ogkfjd O;fDr Fks tks dsoy lsok vk/kkfjr usr`Ro

esa fo”okl ugh djrs Fks cfYd vius vkl&ikl jgus okys yksxks dk l”kfDRdj.k djrs FksA vius xq: Hkkb;ksa

rFkk vuq;k;hvksa ds lkFk foosdkuUn dk lEcU/k fiXesfy;u izHkko tSlk FkkA ts- LVfyZax fyfoaxLVu vuqlkj

fiXesfy;u izHkkx ,d vo/kkj.kk ,d ?kVuk vkSj ;gka rd fd ,d izfreku gS tks ekSVs rkSj ij lq>ko nsrk gS fd

,d O;fDr ftl mEehn ls fuekZ.k djrk gS og izkIrdrkZ ds O;ogkj dks bl gn rd izHkkfor djrk gS og

izkjfEHkd vis{kk ij izfrfØ;k djrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn vius vuq;k;hvks ls cgqr mEehn j[krs Fks rFkk muds

lkFk Li’V laokn rFkk lapkj j[krs ftlls vuq;k;hvks dk izn”kZu dkQh vPNk gksrk Fkk vkSj bls gh os usr`Ro

ekurs FksA Lokeh foosdkuUn vuqlkj usrk dks fujUrj dksf”k”k djuh pkfg, fd og vius vkl&ikl ds yksxksa dks

vkRe fuHkZj cuk,A Lokeh foosdkuUn th vkns”k vkSj fu;U=.k ds LFkku ij l”kfDrdj.k rFkk lqfo/kk ds n”kZu

dks viukus dh ckr djrs gSa vkSj bl izfØ;k esa vf/kuLFkksa ij fo”okl egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA Lokeh

foosdkUkUn vuqlkj ;fn usrk vius vf/kuLFkksa ls vPNk dk;Z pkgrk gS rks mls v/khuLFkksa vkSj mudh ;ksX;rk ij

iw.kZ fo”okl djuk gksxkA Lokeh th vius vkl&ikl ds yksxks dks mRlkfgr fdl izdkj j[krs Fks bldh

tkudkjh gesa 1897 bZ- esa Lokeh “kq}kuUn dks fy[ks ,d i= ls feyrh gS ftlesa os dgrs gSa fd rqe ges”kk ;kn

j[kuk fd eq>s vius xq: Hkkb;ksa ls T;knk mEehn vius vuq;k;hvks ls gSa vkSj eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe es ls izR;sd

eq>lsa lkS xq.kk T;knk egku cusA ;fn rqe fdlh dk;Z ds izfr vkKkdkfjrk] rRijrk rFkk I;kj ¼rhu ckrsa½ j[kksxs

rks rqe dHkh vlQy ugh gksxsA

Lokeh foosdkuUn yksxks dks mRlkfgr vkSj l”kDr djus ds fy, dgrs Fks fd mBks] tkxks vkSj rc rd

er :dks tc rd y{; dh izkfIr u gks tk,A jked`’.k fe”ku vkSj jked`’.k eB dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa Lokeh

foosdkuUn dgrs gS fd ;g laLFkku dsoy vk/;kfRed Kku ds fy, ugha gS cfYd ;s yksxks ds dY;k.k dks

lqfuf”pr djus okys dsUnz gSaA bu laLFkkuks dk mn~ns”;& vkReuks eks{kkFkZ txn~ fgrk; p ¼vius eks{k vkSj lalkj

ds fgr ds fy,½ laxBu fuekZrk ds :Ik esa Lokeh foosdkuUn cM+s n`f’Vdks.k rFkk fujUrj dk;Z ij cy nsrs gSaA os

laxBu esa fu;eksa rFkk ewY; iz.kkyh ij cy nsus dh ckr djrs gS rFkk lHkh lg;ksxh bu fu;eksa rFkk ewY;ksa ds

lapkj dks lwfuf”pr djrs gSaA og yksxks dks izsfjr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd mUgsa u dsoy xjhch vkSj nq[kksa ls ckgj

fudyus dh izfrKk djuh pkfg, cfYd vius vki dks lkFkZd lkekftd dk;ksZ esa layXu j[kuk pkfg,A bl

izdkj Lokeh th izf”k{kd] nwjn”khZ] O;ogkjkRed laxBu fo”ks’kK rFkk peRdkfjd iz.ksrk FksA tku eSDlosy bZlkbZ

iknjh rFkk usr`Ro fo”ks’kK dgrs gSa fd ;fn O;fDr Lo;a dk fodkl djrk gS rks mls O;fDrxr lQyrk feyrh

gS] ;fn vki ,d Vhe dk fodkl djrs gS rks blls laxBu dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj ;fn vki usr`Ro dk fodkl

djrs gS rks laxBu rhoz o`f} izkIr djrk gS vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn }kjk LFkkfir jked’.k eB rFkk fe”ku us

usr`Ro fodkl fd;kA Lokeh foosdkUkUn us vius laxBUk dks Lo;a ij vf/kd fuHkZj ugh j[kkA blhfy, mUgksus

vius fy, dHkh dksbZ vkSipkfjd dk;kZy; ugh cuk;kA Lokeh th us viuh Hkwfedk ,d ijke”kZnkrk] ekxZn”kZd

rFkk usrkvksa dks izf”kf{kr djus okyh j[khA Lokeh foosdkuUn vius ihNs ,d ,slh fojklr NksM+dj x, gS ftlds

laxBu ij u dsoy dksbZ jk’Vª xkSjofUor gksrk gS cfYd mldh fif<+;k¡ ;qokvks dks Lokeh th ds n`f’Vdks.k vkSj

lans”k esa fo”okl djus vkSj izlkj djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA lkFk gh mudh fojklr ,d vPNs jk’Vª vkSj

vPNs lalkj ds fuekZ.k dk LoIu ns[krh gSA

vk/kqfud izcU/ku rFkk Lokeh foosdkUkUn %& Lokeh foosdkuUn ges”kk foifr;ksa ls lh[kus dh ckr djrs Fks

vkSj vuqHko dks izk;% le; ls tksM+rs FksA Lokeh J}kuUn dgrs gSa fd mudk cqjk le; lekIr gksus ls igys

ukSdjh dh ryk”k esa Hkw[ks isV o uaxs iSj] fpyfpykrh nksigj dh /kqi esa ,d dk;kZy; ls nwljs dk;kZy; esa ?kqe

Lokeh foosdkuUn 31

jgk Fkk rFkk nwHkkZX; ls muds ,d ;k nks fe= muls lgkuqHkwfr j[krs Fks ijUrq muds fy, njokts ges”kk cUn

jgsA blh le; Lokeh J}kuUn dh eqykdkr Lokeh foosdkUkUn ls gqbZ vkSj igyh ckj mUgsa fuLokFkZ lgkuqHkwfr

feyh vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn th us dgk fd lalkj esa detksj xjhc vkSj nhu&ghu ds fy, dksbZ txg ughA

Lokeh foosdkuUn dh fojklr vuqlkj xjhc vkSj nfyr yksxksa dks cqjs vuqHko tUe ls gh feyrs gSa vkSj buds

vk/kkj ij os vius Hkfo’; dh fØ;kvks rFkk lksp dks vkdkj iznku dj ldrs gSA vk/kqfud izcU/k Hkh Lo;a ls

cgqr dqN lh[k ldrk gS vkSj laLFkkuksa esa mRiUu gksus okyh cgqr lh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku O;kogkfjd thou

ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn of.kZr djrs gS fd laLFkkuksa esa dsoy prqjkbZ ds lkFk dk;Z

djds izcU/ku dh xq.kork dks ugh lq/kkjk tk ldrk cfYd blds fy, izcU/ku dks cM+s Lrj ij lkspuk gksxk

rFkk xSj&ekkSfnzd mikxe ds lkFk ijksidkjh fopkjksa dks viukuk gksxkA bl izdkj Lokeh foosdkuUn Hkh

lkekftd&euksoSKkfud mixe dks viukus dh ckr djrs gSA

Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj oS”ohdj.k %& oS”ohdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlesa fØ;kvksa dks lkoZHkkSfed iSekus ds

vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ;s HkkSfrd iSekus fofHkUu ns”kksa ds }kjk [kqys rkSj ij viuk, tkrs gS

vkSj dHkh&dHkh ;s iSekus ikj&laLd`fr;ksa esa fojks/k iSnk djrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa oS”ohdj.k okf.kT;] fuos”k] lapkj

rFkk fopkjksa ds {ks= esa fofHkUu ns”kks dks vUrfuHkZj cukrs gSaA oS”ohdj.k ds ek/;e ls {ks=h; laLd`fr ds LFkku ij

oSf”od laLd`fr dks viukus dh ckr dgh tkrh gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn dk oS”ohdj.k ;g gS fd blds }kjk iwoZ

dk lekt] if”peh lekt ls tks vkfFkZd le`} gS rduhdh fodkl izkIr dj ldrk gS rFkk if”peh lekt

Hkkjr ls eu rFkk lekt dh “kkafr tSls xq.kksa dks gkfly dj ldrk gSA oS”ohdj.k dh ;g izfØ;k fo”o lekt

esa larqyu dk;e dj ldrh gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn vuqlkj oS”ohdj.k dh izfØ;k erHk snksa vkSj vUrZfojks/kh dh

izfØ;k ugh cfYd ;g vkilh Lohd`fr dh og izfØ;k gS ftlds ek/;e ls lHkh lektksa dks le`} cuk;k tk

ldrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn pkgrs gS fd if”pe dh vkS|ksfxdj.k] “kgjhdj.k vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh rkdr

rFkk iwoZ dk v/;kReokn rFkk ekuork feydj fo”o esa ,d iw.kZ ekuo lH;rk dk fodkl djsaA

ewY;kadu %& Lokeh foosdkuUn u dsoy ,d egku v/;kfRed O;fDr gq, cfYd muds usr`Ro lEcU/kh] izcU/ku

lEcU/kh rFkk oS”ohdj.k ls lEcfU/kr fopkj yksd iz”kklu ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk dk;Z dj ldrs

gS vkSj yksd iz”kklu esa muds fopkjksa dks viukdj turk fgrS’kh rFkk ekuo dY;k.k ds dk;ksZa dk ekxZ iz”kLr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

v/;k; & 6

iky ,på ,iYch

(PAUL H. APPLEBY)

iky ,p- ,iYch ¼1891&1963½ dks fu%lUnsg chloha 'krkCnh dk çeq[kre ç'kklfud fpUrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA

vius fpUru esa furkUr ekSfyd] mUgsa ç'kklu dk IysVks dgk tk ldrk gSA iky ,p- ,iYch us ik¡p iqLrdsa] nks

çfrosnu vkSj iPphl ls vf/kd ys[k fy[ksA egRoiw.kZ çdk'ku%&

fcx MseksØslh] 1945

iksfylh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku] 1949

eksjsfyVh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku bu MseksØsfVd xouZesaV] 1952

ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku Qkj , osyQs;j LVsV] 1961

flfVtUl ,t lkSofjUl] 1962

ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku bu bf.M;k & fjiksVZ v‚Q , losZ] 1953

fjbDtkfeus'ku v‚Q bf.M;u ,MfefuLVªsfVo flLVe] 1956

,iYch dk Hkkjr esa rks fo'ks"k LFkku gS gh] mUgsa ns'k dh Lora=rk ds çFke n'kd esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds

le{k nks Js"B çfrosnu çLrqr djus ds fy, çse ls ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA og bl ns'k esa igyh ckj 1951 esa

vk,] vkSj blds ckn rks og djhc&djhc fu;fer :i ls vkus okys O;fDr FksA Hkkjr ds lkFk fof'k"V lEcU/kksa

ds vfrfjDr] ,iYch vkd"kZd ekSfyd ç'kklfud fpUrd gSa tks ,d ikBd dks lrk ldrs Fks rFkk vk?kkr Hkh

igqapk ldrs Fks ,oa mls fo'ks"k /;ku nsus ds fy, etcwj dj ldrs FksA ,iYch esa cklhiu vkSj uhjlrk rks gS

ugha & og xgu :i ls ekSfyd gSA bu ckrksa esa vejhdh yksd ç'kklu esa muds leku nwljk dksbZ fopkjd ugha

gSA

iky ,iYch dh ljdkjh lsok esa yEch vkSj lEekuuh; thouofÙk jgh gSA og jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;

Lrjksa ij ljdkjh lsok esa jgsA mudh çkjfEHkd thouo`fÙk i=dkfjrk Fkh] ckn esa og eSDlosy Ldwy v‚Q

flfVtuf'ki ,.M ifCyd ,Qs;lZ v‚Q fljkD;wt fo'ofo|ky; ds v/;{k cu x,A ,sls fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh

fuiq.krk o çtkra= dh pqukSfr;ksa dh leL;k;sa] lkoZtfud uhfr vkSj yksd ç'kklu dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, og

vf}rh; :i ls ;ksX; FksA

;|fi ,iYch çtkrkaf=d –f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu djrs gSa ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk og ç'kklu esa ukxfjdksa

dh Hkkxsnkjh dh lhekvksa ls Hkh fHkK gSaA layXu ukxfjdksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gS] vkSj le; fu.kZ; ysus ds

fy, gekjs Åij cgqr vf/kd nckc Mkyrk gSA

iky ,iYch viuh iqLrd fcx MseksØslh ¼Big Democracy½ tks 1945 esa igyh ckj çdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh] ls

çflf) esa vk,A çtkra= dk {ks= lnSo fooknkLin jpukvksa ls Hkjk jgk gS] ;g vkSj Hkh vf/kd Hkjk Fkk tc

pkyhlosa n'kd ds e/; esa ;g jpuk çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA blds fy, ljdkj dks vejhdh turk dh lcls cM+h o

ljy lalk/ku dks ldkjkRed :i ls ekuus ds fy, vnE; lkgl] Li"Vrk vkSj LoIu dh vko';drk FkhA

iky ,på ,iYch 33

fcx MseksØslh ,iYch dh u rks ç'kklfud thouxkFkk gS vkSj u ;g blds ys[kd ds tufç; O;fä;ksa ds

lkFk lEcU/kksa dk gh fooj.k gSA blds foijhr] ;g ,iYch ds okf'kaxVu esa ,d ukSdj'kkg ds :i esa ckjg o"kksaZ

rd ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij 'kklu –'; dk fo'ys"k.k gSA ,iYch us vius vuqHkoksa ij fpUru fd;k vkSj lksp

le>dj fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj nk'kZfud Loj esa viuh çfrfØ;kvksa dks çLrqr fd;kA

vxj 1940 dk n'kd ç'kklfud çcU/k ij jk"Vªifr dh lfefr ds ¼çfl) czkmuLyks çfrosnu] 1938½]

vkSj xqfyd&mfoZd ds ç'kklu foKku ij i= ¼1937½ ds opZLo ds o"kZ Fks rks 1950 dk n'kd iky ,iYch dh

iqLrd iksfylh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku ¼1940½ ds çHkko ds o"kZ FksA ,iYch LoHkko ls fouez bUlku Fks ysfdu muds

voyksdu –<+] ekSfyd ,oa Li"V gksrs FksA

iksfylh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku esa eq[; cgko yksd ç'kklu ds jktuhfrd pfj= dh vksj gSA ljdkj vkSj

vU; laxfBr m|eksa ds e/; lcls cM+k vUrj blds jktuhfrd pfj= esa gh ik;k tk ldrk gSA blh çdkj

yksd ç'kklu vkSj O;fäxr ç'kklu ds e/; cM+k vUrj Hkh yksd ç'kklu ds jktuhfrd pfj= ds dkj.k gh gSA

ukSdj'kkgh 'kfä ij fu;a=.k ;k vojks/k ds :i esa ,iYch mPp uSfrd Lrj ij cy nsrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd

ç'kklfud uSfrdrk çtkra= dh Lohdkjksfä gSA ,d uSfrd :i ls Js"B ç'kkld dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ,iYch us

viuh iqLrd ÞeksjsfyVh ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku bu MseksØsfVd xouZesaV ¼1952½ esa o.kZu fd;k gSA tSlk fd ,iYch

us dgk gS] ,d uSfrd ç'kkld esa ¼1½ mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vuqHkwfr ¼2½ lEçs"k.k vkSj dkfeZd ç'kklu ds fy, dkS'ky

¼3½ laLFkkxr lalk/kuksa dks iSnk djuk vkSj mudk mi;ksx djuk ¼4½ leL;k lek/kku esa layXu gksus ds fy,

rRij gksuk vkSj vU;ksa ds lkFk ,d Vhe ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds fy, rS;kj gksuk] ¼5½ u, fopkjksa dks 'kq: djus

ds fy, i;kZIr vkRefo'okl dk gksukA ,d uSfrd ç'kkld vukM+h rjhds ls ukSdj'kkgh 'kfä dk ç;ksx ugha

djrk cfYd pkgrk gS fd og tu vko';drkvksa] fgrksa vkSj laosnukvksa ls çHkkfor gksdj dk;Z djsaA

iky ,iYch dk uke yksd ç'kklu dh xSj&ekudh; ;k vkn'kZ vo/kkj.kk dh iw.kZ vLoh—fr] vkSj

ç'kklu dks jktuhfr ls iFkd~ djus ds fopkj dk iw.kZ ifjR;kx djus ls tqM+k gqvk gS ;g mudh iqLrd fcx

MseksØslh dk eq[; dFkkud vkSj lkj FkkA ml iqLrd esa ,iYch us iw.kZ fo'okl ls dgk Fkk fd] tc eSa yksd

ç'kklu ij fpUru djrk gw¡ rks esjs efLr"d esa lEiw.kZ dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk gksrh gSaA mudh iqLrd flfVtu ,t

lkSofju 1962 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA ;g jpuk fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksa tSls la?kokn] vojks/k vkSj lUrqyu] lgk;rk vuqnku]

ernku] jktuhfrd usr`Ro] jktuhfrd ny] lapkj] lekpkji=] yksd foÙk vkSj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ij fy[ks

x, fucU/kksa dk laxzg gSA çR;sd fucU/k fopkjiw.kZ vkSj ifjiDo fVIif.k;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA flfVtu ,t lksofju

dk lw= dFkkud ;g gS fd vk/kqfud fo'o esa ,d çtkrkaf=d ljdkj dks etcwr vkSj çHkkoh gksuk pkfg, rFkk

;g 'kfä ,d tkx:d ukxfjd }kjk gh çnku dh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc ukxfjd ,d

Lora= lekt esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk vkSj çdk;ksaZ ds ckjs esa O;kid xyr /kkj.kkvksa ls NqVdkjk ik ysaA ;g iqLrd

vejhfd;ksa dks lh/ks lEcksf/kr gS ysfdu muds fu.kZ; lHkh çtkrkaf=d O;oLFkkvksa ds fy, mfpr ,oa mi;ksxh gSaA

vxj ,iYch vius fopkjksa esa çxfr'khy ugha gS rks dqN Hkh ugha gSA ,iYch bl vke /kkj.kk fd çtkra=

vf/kd fodsUæhdj.k esa loksZÙke dke djrk gS] ds fo#) yksxksa dks vxkg djrs gSaA og bl er dk [k.Mu djrs

gSa vkSj vejhdh ernkrkvksa dk mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA la;qä jkT; vejhdk esa ernkrk cM+h la[;k esa jk"Vªh;

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy, ernku djrs gSaA mudk er gS fd lkekftd U;k; ds y{; çkUr ;k LFkkuh; Lrj dh

vis{kk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vkSj vPNh rjg çkIr gks ldrs gSa] fo'ks"kdj ds lEcU/k esaA vius ys[k lc FkkV~l

vku MhlsUVªykbTM MseksØslh tks bf.M;u tuZy v‚Q ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku ¼vDVwcj&fnlEcj] 1962½ esa

çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] mlesa ,iYch us dgk Fkk fd çtkrkaf=d usr`Ro ukxfjdksa ij bruk otu Mkyrk gS ftruk og

ogu ugha dj ikrs] vkSj blesa rRijrk ls dbZ Lora= vkSj Lok;Ùk vfHkdj.k LFkkfir djus dh Hkh ço`fÙk gksrh gSA


,d çHkkoh çtkra= dh eq[; vko';drk gS fd ;g ,sls cuk;h tk; fd] Þbl ij çR;sd dk FkksM+k çHkko gks u

fd fdlh ,d dk cgqr vf/kd çHkko gksA ,iYch vxkg djrs gSa fd fcuk Åij dh vksj mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj

tokcnsgh ds os 'kfä;k¡ opZLo esa vk tkrh gS ftUgsa tsQjlu us LFkkuh; vge dgk Fkk vkSj ftUgsa Hkkjr esa

lkEçnkf;d vfHkO;fä;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA

,iYch dks fo'okl gS fd dsoy dsUæh; ljdkj gh lkekftd U;k; vkSj fu"i{k O;ogkj ds fy, loksZÙke

lqj{kk gks ldrh gSA mudk dguk gS] çtkrkaf=d ljdkj ds ikl blds v/khu {ks=kf/kdkj dh vis{kk vf/kd

fdLe ds vYier gksrs gSa vkSj ftruh vf/kd egkuxjh;] jk"Vªh; ljdkj çtkrkaf=d fof/k ls lajfpr gksxh mruh

gh vf/kd og ukxfjd Lora=rk;sa lqjf{kr cuk,xhA mudh ifjdYiuk gS fd çR;sd mPp vuqØe ds mÙkjnkf;Ro

esa gLr{ksi djus dh {kerk –<+rk ls cuk;h j[kuh pkfg,A tufç; fu;a=.k dh ,slh gh {kerk esa çtkra=

okLrfod vkSj tokcnsgh lEHko gksrh gSA

os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftuesa ukxfjd vius vf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk mUeqä ç;ksx djrs gSa muesa ,d

f}nyh; O;oLFkk ;k blh ds le:i dqN vkSj Hkh gSaA ,d cgqnyh; O;oLFkk esa fu%lansg] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk

iSnk djus vkSj yM+kdw vYierksa }kjk lÙkk gM+ius dh ço`fÙk gksrh gSA ,d jktuhfrd ny çtkra= dh lQyrk

ds fy, vk/kkj gS vkSj bls dsUæh;] çkUrh; vkSj LFkkuh; Lrjksa esa lfØ; gksuk pkfg,A ,iYch jktuhfrd nyksa

dks ljdkj }kjk foÙkh; lgk;rk ds i{k esa gSaA nyksa dks /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gS ysfdu ;g O;fDrxr

lgk;rk ;k fuf/k ls ugha feyuk pkfg, "O;fäxr HksaV dks O;fäxr ,glku ls tksM+k tkrk gSA

çtkrkaf=d ç'kklu fuekZ.k gsrq ,d dsUæh; ljdkj dks bruh etcwrh ls laxfBr djuk gksxk fd og

mu 'kfDr;ksa ij fot; çkIr dj ys ftUgksaus vkt gekjs jk"Vªh; thou dks vçtkrkaf=d cuk fn;k gSA ,d

etcwr dsUæh; ljdkj gh oxZ vkSj tkfr lajpukvksa dks lekIr dj ldrh gS rFkk LFkkuh; çtkra= lEHko cuk

ldrh gSA ladh.kZrj fufgr LokFkZ LFkkuh; Lrj ij gh Qyrs&Qwyrs gSa] bUgsa LFkkuh; laxBuksa }kjk lekIr ugha

fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd os mUgha yksxksa ls cus gksrs gSa ftuds fufgr LokFkZ lekIr djus gSaA ,iYch us dgk gS]

ljdkjh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx mUgha O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftudh lksp 'kklu dh gks] mUgha O;fDr;ksa }kjk

fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks tufgr ds çfr] tuer ds çfr laosnu'khy gksa vkSj vius ljdkjh dk;ksaZ ds fy,

lkoZtfud :i ls mÙkjnkbZ gksaA fu"d"kZ esa mUgksaus dgk] ftls igys dsUæh—r ugha fd;k x;k gS og fodsUæh—r

ugha gks ldrkA ,iYch us fodsUæhdj.k ij lh/ks çgkj fd;k gS ftls cgqr ls O;fDr;ksa }kjk ,d fujis{k vPNkbZ

ekuk tkrk gSA og vius rjhds ls gh dgrs gSa fd fodsUæhdj.k vkSj çtkra= ds e/; fcydqy Hkh fuf'pr

lEcU/k ugha gksrsA ,d xSj çtkrkaf=d ljdkj }kjk fodsUæhdj.k vo'; gh vçtkrkaf=d gksxkA ,d çtkrkaf=d

ljdkj }kjk fodsUæhdj.k esa dqN çtkrkaf=d y{k.k gksus dh lEHkkouk gS] ysfdu ;g lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ;k

iw.kZ:i ls fu'p; gh lR; ugha gks ldrkA

,iYch ukSdj'kkgksa] 'kfDr dk vifjgk;Z Hkz"Vkpkj] dsUæhdj.k] LFkkuh; çtkra= vkSj ykyQhrk'kkgh tSls

vU; nfd;kuwlh [;kyksa ij Hkh rhoz çgkj djrs gSaA ifCyd ,MfefuLVªs'ku bu osyQs;j LVsV esa & yksd ç'kklu

ds Hkkjrh; laLFkku esa pkj O;k[;kuksa ds vuqØe esa & ,iYch Hkkjrh; yksd ç'kklu dh leL;kvksa vkSj fpUrkvksa

dk foospu djrs gSaA lnSo dh Hkk¡fr mudk –f"Vdks.k çxfr'khy vkSj ekSfyd gSA mudk –<+ fo'okl gS fd

jktuhfr dks ç'kklu ls i`Fkd~ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ysfdu fu'p; gh bldk vfHkçk; ;g ugha gS fd yksd

lsodksa dks nyxr jktuhfr esa layXu fd;k tk;A vUrr] ,d fu.kZ; dh lQyrk fuokZfpr çfrfuf/k;ksa dh

Loh—fr dh ek=k ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA fo'ks"kKksa }kjk gh yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk ifg;k xfr'khy cuk, j[kk

tkrk gSA ysfdu] ,iYch dk er gS fd fo'ks"khdj.k esa o`f) ds dkj.k] fo'ks"kK ds dk;ksaZ esa leUo; vkSj ,dhdj.k

iky ,på ,iYch 35

rFkk dqy feykdj fu.kZ; ysus dh vko';drk jgrh gSA fo'ks"kK dks ikuh çnku djus okyk gksuk pkfg,] 'kh"kZ

ij vklhu ughaA

fo'ks"kK vkSj lkekU;%& fo”ks’kK vkSj lkekU; ds tfVy ç'u ij] ,iYch us cqf)eÙkk ls voyksdu fd;k gS%&

tSlk fd ,iYch us dgk gS fd fo'ks"khdj.k dk egRo rHkh vf/kd gksrk gS tc fo'ks"khdj.k cgqr vf/kd gks]

fofHkUu fo'ks"kK ,d nwljs ds çfr rFkk lkewfgd :i ls lkekU; Kku okys ç'kkldksa ds çfr vf/kd vPNh rjg

ls vfHkeq[kh—r gksrs gSaA bl çdkj ds vfHkeq[khdj.kksa ds fodkl dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkekU; Kku okys ç'kkldksa

¼tujfyLV½ dk vf/kd gks tkrk gS D;ksafd fo'ks"kK çkUrokn vkSj vkRelUrks"k Hkkouk ds f'kdkj gks ldrs gSaA

lkekU; Kku okys inksa ij cgqr cM+h la[;k esa yksx dk;Zjr gksrs gSa ftUgsa fo'ks"kKksa dks mi;ksx djus ds

ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh ugha gksrhA yksd lsok dh lcls cM+h vko';drk vf/kd la[;k esa Js"B lkekU; Kku

okys ç'kkld gSaA iky ,iYch dgrs gS & ,d vPNk lkekU; Kku ç'kkld lEiw.kZ lekt ls dqN prqjrk esa çkIr

djrs gSa og turk ds çfr fo'ks"k:i ls vkSj lkekU;:i ls laosnu'khy gksrk gS og tkurk gS fd lk/kkj.k yksx

dSls lksprs vkSj eglwl djrs gSa] dc vkSj fdu lhekvksa ds vUrxZr mUgsa xfr'khy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA mlesa

lkekU; fu.kZ; dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gS ftls jktuhfrd cks/k ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh 'kCn ls ugha le>k tk

ldrkA jktuhfrd cks/k dk çdkj yksd ç'kkldksa esa jktuhfrKksa vkSj jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa dks leFkZu nsus ds

fy, vewY; gSa] ;|fi yksd ç'kkldksa vkSj jktuhfrKksa ds e/; rhoz Hksn gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ,iYch dks muds nks çfrosnuksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS tks mUgksaus ns'k dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa

çLrqr dh FkhA mudk foospu fuEufyf[kr ifjPNsnksa esa fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa yksd ç'kklu%& ,d losZ{k.k dk çfrosnu] 1953] QksMZ QkmUMs'ku ds yksd ç'kklu lykgdkj ds :i esa

,iYch us flrEcj 1952 vkSj tuojh 1953 ds chp esa Hkkjr dh ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk losZ{k.k fd;k FkkA

lafo/kku esa ;g Li"V fu.kZ; ys fy;k x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr ,d lEiw.kZ çHkqRo lEiUu yksdra=kRed x.kjkT; gksxk

rFkk rhoz xfr fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esa fu;kstu dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA bl losZ{k.k esa dsUæh;

eaf=e.My ls ysdj ftyk ç'kklu rd] lkFk gh lkFk lkoZtfud m|eksa ds lEiw.kZ foLrkj dk v/;;u fd;k

x;k gSA ys[kd }kjk Lo;a ij yxkbZ xbZ lhek fd bl çfrosnu esa og 30]000 'kCn gh ç;ksx djsaxs] blds fy,

mUgsa bls lkr ckj laf{kIr djuk iM+kA

mudh vFkZghu 'kCnkoyh us blesa vLi"Vrk iSnk dj nh gS bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd bl çi= dks

vkjke ls ugha i<+k tk ldrkA ljyrk vkSj iBuh;rk ds :i esa bl çfrosnu us tks [kks;k gS og blus ikBdksa

dks mRlkg ls ân; VVksyus ij foo'k djus ls çkIr dj fy;k gSA

,iYch ds çfrosnu vuqlkj Hkkjr esa çkIr ljdkj dh O;oLFkk vR;f/kd mUufr'khy gS tks uohu y{;

blus vius lkeus j[ks gSa os vHkwriwoZ pqukSfr;k¡ gSa vkSj 'kkld ubZ fof/k;ksa dks fodflr djus dh rhoz vko';drk

ds ckjs esa pSrU; gSa tks mUgsa bu y{;ksa dks çkIr djus esa lgk;d gksaxsA ,iYch us Hkkjr esa fØ;k'khy dsUæksfHkeq[k

vkSj dsUæksUeq[k 'kfä;ksa dks lwphc) fd;k gSA jk"Vª dh ,drk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr rRo mÙkjnk;h gS &

1- yphysiu vkSj fodkl ds fy, i;kZIr LFkku NksM+us esa lafo/kku dk lkekU; pfj=A 2- dsUæh; vaxksa esa dsUæ

vkSj jkT;ksa ds e/; fooknksa dk lek/kku ds fy,] 'kfDr dk fufgr gksukA 3- dsUæh; 'kfDr ds ikl jkT;

O;oLFkkiu ij ml le; fu"ks/kkf/kdkj dk ç;ksx djus dh 'kfDr tc mldk dkuwu jk"Vªh; dkuwu ds foijhr

gksA 4- vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr ds çko/kku ftuds v/khu dsUæ jkT; ç'kklu vius&vius {ks=ks esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

5- dsUnz ds ikl jk’Vªh; dks’k ds laxzg dk nkf;Ro] j{kk vkSj fons”kh ekeyksa dk iz”kklu 6- vuqnku vkSj _.k ds

}kjk jkT;ksa ds fufr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh dsUnz dh {kerkA 7- dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa NksVh ysfdu ,d tSlh


iz”kklfud lsok,¡ 8- dsUnz }kjk jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr 9- okLrfod vkSj rkdro jk’Vªh; mEehnsa] ijUrq iqjs ns”k esa

,d tSlh ugh 10- mi;qZDr rRo ds foi{k esa vusdrk iSnk djus okys rRo 11- nks lalnh; O;oLFkk& ,d dsUnz

esa vkSj nwljh jkT;ksa esa] tks Hkfo’; esa vyx&vyx ikVhZ;ksa ds fu;U=.k es gks ldrh gSA 12- Lok;r jkT; dh

izcy mfnr gksrh bPNkA 13- Lkekftd dk;ksZa ds fy, dsUnz dh jkT; ij fuHkZjrkA 14. jk’Vªh; dks’k dk jkT;ksa dks

feyus okyk fgLlk tks jkT;ks ds dk;ksZ dks lEiUu djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gSA 15. iqjkuh fj;klrksa dh vyx gksus

dh bPNkA 16- detksj jk’Vªh; usrk 17- tc vuqnku uhfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij u feydj izFkkxr gks tk,xkA

18- mPp oxZ ds usrkvksa rFkk lk/kkj.k turk ds chp esa cM+k lkekftd] “kSf{kd vkSj vkfFkZd vUrjA

19- fØ;kRed eu% fLFkfr dh deh %& ;g vkyl c<+k,xk vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk vkSj ftEesnkjh esa deh

yk,xkA 20- vf/kdka'k O;fDr vius O;fDrxr ekeyksa esa gh] LokHkkfod :i ls] layXu jgrs gSa vkSj ljdkjh djksa

vkSj gLr{ksi ds fo#) 'ks"k djrs gSa rFkk ljdkj ij vfo'okl djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa bl dfBukbZ ds dkj.k gh

vfHktkR; oxZ vkSj turk ds e/; nwjh iSnk gks x;h gS vkSj ,d lqiwfjr] ikfjHkkf"kr inlksiku dk Hkh vHkko gSA

dsUæ }kjk fu;qDr jkT;iky dh fLFkfr] vf/kdka'kr% mRlokRed ;k /otek= gS rFkk ftlesa okLrfod

çHkko ugha gSA ;g jkT;ksa }kjk cM+s 'kgjksa esa vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr esa jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr ds foijhr gSA

,iYch lafo/kku }kjk jkT;ksa ds lanHkZ esa dsUæ dh nqcZy fLFkfr ls gSjku gSaA okLro esa] Hkkjr dh dsUæh;

ljdkj fdlh cM+s vkSj egRoiw.kZ jkT; dh vis{kk de 'kfDr'kkyh gSA djhc&djhc lEiw.kZ dsUæ] dsoy çfrj{kk]

oSnsf'kd ekeys vkSj dsUæh; djksa dh mxkgh ds vfrfjDr] ,d cM+k LVkQ laxBu gSA bu vioknksa o dN

vU;kslfgr ubZ fnYyh esa dksbZ lw= vfHkdj.k ugha gSA ;g ,d ,slk {kh.k vkSj viw.kZ leUo; gS ftlesa okLrfod]

vkSipkfjd vkSj fujarj 'kfä fu;a=.k layXu ugha gS

ç'kklu dh e'khu] ç'kklu dh vis{kk] leUo; ds fy, cuk;h xbZ gSaA dsUæh; ljdkj djhc&djhc iw.kZ :i ls

jkT;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA dsoy bUgsa gh lkekftd dk;Zokgh dk;ZØeksa ds ç'kklu dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA

;gk¡ rd fd dsUæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds e/; foÙkh; lalk/kuksa ds forj.k esa] dsUæ dks vis{kk—r NksVk fgLlk fn;k x;k

gSA tks vU;= la?kh; ljdkjksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gSA ,iYch us dgk gS fd] dksbZ Hkh vU; cM+h vkSj egRoiw.kZ

jk"Vªh; ljdkj --- bruh fuHkZj ugha gS ftruh dh Hkkjr ljdkjA

inlksiku ds fuEure Lrj ij fLFkr O;fDr dk –f"Vdks.k tks Qkby ij çFke fVIi.kh fy[krk gS ogh

egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA viw.kZ vkSj vuqfpr psru çfrgLrkUrj.k eaf=;ksa vkSj lfpoksa dks dke ds cks> ls nckus esa

egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSaA lewg fu.kZ; tks gS vkSj gksuk Hkh pkfg,] ç'kklu dk lcls fof'k"V x.k gSA ;g dsoy cgq/kk]

vUr:eaf=okrkZvksa esa gksrk gS vkSj tksM+ksa ds chp esa fofHkUu lEesyuksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA ;g Bhd <ax ls Hkjs gq,

fijkfeMh; ,dh—r inlksikuksa ds fofHkUu Lrjksa esa ugha gksrkA

,iYch dkfeZd ç'kklu dks :f<+oknh] vdYiuk'khy vkSj lkeUroknh ekurs gSaA ÞHkrhZ --- djhc i;kZIr

vkØked ugha gSaA foKkiu] ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd odhyksa us fy[ks gSa u fd dq'ky foKkiu fo'ks"kKksa ;k

tulEidZ deZpkfj;ksa }kjkA

fu"d"kZ esa mUgksaus dgk --- eSa ljdkj esa HkrhZ vkSj dkfeZd fodkl dh vksj ,d uohu] dYiuk'khy vkSj vkØkde

–f"Vdks.k dks vf/kd egRo nsrk gw¡A ;gk¡ dkfeZd dk;Z'kfDr] ftruh Bhd ç;ksx ls mi;ksx esa yk;h tk jgh gS

mlls dgha vf/kd gSA

,iYch us vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds foLrkj dk vuqeksnu fd;k gSA mUgksaus orZeku esa fLFkr vf[ky Hkkjrh;

lsokvksa ds laxBu esa Hkh dqN lq/kkjksa dk lq>ko fn;k gSA okLro esa eq>s vk'kk djuh pkfg, fd orZeku vf[ky

iky ,på ,iYch 37

Hkkjrh; laok;sa ,d lkekU; vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok esa milsok esa cu tk;] ftlesa fo'ks"kdj ,d milsok ls nwljh

milsok esa mPpLrjksa esa vklku xfr gksA ;s lsok;sa vkt ,d nwljs ds fy, dgha T;knk vutkuh gSaA

,iYch dh laLrqfr;k¡ ftudh la[;k ckjg gS] mUgsa fuEufyf[kr lewgksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS&

¼v½ fijkfeMh; lajpuk esa e/;Lrjh; deZpkfj;ksa dks fjä LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ gsrq Hkjus ds fy, lajpukRed ifjorZuksa

dh vko';drk gSA

¼c½ fofHkUu lsokvksa dh la[;k esa fuf'pr lhek dks gVkdj ;ksX; mEehnokjksa ds p;u gsrq iSuy fuekZ.k u fd

miyC/k O;fä;ksa esa ls gh dkfeZd p;u dj eq[; dkfeZdksa dks miyC/k djukA foHkkxksa ds dkfeZdksa ds

fodkl gsrq çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djukA uo;qod o ;qofr;ksa dks bu lsokvksa esa ços'k gsrq çf'k{k.k ds

fy, Lukrd dk;ZØe LFkkfir djukA

¼l½ jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d yksd ç'kklu laLFkku dh LFkkiuk }kjk 'kks/k vkSj ljdkj ds lq/kkj gsrq ,d e'khujh

dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj esa ,d laxBu vkSj ç.kkyh laxBu O;oLFkk cukuk ,oa ckgjh fo'ks"kKksa

dh lgk;rk ls vkSj vkxs v/;;u djukA

¼n½ fodklkRed dk;ZØeksa ds çHkkjh dkfeZdksa dk fØ;kUo;u çHkko c<+kukA ;g rHkh laHko gksxk tc muds Lrj

dks Å¡pk mBk;k tk; rFkk çfØ;k ljyhdj.k djds muds mÙkjnkf;Ro dks lq–<+ fd;k tk; ftlls

fofHkUu foHkkxksa vkSj ea=ky;ksa ds e/; çfr lanHkZ ¼Økl fjQjsUl½ vkSj lgefr ek¡x de gks tk;A

mÙkjnkf;Ro esa foLrkj dks ns[krs gq, i;kZIr funsZ'kd vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy, ,d e'khujh dk fuekZ.k

vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA

jktLo esa o`f) djus ds fy, ,iYch us —f"k vk; dj dk lq>ko fn;k Fkk vkSj dgk Fkk fd bls lHkh

jkT;ksa esa ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkwfe ijh{k.k vkSj dj dh nj nksgjk;h rFkk mfpr cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A

cdk;k jkf'k lekIr djus ds fy, dj laxzkgdksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tkuh pkfg,A jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d yksd

ç'kklu laLFkku vkSj laxBu ,oa fof/k ¼vks- ,.M ,e-½ dh LFkkiuk dh nks eq[; laLrqfr;k¡ Li"V :i ls

fØ;kfUor dh tk pqdh gSA tgk¡ rd vU; laLrqfr;ksa dk lEcU/k gS dqN Hkh fo'ks"k ugha fd;k x;k gSA

ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd vkSj O;kolkf;d m|e] 1956 ds fof'k"V lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk

iquiZjh{k.k

iky ,iYch us vius çfrosnu ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd vkSj O;kolkf;d m|e] 1956] ds fof'k"V lanHkZ esa

Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dk iquiZjh{k.k esa Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa rFkk ljdkjh m|eksa esa

Lok;Ùkrk fopkj fØ;kUo;u ds ckjs esa crk;k gSA

,iYch dk eq[; tksj bl ckr ij gS fd ljdkj dk vkdkj c<+uk pkfg, vkSj bl fodkl {kerk dk

lajpukRed vkSj çfØ;kRed O;oLFkk }kjk ykHk mBkuk pkfg,A os vkukdkuh vkSj v{kerk ls LrC/k FksA lEiw.kZ

çfrosnu esa çfrgLrkUrj.k dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA rFkk bls laLFkkRed çlkj gsrq vifjgk;Z ekuk

x;k gSA egkys[kk fu;a=d dk in çHkkoh çfrgLrkUrj.k ds ekxZ dh ck/kk gSA ,iYch us egkys[kk fu;a=d dh

'kfä;ksa ds iqufuZjh{k.k ds fy, laLrqfr dh gSA ,iYch Hkkjrh; ukSdj'kkgh esa fo|eku v/khu deZpkfj;ksa dh

;ksX;rkvksa dk mi;ksx u djus dh ço`fÙk ds vkykspd gSaA

,iYch us çR;sd ekeys esa gj ckr ij çfØ;k viukus ds orZeku –f"Vdks.k] rFkk usr`Ro dYiuk'khyrk

dh deh dh vkykspuk dh gSA iqufoZyksdu çfØ;k ftls Hkkjrh; ç'kklu esa fodflr fd;k x;k gS og lEiw.kZ

ljdkj dks ,d fodV ifjfLFkfr esa >ksad nsrh gSA ,iYch dgrs gSa fd foÙk eU=ky; dk eq[; mís'; vc


vUr%ea=ky; foÙkh; ;ksX;rk dk;ZØe vfHkdj esa fodflr djuk] ys[kk dk;Z dks foÙk ds lkekU; funsZ'ku ij

ea=ky;ksa dks nsuk] egkys[kk ijh{kd dh Hkwfedk lhfer djuk] dkfeZd HkrhZ vkSj O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj vkSj vUrr%

ljdkj ds ewY;kadu esa lkalnksa ds –f"Vdks.k dks lkekU; vkSj ldkjkRed cukdj Å¡pk mBkuk gSA

,iYch ,slk vuqHko djrs gSa fd foÙk vkSj x`g ea=ky;ksa dks mÙkjnkf;Ro dk mPpLrj fn;k tkuk pkfg,

vkSj mUgsa vf/kd lkekU; o de fof'k"V fu;a=.k dk ç;ksx leUo;kRed O;ogkj çkIr djus ds fy, djuk

pkfg,A mudk ;g fopkj gS fd foÙk ea=ky; dks Js"B ctV fuekZ.k esa viuk /;ku dsfUær djuk pkfg,A

,iYch }kjk egkys[kk fujh{kd ij yxk;k x;k vfHk;ksx cgq mís';h; vkSj csjge gS tks ey:i ls mudh

vU; laLrfr;ksa dh Hkk¡fr- ç'kklu esa rhozxfr ykus ds vlhfer mRlkg ls çokfgr gksrk gSA egkys[kk fujh{kd ds

ckjs esa muds fopkjksa dks bruh gh dBksjrk ls pukSrh nh x;h gSA lalnh; fu;a=.k vkSj oS/kkfud ys[kk ijh{k.k

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk;sa gSa vkSj mudk vknj vkSj çHkko lEiw.kZ ç'kklfud e'khu ij cjdjkj j[kk

tkuk pkfg,A ,slk dgus dk vk'k; ;g vLohdkj djuk ugha gS fd ys[kk ijh{k.k esa lq/kkj dk volj gSA ys[kk

ijh{k.k dk iquvZfHkeq[khdj.k vko';d gSA bls vius dk;Z esa vkSj vf/kd dYiuk'khyrk fn[kkus dh vko';drk

gSA

bu çfrosnuksa ds çdk'ku ds vkSj orZeku le; ds chp tks le; chr pqdk gS og ,iYch dh laLrqfr;ksa

dks ekul iVy ij ns[kus dk volj nsrk gSA mudk v/kS;Z vkSj HkkSfyd lq/kkjksa ds leFkZu dk vc lgh :i esa

ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vc ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd ;kstukvksa dk vlUrks"ktud fØ;kUo;u dbZ

vU; dkj.kksa ds lkFk cM+h egRokdka{kk dk ifj.kke FkkA vr% ,iYch }kjk fd, x;s ijh{k.k dh lkFkZdrk fl) gks

tkrh gSA ,d fons'kh ls ;g vis{kk djuk fd og iwokZuqeku yxk ys fd jk"Vª us pckus ls T;knk dkV fy;k gSA

fu;kstu ds çfr gekjs –f"Vdks.k esa ekSfyd ifjorZu ds ckotwn Hkh bu çfrosnuksa dh lkFkZdrk ;k mi;ksfxrk

vkt Hkh lekIr ugha gqbZ gSA fu;kstu LFkk;h gks pqdk gSA fiNys o"kksaZ ds gekjs vuqHko us çtkra= ij ls gekjs

fo'okl dks ugha fgyk;k gSA Hkfo"; esa fu;kstu] pkgs dksbZ Hkh vkdkj D;ksa u xzg.k djsa] ,iYch dk dsUæksUeq[k

vkSj dsUækfHkeq[k 'kfDr;ksa dh gekjh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dhM+k ds ckjs esa vUr– Zf"V ;qä fo'ys"k.k bl

ifjfLFkfr esa rktk vkSj lkjiw.kZ jgsxkA mudh laLrqfr;ksa dh lkekU; lkFkZdrk fcydqy Hkh csdkj ugha gqbZ gS]

vkSj vU; ckrksa ls dgha vf/kd] ;s çfrosnu vkt Hkh jk"Vª ds fy, uSfrd LokLF;o)Z~d is; gSA

vH;kl 39

vH;kl gsrq iz”u


1- ljnkj iVsy dk Hkkjrh; iz”kklu esa ;ksxnku Li’V djsaA

2- Lokeh foosdkUkUn ds usr`Ro] laxBu rFkk oS”ohdj.k lEcU/kh fopkj fy[ksaA

3- iky- ,p- ,iYch ds izfrosnu ¼1953½ dk o.kZu djsaA

y?kq&mÙkjh; iz”u

1- vk/kqfud vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk tud dkSu gSA

2- izkUrh; iz/kkueU=h lEesyu dk vk;kstu dc gqvkA

3- Lokeh foosdkuUn us f”kdkxks /keZ egk&lEesyu dc Hkkx fy;kA

4- iky ,p0 ,iYch dh nks iqLrdksa dk uke fy[ksaA

5- fj,Dtkfeus”ku vkWQ bf.M;u ,MfefuLVªs”ku flLVe uked iqLrd dc fy[kh xbZA

v/;k; & 7

oqMjks foYlu

(WOODROW WILSON)

**yksd&ç'kklu lkoZtfud fof/k dk foLrr ,oa O;ofLFkr fØ;kUo;u gSA lkekU; fof/k dh çR;sd fof'k"V

vuqç;qfDr ç'kklu dk dk;Z gSA** &oqMjks foYlu

1913 ls 1921 rd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr in dks lq'kksfHkr djus okys oqMjks foYlu dk uke

yksd&ç'kklu esa cM+s lEeku ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA oqMjks foYlu gh yksd ç'kklu ds tud ekus tkrs gSaA

;gh dkj.k gS fd os yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks= esa lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ flrkjs cu x, gSa A ;|fi foYlu us

yksd&ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa ij cgqr T;knk ugha fy[kk gS ijUrq mudh ç'kklfud fØ;kvksa dks jktuhfrd

fØ;kvksa ls vyx djds ns[kus dh vUr– Zf"V gh yksd&ç'kklu ds mn; dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd cuhA 1887 esa

iksfyfVdy lkbUl DokVZjyh esa mudk ,d ys[k çdkf'kr gqvk] ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk] *n LVMh v‚Q

,MfefuLVªs'ku* ¼The Study of Administration½ A ;gha ls v/;;u&vuq'kklu ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dh

fodkl ;k=k çkjEHk gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ls ysdj vkt yksd&ç'kklu 134 o"kZ dk gks x;k gS rFkk bldh ckSf)d tM+sa

oqMjks foYlu ds vxz.kh ;ksxnku esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA

oqMjks foYlu dk tUe la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds othZfu;k jkT; esa 28 fnlEcj] lu~ 1856 dks gqvkA

foYlu us jktuhfr] 'kklu rFkk dkuwu dh f'k{kk çkIr dhA vkius 1879 esa fçUlVu fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrd

mikf/k çkIr dhA 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa foYlu dks ih-,p-Mh- dh mikf/k çkIr gqbZA tc foYlu 28 o"kZ ds Fks rHkh

mUgksaus *dk¡xzs'kuy xouZesUV* ¼Congressional Government½ 'kh"kdZ ls iqLrd fy[khA blls foYlu us viuh

çfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;kA

30 o"kZ dh mez esa foYlu fçUlVu fo'ofo|ky; esa jktuhfr foKku ds çksQslj cus rFkk 1902 rd os

bl in ij cus jgsA rRi'pkr~ 1910 rd foYlu blh fo'ofo|ky; ds çslhMsUV cus A dsoy vdknfed {ks= esa

gh ugha cfYd jktuhfr ds {ks= esa Hkh foYlu çfrHkk ds /kuh Fks vkSj bldk çek.k Fkk 1910 esa mudk vesfjdk ds

U;wtlhZ jkT; dk xouZj cuukA os rhu o"kZ rd U;wtlhZ ds xouZj jgs rFkk 1913 esa gh lalkj dh çeq[k

egk'kfDr la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr cus A ;g vius vki esa xkSjo dk fo"k; gS fd yksd&ç'kklu ds

tud oqMjks foYlu 8 o"kZ rd vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr jgs] tks 'kkln lalkj ds lcls 'kfDr'kkyh lkoZtfud inksa

esa ls ,d FkkA çFke fo'o;q) ds le; foYlu dk usr`Ro vesfjdk ds fy, dkQh ykHknk;d jgkA jk"Vªifr ds

in dk nwljk dk;Zdky iw.kZ dj ysus ds rhu o"kZ i'pkr~ gh 1924 esa bl egku~ fopkjd vkSj jktuhfrK dk

fu/ku gks x;k vkSj yksd&ç'kklu dk vuq'kklu ,d fjDrrk eglwl djus yxkA vHkh yksd&ç'kklu vf/kd

fodflr ugha gks ik;k Fkk fd blds tud bl lalkj ls fonk gks x,A fQj Hkh foYlu dh esgur jax ykbZ vkSj

/khjs&/khjs cgqr ls fo}ku~ yksd&ç'kklu fo"k; esa #fp ysus yxs vkSj fo"k; fodkl ;k=k ij py iM+k ftldh

uhao Lo;a foYlu us j[kh FkhA

oqMjks foYlu 41

oqMjks foYlu jktuhfr foKku ds çksQslj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk] ,d ç'kklfud fpUrd] ,d f'k{kk'kkL=h]

,d bfrgkldkj] ,d lq/kkjd rFkk ,d vPNs usrk FksA foYlu us dqN ys[k vkSj dbZ iqLrdsa fy[khaA mudh

dfri; jpuk,¡ bl çdkj gSa

Congressional Government (1885)

The State (1889)

Division and Reunion (1893)

An Old Mater and Other Political Essays (1893)

Mere Literature and Other Essays (1896)

George Washnigton (1896)

A History of American People (1902)

Constitutional Government in the United States (1908)

mi;qZDr jpukvksa ds lkFk 1887 esa iksfyfVdy lkbUl DokVZjyh esa çdkf'kr mudk ys[k n LVMh v‚Q

,MfefuLVªs'ku* yksd&ç'kklu ds mn; dh tM+ ekuk tk ldrk gSA t‚u gksifdUl fo'ofo|ky; ds çksQslj

fjpMZ ,yh us foYlu dks dkQh çHkkfor fd;kA *muds O;k[;ku foYlu ds fy, cgqr egÙo ds Fks D;ksafd bUgksaus

gh foYlu dks vesfjdh çtkrkfU=d jktuhfr esa ;wjksih; ç'kklfud ç.kkfy;ksa ds lkRehdj.k ¼Assimilation½ ds

ckjs esa lkspus dks çsfjr fd;kA* [vkFkZj fyad ¼lEikfnr½: ^nh isilZ v‚Q oqMjks foYlu'] 1968] i`"B&43]A Lo;a

fjpMZ ,yh fy[krs gSa fd] Þtc eSa ç'kklu dh egÙkk ij cksyk rc eSaus eglwl fd;k fd tSls eSaus dksbZ fpUxkjh

fxjkbZ gks vkSj foYlu esa ,d vfXu çTTofyr dh gksA" fu%lUnsg gj fo}ku~ vius le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj

vius pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldrkA

oqMjks foYlu ds çeq[k fopkjksa rFkk muds ;ksxnku dks fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa esa ck¡Vdj v/;;u djuk

vf/kd ljy gksxkA

yksd&ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa ç'kklfud foKku ¼Definition of Public Administration and

Administrative Science½

foYlu 31 o"kZ ds Fks tc iksfyfVdy lkbUl DokVZjyh ds twu] 1887 vad esa mudk ,d ys[k Nik]

ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk] 'n LVMh v‚Q ,MfefuLVªs'ku*A M~okbV okYMks ds er esa foYlu dk ;g ys[k Lo&tkx#d

yksd&ç'kklu ds bfrgkl dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS rFkk lkFk gh vUrghu çsj.kk rFkk fookn dk lzksr Hkh gSA

okLro esa 1885 esa foYlu us 'nh vkVZ v‚Q xofuZxa* 'kh"kZd ls ,d ys[k fy[kk] ftldks fd mUgksaus çdkf'kr ugha

djok;kA tc d‚juSy fo'ofo|ky; esa mUgsa cksyus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k x;k rks foYlu us vius vkxs ds

fopkjksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bl ys[k dk iqujh{k.k fd;k rFkk ;gh iqujh{k.k ys[k fQj *n LVMh v‚Q

,MfefuLVªs'ku* 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr fd;k x;k vkSj ;gha ls v/;;u vuq'kklu ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dh

fodkl ;k=k 'kq# gksrh gSA gsujh csxMu us foYlu ds bl ys[k ds ckjs esa fy[kk fd mudk ;g ys[k ç'kklu ds

fo'ks"kKksa ds chp dkQh yksdfç; gks x;k rFkk ges'kk ;g muds fy, cqf)erk dh [kku jghA

oqMjks foYlu vius ys[k ds çkjfEHkd Hkkx esa bl ckr dk mYys[k djrs gSa fd yksd&ç'kklu dk

v/;;u bruk nsjh ls D;ksa fodflr gqvk tcfd jktuhfr foKku ftldk fd ;g ,d mRikn ;k ;w¡ dgsa Qy gS]

yxHkx 2200 o"kZ igys ls 'kq# gks x;k FkkA ;g ç'u vkSj vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ blfy, Hkh gks tkrk gS fd

yksd&ç'kklu rks ljdkj dk lcls Li"V Hkkx gS] ;g rks dk;Zjr ljdkj gSA fQj Hkh vkf[kj ,slk D;ksa gqvk fd

v/;;u fo"k; ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dk fodkl bruh nsjh ls gqvkA foYlu bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, rdZ nsrs


gSa fd jktuhfr foKkfu;ksa us viuk /;ku dsoy fo'kq) vewrZ jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ij gh dsUæhr fd;k tSls fd

jkT; dh ç—fr] çHkqlÙkk] yksdfç; lÙkk vkfnA foYlu ds vuqlkj] *ç'kklu ds v/;;u dk fodkl lekt esa

c<+rh gqbZ tfVyrkvksa] jkT; ds dk;kZsa esa c<+ksrjh gksus rFkk yksdrkfU=d fl)kUrksa ij ljdkjksa dh o`f) ds

ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA dk;kZsa ds bl çdkj yxkrkj c<+rs gq, Øe us ;g ç'u mBk;k fd *dSls' vkSj 'fdu' fn'kkvksa

esa bu dkeksa dks fu"iknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, foYlu us lq>ko fn;k fd ljdkj esa lq/kkj dh

vko';drk gS vkSj ;s lq/kkj ç'kklu ds {ks= esa gksus pkfg,A foYlu ç'kklu ds v/;;u dks blfy, egÙoiw.kZ

ekurs Fks fd ;g irk yxk;k tk, fd fdl çdkj ljdkj vPNs ls vkSj lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z dj ldrh gS vkSj

fdl çdkj ljdkj bu dk;kZsa dks lokZf/kd n{krk vkSj U;wure ykxr ij dj ldrh gSA

ç'kklu ds v/;;u dh vogsyuk dk ,d vksj dkj.k crkrs gq, foYlu dgrs gSa fd 19oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ

ns'kksa dh tula[;k cgqr vf/kd ugha Fkh vkSj bl dkj.k ljdkj ds dk;Z lhfer Fks rFkk ç'kklu djuk ljy

FkkA ijUrq 19oha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dh tfVyrkvksa] cM+s&cM+s fuxeksa ds vH;qn;]

lsohoxhZ; çcU/k dh leL;k,¡ vkfn dkQh O;kid gks xbZa vkSj ljdkj ds dk;Z vc dkQh fofHkUu vkSj tfVy gks

x,A ljdkj dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk drZO; gS] tks fd dHkh ljy Fkk vkSj vkt tfVy ugha gSA ljdkj ds

,d le; de dk;Z Fks vkSj vc chfl;ksa dk;Z gSaA bl çdkj jkT; ds dk;kZsa esa vk, bl ifjorZu ds dkj.k ;g

vko';d gks x;k fd bu dk;kZsa dks 'dSals' fd;k tk,\ vkSj ;gha ls ç'kklu ds v/;;u dh vko';drk gqbZA u,

dk;Z ç'kklu }kjk fd, tkus yxs vkSj bu dkeksa dks vPNs ls djus ds fy, ç'kklu dk v/;;u t#jh gks x;kA

foYlu dk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh ns'k dk lafo/kku cukuk vklku gS ij mls pykuk dgha vf/kd

eqf'dy gS vkSj lafo/kku dks pykus dk nkf;Ro ljdkj vkSj mlds dk;kZRed Hkkx vFkZkr~ ç'kklu dk gSA foYlu

dk dFku gS fd Þyksd&ç'kklu lkoZtfud dkuwu dk foLr`r vkSj O;ofLFkr fØ;kUo;u gSA lkekU; dkuwu dk

çR;sd vuqç;ksx ç'kklu dk dk;Z gSA" foYlu fy[krs gSa fd ljdkjh fØ;k dh O;kid ;kstuk,¡ ç'kklfud ugha

gksrh] ;|fi ,slh ;kstukvksa dk foLr`r fØ;kUo;u ç'kklfud gksrk gSA

foYlu ç'kklu ds foKku gksus dh odkyr djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ç'kklu dk foKku jktuhfr ds

foKku ds v/;;u dk lcls rktk Qy gSA vius ys[k esa foYlu dgrs gSa fd vkt gekjs ikl ç'kklu foKku gS

tks gekjs ikl igys dHkh ugha FkkA ÞfoYlu bl ckr dh vkykspuk djrs gSa fd vesfjdh ç'kklfud O;ogkj esa

oSKkfud i)fr dks ugha viuk;k x;k gS A ;|fi mUgksaus ;g eglwl fd;k fd bl ckr dh dksbZ Li"V

vo/kkj.kk ugha gS fd D;k phtsa vPNk ç'kklu cukrh gSaA ,slk blfy, Fkk fd ç'kklfud foKku igys Ýkal vkSj

teZu vdknfe;ksa esa ;wjksi esa gh fodflr gqvk FkkA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ç'kklu cUn jkT;ksa ¼Compact States½

rFkk ;wjksih; ljdkjksa ds dsUæh—r Lo:iksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gh fodflr gqvkA" ç'kklu dk fodkl

;wjksih; Hkwfe ij gh D;ksa gqvk] bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsrs gq, foYlu dgrs gSa fd ,d rks ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa ljdkjsa

yksd lgefr ls LorU= gksrh gSa vkSj nwljs] ,dkf/kdkjokfn;ksa dh ljdkjksa ij ,dkf/kdkj j[kus dh bPNk ds

dkj.k ,slk gqvkA

foYlu dk er Fkk fd jktrU= dh rqyuk esa çtkrU= esa ç'kklu dks laxfBr djuk dgha vf/kd dfBu

dk;Z gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vejhdk esa ç'kklu foKku dh çxfr dkQh /kheh jghA foYlu dk ;g Li"V

er Fkk fd dksbZ ns'k vius ç'kklu ij rc rd vf/kd vPNh rjg ls /;ku dsfUær ugha dj ikrk tc rd fd

og vius lafo/kku ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ cUn ugha dj nsrkA ,slk bl dkj.k gksrk gS fd fcuk ifjorZuksa ds dksbZ Hkh

lafo/kku 10 o"kZ ls T;knk ugha py ldrk vkSj ljdkjsa bu ifjorZuksa vkSj cnykoksa esa gh vf/kd O;Lr jgrh gS

vkSj os ç'kklu ij viuk /;ku dsfUær gh ugha dj ikrh gSaA bl dkj.k foYlu dgrs gSa fd lafo/kkfud

oqMjks foYlu 43

fl)kUrksa ij dh tkus okyh cglksa dks ,d rjQ NksM+ fn;k tk, vkSj ç'kklu ds foKku dk O;ofLFkr fo'ys"k.k

fd;k tk, vkSj mls le>us dh dksf'k'k dh tk,A

bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd *n LVMh v‚Q ,MfefuLVªs'ku* ds çkjfEHkd Hkkx esa foYlu ç'kklu ds foKku

ds v/;;u dh odkyr djrs gSa vkSj bl ckr ij vf/kd tksj nsrs gSa fd lafo/kkfud cglksa ds ctk; ç'kklu ds

foKku dks le>us ij vf/kd /;ku dsfUær djuk pkfg, D;ksafd lafo/kku cukus ls T;knk eq'fdy o egÙoiw.kZ

mls pykuk gksrk gSA

jktuhfr&ç'kklu }SrHkko ¼Politics & Administration Dichotomy½

vius ys[k ds çkjfEHkd Hkkx esa gh foYlu jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu dks vyx&vyx djus ij tksj nsrs gSaA

foYlu jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds chp ik, tkus okys lEcU/kksa dk ijh{k.k djrs gSaA ;|fi foYlu

jktuhfr&ç'kklu }SrHkko ¼Politics & Administration Dichotomy½ dk leFkZu djrs gSa rFkkfi bl fo"k; ij

muds fopkjksa esa vf/kd Li"Vrk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh gS D;ksafd dbZ ckj foYlu jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu dh

ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk vkSj muds ?kfu"V lEcU/kksa dh ppkZ Hkh djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ç'kklfud vkSj

xSj&ç'kklfud dk;kZsa ds chp dksbZ Hkh foHkktu js[kk ljdkj ds bl ;k ml foHkkx ds chp ugha [khaph tk

ldrh tc rd fd vUrj dh mPp igkM+h ij vkSj uhps dh xgjh <yku ij vkSj oS/kkfud dk;Zokgh ds ?kus

taxyksa dks ikj djus vkSj *;fn* o *ijUrq*] 'dc' o 'rc Hkh* ds b/kj&m/kj u ?kwesa vkSj og Hkh rc rd tc rd

fd vke utj ls iwjh rjg vkS>y u gks tk,A iqu% foYlu dgrs gSa fd] "-----ç'kklu dks lkoZtfud dkuwuksa

dh vU; 'kk[kkvksa ds lkFk mlds lEcU/kksa ls fcuk rksM+s&ejksM+s vkSj mlds lgh vFkksZa ls nwj djs] ugha dkVk tk

ldrkA mlds vk/kkj jktuhfr ds xgjs vkSj LFkkbZ fl)kUr gSaA" foYlu ds bu dFkuksa ls ;g ckr fcYdqy Li"V

gS fd foYlu ;|fi yksd&ç'kklu dks ,d fo"k; ds :i esa mHkkjus dk ç;kl dj jgs Fks rFkkfi os ç'kklu ds

jktuhfr ls xgjs vUrlZEcU/kksa ls Hkh iw.kZr% lpsr FksA

foYlu dk vHkh"V ç'kklu dks jktuhfr ls i`Fkd~ djuk FkkA blds fy, foYlu jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu

dks ,d&nwljs ls vyx crkrs gq, jktuhfr&ç'kklu }SrHkko dh odkyr djrs gSaA foYlu dk er Fkk fd

ç'kklu dk {ks= O;olk; dk {ks= gSA ;g jktuhfr dh vkik/kkih vkSj gaxkes ls vyx gksrk gSA ;g vusd ekeyksa

esa] ;gk¡ rd fd lafo/kkfud fooknksa ds fopkj&foe'kZ ls Hkh nwj gh jgrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd thou dk vax ek=

mlh :i esa gS] ftl çdkj dkmafVax&gkml vFkZkr~ x.kuk&dk;kZy;ksa dk lEcU/k lkekftd thou ls gksrk gSA

bldk vFkZ gS ,d ;U= ds :i esa mRikfnr oLrq dk vax&ek= gksukA ç'kklu Lo;a jktuhfr ds nk;js ls ckgj

gh jgrk gSA ç'kklfud ç'u jktuhfrd ç'u ugha gksrsA ;|fi jktuhfr ç'kklu ds fy, ikB rS;kj djrh gS

vkSj crkrh gS fd ç'kklu dks D;k&D;k djuk gS ysfdu jktuhfr dks pkfg, fd og ç'kklfud dk;kZy;ksa dk

nq#i;ksx u djsA

bl çdkj bl oDrO; ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd foYlu ç'kklu vkSj jktuhfr dks vyx vyx

djds ns[krs gSaA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd tgk¡ ,d vksj foYlu jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa

dh ppkZ djrs gSa] ogha nwljh vksj os jktuhfr&ç'kklu }SrHkko ds lcls cM+s leFkZd Hkh FksA foYlu dh bl

ekufldrk dh foospuk vyx&vyx fo}ku~ vyx&vyx <ax ls djrs gSaA ÝsMfjd eks'kj dk ekuuk gS fd

foYlu us jktuhfr ç'kklu }SrHkko ij lcls 'kDfr'kkyh oDrO; fn;k gSA blds foijhr ÝsM fjXl dk ekuuk gS

fd foYlu ds fy, jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu u dsoy vkil esa xqaFks gq, gSa cfYd ç'kklfud fØ;kvksa dks

jktuhfrd lk/kuksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ lkekU; uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds flok; ns[kuk eq'fdy gSA bl çdkj

foYlu dks ,slk dksbZ Hkze ugha Fkk fd ç'kklfud fodkl jktuhfrd fuokZr esa gks ldrk gSA


ç'kklu vkSj tuer ¼Administration and Public Opinion½

foYlu ç'kklu vkSj tuer ¼Public Opinion½ ds lEcU/kksa dk Hkh ijh{k.k djrs gSaA ç'u ;g Fkk fd

ç'kklu dks pykus esa tuer ds fdl Hkkx dks fy;k tk,A foYlu dk ekuuk Fkk fd tuer ,d lÙkkoknh

vkykspd dh txg ys ldrk gSA ij leL;k ;g vkrh gS fd tuer dks gLr{ksi dh vknr ls ihfM+r gq, fcuk

dSls çHkkoh cuk;k tk,A ;|fi ç'kklu ds dk;kZsa esa tu vkykspuk ,d QwgM+ d.Vd gS rFkkfi uhfr&v/kh{k.k

dh fØ;kfof/k ds :i esa ;g u dsoy ykHknk;d gh gS vfirq iwjh rjg ls vfuok;Z Hkh gSA vr% foYlu dk er

Fkk fd ç'kklfud v/;;u dks tu vkykspuk fu;U=.k dk lcls vPNk lk/ku [kkstuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh mls

ç'kklu esa gLr{ksi ls cpuk pkfg,A

yksd&lsok ¼Civil Service½

foYlu rduhdh :i ls f'kf{kr flfoy lsok dh odkyr djrs gSaA thoUr yksdrU= ds fy, ;ksX;rk ij

vk/kkfjr flfoy lsok vifjgk;Z gSA ;|fi foYlu dk fo'okl Fkk fd ç'kklu fl)kUrr% jktuhfrd çfØ;k esa

'kkfey ugha gksrs gSa ij lkFk gh os ,slk ukSdj'kkg vfHktu&oxZ cukus ds f[kykQ Fks tks fd yksdrkUf=d

fu;U=.k esa u gksA foYlu yksdrU= esa flfoy lsok ds fodkl dh lgh fn'kk ds egÙo dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA os

dgrs gSa

gekjs fy, ,d ,slh flfoy lsok vkn'kZ gS tks lqlaL—r rFkk i;kZIr vkRe&fuHkZj gS tks laosnuk vkSj

mRlkg ds lkFk dke djs vkSj fuokZpuksa rFkk fLFkj tu&ijke'kZ ds ek/;e ls 'yksdfç; fopkj' ds lkFk ?kfu"V

:i ls tqM+h gksA

foYlu vesfjdk esa yksd lsokvksa esa lq/kkj ykus ds leFkZdksa esa vxz.kh FksA mudk er Fkk fd flfoy lsok

is'ksoj :i ls leFkZ vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls fu"i{k gksuh pkfg,A oLrqr% foYlu igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus

jktuhfrd :i ls rVLFk flfoy lsok ds fl)kUr dk çfriknu fd;kA bl çdkj foYlu us vk/kqfud lsohoxhZ;

ç'kklu dh ckSf)d vk/kkjf'kyk dh uhao j[khA foYlu us eglwl fd;k fd flfoy lsok esa lq/kkj ds tks ç;kl

vesfjdk esa gks jgs Fks os lEiw.kZ ç'kklfud O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;s lq/kkj tks lsok dks i{kikrfoghu

cukus dk bjknk j[krs Fks] us ç'kklu dks O;olk; ds leku pykus dk jkLrk fn[kk;kA fu;fqDr;ksa ds rjhdksa esa

lq/kkj dk;Zikfydk ds dk;kZsa vkSj dk;Zdkjh laxBuksa o fØ;kvksa ij Hkh ykxw fd, tkus pkfg,A

ç'kklu ds v/;;u dh fof/k;k¡ ¼Methods to Study Administration½ -

vius ys[k ds vfUre Hkkx esa foYlu ç'kklu ds v/;;u ds lcls vPNs rjhds ¼Method½ dk ijh{k.k

djrs gSaA os nk'kZfud fof/k dks vLohdkj djrs gSa vkSj ,sfrgkfld rFkk rqyukRed fof/k ij tksj nsrs gSaA foYlu

dk er Fkk fd Þjktuhfr ds iwjs {ks= esa ;s fof/k;k¡ mrus lqjf{kr <ax ls ykxw ugha dh tk ldrh ftruh fd

ç'kklu ds {ks= esa ykxw dh tk ldrh gSA" foYlu dk er Fkk fd ljdkjksa ds rqyukRed v/;;uksa ds fcuk ge

bl xyr vo/kkj.kk ls NqVdkjk ugha ik ldrs fd ç'kklu dk Lo:i çtkrkfU=d vkSj xSjçtkrkfU=d jkT;ksa esa

vyx&vyx gksrk gSA fdlh ç.kkyh dh detksfj;ksa] xq.kksa vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dks rc rd ugha le>k tk ldrk

tc rd fd ge ml ç.kkyh dh rqyuk nwljh ç.kkyh ls u djsaA ij blls fons'kh ç.kkfy;ksa ls vk;kr dk Hk;

iSnk gksrk gSA bl Hk; dks nwj djus ds fy, foYlu dgrs gSa fd If I see a murderous fellow sharpening the

knfie cleverly, I can borrow his way of sharpening knife without borrowing his probable intention to

commit murder with it. blfy, foYlu ;g eglwl djrs gSa fd ;wjksih; ,drU=ksa ls fcuk mldh ,drU=h;

Hkkouk vkSj lk/kuksa dks vk;kr fd, muds çHkkoh ç'kklfud rjhdksa dks lh[kk tk ldrk gSA

oqMjks foYlu 45

foYlu ds ç'kklfud çkS|ksfxdh ds fu;kZr ij fopkjksa dks vyx&vyx fo}ku~ vyx&vyx rjhds ls

fo'ysf"kr djrs gSaA ÝsM fjEl ds er esa foYlu us yksdrkfU=d ljdkjksa dk leFkZu fd;k gS vkSj blfy, os

xSj&yksdrkfU=d ljdkjksa dks ç'kklfud çkS|ksfxdh ds fu;kZr dk leFkZu ugha djrs gSaA ij Qsjy gSMh dk er

gS fd foYlu ç'kklfud çkS|ksfxdh ds fu;kZr ij dksbZ çfrcU/k ugha yxkrs gSaA

vkykspukRd ewY;kadu ¼Critical Evaluation½

fu%lUnsg oqMjks foYlu yksd&ç'kklu vuq'kklu ds tud gSaA mUgksaus vius ys[k esa ftu fl)kUrksa dk

o.kZu fd;k mUgsa ,d&,d dj oS/k eku fy;k x;kA fQj Hkh foYlu dh dfri; vkykspuk,¡ dh tkrh gSaA fjpMZ

fLVyeSu dk er gS fd foYlu }kjk ç'kklu dks *O;kikfjd' xfrfof/k ds leku crkuk okdbZ ijs'kku djus okyk

gSA ,d vksj rks os flfoy lsok dks lafo/kkfud lÙkk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h ekurs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj] ç'kklu dks

O;kikj tSlk ekurs gSaA foYlu dh nwljh vkykspuk muds jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu lEcU/kh fopkjksa ls lEcUf/kr gSA

dgha&dgha os jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds chp xgu vUrZlEcU/kksa dh ckr djrs gSa vkSj dgha muds }SrHkko dhA os

oLrqr% nqfo/kk esa FksA foYlu dk ;g ys[k dkQh lkekU;] vf/kd O;kid vkSj dkQh vLi"V FkkA ,slk yxrk gS

fd foYlu Lo;a gh ugha tkurs Fks fd yksd ç'kklu gS D;kA oku fjij rks foYlu vkSj muds ys[k dks yksd

ç'kklu ds tUenkrk gksus dh ftEesnkjh ls gh eqDr djrs gSaA

mi;qZDr lhekvksa ds ckotwn vkt yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks= esa oqMjks foYlu dk uke cM+s lEeku ds lkFk

fy;k x;k gSA vius 'fof'k"V' ys[k }kjk foYlu us u dsoy 'ç'kklu dk fopkj' gh çLrqr fd;k vfirq ,d

lkekU; fo"k; ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dh Hkh uhao j[khA M~okbV okYMks ds er esa Lo&tkx#d yksd&ç'kklu

ds bfrgkl esa oqMjks foYlu dk ys[k lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA vUr esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd "foYlu

dk ys[k ,sfrgkfld egÙo dk gSA ç'kklu ds fl)kUr ¼Theory½ ij ;g ,d mR—"V dk;Z gSA mUgksaus cM+h gh

laf{kIrrk ds lkFk yksdrU= esa yksd&ç'kklu dh leL;kvksa vkSj xq.kksa ¼Properties½ dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA blesa

Hkfo";ok.kh ds xq.k gSA -----mUgksaus yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u vkSj O;ogkj ds chp ds vUrjky dks de djuk

pkgkA vius bl vfrfof'k"V ys[k }kjk gh foYlu us ç'kklu dk fopkj çfrikfnr fd;kA

lkjka'k%& oqMjks foYlu ftUgsa yksd&ç'kklu 'kkL= dk tud ekuk tkrk gS] dk yksd&ç'kklu esa cM+k lEeku

fd;k tkrk gSA twu] 1887 esa 'i‚fyfVdy lkbUl DokVZjyh' esa Nis vius ys[k 'n LVMh v‚Q ,MfefuLVªs'ku ds

i'pkr~ gh ,d v/;;u vuq'kklu ds :i esa yksdç'kklu dh fodkl ;k=k çkjEHk gqbZA 8 o"kZ rd vesfjdk ds

jk"Vªifr rFkk fçUlVu fo'ofo|ky; esa jktuhfr 'kkL= ds çksQslj jgs Jh foYlu dh [;kfr fdlh ls lkuh ugha

gSA vius ys[k esa foYlu us 'jktuhfr&ç'kklu }SrHkko' ds fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj bl ckr dh odkyr dh

fd jktuhfrd ç'u] ç'kklfud ç'uksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA ns'k dk lafo/kku cukuk muds er esa vklku gS] fdUrq

mls pykuk dfBu vkSj mls pykus ij v/fkd /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A foYlu fof/k ds foLr`r vkSj O;ofLFkr

fØ;kUo;u ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gSa vkSj ç'kklu ds foKku ij cy nsrs gSaA

jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds lEcU/kksa ij foYlu ds fopkj my>s gq, ekywe iM+rs gSa D;ksafd

dgha&dgha rks os jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds chp ?kfu"B lEcU/kksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks dgha jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklu

dks vyx&vyx djds ns[kus dh odkyr djrs gSaA & foYlu ç'kklu vkSj tuer ds lEcU/kksa dh Hkh ppkZ

djrs gSa vkSj bl ckr dk ijh{k.k djrs gSa fd ç'kklu ds lapkyu esa tuer ds fdl Hkkx dks ysuk pkfg,A

blh çdkj foYlu rduhdh :i ls f'kf{kr flfoy lsok dh odkyr djrs gSaA ç'kklu ds v/;;u dh fof/k;ksa

dh ppkZ djrs gq, foYlu rqyukRed ,oa ,sfrgkfld i)fr;ksa dh mikns;rk Li"V djrs gSa rFkk nk'kZfud i)fr

dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA fu%lUnsg foYlu ds iFk&çn'kZd ;ksxnku ds fy, yksd&ç'kklu lnSo mudk _.kh

jgsxkA

v/;k; & 8

gsujh Qs;ksy

(HENRY FAYOL)

"Qs;ksy ds ;ksxnku dk egÙo nks ckrksa ls gSA igyh ckr çcU/k dh çfØ;k dk mudk O;ofLFkr fo'ys"k.k vkSj

nwljh mudh ml fopkj dh –<+ odkyr fd çcU/k dks fl[kk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g fl[kk;k tkuk pkfg,A

nksuksa gh ckrsa 1908 esa ØkfUrdkjh fopkj Fks vkSj vc 1925 esa Hkh dqN gn rd Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSaA"

&bZ-,Q-,y- czsp

ÝSap m|ksxifr gsujh Qs;ksy mu dqNsd çcU/kdh; ¼ç'kklfud½ fopkjdksa esa ls ,d gSa ftUgksaus çcU/k

çfØ;k dks O;kid :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA 'kk;n vk/kqfud çcU/k fopkj/kkjk dk okLrfod tud Ýkafllh

m|ksxifr Qs;ksy gh gSA Qs;ksy gh çFke fopkjd Fks ftUgksaus çcU/k ¼ç'kklu½ dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dks Li"V fd;k

rFkk çcU/k ¼ç'kklu½ ds lkekU; fl)kUrksa dh jpuk dhA Qs;ksy }kjk çfrikfnr ç'kklfud fl)kUr

yksd&ç'kklu ds vU; fo}kuksa }kjk Lohdkj fd, x, vkSj ;s fl)kUr vkt Hkh dkQh gn rd lHkh LFkkuksa vkSj

lHkh çdkj ds laxBuksa ij ykxw fd, tk ldrs gSaA tks LFkku vaxzsth lkfgR; esa csdu ¼Bacon½ dk gS] ogh

LFkku çcU/k ds {ks= esa Qs;ksy dk gSA

gsujh Qs;ksy dk tUe 1841 esa Ýkal esa gqvkA [kuu vfHk;kfU=dh esa Lukrd mikf/k çkIr djus ds ckn

19 o"kZ dh vk;q esa vfHk;Urk ds :i esa ,d dEiuh es dk;Z djus yxs rFkk 12 o’kkZsa rd ;gk¡ dk;Z fd;kA 1885

esa blh dEiuh ftldk uke 'dksesUVªh Qksj 'kkEck mYV' Fkk] ds eq[; vf/kdkjh fu;qDr fd, x,A bl le;

dEiuh daxkyh ds dxkj ij FkhA Qs;ksy ds usr`Ro esa dEiuh us u dsoy vius ?kkVs iwjs fd, vfirq ,d ykHk

vtZd dEiuh cu xbZA mudh ;g lQyrk ,d jksekapdkjh ?kVuk ls de ugha FkhA viuh e`R;q ls 7 o"kZ iwoZ

Qs;ksy fjVk;j gks x, vkSj 1925 rd] viuh e`R;q rd vkius viuk /;ku ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa ds ç;kj&çlkj

esa yxk;kA

Qs;ksy dkQh ;ksX; ys[kd FksA mUgksaus Hkw&xHkZ 'kkL=] [kuu vfHk;kfU=dh] çcU/k] ç'kklu vkfn fo"k;ksa ij

dkQh dqN fy[kk A yksd&ç'kklu esa ,d fpUrd ds :i esa [;krh fnykus okyh mudh iqLrd 'tujy ,.M

b.MfLVª;y eSustesUV' Fkh tks 1916 esa Ýkafllh Hkk"kk esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA ;g iqLrd çcU/k dks mudk lcls

egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA bl iqLrd dk loZçFke vaxzsth vuqokn 1929 esa çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1949 esa 'lj

blkd fiVeSu ,.M lUl' us Qs;ksy dh iqLrd 'tujy ,.M b.MfLVª;y eSustesUV' ¼General and Industrial

Management½ 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr dhA Þ;g nqHkZkX;iw.kZ Fkk fd okLrfod 'ç'kklu' 'kCn dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn

'çcU/k' ds :i esa fd;k x;k u fd 'ç'kklu' ds :i esaA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd 1916 esa "Administration

Indsutrialle et Generale" 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr Ýkafllh Hkk"kk dh iqLrd dk 1929 esa vuqokn 'tujy ,.M

b.MfLVª;y eSustesUV' ¼General and Industrial Administration½ ds :i esa fd;k x;k FkkA Qs;ksy dh dfri;

vU; jpuk,¡ ¼ys[k½ bl çdkj gSa–

• Discourse on the General Principles of Administration ¼1908½

• The Reform of the Public Service ¼1918½

gsujh Qs;ksy 47

• The Industralization of the State ¼1919½

• Administrative Reforms of the Posts and Telegraphs ¼1921½

• The Theory of Administration in the State ¼1923½

gsujh Qs;ksy dk yksd ç'kklu ;k çcU/k esas ;ksxnku%&

ç'kklu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk ¼Universality of Administration½

Qs;ksy çFke O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus ç'kklu ¼çcU/k½ dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dh odkyr dhA mUgksaus ç'kklu ds

dqN lkekU; fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd, vkSj muds lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ykxw djus dh odkyr dhA Qs;ksy ç'kklu

dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dk nkok djrs gq, yksd&ç'kklu vkSj futh ç'kklu ds chp esa Hksn dks udkjrs gSaA os dgrs gSa

'ç'kklu' 'kCn dks tks vFkZ eSaus fn;k gS vkSj tks lkekU; :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS] ç'kklfud

foKku ds {ks= dks O;kid cukrk gSA blesa dsoy lkoZtfud lsok,¡ gh 'kkfey ugha gSa vfirq gj vkdkj] fooj.k]

Lo:i vkSj ç;kstu ds m|e Hkh 'kkfey gSaA lHkh m|eksa esa fu;kstu] laxBu] vkns'k] leUo; vkSj fu;U=.k

(POCCoC) dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj vius dk;kZsa dks lqpk# :i ls djus ds fy, lHkh dks leku lkekU;

fl)kUrksa dh t#jr gksrh gSA vc gekjs lkeus cgqr ls ç'kklfud foKku ugha gSa flQZ ,d gS ftldks fd leku

:i ls lkoZtfud vkSj futh xfrfof/k;ksa esa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA

m|ksx] jktuhfr] /keZ] ;q) lHkh {ks=ksa esa ç'kklu egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS A Qs;ksy dk Li"V :i ls

ekuuk Fkk fd fu;kstu] laxBu] vkns'k] leUo; vkSj fu;U=.k os vko';d rÙo gSa tks gj rjg ds m|e esa

vko';d gksrs gSa] pkgs og lkoZtfud gksa ;k futhA bl çdkj Qs;ksy tgk¡ yksd&ç'kklu o futh ç'kklu ds

Hksn dks nj fdukj djrs gSa ogha ç'kklu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dks Li"V djrs gSaA Qs;ksy us m|ksx esa dk;Zjr

deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;kZsa esa ç'kklu dh ek=k bl çdkj crkbZ&

deZpkjh ç'kklu dk;Z

odZeSu 5%

QksjeSu 15%

“kkWi eSustj 25%

foHkkxh; gSM 35%

IykaV eSustj 40%

tujy eSustj 50%

vkS|ksfxd fØ;k,¡ rFkk ç'kklfud fØ;k,¡A ¼Industrial and Administrative Activities½

gsujh Qs;ksy us vkS|ksfxd fØ;kvksa ;k xfrfof/k;ksa rFkk iz”kklfud fØ;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k


rduhdh fØ;k,¡ : Qs;ksy çFke lewg dh fØ;kvksa dks rduhdh fØ;k,¡ dgrs gSaA rduhdh fØ;kvksa esa

mRiknu] fofuekZ.k rFkk vuqdwyu lEcU/kh fØ;kvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS vkSj s laLFkk ds y{; çkIr djus ds

fy, ;s xfrfof/k;k¡ vko';d gksrh gSaA

okf.kfT;d fØ;k,¡ : m|ksx ds fy, okf.kfT;d fØ;k,¡ Hkh mruk gh egÙo j[krh gSa ftruh fd vU;

fØ;k,¡ A okf.kfT;d fØ;kvksa esa Ø; ¼Buying½] foØ; ¼Selling½] rFkk fofue; ¼Exchange½ lEcU/kh fØ;kvksa

dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA cktkj dh fLFkfr] çfrLi/kkZ dh ç—fr] ewY; fofu;eu] nwj –f"Vrk vkfn dh tkudkjh

j[kuk vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ ds fy, vko';d gksrk gSA

foÙkh; fØ;k,¡ : buesa iw¡th dh çkfIr vkSj iw¡th dk mi;qDre mi;ksx lEcU/kh fØ;k,¡ 'kkfey dh tk

ldrh gSaA iw¡th gj dk;Z ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/k fcuk iw¡th ds lapkfyr ugha dh

tk ldrhA pkgs dPpk eky [kjhnuk gks ;k fQj e'khu] pkgs deZpkfj;ksa ds osru&HkÙkksa dk Hkqxrku djuk gks ;k

m|e dk foLrkj djuk gks] fcuk iw¡th ds ;g lc lEHko ugha gS A vr% m|e dh lQyrk ds fy, foÙkh; çcU/k

ij lokZf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

lqj{kkRed fØ;k,¡ : lqj{kk m|e dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA lqj{kkRed fØ;kvksa esa O;fDr;ksa vkSj

lEifÙk dh lqj{kk 'kkfey gSA laxBu esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dks ;fn viuh lqj{kk dk iw.kZ fo'okl gks rks os laxBu

esa dq'kyrkiwoZd dk;Z djsaxsaA vlqj{kkiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa dk;Zdq'kyrk ij foijhr çHkko iM+rk gSA vr% pksjh] vkx]

vfro`f"V rFkk vU; lkekftd xM+cMf+;ksa tSls&gM+rky] rkykcUnh] iRFkjckth vkfn ls O;fDr;ksa rFkk lEifÙk dh

lqj{kk dh leqfpr O;oLFkk vko';d gSA

ys[kkadu fØ;k,¡ : ys[kkadu fØ;kvksa esa LV‚d ijh{k.k] lUrqyu&i=] ykxrs] vk¡dM+s vkfn lEcU/kh

fØ;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lHkh ys[kkadu lEcU/kh fØ;k,¡ laxBu ds LokLF; ds fy, ykHknk;d

gksrh gSA blhfy, laxBu dh ys[kkadu xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh mruk gh /;ku fn;k tk, ftruk fd rduhdh]

okf.kfT;d] foÙkh;] lqj{kkRed vkSj ç'kklfud fØ;kvksa ij fn;k tkrk gSA

ç'kklfud/çcU/kdh; fØ;k,¡ : gsujh Qs;ksy us ç'kklfud fØ;kvksa ¼;k çcU/kdh; fØ;kvksa½ dks vkS|ksfxd

fØ;kvksa ds vfUre lewg esa j[kk gSA ;s fØ;k,¡ ç'kklu ds rÙo dgykrh gSaA

Qs;ksy dk er Fkk fd çcU/k djus dk vk'k; fu;kstu ¼iwokZuqeku½ djuk] laxBu cukuk] vkns'k nsuk]

leUo; LFkkfir djuk vkSj fu;U=.k j[kuk gSA Qs;ksy us bu ik¡pksa xfrfof/k;ksa dks ç'kklu ;k çcU/k ds rÙo

dgk gSA ftudk o.kZu bl çdkj gS %&

'fu;kstu ¼Planning½ : Qs;ksy fu;kstu rFkk iwokZuqeku dks ç'kklu ¼çcU/k½ ds çFke rÙo ds :i esa

igpkurs gSaA fu;kstu dk lokZf/kd çHkkoh midj.k dk;Z dh ;kstuk' ¼Plan for Action½ gSA dk;Z fdl çdkj

fd;k tk,xk] fdu pj.kksa esa fd;k tk,xk] fdu fof/k;ksa dks dke esa fy;k tk,xk vkfn dk mYys[k dk;Z;kstuk

gsujh Qs;ksy 49

esa fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z ;kstuk dh lgk;rk ls lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx lEHko gS rFkk laxBu ds y{;

çkfIr esa ;g lgk;d gksrh gSA Qs;ksy us ,d vPNh dk;Z dh ;kstuk ds fuEu rÙoa crk,¡ gSa ,drk ¼Unity½ •

lÙkrk ¼Continuity½] yphykiu ¼Flexibility½ • laf{kIrrk Precision½| dk;Z dh vPNh ;kstuk y{; çkfIr esa

lgk;d gksrh gS vkSj vuko';d xfrfof/k;ksa ls cpko djrh gSA

laxBu ¼Organization½ : laxBu çcU/k dk nwljk dk;Z gSA ljdkjh vfHkdj.k ;k vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ dks

laxfBr djus dk vfHkçk;% gksrk gS mlds lapkyu ds fy, dPps eky] midj.k] iw¡th ;k foÙk] deZpkjh vkfn

dh O;oLFkk djukA laxBu esa ekuoh; rFkk HkkSfrd i{k nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA

bl çdkj laxBu vusd çcU/kdh; dk;Z lEiUu djrk gSA Qs;ksy us egkçcU/kd dks dk;kZsa esa lgk;rk

nsus ds fy, LV‚Q dh fu;qfDr dh Hkh lykg nh gSA

vkns'k nsuk ¼Command½ : vkns'k }kjk laxBu esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa ls vf/kdre mRiknu fy;k tk

ldrk gSA laxBu ds lapkyu ds fy, vkns'k dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA Qs;ksy ds er esa vkns'k nsus dh dyk

O;fDrxr xq.kksa vkSj lkekU; fl)kUrksa ds Kku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vkns'k dk fl)kUr laxBu dh lajpuk ls

tqM+k gSA vkns'k nsus okys O;fDr esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa vko';d gSa] mls deZpkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh gksA

mls v{ke deZpkfj;ksa dks gVk nsuk pkfg,A mls ,d vPNk mnkgj.k is'k djuk pkfg,A laxBu dk le;≤

ij vads{k.k djsaA lEesyuksa ds ek/;e ls vius eq[; lgk;dksa dks utnhd ykuk pkfg,A foLr`r fooj.k esa ugha

Mwcuk pkfg,A dkfeZdksa ds chp ,drk] ÅtkZ] igy vkSj fo'okl iSnk djus dks y{; cukuk pkfg,A

leUo; ¼Coordination½ : Qs;ksy leUo; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd leUo; çcU/k dk og

dk;Z gS ftlds ek/;e ls laLFkku dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa rkyesy fcBk;k tkrk gS rkfd dk;Z lqxerkiwoZd

gksrk jgs rFkk dksbZ ck/kk iSnk u gksA laxBu dh çR;sd bdkbZ }kjk lEikfnr fd, tkus okys dk;kZsa esa nksgjko

vkSj erHksnksa dks nwj djus ds fy, leUo; dh LFkkiuk vko';d gks tkrh gS A ftu laxBuksa esa leUo; dk

vHkko gksrk gS ogk¡ laxBu ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds chp lg;ksx dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA Qs;ksy lEesyuksa vkSj

lEidZ vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls laxBu esa leUo; LFkkiuk dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA

fu;U=.k ¼Control½ : Qs;ksy fu;U=.k dks Hkh çcU/k dk egÙoiw.kZ rÙo ekurs gSaA fu;U=.k dk vfHkçk;

bl ckr dk lR;kiu djuk gS fd D;k miØe dh çR;sd fØ;k viukbZ xbZ ;kstukvksa] fn, x, vkns'kksa rFkk

LFkkfira fl)kUr ds vuqlkj gks jgh gS ;k ughaA bldk mís'; nqcZyrkvksa vkSj xyfr;ksa dks ekywe djuk gS

ftlls le; ij mUgsa lq/kkjk tk lds rFkk mldh iqujkofÙk jksdh tk ldsA Qs;ksy dk lq>ko Fkk fd fu;U=.k

laLFkk esa mfpr le; ij LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk mlds fy, leqfpr n.M dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A

ç'kklu ds pkSng fl)kUr ¼Fourteen Principles of Administration½ - gsujh Qs;ksy dk ç'kklu dks

lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku mlds }kjk çfrikfnr ç'kklu ¼;k çcU/k½ ds pkSng fl)kUr gSaA Qs;ksy us ç'kklu

ds fuEu 14 fl)kUrksa dk çfriknu fd;k gS

¼1½ dk;Z dk foHkktu ¼Division fo Work½ : dk;Z foHkktu dk vk'k; gS lEiw.kZ dk;Z dks dqN Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vdj

çR;sd Hkkx dk dk;Z O;fDr;ksa ds ,d fof'k"V lewg ;k fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tk,A bldk mís'; leku

ç;Ruksa dh ek=k ls vf/kd mRiknu djuk gS vkSj csgrj rjhds ls dk;Z djuk gSA dk;Z foHkktu ls fo'ks"khdj.k

vkrk gS vkSj mldks vf/kd n{krk ds lkFk lEiUu dj ikrs gSaA

¼2½ çkf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ¼Authority and Responsibility½ : lÙkk ;k izkf/kdkj dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs g,

Qs;ksy dgrs gSa fd lÙkk vkns'k nsus dk vf/kdkj vkSj mls ikyu djokus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA ;g laxBu ds fy,


vfr vko';d gksrk gSA lÙkk vkSipkfjd Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj O;fDrxr HkhA vkSipkfjd lÙkk in ls tqM+h gksrh

gS vkSj O;fDrxr lÙkk O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSA laxBu esa lÙkk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ijLij ?kfu"V :i ls

tqM+s gksrs gSaA fcuk lÙkk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha fuHkk, tk ldrs vkSj fcuk mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lÙkk dk nq#i;ksx dh

lEHkkouk c<+rh gSA lÙkk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro esa lekurk gksuh pkfg,A laxBu esa lÙkk dh pkg lHkh j[krs gSa ij

çcU/kdksa dks pkfg, fd os vius laxBu esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk dk lapkj djsaA

¼3½ vuq'kklu ¼Discipline½ : vuq'kklu laxBu ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d 'krZ gS vkSj fcuk vuq'kklu ds dksbZ

m|e [kq'kgky ugha gks ldrk A vuq'kklu fdlh Hkh laLFkk esa laLFkk vkSj mlds deZpkfj;ksa ds chp gq, LFkkbZ

le>kSrs ds çfr J)k vkSj Loh—fr gSA ;g le>kSrk vkSipkfjd ;k vfyf[kr gks ldrk gSA laLFkk ds mPp

vf/kdkfj;ksa dk nkf;Ro gS fd os laLFkk esa vuq'kklu cuk, j[kus ij /;ku nsaA Ikzs{kdksa dh fu;qfDr] Li"V le>kSrs

vkSj n.M dh O;oLFkk laLFkk esa vuq'kklu LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

¼4½ vkns'k dh ,drk ¼Unity fo Command½ : vkns'k dh ,drk fl)kUr dk rkRi;Z gS fd ,d deZpkjh dks

dsoy ,d gh mPpkf/kdkjh }kjk vkns'k fn;k tkuk pkfg, ;k v/khuLFk dsoy vius rqjUr mPpkf/kdkjh ls gh

vkns'k ys A Qs;ksy dgrs gSa fd ;fn bl fl)kUr dk mYya?ku gksrk gS rks lÙkk detksj gks tkrh gS] vuq'kklu

VwV tkrk gS] O;oLFkk fcxM+rh gS vkSj LFkkf;Ro dks [krjk igq¡prk gSA oLrqr% dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nksgjs vkns'kksa ds

v/khu ugha jg ldrkA

¼5½ funsZ'k dh ,drk ¼Unity fo Direction½ : funsZ'k dh ,drk dk fl)kUr vkns'k dh ,drk ls fHkUu gSA

funsZ'k dh ,drk dk rkRi;Z Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj bl ckr ls gS fd leku mís';ksa okyh fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu ,d

gh O;fDr }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj dk;Z dh ,d gh ;kstuk gksuh pkfg,A ,d gh mís'; okyh fØ;kvksa dks

lEiUu djus dk dk;Z tc ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks lkSai fn;k tk, rks muds chp leUo; dh leL;k vkrh

gS vkSj mlds fØ;kUo;u esa ck/kk iSnk gksrh gS A

¼6½ O;fDrxr fgrksa dk lkekU; fgrksa ds v/khu gksuk : ;g lkekU;&lh ckr gS fd laLFkk ds fgr O;fDrxr fgrksa

ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSa D;ksafd laLFkk dh [kq'kgkyh esa gh O;fDr;ksa dh [kq'kgkyh fufgr gSA Qs;ksy lq>ko nsrs

gSa fd O;fDr dks laLFkk ds fgrksa dks çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg, vkSj vius fgrksa dks laLFkk ds fgrksa ds v/khu j[kuk

pkfg,A laLFkk ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djuk gh deZpkjh dk /;s; gksuk pkfg,A laLFkk ds fgrksa dks Hkqykdj ;fn

O;fDr vius&vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ esa yx tk, rks laLFkk esa fgr&la?k"kZ 'kq# gks tk,xk vkSj ;g fLFkfr laLFkk ds

fy, uqdlkunk;d gksrh gSA

¼7½ deZpkfj;ksa dks ikfjJfed ¼Remuneration½ : deZpkfj;ksa }kjk laLFkk dks çnku dh xbZ lsok ds cnys esa

mUgsa ikfjJfed fn;k tkrk gSA ikfjJfed dh njsa dbZ ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA fu;ksDrk dh bPNk] deZpkjh dh

;ksX;rk] O;olk; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkfnA ikfjJfed O;oLFkk fcuk i{kikr ds gks vkSj ;g deZpkjh dks larks"k

çnku djus okyh gksuh pkfg,A ikfjJfed bruk vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd deZpkjh vius rFkk vius ifjokj dk

ikyu&iks"k.k dj lds vkSj nks&twu dh jksVh ik lds A ;fn ,slk ugh gksxk rks os foæksgh gks tk,saxs o gM+rky]

rkykcUnh dk lgkjk ysaxsaA

¼8½ dsUnzh;dj.k (Centralisation) : Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj izR;sd og dk;Z tks v/khuLFkksa ds egÙo dks c<+krk gS

fodsUæh;dj.k gS vkSj tks bls ?kVkrk gS og dsUæh;dj.k gSA dsUæh;dj.k O;oLFkk esa laxBu dh lÙkk mPp Lrj

ij dsUæhr jgrh gS vkSj leLr fu.kZ; mPp Lrj ij fy, tkrs gSaA blls v/khuLFkksa dk egÙo ?kVrk gSA laxBu

ds dsUæh;dj.k dh ek=k ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj lEcfU/kr yksxksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa ds vuqlkj cnyrh jgrh gSA -

gsujh Qs;ksy 51

¼9½ lksiku&Ja[kyk ¼Scalar Chain½ : lksiku&Ja[kyk laxBu esa mPpre Lrj ls fuEure Lrj rd QSyh lÙkk

dh ek=k gSA bl O;oLFkk esa çR;sd v/khuLFk dk ,d rqjUr mPpkf/kdkjh gksrk gS vkSj bl mPp vf/kdkjh dk

viuk ,d rqjUr mPp vf/kdkjh gksrk gS vkSj ;g laxBu ds mPpre Lrj rd pyrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bl

J`a[kyk ls ckgj ugha gksrk gSA lksiku&Ja[kyk ;k inlksiku ds dbZ ykHk gksrs gSa& ;s lÙkk dh J`a[kyk gksrh gS]

lapkj] fu.kZ;u] çR;k;kstu] leUo; vkfn esa mi;ksxh gksrh gSA ijUrq bl O;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k voxq.k dk;kZsa esa

nsjh ;k ykyQhrk'kkgh gSA Qs;ksy bl leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, 'xSax&IySad' ds mi;ksx dk lq>ko nsrs gSa

ftlds rgr nks leLrjh; vf/kdkjh lh/ks gh vkil esa lapkj LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA ftls fuEu fp=kuqlkj

le>k tk ldrk gSA

¼10½ O;oLFkk ¼Order½ : Qs;ksy ds er esa O;oLFkk dk fl)kUr euq";ksa vkSj oLrqvksa nksuksa ij ykxw gksrk gS A

O;oLFkk nks çdkj dh gks ldrh gSA HkkSfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr çR;sd oLrq dk ,d fu/kZkfjr LFkku gksrk gS vkSj

çR;sd oLrq vius fu/kZkfjr LFkku ij gksrh gSA blds vykok lkekftd O;oLFkk ls vk'k; gS lgh LFkku ij lgh

O;fDr dk gksukA Qs;ksy 'O;oLFkk' vkSj 'O;oLFkk ds vkHkkl' esa Hksn djrs gSaA

¼11½ lerk ¼Equity½ : Qs;ksy vuqlkj çcU/kdksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd os laxBu esa lerk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl

djsaA laxBu dk çR;sd dkfeZd U;k;] n;k vkSj i{kikr jfgr O;ogkj dh vkdka{kk j[krk gSA lHkh ds çfr leku

O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd dkfeZdksa dks dHkh Hkh bl ckr dh fpUrk ugha gks fd mlds çfr i{kikriw.kZ

dk;Zokgh dh tk jgh gSA

¼12½ deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Zdky dk LFkkf;Ro ¼Stability of Tenure½ : laxBu esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Zdky esa

i;kZIr LFkkf;Ro gksuk pkfg,A Qs;ksy ds er esa LFkkbZ fdUrq e/;e çfrHkk okyk çcU/kd mPp çfrHkk ijUrq

vLFkkbZ çcU/kd ls csgrj ifj.kke ns ldrk gSA tgk¡ rd lEHko gks O;fDr dks ,d in ls rc rd ugha gVk;k

tkuk pkfg, tc rd fd ,slk djus dk dksbZ Bksl dkj.k u gksA

¼13½ igyiu ¼Initiative½ : Qs;ksy ds er esa igyiu dk vk'k; gS ,d dk;Z ;kstuk dks lkspus dh 'kfDr vksj

mls fØ;kfUor djuk vkSj rRi'pkr~ mldh lQyrk dks lqfu'fpr djukA ijUrq igy dks lÙkk vkSj vuq'kklu

dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj gh çksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A

¼14½ lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ¼Esprit de Corps½ : ,d laxBu dks vius dkfeZdksa ds chp lkeatL; dh Hkkouk dk

fodkl djus ij tksj nsuk pkfg,A blds fy, izcU/kdksa dks nks dk;Z djus pkfg,A ,d] deZpkfj;ksa dks foHkkftr

u gksus fn;k tk, vkSj nwljk] ekSf[kd lapkj dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tk,A

Qs;ksy dgrs gSa fd pkgs okf.kT; gks] m|ksx gks] jktuhfr gks] /keZ gks ;k ;q) gks lHkh txg ç'kklu dh

vko';drk iM+rh gS vkSj ç'kklu dk lapkyu lkekU; fl)kUrksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA


çcU/kd esa D;k&D;k xq.k gksa\ ¼Attributes of Managers½

¼i½ 'kkjhfjd xq.k : • LokLF; ¼Health½ • tks'k ¼Vigour½ • mifLFkfr¼Appearance½

¼ii½ ekufld xq.k : • le>us vkSj lh[kus dh {kerk ¼Ability to Understand and Learm½• fu.kZ; ¼Judgement½

• ekufld 'kfDr ¼Mental Vigour½ • vuqdwyu'khyrk ¼Adaptibility½

¼iii½ uSfrd xq.k : –<+rk ¼Firmness½• mÙkjnkf;Ro Lohdkjus dh bPNk ¼Willingness to Accept Responsibility½

¼iv½: lkekU; f'k{kk : • fofHkUu ekeyksa dh tkudkjh

¼v½ fof'k"V Kku : blesa çcU/kd dk ml dk;Z ds ckjs esa fof'k"V Kku 'kkfey gS tks fd mls lkSaik tkrk gS]

pkgs ;g fdlh Hkh ç—fr dk D;ksa u gksA

¼vi½ vuqHko : dk;Z djus ls iSnk gksus okyk Kku vuqHko esa 'kkfey gSA vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij Qs;ksy fuEu

fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSaA • ,d Jfed ds fy, lcls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ;ksX;rk mldh rduhdh ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA

• tSls&tSls inlksiku esa Åij c<+k tkrk gS] oSls&oSls ç'kklfud ;ksX;rkvksa dk egÙo c<+rk tkrk gS vkSj

rduhdh ;ksX;rkvksa dk egÙo ?kVrk tkrk gSA ç'kkld dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ ;ksX;rk mldh ç'kklfud {kerk,¡

gksrh gSaA

çcU/kdh; çf'k{k.k ¼Administrative Training½ gsujh Qs;ksy çcU/kdh; çf'k{k.k ij tksj nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa

fd çcU/k dh çkFkfed f'k{kk çkFkfed Ldwyksa esa] dqN O;kid f'k{kk çkFkfed&mÙkj Ldwyksa esa rFkk çcU/k dh

mPprj vkSj fodflr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk mPp 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa }kjk çnku dh tkuh pkfg,A Qs;ksy çf'k{k.k

dks lrr~ çfØ;k ekurs gSa vkSj fo'okl djrs gSa fd laxBu esa çR;sd mPpkf/kdkjh vius rqjUr v/khuLFk ds

f'k{kd ds leku gksrk gSA Qs;ksy ds er esa çcU/k ;k ç'kklu ds f'k{k.k&çf'k{k.k ls çcU/kd vius dk;kZsa dks

vf/kd lqxerkiwoZd lapkfyr dj ik,axsA

Qs;ksy dk ewY;kadu ¼Evaluation½%& 'DykflDl bu eSustesUV' gkjoqM eSfjy }kjk lEikfnr iqLrd 'DykflDl

bu eSustesUV' esa Qs;ksy dks çcU/k lkfgR; dk Ýkafllh csdu' dgk x;kA ;|fi Qs;ksy ds fopkjksa dh vkykspuk

;g dg dj dh tkrh gS fd muds fl)kUrksa esa 'vfrO;kiu' ¼Overlapping½ ik;k tkrk gSA ihVj Mªdj dgrs gSa

laxBu fuekZ.k dh lcls cqjh xyfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh] ,d thoUr dk;Z&O;kikj ij 'vkn'kZ' ;k 'lkoZHkkSfed' laxBu

dk ,d ;kaf=d çfreku tcjnLrh ykxw dj fn;k x;kA

lajpukokfn;ksa dk eq[; vkjksi ;g gS fd gsujh Qs;ksy us vius çdk;kZRed oxhZdj.k esa lajpukRed vk;ke dks

utj vUnkt fd;k gSA çdk;Zokn dh ;g dg dj vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd ;g jpuk vkSj rdZ dh –f"V ls

de lgh gSA Qs;ksy us [kuu laLFkk ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij vius fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd, FksA ij budks vkt

ds tfVy vkSj O;kid laxBuksa ij ykxw djuk de O;ogkfjd yxrk gSA

'kkL=h; ç'kklfud fopkj/kkjk ds vkykspd psLVj cjukMZ rFkk gjcVZ lkbeu ekurs gSa fd çcU/kdh; laxBuksa

dks ge dsoy vkSipkfjd laxBu lajpuk ls lEcfU/kr fl)kUrksa ¼fu;eksa½ }kjk gh ugha le> ldrsA lkbeu rks

bu fl)kUrksa ¼çfu;eksa½ dks 'dgkorksa' rd dh laKk nsrs gSaA Qs;ksy us ç'kklu ds tks pkSng fl)kUr crk,¡ gSa

muesa vkUrfjd vlaxfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA mi;qZDr vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn Qs;ksy ds fopkj dkQh ekSfyd gSa vkSj

vkt Hkh mudh çklafxdrk gSA okLro esa] Qs;ksy us çcU/k vuq'kklu dks lEekutud fLFkfr esa igq¡pk;kA os

çFke çcU/kdh; fopkjd gSa ftudksa ,d ,sls O;fDr ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk jgsxk ftUgksaus çcU/k dh çfØ;k

dk lqikP; vkSj O;ofLFkr fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;k gS A Mh- ,l- iq?k] Mh- ts- fgdlu rFkk lh- vkj- fgfuaXl

fy[krs gSa

gsujh Qs;ksy 53

Qs;ksy dk bl {ks= esa xfoZyk LFkku bl dkj.k vf/kd ugha gSa fd mUgksaus ;g crk;k fd os dkSu ls fl)kUr gSa

ftuls çcU/k fd;k tk,] cfYd mudh ;g ifjHkk"kk gS fd çcU/k D;k gS A os çcU/kdh; fØ;kvksa dk lS)kfUrd

fo'ys"k.k djus okys igys Kkr çfriknd gSa] ftuds fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kh 'krkCnh rd vkykspukRed fopkj&foe'kZ

gksrk jgkA ,sls cgqr gh de ys[kd gksaxs tks bl fo'ys"k.k ls çHkkfor u gq, gksa vkSj muds ik¡p rÙo

(POCCoC) çcU/kdksa dks vo/kkj.kkvksa dh ,d ç.kkyh çnku djrs gSaA Qs;ksy ds fl)kUr vkt Hkh mrus gh oS/k

gSa ftrus fd ml le; Fks tc budk çfriknu fd;k x;k FkkA ;g nqHkZkX; dh ckr gS fd Qs;ksy ds dk;kZsa dk

vaxzsth esa vuqokn cgqr ckn esa gqvkA muds }kjk crk, x, fl)kUrksa ls vU; fopkjdksa ds fl)kUr dkQh esy

[kkrs gSa tcfd Qs;ksy us bldk çfriknu cgqr igys gh dj fn;k FkkA

• vusZLV Msy dk er gS fd Qs;ksy }kjk çfrikfnr fl)kUrksa dks O;kid :i ls fu;kstu vkSj dEiuh

laxBu lajpuk dks fodflr djus esa ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA muds }kjk çfrikfnr fl)kUr 'vkns'k dh ,drk']

'funsZ'k dh ,drk' rFkk 'çkf/kdkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro' ds fl)kUr lokZf/kd mi;ksx esa vkus okys fl)kUr gSaA ;gk¡

rd fd Qs;ksy us 'inlksiku' esa nsjh ls cpus ds fy, 'xSax&IySad' dk lq>ko Hkh fn;kA ihVj Mªdj dgrs gSa fd

Qs;ksy dk çdk;kZRed laxBu ,d NksVs O;kikj] fo'ks"kr% ,d NksVs fofuekZ.k O;kikj] dh lajpuk djus dk

loZJs"V rjhdk gSA gsujh vkYclZ ekurs gSa fd Qs;ksy 'ekuoh; dkjd' dh egÙkk ls vutku ugha FksA Qs;ksy

Lo;a fy[krs gSa ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa dh la[;k dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA çR;sd ç'kklfud fu;e ;k mik; tks

laxBu esa ekuoh; Hkkx dks etcwr djrk gS ;kg blds dk;Z dks lqxe cukrk gS] rc rd fl)kUrksa ds chp cuk

jgrk gS tc rd fd vuqHko }kjk ge mls bl egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr ds ;ksX; ekurs gSaA crZjke xzkla vuqlkj Qs;ksy

;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd muds fl)kUrksa dks –<+ fu;e ¼Rigid Rules½ ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A os ekurs Fks

fd muds lw=hdj.k dks vkSj vf/kd mUur fd;k tk ldrk gSA os ;g Hkh Lohdkjrs Fks fd muds ;s fl)kUr

fcuk fdlh la'kks/ku ds fofHkUu laxBukRed fLFkfr esa ykxw fd, tk ldus okys 'loZJs"B rjhdks' dk çfrfuf/kRo

ugha djrs gSaA fLFkfr ds vuqlkj muesa vko';d la'kks/ku fd, tk ldrs gSaA

v/;k; & 9

ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj

(FREDERIC WINSLOW TAYLOR)

"oSKkfud çcU/k ;g eku dj pyrk gS fd çR;sd dk;Z dks djus dk ,d Js"B rjhdk gksrk gS vkSj ml rjhds

dks lnSo dqN fu;eksa esa fufeZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj bl rjg vki vius Kku dks iqjkuh vO;oLFkk dh

fLFkfr ls nwj laxfBr Kku ds :i esa çkIr dj ldrs gSaA" &ÝsMfjd Vsyj

ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj us vU; ofpkjdksa dh rqyuk esa yksd&ç'kklu dks lokZf/kd çHkkofr fd;k gSA

çcU/k dk gj fo|kFkZhZ Vsyj ds uke ls ifjfpr gSA Vsyj oSKkfud çcU/k vkUnksyu ds vxz.kh çfriknd FksA

oSKkfud çcU/k dks nwljh vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds :i esa vfHkghr fd;k x;k gSA Vsyj us m|ksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks

lqy>kus ds fy, oSKkfud –f"Vdks.k dks viukus dh odkyr dh vkSj çcU/k dks foKku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr

fd;kA çcU/k dh oSKkfudrk ij tksj nsus rFkk çcU/k dks oSKkfud vk/kkj ij lapkfyr djuk gh oSKkfud çcU/k

dk lkj gSA

ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj dk tUe 20 ekpZ] 1856 dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds isfuflyosfu;k ds teZu

Vkmu 'kgj esa gqvk FkkA çkjfEHkd f'k{kk Ýkal rFkk teZuh ds Ldwyksa esa gqbZ A fQfyi ,DlhVj vdkneh esa vkius

ckn esa ços'k fy;k A ijUrq vf/kd esgur djus ls vkidh us=&T;ksfr detksj gks xbZ vkSj mUgksaus ek= 18 o"kZ

dh vk;q esa fQykMsfYQ;k ds gkbMªksfyd oDlZ esa dke djuk çkjEHk fd;k rFkk blds ckn 1878 esa os 'feMosy

LVhy dEiuh' esa Jfed cu x,A ckn esa U;wtlhZ ds g‚cksdu LVhosUlu çkS|ksfxd laLFkku esa ;kfU=d

vfHk;kfU=dh esa mikf/k çkIr dh vkSj feMosy LVhy dEiuh ds eq[; vfHk;Urk cu x,A blds ckn Vsyj us dbZ

LFkkuksa ij dk;Z fd;kA 1901 ds i'pkr~ viuh e`R;q lu~ 1915 rd Vsyj us viuk le; oSKkfud çcU/k dh

rduhdksa ds 'kks/k esa yxk;kA n{krk ds çfr mudk yxko vlhfer Fkk vkSj dke djus dh n{krk vikj FkhA

mudk vof'oluh; lfØ; thou ,d mYys[kuh; pfj= dk mnkgj.k çLrqr djrk gSA

Vsyj cgqeq[kh çfrHkk ds /kuh FksA mUgksaus vius O;kogkfjd vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij vusd iqLrdsa fy[kha vkSj

dbZ ys[k çdkf'kr djok,A 'fçafliYl v‚Q lkbUVhfQd eSustesUV' ¼Principles of Scientfiic Management½

mudh mR—"V —fr ekuh tkrh gSA bldk çdk'ku 1911 esa gqvk Fkk vkSj vc rd çdkf'kr vU; fdlh Hkh

iqLrd us çcU/k O;ogkj dks bruk çHkkofr ugha fd;k ftruk dh blus fd;kA Vsyj dh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ bl

çdkj gSa& ¼iqLrdsa vkSj ys[k½

Shop Management ¼1910½] The Principles of Scientfiic Management ¼1911½] Concrete Cost ¼Co-Author½

¼1912½] Notes on Belting ¼1894½ ¼ys[k½] A Piece Rate System ¼1895½ ¼ys[k½] Shop Management ¼1903½

¼ys[k½] On the Art of Cutting Metals ¼1906½ ¼ys[k½] The Gospel of Efficiency ¼1911½ ¼ys[k½

Vsyj dk 1895 esa ,d ys[k ', ihl jsV flLVe' vesfjdk dh ;kfU=d bathfu;fjax lkslkbVh ds le{k çLrqr

fd;k x;kA Vsyj us blesa lq>ko fn;k fd tgk¡ Hkh ofHksnkRed iqjLdkj O;oLFkk dks viuk;k tkrk gS ogk¡ dh

etnwjh&Hkqxrku O;oLFkk esa dqN fl)kUrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A 1903 esa çLrqr vius ys[k ''k‚i eSustesUV'

¼Shop Management½ esa Vsyj us çcU/k dh viuh vo/kkj.kk dks fuEu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V fd;k ¼i½ vPNs çcU/k dk

ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj 55

mís'; Å¡ph etnwjh dk Hkqxrku vkSj de bdkbZ mRiknu ykxr gksrk gSA ¼ii½ blds fy, viuh leL;kvksa ds

lek/kku ds fy, çcU/k dks 'kks/k vkSj ç;ksx dh oSKkfud off/k;ksa dks dke esa ysuk gksrk gSA ¼iii½ dk;Z dh n'kkvksa

dk çekihdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk oSKkfud vk/kkj ij deZpkfj;ksa dk p;u fd;k tk,A ¼iv½ vPNs dk;Z

lEiknu ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dks leqfpr çf'k{k.k fn;k tk, rkfd muds dkS'ky esa o`f) gks ldsA ¼v½ oSKkfud

vk/kkj ij Jfedksa o çcU/k ds chp lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk ofdkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Vsyj ds er esa 'çcU/k'

;g tkuus dh dyk gS fd vki nwljksa ls D;k djokuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blds ckn ;g ns[kuk fd fdl çdkj os

bls Js"B rjhds vkSj ferO;;rk ds lkFk djrs gSaA viuh iqLrd 'fçafliYl v‚Q lkbUfVfQd eSustesUV' esa Vsyj

'viokn }kjk çcU/k fl)kUr' ¼Principle of Management by Exception½ dk çfriknu djrs gSaA Vsyj dk er

Fkk fd fnu&çfrfnu ds dk;Z ds lEiknu ds fy, çcU/k }kjk dqN uhfr;ksa] fu;eksa] off/k;ksa] çfØ;kvksa rFkk çekiksa

dks ykxw dj nsuk pkfg,A blds ckn çcU/k dks viuk /;ku dsoy mUgha ekeyksa ij j[kuk pkfg, tgk¡ çekiksa ds

vuq:i dk;Z ugha gqvk gS] ;k fu/kZkfjr ek=k ls vf/kd dke gqvk gS A çcU/k dks dsoy ogha /;ku nsuk pkfg,

tgk¡ fu/kZkfjr uhfr;ksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk vuqlj.k ugha fd;k tk jgk gS ;k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA çcU/k dks

dsoy vioknLo:i gh nSfud dk;kZsa esa gLr{ksi djuk pkfg,A ;gh Vsyj dk 'viokn }kjk çcU/k' dk fl)kUr

gSA & vius ys[k 'nh vkVZ v‚Q dfVax eSVYl ls Hkh Vsyj dks dkQh [;kfr çkIr gqbZA ;g ys[k Vsyj ds

vkuqHkkofd ç;ksxksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA oSKkfud çcU/k ij muds ofpkj ''k‚i eSustesUV' rFkk 'fçafliy v‚Q

lkbfUVfQd eSustesUV' esa feyrs gSaA

Vsyj ds ç;ksx ¼Taylor's Experiments½%& feMosy LVhy dEiuh vkSj cSFkysge LVhy dEiuh esa dk;Z djrs

le; Vsyj us vusd ç;ksx fd,A bu ç;ksxksa rFkk v/;;uksa dh ofospuk Vsyj dh iqLrd 'fçafliYl v‚Q

lkbfUVfQd eSustesUV' esa LFkku&LFkku ij dh xbZ gSA Vsyj ds bu ç;ksxksa dk çcU/k txr~ ij dkQh çHkko

iM+kA Vsyj ds egÙoiw.kZ ç;ksx bl çdkj gSa QkoM+s ds ç;ksx ¼Shovelling Experiments½ : Vsyj us cSFkysge

LVhy dEiuh esa ns[kk fd Jfed vyx&vyx rjg ds QkoM+ksa dk ç;ksx djrs Fks rFkk Jfedksa dh dk;Z{kerk Hkh

dkQh de FkhA Vsyj us bu ç;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij lq>ko fn;k fd offHkUu çnkFkksaZ dks gVkus ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu

çdkj ds QkoM+ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A muds er esa gYds inkFkksa dks gVkus ds fy, Hkkjh QkoM+ksa dk

ç;ksx djuk pkfg, vkSj Hkkjh inkFkkZsa dks gVkus ds fy, gYds QkoM+ksa dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A Vsyj us bu

ç;ksxksa }kjk Jfedksa ds çf'k{k.k] dk;kZsa ds çekihdj.k] dk;kZsa dh le;≤ ij tk¡p vkSj O;ofLFkr lapkj

ç.kkyh ij Hkh tksj fn;kA Vsyj dh ubZ ;kstuk rFkk iqjkuh ;kstuk dh rqyuk bl çdkj gSA

QkoM+k ç;ksx ds urhts

iqjkuh ;kstuk iz;ksx vk/kkfjr ;kstuk

1- Jfedks dh la[;k

2- izfr O;fDr vkSlr vkenuh

3- izfr Vu eky gVkus dh vkSlr ykxr

400&600

1-15 MkWyj

0-072 MkWyj

140

1-18 MkWyj

0-033 MkWyj

Vsyj us QkoM+k ç;ksx ls ;g Hkh urhtk çLrqr fd;k fd bl ;kstuk ls fnu&çfrfnu vkSlr mRiknu 16 Vu ls

c<+dj 59 Vu gks tkrk gSA

/kkrq dVkbZ ç;ksx ¼Metal Cutting Experiments½ : Vsyj us feMosy LVhy dEiuh esa /kkrq dh dVkbZ lEcU/kh

ç;ksx fd,A vius ys[k 'vkVZ v‚Q dfVax eSVYl' esa Vsyj us vius ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ dhA Vsyj dk fu"d"kZ Fkk

fd /kkrq dh dVkbZ ds le; dbZ ckrksa ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls /kkrq dh dVkbZ djus okyh e'khu] /kkrq


dkVrs le; /kkrq dks B.Mk j[kuk] e'khu dh mfpr xfr] fu;kstu vkfnA /kkrq dVkbZ ç;ksxksa us vesfjdh

vkS|ksfxd txr~ dks dkQh çHkkofr fd;kA

dPps yksgs dks gVkus lEcU/kh ç;ksx ¼Pig Iron Handling Experiments½ : cSFkysge LVhy dEiuh esa ;s ç;ksx

fd, x,A dPps yksgs dks gVkus lEcU/kh vius ç;ksxksa ls mUgksaus lokZsÙke off/k ofdflr dh ftlds mi;ksx ls

O;fDr vc 47 1/2 Vu lkexzh mBk ldrk Fkk tks igys flQZ 12 1/2 Vu FkhA bUgha ç;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls Vsyj

us Jfedksa ds oSKkfud p;u] muds çf'k{k.k] dk;Z ds nkSjku mudks ofJke nsus dh odkyr dhA

oSKkfud çcU/k ¼Scientfiic Management½%& Vsyj dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku oSKkfud çcU/k ds tud ds

:i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA Vsyj ds vuqlkj çcU/k ;g tkuus dh dyk gS fd vki nwljs yksxksa ls D;k pkgrs

gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~ ;g ns[kuk fd fdl çdkj de [kpZ ij vf/kd n{krk ls ;g dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA Vsyj

vuqlkj oSKkfud çcU/k ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd nksuksa& ekfyd vkSj Jfed ds okLrofd fgr leku ,oa ,d

gSaA D;ksafd ekfydksa dh lEiUurk yEcs le; rd fcuk Jfedksa dh lEiUurk py ugha ldrhA blfy, ;g

lEHko gS fd Jfed tks og pkgrk gS& Å¡ph etnwjh nh tkuh pkfg, ,oa ekfyd tks og pkgrk gS& fuEu Je

ykxr nh tkuh pkfg,A

;g lgh gS fd oSKkfud çcU/k 'kCn dk loZçFke ç;ksx yqbZ cSUMhl us 1910 esa fd;k Fkk fQj Hkh Vsyj oSKkfud

çcU/k ds tud ekus tkrs gSaA 1911 esa çdkf'kr mudh iqLrd ds 'kh"kZd us oSKkfud çcU/k dks yksdfç; cuk;kA

'ekufld ØkfUr' ¼Mental Revolution½ dk fopkj Vsyj dk ekSfyd ;ksxnku gSA Vsyj ekufld ØkfUr dks

oSKkfud çcU/k dk ewy rÙo ekurs gSaA ekufld ØkfUr ls vk'k; Jfedksa vkSj ekfydksa dh ekufldrk esa

ifjorZu ls gSA lkekU;r;k ekfyd Jfedksa ls vf/kd dke pkgrs gSa vkSj Jfed ekfydksa ls vf/kd etnwjh A

blls nksuksa ,d&nwljs dks viuk fojks/kh le>rs gSa rFkk ijLij vfo'okl dk okrkoj.k jgrk gSA Vsyj bl

çdkj dh ekufldrk esa ifjorZu dk vkxzg djrs gSaA bls gh os ekufld ØkfUr dgrs gSaA

Vsyj dgrs gSa fd oSKkfud çcU/k Jfedksa dh vius drZO;ksa] vius dke vksj vius lkFkh Jfedksa ds çfr iw.kZ

ekufld ØkfUr esa fufgr gSA blh çdkj çcU/k dh vius deZpkfj;ksa vkSj mudh leL;kvksa ds çfr iw.kZ ekufld

ØkfUr vko';d gSA ;gh egku~ ekfuld ØkfUr oSKkfud çcU/k dk lkj gSA Vsyj dgrs gSa m|ksx ds nksuksa i{kksa

dh vfo'okl ij vk/kkfjr fopkj/kkjk ds LFkku ij Vsyj dh ekufld ØkfUr dh ladYiuk fgrksa esa ,drk]

ikjLifjd fo'okl] vkReh;rk rFkk lg;ksx vkfn ij tksj nsrh gSA Vsyj dgrs gSa oSKkfud çcU/k ds vUrxZr

nksuksa i{kksa ¼çcU/kd rFkk Jfed½ ds ekufld –f"Vdks.k esa ,d cM+h ØkfUr vkrh gS] ftlds vUrxZr nksuksa gh i{k

vU; egÙoiw.kZ ekeyksa ds leku 'vkf/kD;' ¼Surplus½ ds foHkktu ls viuh fuxkg nwj j[krs gSa vkSj nksuksa lkFk

feydj bl 'vkf/kD;' dk vkdkj vksj vf/kd c<+kus ij /;ku dsfUær djrs gSa rkfd ;g 'vkf/kD;' bruk c<+ tk,¡

fd bldk c¡Vokjk dSls gksuk pkfg, ds fy, >xM+uk gh u iM+sA Vsyj ds oSKkfud çcU/k ds bu fl)kUrksa dh

la{ksi esa ofospuk bl çdkj gS ofKku] u fd vaxwBs dk fu;e : Vsyj vius oSKkfud çcU/k esa ofKku ds ofdkl

ij lokZf/kd tksj nsrs gSaA os vkxzg djrs gSa fd laxBu esa çR;sd dk;Z oSKkfud fof/k ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, u

fd 'vaxwBs ds fu;e' vFkZkr~ vuqHko vkSj 'Vª‚;y o ,jj' fof/k lsA os Jfedksa dk oSKkfud vk/kkj ij p;u vkSj

oSKkfud vk/kkj ij gh dk;Z dk vkoaVu dk vkxzg djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa oSKkfud çcU/k eku dj pyrk gS fd

gj dk;Z djus dk ,d lokZsÙke rjhdk gksrk gS vkSj ;g lokZsÙke rjhdk lnSo fl)kUrksa esa <kyk tk ldrk gSA

çcU/k ds foKku dks fodflr djus ds fy, foKku ds fodkl dks Vsyj vko';d ekurs gSaA

lkeatL; u fd la?k"kZ : Vsyj m|e ds deZpkfj;ksa vkSj çcU/k i{k ds chp lkeatL;iw.kZ lEcU/kksa dh odkyr

djrs gSaA pw¡fd m|e ds nks vk/kkj LrEHkksa ds :i esa mldh lQyrk rHkh lEHko gksrh gS tc nksuksa i{kksa ds chp


la?k"kZiw.kZ lEcU/kksa ds LFkku ij lkeatL;iw.kZ vkSj eS=h lEcU/k gksaA Vsyj ekufld ØkfUr ds ek/;e ls ,slh

ifjdYiuk djrs gSA

lg;ksx u fd O;fDrokn: m|e ds deZpkjh ;fn vius&vius O;fDrxr ç;klksa ij gh /;ku nsa] vkSj vius

lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk dksbZ lkeatL; u j[ksa rks m|e dh lQyrk lafnX/k jgrh gSA 'vdsyk puk HkkM+ ugha QksM+

ldrk' ds leku gh O;fDroknh ç;Ruksa ls laxBu ds mís';ksa dks çkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA laxBu ds

deZpkfj;ksa esa lg;ksx ;k lgdkfjrk dh Hkkouk gksuk vifjgk;Z gSA de ls de ykxr ij vf/kd ls vf/kd

mRiknu ;g mís'; dsoy lgdkjh ç;klksa ls gh lEHko gS u fd O;fDroknh ç;klksa lsA

lhfer mRiknu ds LFkku ij vf/kdre mRiknu : Vsyj dk er gS fd pw¡fd oSKkfud çcU/k dk mís'; Jfedksa

vkSj ekfydksa nksuksa dh [kq'kgkyh gSA ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc m|e vf/kdre mRiknu djsA ;fn laxBu lhfer

;k çfrcfU/kr mRiknu ds LFkku ij vf/kdre mRiknu djrs gSa rks bldk ykHk dsoy ekfydksa dks gh ugha vfirq

Jfedksa dks Hkh feysxkA vr% Vsyj lhfer mRiknu ds LFkku ij vf/kdre mRiknu dk vkxzg djrs gSaA çR;sd

O;fDr dk mldh vf/kdre n{krk vkSj le`f) rd ofdkl oSKkfud çcU/k laxBu ds çR;sd O;fDr dk

vf/kdre n{krk ¼dk;Zdq'kyrk½ vkSj le`f) rd fodkl djus dk i{k ysrk gSA ,slk Jfedksa ds oSKkfud vk/kkj

ij p;u] mudks çf'k{k.k rFkk dk;Z ds oSKkfud vkoaVu ls lEHko gSA lkFk gh oSKkfud çcU/k Jfedksa dh

le`f) dk Hkh i{k ysrk gS vkSj mUgsa Å¡ph etnwjh nsus dh ckr djrk gS] D;ksafd ekfydksa dh lef) Hkh rHkh

lEHko gS tcfd Jfed le) gksA

Vsyj vius oSKkfud çcU/k fl)kUr esa dk;Z djus ds Js"B ;k lokZsÙke rjhds gsrw ^dk;Z&of'ys"k.k' ij cy nsrs

gSaA Vsyj us dk;Z ds lokZsÙke rjhds ds fu/kZkj.k gsrq le; v/;;u'] 'xfr v/;;u' vkSj 'Fkdku v/;;u'

rduhdksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

le; v/;;u ¼Time Study½ : Vsyj us le; v/;;u dk ç;ksx fdlh dk;Z dks djus esa yxus okys le; dks

fu/kZkfjr djus ds fy, fd;k gSA Vsyj us bl rduhd dk ç;ksx Jfedksa ds vkSlr fnu ds dk;Z ¼A fair days

work½ fu/kZkj.k ds fy, fd;k gSA ftl dk;Z ;k xfroff/k esa U;wure le; yxrk gS] ogh Js"B gksrh gSA

xfr v/;;u ¼Motion Study½ : xfr v/;;u ls Jfedksa }kjk fd, tk jgs dk;Z dh offHkUu xfr;ksa dk fujh{k.k

fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vuko';d xfr;ksa dks gVkdj dk;Z dh Js"B off/k fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA

Fkdku v/;;u ¼Fatigue Study½ : dk;Z djus ls Fkdku vkuk LokHkkfod gSA tc Jfed Fkdku eglwl djrs gSa

rks os viuh iw.kZ {kerk ls dk;Z ugha dj ikrsA blds fy, Vsyj foJke dk le; fu/kZkfjr djus dh lykg nsrs

gSaA

Vsyj vius v/;;uksa rFkk ç;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd fu;kstu dks dk;Z ls i`Fkd fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A Vsyj dk lq>ko Fkk fd fu;kstu dk dke i;Zos{kdksa dks lkSaik tkuk pkfg, vkSj Jfedksa dks dsoy vius

dk;Z ij gh vf/kd dsfUær gksuk pkfg,A oSKkfud çcU/k fopkj/kkjk ds vU; egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq bl çdkj gSaA

Jfedksa dk oSKkfud p;u ,oa çf'k{k.k : Jfed vf/kdre dk;Zdq'kyrk ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldsa] blds fy, Vsyj

Jfedksa ds oSKkfud vk/kkj ij p;u dh odkyr djrs gSaA Vsyj Jfedksa ds oSKkfud vk/kkj ij p;u ds

lkFk&lkFk muds dkS'ky dks ofdflr djus ds fy, ç'fk{k.k dks Hkh vko';d ekurs gSaA ,slk Jfed m|e ds

fy, vf/kdre {kerk ds lkFk viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA


oSKkfud vk/kkj ij dk;Z dk vkoaVu: Vsyj Jfedksa ds chp dk;Z ds vkoaVu ds fy, oSKkfud vk/kkj viukus dk

lq>ko nsrs gSaA çR;sd Jfed dh ;ksX;rk vkSj #fp dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, oSKkfud rjhds ls dk;Z dk vkoaVu

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blls lksfYMfjax ¼Soldiering½ ¼dke ls cpuk½ de gksxkA

çekihdj.k ¼ekudhdj.k½ : Vsyj vkStkjksa] ;U=ksa] e'khuksa vkfn ds çekihdj.k dks vko';d ekurs gSaA çR;sd dk;Z

ds çeki fu/kkZfjr dj fn, tkus rFkk ;U=ksa vkSj lkexzh dk oSKkfud vk/kkj ij p;u ls U;wure ykxr ij

vf/kdre mRiknu lEHko gSA

çjs.kkRed etnwjh ç.kkyh ¼Incentive Wages System½: Vsyj Jfedksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa o`f) ds fy,

çksRlkgd etnwjh ç.kkyh ykxw djus dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA ftlls Jfed ml dk;Z dks djus dks ço`r gksxsaA

blfy, Vsyj 'foHksnkRed etnwjh njksa' ¼Dffierential Wage Rates½ dks ykxw djus dh odkyr djrs gSaA bl

ç.kkyh esa O;fDr ds dk;Z lEiknu ds vk/kkj ij etnwjh nh tkrh gSA lgh le; ij lgh rjhds ls dk;Z

lEiknu ij vf/kd etnwjh rFkk dk;Z le; ij ugha gks rks U;wu etnwjh ls gh Jfed dks lUrq"V gksuk gksxkA

Vsyj us vuqHko fd;k fd tc ,d çk—frd :i ls ÅtkZoku O;fDr] ,d vkylh O;fDr ds lkFk dke djrk gS

rks bl fLFkfr ds rdZ dk dksbZ mÙkj gh ugha fn;k tk ldrk eSa dM+h esgur D;ksa d:¡ tc esjk vkylh lkFkh

Hkh esjs cjkcj gh etnwjh ik ysrk gS vkSj og dke Hkh eq>ls vk/kk gh djrk gS\ bl leL;k dk lek/kku

'foHksnkRed etnwjh' ç.kkyh gSA

Vsyj vuqlkj Jfed dks vf/kd dk;Z djus ls vf/kd iSlk feysxk rks og fu%ladksp vf/kd dk;Z djus dks çor

gksxkA ,d Mp Jfed “”feV* ¼Schmidt½ ds lkFk ckrphr es Vsyj ikrk gS fd og Jfed vf/kd dk;Z djds

1-15 MkWyj izfrfnu dh txg 1-85 MkWyj izfrfnu izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA

dk;Z dh vPNh n'kk,¡ % Vsyj Jfedksa dks dk;Z dh vPNh vkSj lUrks"ktud n'kk,¡ çnku djus dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA

muds Je ?k.Vksa esa deh djds mUgsa dk;Z ls th pqjkus ds LFkku ij fujUrj dk;Z djokuh lEHko gksxkA

dk;Zdq'ky ykxr&ys[kk ç.kkyh : dq'ky ykxr ys[kk ç.kkyh ls laxBu ds vuko';d [kpksZ ls cpk tk ldrk

gSA

çdk;kZRed&QkSjeSuf'ki Functional formanship: Vsyj dh ;g vo/kkj.kk dk;kZsa ds of'ks"khdj.k ij vk/kkfjr

gSA bl ç.kkyh esa Jfed ds dk;kZsa dks funsZf'Zkr djus dk nkf;Ro vkB O;fDr;ksa ¼vf/kdkfj;ksa½ dk gksrk gSA bu

vkB esa ls pkj O;fDr fu;kstu ls lEcfU/kr vkSj pkj Jfed ds dk;kZsa ls çR;{kr% tqM+s gksrs gSa tks Jfed ds

dk;Z dks funsZf'kr djrs gSaA ;s O;fDr gSa ¼i½ dk;ZØe DydZ ¼Routine Clerk½ : dk;ZØe DydZ dk dk;Z nSfud

dk;ZØe rS;kj djuk rFkk mlls lEcfU/kr vko';d lwpuk,¡ çnku djuk gSA ¼ii½ funsZ'ku dkMZ DydZ

¼Instruction Card Clerk½ : bl DydZ dk dk;Z funsZ'k i= rS;kj djuk gS vkSj mUgsa xSax c‚l rd igq¡pkuk gSA

¼iii½ le; ,oa ykxr DydZ ¼Time and Cost Clerk½ : bldk dk;Z fofHkUu fØ;kvksa esa yxus okys le; vkSj

ykxrksa ds lEcU/k esa lwpuk,¡ j[kuk gSAA ¼iv½ vuq'kkld ¼Disciplinair½ : laxBu esa vuq'kklu cuk, j[kuk vkSj

fooknksa dk fuiVkjk djuk bldk dk;Z gksrk gSA ¼v½ xSax c‚l ¼Gang Boss½ : bldk dk;Z çR;sd Jfed ls

fu/kZkfjr ;kstuk ds vuqlkj dk;Z ysuk] Jfedksa dks dk;Z dh vko';d lwpuk o ekxZn'kZu o lkexzh çnku djuk

gksrk gSA ¼vi½ LihM c‚l ¼Speed Boss½ : ;g Jfedksa dh dk;Z dh xfr ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA bl ckr dk

/;ku j[kuk fd çR;sd dk;Z lgh le; ij gks] bldk nkf;Ro gSA ¼vii½ fjis;j c‚l ¼Repair Boss½ : bldk

dk;Z e'khuksa rFkk vkStkjksa dh VwV&QwV dh ejEer djuk gSA ¼viii½ fujh{kd ¼Inspector½ : ;g vius m|e esa

mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh fdLe vkSj xq.k vkfn dh tk¡p djrk gS rFkk ns[krk gS fd oLrq,¡ ofØ; ;ksX; gSa ;k ughaA

Vsyj dh bl lEiw.kZ ;kstuk dks fuEu js[kkfp= }kjk iznZf”kr fd;k tk ldrkA


bl çdkj Vsyj }kjk of.kZr mi;qZDr mik; oSKkfud çcU/k ds lgk;d rÙo gSa u fd Lo;a oSKkfud çcU/k A

ekufld ØkfUr gh oSKkfud çcU/k dk ewy n'kZu gSA os vf/kdre mRiknu ij tksj nsrs gSa rFkk lksYMfjax vFkZkr~

'dke ls cpus dh ço`fÙk' dh vkykspuk djrs

Vsyj vkSj Qs;ksy : rqyuk ¼Taylor and Fayol : Comparison½ ÝsMfjd foUlyks Vsyj rFkk gsujh Qs;ksy nksuksa

gh çfl) ç'kklfud fpUrd gSa A çk;% Vsyj vkSj Qs;ksy dh rqyuk dh tkrh gSA bu nksuksa gh fo}kuksa ds ofpkjksa

esa tgk¡ ,d vksj dqN lekurk,¡ gSa rks nwljh vksj dbZ vUrj Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

Vsyj vkSj Qs;ksy ds fopkjksa esa vlekurk,¡ % Vsyj us tgk¡ oSKkfud çcU/k ds mu fof'k"V fl)kUrksa dk fodkl

fd;k ftudk çR;{k lEcU/k mRiknu dh çfØ;k ls gS] ogha Qs;ksy us ç'kklu ds lkekU; fl)kUrksa dk çfriknu

fd;k tks fd lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ik, tk ldrs gSaA Vsyj 'oSKkfud çcU/k' ds tud ekus tkrs gSa tcfd Qs;ksy

'ç'kklu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk' ij cy nsus okys fopkjd ds :i esa A mRiknu pw¡fd ,d rduhdh igyw gS vr%

blls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k Vsyj ds fopkj 'fof”k"Vrk' fy, gS tcfd Qs;ksy 'lkekU; ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa

dh foospuk djrs gSaA tgk¡ Vsyj dk eq[; /;ku bl ckr ij Fkk fd fdl çdkj m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa

dk rduhdh dkS'ky fodflr fd;k tk,] ogha Qs;ksy dh eq[; #fp ç'kklfud ;ksX;rkvksa dks c<+kus ls lEcf/akr

FkhA Vsyj us vius v/;;u esa vf/kd /;ku m|ksxksa esa fupys Lrjksa ¼dkfeZdksa½ ij fn;k Qs;ksy dk vf/kd /;ku

laxBu ds mPp Lrjksa ¼çcU/kd½ ij FkkA Vsyj dh eq[; #fp U;wure ykxr ij vf/kdre mRiknu' djus esa Fkh

tcfd Qs;ksy ç'kklu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, ç'kklfud ;ksX;rkvksa esa o`f) djus ls vf/kd tqM+s

FksA Vsyj dh 'ekufld ØkfUr' tSlk fopkj Qs;ksy ds eu esa ugha FkkA

mi;qZDr vlekurkvksa ds ckotwn Vsyj vkSj Qs;ksy ds fopkj ,d&nwljs ds fojks/kh u gksdj ,d&nwljs ds iwjd

FksA fyaMl mfoZd Hkh ;g ekurs gSa tgk¡ Vsyj 'oSKkfud çcU/k ds tud' ekus tkrs gSa ogha Qs;ksy 'vk/kqfud çcU/k

ofpkj/kkjk' ds tud A nksuksa us çcU/kdh; leL;kvksa dk O;ofLFkr vkSj oSKkfud v/;;u fd;kA nksuksa gh

fpUrdksa us ç'kklu esa 'ekuoh; rÙo' dks egÙo fn;kA nksuksa gh fopkjdksa dks dk;Z dk vPNk vuqHko Fkk vkSj

muds fl)kUr muds O;ogkfjd vuqHko ij gh vk/kkfjr FksA nksuksa gh fopkjdksa us laxBukRed leL;kvksa ij

ofpkj fd, rFkk muds lek/kku ds mik; Hkh lq>k, A fu%lUnsg Vsyj vkSj Qs;ksy nksuksa vxz.kh Fks rFkk

ç'kklfud fpUru lnSo mudk _.kh jgsxkA


Vsyj dk ewY;kadu ¼Evaluation½ % oSKkfud çcU/k ds tud ds :i esa Vsyj çcU/k lkfgR; esa vej gks x, gSaA

ijUrq vkykspdksa ds er esa Vsyj us viuk lkjk /;ku dkj[kkuk Lrj ij gh yxk;k gS vkSj mPp çcU/k ds lq/kkj

ij dqN ugha dgk gSA Vsyj ds bl fl)kUr dh vke O;fDr;ksa] VªsM ;wfu;uksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd çcU/kdksa us Hkh

vkykspuk dh gSA çksQslj gksDlh us vesfjdk esa viuh fjiksVZ] tks mUgksaus vkS|ksfxd lEcU/kksa ij vk;ksx dks nh

Fkh] esa oSKkfud çcU/k mikxe dks mRiknu ds dsoy ;kfU=d igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr gksus o ekuoh; igyqvksa dh

mis{kk dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA Vsyj mPp çf'k{k.k dks vko';d ekurs Fks vr% os yksx Vsyj ds of#) gks x, tks

fcuk çf'k{k.k ds gh inksUufr }kjk Å¡ps inksa dks çkIr djuk pkgrs FksA çcU/kdksa ls ugha iVus ds dkj.k gh Vsyj

dks feMoSy vkSj cSFkysge dEifu;ksa ls R;kx&i= nsuk iM+kA

'ksYMu] QksysV] es;ks] Mªdj vkfn fopkjd Vsyj ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gSa D;ksafd og fuosZ;fDrrk ij

T;knk /;ku nsrk gS vkSj ekuoh; igyw dks de djds vk¡drk gSA es;ks ds g‚FkksZu ç;ksxksa }kjk Vsyjokn dk

[k.Mu fd;k x;kA lkbeu vkSj ekpZ oSKkfud çcU/k dks ''kkjhfjd laxBukRed fl)kUr' dh laKk nsrs gSaA

vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn Vsyj dh fopkj/kkjk yEcs le; rd lEiw.kZ fo'o ij Nk;h jgh vkSj vkt Hkh mudh

U;wukf/kd mi;ksfxrk fo|eku gSA cVZjke xz‚l ds er esa muds oSKkfud çcU/k dk yksd ç'kklu esa c<+rs lq/kkj

vkSj ferO;;rk vkUnksyu ij xgjk çHkko gSA

oSKkfud çcU/k 'kkL=h; laxBu fl)kUr dk ,d Hkkx FkkA ;g mu laxBukRed lajpukvksa esa ykxw gksrh Fkh tgk¡

fu;U=.k dk {ks= lhfer Fkk] çkf/kdkj dsfUær Fks rFkk çkf/kdkj dk ,d ,slk çfreku Fkk tks Åij ls uhps dh

vksj ¼From Top to Down½ çokfgr gksrk gksA ç.kkyh ds fØ;kUo;u dh lEiw.kZ ftEesnkjh çcU/k esa iwjh rjg ls

fufgr FkhA laxBukRed fopkj/kkjk ds vkxs ds fodkl esa bldk O;kid çHkko iM+kA blus fyvkukbZ OgkbV] ywFkj

xqfyd rFkk fyaMy mfoZd dks çHkkofr fd;kA 1930 ds vkl&ikl yksdfç; gq, vkSipkfjd laxBu fopkj/kkjk

¼Formal Organization Theory½ çR;{k :i ls oSKkfud çcU/k ls tqM+h FkhA ;g n{krk vkSj mRikndrk ij cgqr

T;knk tksj nsrk gSA bldh lcls cM+h foQyrk ;g gS fd blus mRiknu esa ekuoh; rÙo] vukSipkfjd laxBu

ds egÙo rFkk laxBukRed i;kZoj.k ds çHkko dh vuns[kh dh gSA

fdUrq vc Hkh dqN laxBu oSKkfud çcU/k fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij pyrs gSaA gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,

fd yksd ç'kklu dks ,d vdknfed of"k; ds :i esa LFkkfir djus esa oSKkfud çcU/k us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZ Fkh] of'ks"kdj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esaA ihVj ,Q Mªdj fy[krs gSa vefjdh yksd ç'kklu esa oSKkfud

çcU/k dk O;kid çHkko iM+k FkkA bl çcU/k dk dsUæh—r vkSj fodsUæh—r çHkko iM+kA vefjdh 'kklu lajpuk

fodsUæh—r FkhA vesfjdk esa yksd ç'kklu ds v/;;u us oSKkfud çcU/k ds dsUæh—r /kkxksa ij T;knk tksj

fn;kA mlds ckn oSKkfud çcU/k foijhr fn'kk esa eqM+k vkSj blus fodsUæh—r /kkxksa ds fodkl ¼Cultivation½

ij tksj fn;kA MokbV okYMks ds vuqlkj lu~ 1915 esa Vsyj dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ mldh fopkj/kkjk ds vusd

fcUnqvksa dks vLohdkj Hkh dj fn;k x;k gS] fdUrq 'Vsyjokn' dh Hkkouk] mldh çfrHkk rFkk mlds }kjk çnku dh

xbZ 'ekufld ØkfUr' ,oa 'n'kZu' ,d 'kk'or oLrq gSA

vH;kl 61

vH;kl gsrq iz”u


1- lkbafVfQd eSusteSaV fl)kar dh O;k[;k djsA

2- izdk;kZRed QkSjeSuf”ki dh foospuk djksA

3- Qs;ksy ds pkSng fl)karks dk o.kZu djsA

4- oqMjks foYlu ds fopkjksa dk iz”kklu esa ;ksxnku crk,aA

5- Q;ksy dh vkS/kksfxd vkSj iz”kklfud fØ;kvksa dk o.kZu djsaA


1- jktuhfr&iz”kklu }SrHkko ds tud dkSu FksA

2- foYlu dh nks iqLrdksa ds uke fy[kksaA

3- Qs;ksy us fdruh vkS;ksfxd fØ;k,¡ crkbZ gSaA

4- Qs;ksy us izcU/kd ds dkSu&dkSu ls xq.k crk,a gSA

5- vkVZ vkWQ dfVax eSVy fdlds }kjk izfrikfnr fl)kar gSA

6- lksfYMfjax dk vFkZ crk,aA

v/;k; & 10

ywFkj ,p- xqfyd

(LUTHER H. GULICK)

laxBuksa ds çcU/k dh ''kkL=h;' fopkj/kkjk ds Js"B çfrikndksa vkSj mls yksdfç; cukus okyksa esa ywFkj xqfyd

rFkk fyaMy mfoZd dk uke lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS ftuds dk;kZsa dk mi;ksx] bl ço`fÙk ds laLFkkidksa dh rqyuk esa]

fo"k; dk ifjp; djkus esa vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA

yksd&ç'kklu ds vuq'kklu ds :i esa fodkl esa ;ksxnku djus okys çeq[k fopkjdksa esa ,d uke ywFkj

xqfyd dk gSA xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu esa 'kkL=h; fopkjd ekus tkrs gSaA 1937 esa fyaMy mfoZd ds lkFk feydj

mUgksaus 'isilZ v‚u nh lkbUl v‚Q ,MfefuLVªs'ku fy[khA ;g yksd&ç'kklu ds fodkl esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ dM+h

FkhA

ywFkj gSYlh xqfyd dk tUe lu~ 1892 esa tkiku esa gqvk FkkA 28 o"kZ dh vk;q esa vkius dksyfEc;k fo'ofo|ky;

ls M‚DVjsV dh mikf/k çkIr dhA 1939 esa xqfyd us M‚DVj v‚Q fyVjspj vkSj 1954 esa M‚DVj v‚Q y‚&yscj

dh mikf/k;k¡ çkIr dhA xqfyd dbZ o’kk saZ rd fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa çksQslj jgsA os ç'kklfud çcU/k ij

jk"Vªirh; lfefr ds Hkh lnL; jgsA

ywFkj xqfyd us dbZ iqLrdsa fy[khaA mudh dqN iqLrdsa rFkk ys[k bl çdkj gSa&

• Papers on the Science of Administration ¼1937½ ¼with Urvick½ • Administrative Reflections from

World War-II ¼1948½ • The Metropolitan Problems and American Ideas ¼1962½ • 'Next Steps in Public

Administration' • ‘Who Are we to Believe' ¼1957½ ¼ys[k½ • 'The Dynamics of Public Administration :

Today as Guidelines for the Future' ¼1983½ ¼ys[k½ • "Time and Public Administration' ¼1987½ ¼ys[k½

ywFkj xqfyd vkSipkfjd laxBu fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZd FksA yksd&ç'kklu dks ywFkj xqfyd dk ;ksxnku vusd

{ks=ksa esa jgkA xqfyd ds ;ksxnku dks fuEu fcUnqvksa esa tku ldrs gSaA

laxBu ds fl)kUr ¼Principles of Organization½%& xqfyd 'kkL=h; fopkjd ekus tkrs gSaA mu dk fo'okl

Fkk fd laxBu ds dqN lkekU; fl)kUr gksrs gSa vkSj bu fl)kUrksa dks ykxw djds laxBu dh çHkko'khyrk esa

o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa dk eq[; /;ku 'ferO;;rk' vkSj 'n{krk' ij FkkA mudk er gS fd

ç'kklu ds lkekU; fl)kUrksa }kjk vf/kdre ferO;;rk vkSj n{krk çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ywFkj xqfyd gsujh

Qs;ksy }kjk çfrikfnr ç'kklu ds pkSng fl)kUrksa ls dkQh çHkkfor FksA xqfyd us laxBu ds fuEu 10 fl)kUrksa

dk çfriknu fd;k gS

¼1½ dk;Z dk foHkktu ;k fo'ks"khdj.k : laxBu ds 10 fl)kUrksa esa xqfyd bl fl)kUr dks lokZf/kd egÙo nsrs

gSaA mudk er gS fd dk;Z dk foHkktu dsoy laxBu dk vk/kkj gh ugha cfYd dkj.k gSA vU; 'kkL=h; fopkjd

Hkh dk;Z foHkktu dks laxBu dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr ekurs gSaA dk;Z ds foHkktu dk vk'k; gS fd dk;Z dks

loZçFke NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk, vkSj çR;sd Hkkx dk dk;Z fof'k"V O;fDr gh djsA dk;Z dk foHkktu dj

fn, tkus ls u dsoy dk;Z dks djuk vklku gksxk vfirq fo'ks"khdj.k dk ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldsxk D;ksafd

ywFkj ,p- xqfyd 63

,d&lk dk;Z djrs jgus ls deZpkjh ml dk;Z esa fo'ks"k n{krk gkfly dj ysrk gSA ¼2½ foHkkxh; laxBuksa ds

vk/kkj : xqfyd bls laxBu dk nwljk fl)kUr ekurs gS rFkk bl ij dkQh dqN fy[kkA mUgksaus foHkkxh;dj.k

ds 4 vk/kkjksa dh foospuk dh gSA • iiZt ;k ç;kstu] • çkslsl ;k çfØ;k] • ilZu ;k O;fDr] rFkk • Iysl ;k

LFkkuA xqfyd dk foHkkxh;dj.k dk fl)kUr 'pkj&ih' ¼Four 'P'½ fl)kUr ds uke ls v/fkd yksdfç; gSA

¼3½ inlksiku }kjk leUo; : leUo; laxBu ds egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUrksa esa ls ,d gSA xqfyd Hkh leUo; LFkkiuk ds

dbZ rjhds crkrs gSa ftuesa ls ,d gS inlksiku }kjk leUo; A inlksiku laxBu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr gS

vkSj ;g laxBu esa leUo; LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ¼4½ lpsr leUo; xqfyd laxBu esa tku&cw>dj] lpsr

çfØ;k }kjk leUo; LFkkiuk dks laxBu dk pkSFkk fl)kUr crkrs gSaA oLrqr% leUo; LFkkiuk ds fy, lpsr

ç;kl fd, tkus vko';d gSA ¼5½ lfefr;ksa }kjk leUo; : xqfyd bls laxBu dk ik¡poka fl)kUr crkrs gSaA

leUo; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, lfefr;ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA buds ek/;e ls vkSipkfjd o çHkkoh

leUo; LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA ¼6½ fodsUæhdj.k : fodsUæhdj.k ls vk'k; gS fd ç'kklfud lÙkk dk ,d

LFkku ij dsfUær u gksdj laxBu ds foHfkUu Lrjksa ij fufgr gksuk A fodsUæhdj.k dks xqfyd laxBu dk

egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr ekurs gSa D;ksafd bldk lEcU/k dk;Z&foHkktu ls gksrk gSA ¼7½ vkns'k dh ,drk : vkns'k dh

,drk ;k ,fdd vkns'k fl)kUr ls vk'k; gS fd ç'kklfud laxBu esa fdlh deZpkjh dks vius rqjUr mPp

vf/kdkjh ls gh vkns'k xzg.k djus pkfg, vkSj dsoy mlh ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg,A ;g fl)kUr ',d

Lokeh ,d v/khuLFk' ds fopkj ij tksj nsrk gSA ¼8½ LVkQ ,oa lw= : xqfyd LVkQ ,oa lw= dks laxBu dk

egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr crkrs gSaA LVkQ ijke'kZnk=h dk;Z lEiUu djrk gS vkSj lw= uhfr cukrk gS] fu.kZ; ysrk gS

vkSj mUgsa fØ;kfUor djrk gSA ¼9½ çR;k;kstu: tc vf/kdkjh ds ikl dk;Z Hkkj c<+ tkrk gS ;k dk;Z dk

rduhdh i{k tfVy gks tkrk gS rks og lÙkk lfgr dk;kZsa dks gLrkUrfjr djrk gSA mls gh çR;k;kstu dgk

tkrk gSA ¼10½ fu;U=.k dk {ks=: xqfyd fu;U=.k ds {ks= dks laxBu dk vfUre fl)kUr crkrs gSaA bldk vk'k;

;g gksrk gS fd ,d ç'kklfud laxBu esa ,d mPpkf/kdkjh vius v/khu fdrus deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;kZsa dk

çHkko'kkyh :i ls fu;U=.k ,oa i;Zos{k.k dj ldrk gSA ;g vo/kkj.kk xzsD;wukl ds '/;ku ds foLrkj {ks=' ds

fl)kUr ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl çdkj vU; 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa dh rjg xqfyd Hkh laxBu ds fl)kUrksa dh O;k[;k

djrs gq, mUgsa laxBu esa ykxw djus dk vkxzg djrs gSaA

iksLMdkWcZ fopkj@¼POSDCORB View½%& iksLMd‚cZ fopkj ds ek/;e ls ywFkj xqfyd us dk;Zikfydk ds dk;kZsa

dks fxuk;k gSA iksLMd‚cZ 7 v{kjksa ls feydj cuk 'kCn gS] ftldk çR;sd v{kj ,d fof'k"V dk;Z dks n'kZkrk gSA

bu lkrksa fØ;kvksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; bl çdkj gSA P-'Iykfuax ;k fu;kstu' fu;kstu ;k vk;kstu dk;Zikfydk

dk çFke dk;Z gS ;k ç'kklu dh çFke xfrfof/k vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ mik; gSA fu;kstu dk y{; fu/kZkfjr

mís';ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dh igpku djuk gS rFkk lkFk gh ml Øe dh Hkh igpku

djuk gS ;k çkFkfedrk,¡ r; djuh gSa rkfd ge vius fu/kZkfjr y{;ksa rd çHkko'kkyh :i ls igq¡p ldsaA

fu;kstu dk mís'; laxBu ds ekuoh; rFkk HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk lgh vuqeku yxkuk gS vkSj mu lk/kuksa dh [kkst

djuk gS rkfd vf/kdre ferO;;rk vkSj U;wure [kpsZ ij n{k ifj.kke çkIr gks ldsaA gsujh Qs;ksy tks fd

xqfyd ds leku 'kkL=h; fopkjd gSa] fu;kstu dks çFke ç'kklfud fØ;k ekurs gSaA O-'v‚xsZukbftax ;k laxBu

djuk' dk;Zikfydk dk nwljk dk;Z gSA ç'kklu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fu;kstu dj ysus ds ckn gesa ç'kklu dh

lajpuk ds ckjs esa /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS vFkZkr~ laxBu dh LFkkiuk djuh iM+rh gS rkfd bu xfrfof/k;ksa dks ykxw

fd;k tk lds rFkk laLFkk ds y{;ksa dks çkIr fd;k tk lds A laxBu dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, lÙkk dh

O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA lÙkk gh laxBu dk ân; gksrh gSA fcuk laxBu ds ç'kklu viuk dksbZ Hkh y{; çkIr ugha

dj ldrkA xqfyd ds vuqlkj] ÞlÙkk dh vkSipkfjd lajpuk dks laxBu dgrs gSa ftlds ek/;e ls dk;Z dh

mi'kk[kkvksa dks çcfU/kr] lqfuf'pr rFkk lefUor fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fu'fpr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldsA"


S-'LVkfQax* ;k LVkQ j[kus ls vk'k; laxBu ds xfr'khy igyw ls gSA LVkfQax dkfeZd ç'kklu ds lHkh vk;keksa

ls tqM+k gksrk gSA deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djuk] mldh fu;qfDr] inksUufr] osru] vuq'kklu] lsokfuo`fÙk vkfn ,sls

dk;Z gSa ftudk fd çcU/kdksa dks /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA pwafd fdlh Hkh laxBu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk mlds dkfeZdksa

dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ls tqM+h gksrh gS blfy, dkfeZd ç'kklu ij lokZf/kd /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, A vfHkçsj.kk tks

fd dkfeZd ç'kklu dk ,d vfr egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr gS] dks 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa us çk;% utj vUnkt gh fd;k gSA

D-'Mk;jsfDVax ;k funsZ'ku' dk vk'k; gS çcU/kdksa }kjk ç'kklu dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dks djus ds fy,

v/khuLFkksa dks vkns'k&funsZ'k nsus ls gS A ;g eq[; dk;Zikfydk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS fd og vius

v/khuLFkksa dks dk;Z ds nkSjku funsZf'kr djs vkSj mUgsa vko';d vkns'k ns rkfd dk;kZsa dks çHkkoh <ax ls iw.kZ fd;k

tk lds rFkk y{;ksa dh çkfIr dh vksj c<+k tk ldsA CO-'d‚&vkfMZusfVax ;k leUo; LFkkfir djuk' Hkh

dk;Zikfydk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA leUo; ls tgk¡ dk;kZsa esa nksgjko o Vdjko dks jksdk tk ldrk gS ogha

dk;Z dks O;ofLFkr :i ls lEiUu djus ds fy, leUo; vko';d gSA v/fkdka'k 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa us leUo; dks

,d egÙoiw.kZ xfrfof/k ds :i esa igpkuk gSA R-fjiksZfVax ;k fjiksVZ nsuk xqfyd ds vuqlkj dk;Zikfydk dk

NBk dk;Z gSA laxBu esa D;k xfrfof/k;k¡ py jgh gSa] dkSu] fdl çdkj dk;Z dj jgk gS] laxBu esa D;k leL;k,¡

gSa vkfn leLr ckrksa dh tkudkjh fjiksVZ ds ek/;e ls feyrh gSA fjiksVZ ds ek/;e ls gh çcU/kd laxBu dh

fLFkfr vkSj leL;kvksa dks tku ikrs gSa vkSj mudk lq/kkjus dk dk;Z 'kq# djrs gSaA B-'ctfVax ;k ctV cukuk'

dk;Zikfydk dk xqfyd ds er esa lkrok¡ dk;Z gSA bldk lEcU/k lEiw.kZ foÙkh; ç'kklu ls gSA ç'kklu vkSj foÙk

pw¡fd 'kjhj vkSj Nk;k dh Hkk¡fr tqM+s gq, gSa vr% foÙkh; ç'kklu ij /;ku fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA blesa ctV

cukuk] foÙkh; çfØ;k,¡] ys[kkikyu] vads{k.k vkfn xfrfof/k;k¡ lfEefyr gSaA

bl çdkj ywFkj xqfyd ds 'kCnksa esa 'iksLMd‚cZ' esa dk;Zikfydk dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lesV fy;kA ;|fi blesa

dk;Zikfydk ds dbZ vU; egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z NwV x, gSaA

foHkkxh;dj.k ds vk/kkj ¼Bases fo Departmentalization½%& foHkkxksa ds xBu ds vk/kkj D;k gks\ bl ç'u dk

mÙkj nsrs gq, ywFkj xqfyd us foHkkxh;dj.k ds 4 vk/kkjksa ¼pkj&ih½ dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

xqfyd ds foHkkxh;dj.k ds vk/kkj

'iiZt ;k ç;kstu' xqfyd ds vuqlkj foHkkxh;dj.k dk çFke vk/kkj gSA ;gk¡ laxBu -dks loZçFke vius eq[;

dk;kZsa vkSj y{;ksa dh igpku djuh gksrh gS vkSj fQj çR;sd dk;Z ds fy, i`Fkd~ foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA

tSls& fpfdRlk ds mís';ksa dh iwfZr ds fy, fpfdRlky;] f'k{kk ds fy, Ldwy vkSj d‚yst vkfn gksrs gSaA xqfyd

ywFkj ,p- xqfyd 65

ds er esa mn~ns”; ls leUo; dh LFkkiuk vklkuh ls vkSj de [kpZ ij gks tkrh gSA ijUrq ;g fo'ks"khdj.k ds

fo#) vf/kd gSA

çkslsl ;k çfØ;k foHkkxh;dj.k dk nwljk vk/kkj gSA bl vk/kkj ij ,d leku çfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djus okys

O;fDr ,d gh foHkkx ds v/khu j[ks tkrs gSa pkgs muds ç;kstu fHkUu&fHkUu D;ksa u gksaA ;gk¡ çfØ;k ls rkRi;Z

dk;Z djus ds rduhdh dkS'ky ls gSA bl vk/kkj ij ykHk ;g gS fd blesa fo'ks"khdj.k dk ykHk fy;k tk

ldrk gSA ijUrq bldk ,d çeq[k nks"k ;g gS fd blls leUo; LFkkiuk dh çfØ;k esa ck/kk vkrh gSA

ilZu ;k O;fDr foHkkxh;dj.k dk rhljk vk/kkj gSA bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd ,d fof'k"V foHkkx O;fDr;ksa ds

,d fof'k"V lewg dh lsok djsxkA bl çdkj ,d gh lewg dh lsok djus rFkk ns[kHkky djus ls dk;kZsa esa

fo'ks"khdj.k c<+rk gS vkSj lsok fd, tkus okys lewg dks lqfo/kk,¡ vklkuh ls fey tkrh gSaA ijUrq bldk

uqdlku ;g gS fd pw¡fd yksxksa ds lewg fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa vr% lHkh ds fy, vyx&vyx foHkkxksa dh

LFkkiuk djuk eg¡xk dk;Z gksxkA

'Iysl ;k LFkku' dks xqfyd foHkkxh;dj.k dk vfUre vk/kkj crkrs gSaA blesa ,d {ks=&fo'ks"k esa fd, tk jgs lHkh

dk;kZsa dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mudk ,d foHkkx cuk fn;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj cuk, x, foHkkxksa ls ml

{ks=&fo'ks"k dk fodkl lEHko gks tkrk gS ftlds fy, foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ij ;g vk/kkj {ks=h;rk

vkSj ladh.kZrk dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA

eq[;ky;&{ks=h; dk;kZy; lEcU/k ¼Headquarter- Field office Relations½%& xqfyd us gSMDokVlZ vkSj QhYM

v‚fQlst ds chp lEcU/kksa ds 3 çfrekuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS ¼i½ lHkh vaxqfy;k¡ ¼All Fingers½ ¼ii½ NksVh

Hkqtk,¡&yEch vaxqfy;k¡ ¼Short Arms & Long Fingers½ ¼iii½ yEch Hkqtk,¡&NksVh vaxqfy;k¡ ¼Long Arms & Short

Fingers½

çFke çfreku vFkZkr~ lHkh vaxqfy;k¡ çfreku ls vk'k; gS eq[;ky; ls vkns'k lh/ks {ks=h; dk;kZy;ksa vkSj bdkb;ksa

dks Hksts tkrs gSaA bl çfreku esa eq[;ky; vkSj {ks=h; dk;kZy;ksa ds chp dksbZ e/;LFk ugha gksrk gSA ;g Bhd

mlh çdkj gS ftl çdkj gekjs gFksyh ls lh/ks gh vaxqfy;k¡ fudyrh gSaA bls bl fp= }kjk n'kkZ ldrs gSa%&

lHkh vaxqfy;k¡ izfreku

NksVh Hkqtk,¡ rFkk yEch vaxqfy;k¡ izfreku ds vUrxZr {ks=h; eq[;ky; iz/kku dk;kZy; ds vfr fudV fLFkr gksrs

gSA vr% bls NksVh Hkqtk,¡ dgk tkrk gSA bu NksVh Hkqtkvksa ls vkns”k nwj fLFkr {ks=h; bdkb;kas rd tkrs gS

ftUgsa yEch vaxqfy;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA bls bl izdkj izdV dj ldrs gSa&


NksVh Hkqtk,¡&yEch vaxqfy;k¡ çfreku

yEch Hkqtk,¡ rFkk NksVh vaxqfy;k¡ çfreku esa ç/kku dk;kZy; vkSj {ks=h; dk;kZy; ds chp dkQh nwjh

gksrh gS ftUgsa yEch Hkqtk,¡ dgk tkrk gSA {ks=h; dk;kZy;ksa ls {ks=h; bdkb;ksa ds chp nwjh de gksrh gSA bUgsa

NksVh vaxqfy;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA

yEch Hkqtk,¡&NksVh vaxqfy;k¡ çfreku

yksd ç'kklu ij xqfyd ds fopkj ¼Views on Public Administration½%& ywFkj xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu dks

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgrs gSa yksd&ç'kklu ç'kklfud foKku dk og Hkkx gS ftldk lEcU/k ljdkj ls jgrk gS

vkSj bl çdkj çeq[kr;k bldk lEcU/k dk;Zikfydk 'kk[kk ls gS tgk¡ ljdkj dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] ;|fi

O;oLFkkfidk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ls lEcfU/kr leL;k,¡ Hkh Li"V :i ls ç'kkldh; leL;k,¡ gh gSaA,d vU; LFkku

ij xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj djrs gSa ljdkjh ç.kkfy;k¡] dk;kZsa vkSj lsokvksa dk foKku rFkk

dyk] fo'ks"kr;k çcU/kdh; i{k ls lEcU/fkrA xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu vkSj futh ç'kklu ds chp lekurkvksa ij

cy nsrs gSa vkSj bu nksuksa ds chp c<+rh vUr% fØ;kvksa dh odkyr djrs gSaA xqfyd dk er Fkk fd pw¡fd

yksd&ç'kklu vfuok;Zr% i;kZoj.k esa dk;Z djrk gS vr% yksd&ç'kklu dks cnyrh gq, fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk

lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A xqfyd us fuEu 3 ljdkjh ifjorZuksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh gS ¼i½ vUrZjk"Vªh;

ljdkjh fØ;k ds foLrkj] vkdkj vkSj vk;ru esa o`f) ¼ii½ ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;U=.k vkSj fofu;eu esa

jk"Vª&jkT; dk ?kql tkuk ¼iii½ egkuxjh; lSVyesUV ds u, çfreku dk fodkl ftls 'esxkiksyht' dgrs gSaA

xqfyd dks dsoy fl)kUroknh ;k yksd&ç'kklu dk nk'kZfud gh ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,A yksd&ç'kklu esa

lq/kkj ¼Improvement½ esa mudh #fp Fkh vkSj ç'kklfud lq/kkjd ds :i esa xqfyd us fuEu fl)kUr fodflr

fd,& ¼1½ lEc) xfrfo/fk;ksa dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ç'kkflr fd;k tk,A ¼2½ lHkh ,tsUfl;ksa dks dqN foHkkxksa

esa lafpr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼3½ gj laxBukRed bdkbZ dks viuh ;ksX;rk vkSj rduhdh Kku fl) dj

pqdsA ,d gh vf/kdkjh ds v/khu dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼4½ çkf/kdkj dks mÙkjnkf;Ro ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A

ywFkj ,p- xqfyd 67

¼5½ gj foHkkxk/;{k ds ikl fu;fer ewY;kadu ds fy, [kqn dk LVkQ gksuk pkfg,A ¼6½ bl çdkj ds dk;kZsa dks

djus dh ftEesnkjh fdlh fof'k"V dk;ZdrkZ dks lkSaih tkuh pkfg,A ¼7½ fuokZfpr inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k de

dh tkuh pkfg,A ¼8½ ç'kklfud dk;kZsa ds fy, e.My vkSj vk;ksxksa dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼9½ eq[; dk;Zdkjh dks ;g 'kfDr gksuh pkfg, fd og foHkkxk/;{kksa dks fu;qDr dj lds] mUgsa gVk lds rFkk

muds dk;Z dks funsZf'kr dj ldsA ¼10½ eq[; dk;Zdkjh ds ikl 'kks/k LVkQ gksuk pkfg, tks foHkkxh; dk;kZsa ij

çfrosnu ns lds rFkk mUur fof/k;k¡ lq>k ldsA

xqfyd us f}rh; fo'o;q) ds vius çR;{k vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V fd;k fd uhfr vkSj ç'kklu ds chp

dksbZ Li"V js[kk ugha [khaph tk ldrhA muds er esa ;q)dky dk yksd&ç'kklu 'kkfUrdky ds yksd&ç'kklu ls

fHkUu gksrk gSA xqfyd dgrs gSa fd tc 1937 esa mudk 'iSilZ v‚u nh lkbUl v‚Q ,MfefuLVªs'ku' çdkf'kr gvk

Fkk mlds ckn cgqr dqN ,slk ?kVk ftlus yksd&ç'kklu dks dkQh çHkkfor fd;kA xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu esa

ekuoh;&?kVd dks vR;f/kd egÙo nsrs gSa D;ksafd ljdkjsa ekuoksa }kjk gh muds fy, gh cukbZ tkrh gSA xqfyd

ds er esa jkT; dk eq[; dk;Z ekuoh; dY;k.k gksuk pkfg, u fd ;q) A lkFk gh xqfyd yksd&ç'kklu esa le;

?kVd ds egÙo dks igpkurs gSaAvius ;q)dkyhu vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij xqfyd us yksd&ç'kklu ds fy, fuEu

15 lcd ¼ikB½ rS;kj fd, gSa ¼1½ vefjdh ljdkjh rU= ;q) ds ç'kklu ds fy, iw.kZr;k i;kZIr gSA

¼2½ ç;kstuksa dk ,d Li"V fooj.k ftls lkoZHkkSfed :i ls le>k tk lds] çHkko'kkyh ç'kklu dh vlk/kkj.k

xkj.Vh gSA ¼3½ ç;kstu ls dk;ZØe dk vuqokn ç'kklu dk ,d tfVy rÙo gSA ¼4½ leUo; çHkkoh fØ;k dk

vifjgk;Z xfr'khy çfu;e gSA ¼5½ ç'kklfud O;ogkjksa dk fu;U=.k gksuk pkfg,A mldh vusd rduhdsa gks

ldrh gSaA ¼6½ ;q) us ;g Li"V dj fn;k gS fd fu;kstu çcU/k dk vko';d vkSj lrRk vk;ke gSA

¼7½ ç'kklfud fu;U=.k vkSj rduhdh fu;U=.kA ¼8½ O;kid dk;kZsa okys laxBu vf/kd çHkkoh gksrs gSaA

¼9½ fu;U=.k ds {ks= dks vko';drk ls vf/kd [khapk x;k gSA ¼10½ jk"Vªh; vkifÙk;ksa esa {kerkoku dkfeZd

vifjgk;Z gS rFkk jpukRed ç'kklfud Js"Brk vewY;A ¼11½ ;q) us yksd&ç'kklu esa le; rÙo ds egÙo dks

Li"V fd;k gSA ¼12½ yksder dk leFkZu vPNs ç'kklu ds fy, vko';d gSA ¼13½ laxfBr fgr lewgksa ds lnL;

ijke'kZnkrk vkSj lsYleSu ds :i esa ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrs gSa fd ç'kklu ds fu;fer

lnL;ksa dsA ¼14½ ç'kklu esa lR; çHkkoh fØ;k ç;kstu dh ,drk vkSj Li"Vrk ls vkrh gSA ¼15½ vUrjkZ"Vªh;

ç'kklu us dksbZ ubZ leL;k,¡ iSnk ugha dh gSaA

ç'kklu ds foKku esa fo'okl j[krs gq, xqfyd us yksd&ç'kklu dks Hkkoh ek¡xksa ds vuq:i {kerkoku cukus ds

fy, fuEu 5 lw=h dk;ZØe crk;k gS & ¼i½ fØ;k ds {ks= ds :i esa yksd&ç'kklu dks cnyrh gqbZ ekuoh;

vko';drkvksa ds çfr vuqdwfyr gksuk pkfg, fo'ks"kr% vUrjkZ’Vªh;] vkfFkZd vkSj egkuxjh; {ks=ksa esaA ¼ii½ fo'ys"k.k

vkSj le> ds :i esa ;k ;w¡ dgsa v/;;u vuq'kklu ds :i esa yksd ç'kklu dks O;kikj ds v/;;u vkSj vU;

ç'kkluksa ds v/;;uksa ls lEcfU/kr gksuk pkfg,A ¼iii½ yksd&ç'kklu dks dkfeZd leL;kvksa ij /;ku dsfUær

djuk pkfg,A ¼iv½ yksd&ç'kklu dks 'v‚Vkses'ku' ¼dEI;wVj½ ds voljksa dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj vkxs

c<+uk pkfg,A ¼v½ yksd&ç'kklu dks vius fl)kUrksa vkSj O;ogkjksa ij iquZfopkj djuk pkfg, vkSj u;k lw=hdj.k

djuk pkfg,A

ewY;kadu ¼Evaluation½ 'kkL=h; fopkjd ds :i esa ywFkj xqfyd ds fopkjksa dks ftruk vf/kd egÙo fn;k

tkrk gS mruh gh mudh vkykspuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA lkbeu tks fd ç'kklu ds fl)kUrksa ds dVq vkykspd jgs

gSa] laxBu ds fl)kUrksa dh /kfTt;k¡ mM+krs gq, os budks 'dgkorksa' dk uke nsrs gSaA xqfyd ds fl)kUrksa dh Hkkjh

vkykspuk lkbeu us dhA


foHkkxh;dj.k ds xqfyd }kjk lq>k, x, vk/kkjksa dh Hkh fopkjdksa us vkykspuk dh gSA iksLMd‚cZ fopkj

ds çeq[k vkykspd ysfol esfj;e jgs gSaA O;ogkjoknh vkSj ekuo lEcU/k fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZd xqfyd ij

ekuoh; ?kVdksa dh vogsyuk djus dk vkjksi yxkrs gSa A ;|fi xqfyd us viuh ckn dh ys[kuh esa ekuoh;

?kVdksa dks i;kZIr egÙo fn;kA xqfyd }kjk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dh iwjh rjg vogsyuk dh xbZA mi;qZDr

lhekvksa ds ckotwn yksd&ç'kklu dks xqfyd dk ;ksxnku lnSo ;kn fd;k tk,xkA czkbu ÝkbZ }kjk xqfyd dks

'yksd&ç'kklu dk Mhu' dgk tkuk mfpr gh gSA

v/;k; & 11

eSDl oscj

(MAX WEBAR)

ç'kklfud foKku ds v/;;u esa ukSdj'kkgh fo"k; dks ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr gS D;ksafd bl ladYiuk dk

mís'; laxfBr fLFkfr;ksaa esa lÙkk fu;a=.k dh O;k[;k djuk gSA eSDl oscj dk uke ,d rjg ls ukSdj'kkgh dk

i;kZ;okph gks x;k gS D;ksafd lekt foKku ds ftu fo}kuksa us ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k djus dh

ps"Vk dh gS muesa oscj dk LFkku vf}rh; gSA oscj us viuh vo/kkj.kkvksa esa bfrgkl ls ysdj rqyukRed lekt

foKku rd fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij foLrr ppkZ dh gS ftlds dkj.k oscj iwjh nqfu;k ds 'kSf{kd txr esa vej gks x,

gSaA vk/kqfud ç'kklfud fopkjdksa ij eSDl oscj dk ,slk çHkko gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dh ftruh çLFkkiuk,a ;k

e‚My çdk'k esa vk, os lc ;k rks oscfj;u e‚My ds fojks/kh Fks ;k mlds fHkUu&fHkUu :ikarj FksA blh

dkj.ko'k ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy, oscj dk e‚My ,d çLFkku fcUnq cu tkrk gSA blh

çdkj oscj }kjk çfrikfnr çHkqRo vkSj *oS/krk* ds fl)kar ukSdj'kkgh ds {ks= esa gq, ckn ds vusd v/;;uksa dk

vk/kkj cusA

eSDl oscj dk tUe 1864 esa if'peh teZuh ds ,d diM+k fofuekZrk ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA 1882 esa

çkFkfed Ldwy dh f”k{kk iwjh djus ds ckn oscj us gkbMycxZ fo'ofo|ky; esa fof/k dk v/;;u fd;kA 1889 esa

mUgksaus **e/;;qxhu O;kikj laxBuksa dk bfrgkl esa ;ksxnku** ij M‚DVjsV mikf/k gkfly djus ds fy, 'kks/k çca/k

tek fd;kA 1891 esa viuk nwljk 'kks/k çca/k **jkse dk —f"kdkyhu bfrgkl vkSj futh rFkk lkoZtfud dkuwu ds

fy, bldk egRo** iwjk fd;kA blds igys oscj us dkuwu ds vuqns'kd ¼Instructor½ dh gSfl;r ls cfyZu

fo'ofo|ky; esa dke djuk 'kq: fd;kA 1894 esa os QhMsycxZ fo'ofo|ky; esa vFkZ'kkL= ds ,d çksQslj cusA

1896 bZloh esa mUgksaus gkbMycxZ fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d in Lohdkj fd;kA

oscj ds thou esa dqN ,sls rF; gSa ftu ij /;ku nsuk muds ys[ku ds fo'ys"k.k dk ç;kl djus ls

igys t:jh gSA igyh ckr rks ;g gSa fd oscj esa O;oLFfkr v/;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k dh mRlqdrk 13 o"kZ dh mez

esa gh 'kq: gks x;h FkhA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd oscj okLrfod vuqHkoksa ls gkfly Kku dks fdrkch Kku ls T;knk

ilan djrs FksA muds ckjs esa rhljh egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ckgj ls çxfr'khy fn[kus okys oscj ân; ls

:f<+oknh FksA pkSFkh ckr ;g gS fd oscj ds ys[ku esa rRdkyhu teZuh dh lkekftd n'kk,a çfrfcafcr gksrh gSaA

oscj us ns[kk fd rRdkyhu lekt dks ukSdj'kkgh ds lkaps esa <kyus esa mnkjokn dk iru gks jgk gS] tks mUgsa

O;fDr ek= ds fy, [krjs ds :i esa fn[kkA fcLekdZ ds usr`Ro esa teZuh dk ,dhdj.k vkSj e/;oxhZ; mnkjoknh

vkUnksyu dk lekiu&bu fLFkfr;ksa us oscj dks vk'oLr fd;k fd cM+s y{; dsoy lÙkk dh jktuhfr ds tfj,

gh gkfly fd, tk ldrs gSaA

lÙkk] laxBu vkSj oS/krk

ç'kklu ds {ks= esa oscj }kjk fd, x, dk;kZsa esa fo'ks"k :i ls tks rRo mYys[kuh; gSa] muesa çHkqRo] usr`Ro

vkSj oS/krk ds fl)karksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus /keZ vkSj lekt] vkSj ftl rjhds ls os usr`Ro ds

çfrekuksa dks <kyrs gSa] dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bu fl)karksa dks ,d O;kid ifjçs{; ds lkFk çfrikfnr fd;kA


oscj us lÙkk] 'kfDr vkSj fu;a=.k esa Hksn fd;kA muds vuqlkj fdlh O;Dfr ds ikl 'kfDr gksus dk lcwr ;g

gksrk gS fd og reke çfrjks/kksa ds ckotwn lekt ij viuh bPNk Fkksi lds vkSj 'kfDr dk ,slk ç;ksx fu;af=r

cu tkrk gSA fu;a=.kewyd lÙkk ra= ds blh fof'k"V –"Vkar esa ekuo lewg dh lajpuk ds ewyHkwr rRo varHkZwr

gksrs gSaA ;g okLrfodrk rc mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gS tc **,d fu'fpr fu;a=.k lewg & fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa ds

tfj, vkns'kksa dk ikyu djokrk gSA** oscj dk ekuuk gS fd lÙkk njvly **vf/kuk;doknh lÙkkns'k** gh gSA os

lÙkk ds ftu ikap vko';d rRoksa dk mYys[k djrs gSa os gSa% 1- ,d O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk og fudk; tks

'kklu djrk gS% 2- O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; tks 'kkflr gksrk gS% 3- 'kkflrksa ds O;ogkj dks çHkkfor

djus okyh 'kkldksa dh bPNk vkSj bl bPNk ;k vkns'k dh vfHkO;fDr% 4- 'kkldksa ds çHkko dk lk{; vkns'k dh

okLrfod dksfV ds lanHkZ esa% 5- 'kkflr ftl O;fDrijd LohdkjksfDr ds lkFk vkns'k ekurs gSa mlds vuqlkj ml

çHkko dk çR;{k ;k vçR;{k çek.k@lÙkk rHkh rd dk;e jgrh gS tc rd bls 'kkflrksa }kjk oS/krk gkfly

gksrh gSA bl rjg dksbZ laxBu rHkh rd 'kklu ;k ç'kklu dj ldrk gS tc rd ;g 'kkflrksa }kjk oS/k djkj

fn;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu rjg dh lÙkk dh fofHkUu laxBuksa esa foospuk djrs gq, oscj bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaps fd

lHkh rjg ds ç'kklu dk eryc çHkqRo gh gksrk gSA

mUgksaus laxBuksa esa yksxksa dks bl rjg Js.fk;ksa esa j[kk gS%

1- os yksx tks vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus ds vknh gksrs gSaA

2- os yksx tks çHkqRo ds cus jgus esa O;fDrxr :i ls #fp ysrs gSa D;ksafd blls mUgsa Qk;ns igqaprs gSaA

3- os yksx tks bl vFkZ esa ml çHkqRo esa Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSa fd çHkqRo ifjpkyu ¼dk;Z O;ogkj esa bLrseky½ muds

tfj, gksrk gSA

4- os yksx tks vius vkidks bu dk;kZsa ds fy, rS;kj j[krs gSaA

;gka ftl ckr dks fo'ks"k :i ls /;ku esa j[kus dh t:jr gS] og ;g gS fd oscj us ç'kklu dks çHkqRo

;k **lÙkk&ç;ksx** ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gS tcfd nwljs vf/kdka”k ç'kklfud fpardksa us ç'kklu dks lsok ;k

drZO; fu"iknu ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gSA oscj us oS/krk dh rhu voLFkk,a fu/kZkfjr dh gSa

dkuwuh lÙkk

dkuwuh lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk mu laxBuksa esa ewrZ gks ldrh gS tgka fu;eksa dks U;k;laxr <ax ls vkSj

laxBu ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds fy, oS/k lqfu'fpr fl)karksa ds vuqlkj ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djus

okys lnL; ofj"B vf/kdkjh gksrs gSa ftudh fu;fqDr ;k pquko dkuwuh çfØ;k }kjk gksrh gS rkfd fof/kd Øe

dk;e jgsA *dkuwuh vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus okys vkSj budk ikyu djkus okys* vf/kdkj ds fu;eksa dh O;oLFkk

esa lHkh cjkcj gksrs gSaA ,sls fu;ec) laxBuksa esa fujarjrk jgrh gS vkSj muds lnL; ,sls fu;eksa ls funsZf'r gksrs

gSa] tks muds vf/kdkjksa dks muds ç;ksx ij vko';d fu;a=.k ds lkFk lhfer djrs gSaA

ikjaifjd lÙkk

ikjaifjd lÙkk vuar dky ls viuh LohdkjksfDr ls fujarj viuh oS/krk xzg.k djrh gSA ,slh ikjaifjd

lÙkk dk bLrseky djus okys yksxksa dks vkerkSj ij *ekfyd* 'kCn ls lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa ;g futh

lÙkk *oa'k fojklr* dh lkekftd ijaijk ds dkj.k gkfly gksrh gS ftlesa mudk dksbZ O;fDrxr ç;kl 'kkfey

ugha gksrk exj bl vksgns dk vkuan os O;fDrxr :i ls gh mBkrs gSaA ,slk vkns'k lekt esa ekStwn fjoktksa ls

oS/krk xzg.k djrk gSA ,sls çHkqRolaiUu Lokfe;ksa dk fu.kZ; mudh O;Dfrxr bPNkvksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA blds

fy, fdlh rkfdZd vk/kkj ;k uhfr fu;ked laLFkk dh vko';drk ugha gSA ,sls çHkqRolaiUu Lokfe;ksa dh vkKk,a

fjoktksa dh vkM+ esa O;Dfrxr larqf’V dk ek/;e gh gksrh gSaA ,slh lÙkk O;Dfrxr LosPNkpkfjrk dh vk/kkjHkwfe

eSDl oscj 71

gksrh gSA bl rjg ds çHkqRolaiUu Lokfe;ksa dk vkns'k ikyu djus okys yksx *vuqpj* dgykrs gSaA ;s *vuqpj*

vius Lokfe;ksa ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu iwjh oQknkjh ls djrs gq, ekfyd dh izfLFkfr ds çfr xgjs vknj&Hkko dk

çn'kZu djrs gSaA bl iq'rSuh-lÙkk esa tks O;fDr vkns'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSa os futh lsod] ?kjsyw deZpkjh]

fo'oklik=] fj'rsnkj vkSj ekfyd ds pgsrs gksrs gSaA lkearh lkekftd- O;oLFkk esa ,sls yksx ekfyd ds fu"Bkoku

lgk;d gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;s yksx viuh reke xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj O;ogkj ds fy, vius foosd ds ctk;

ekfyd dh bPNk] lud vkSj mls [kq'k djus dh dksf'k'k ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ekfyd dh bPNk vkSj lud ds

vuqlkj bUgsa vius rkSj&rjhdksa esa cnyko ykuk iM+rk gSA ,sls esa fdlh ekeys dks ysdj mudh jk;

curh&cnyrh jgrh gSA fQj Hkh budh reke xfrfof/k;ksa dks fjoktksa vkSj ijaijk ds uke ij oS/krk gkfly gksrh

gSA

dfj'ekbZ lÙkk

fdlh usrk pkgs og nsonwr ;k iSxacj fdLe ds O;fDr] uk;d vFkok dq'ky] oDrk gks }kjk 'kfDr dk

ç;ksx viuh tknqbZ 'kfDr] uk;dRo ;k vU; ç—fr çnÙk- vlk/kkj.k ojnku o xq.kksa }kjk vius nkos dks çekf.kr

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ds peRdkj vkSj mldh Loh—fr gh bl O;oLFkk dks oS/krk çnku djrh

gSA bl O;oLFkk ds rgr tks yksx bu peRdkfjd O;fDrRo okys yksxksa dh vkKk dk- ikyu djrs gSa os yksx

fdlh fu;e] vuqca/k ;k in&e;kZnk ds pyrs ,slk ugha djrs cfYd bl rjg ds O;fDr dh vlk/kkj.k {kerkvksa

ds pyrs mudk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA peRdkfjd usrk viuh lÙkk ds lapkyu ds fy, tks ra= fufZer djrk gS

mlesa og vf/kdkjksa ;k in çfrLFkkiu dk foHkktu vuqpjksa dh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd vius çfr muesa

futh leiZ.k ds vk/kkj ij djrk gSA ;s **f'k";a vf/kdkjh** feydj laxBu dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mudh

xfrfof/k;ksa dk {ks= vkSj vkns'k dh 'kfDr ds fy, uk;d dh bPNk&vfuPNk ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA

oscj ds vuqlkj ;s rhuksa rjg dh lÙkk,a rHkh rd oS/k cuh jgrh gSa tc rd **'kkflr yksx bl rjg dh lÙkk

dks Loh—fr çnku djrs gSaA dfj'ekbZ ;k peRdkfjd lÙkk dk vk/kkj rc fMxrk gS tc dfj'ekbZ O;Dfr

fujadq'krk dh lHkh gnsa ikj dj tkrk gS] ijaijkvksa dk [kqYye&[kqYyk mYya?ku djrk gS vkSj viuk dfj'ek [kks

cSBrk gSA oscj us bu rhuksa rjg dh lÙkk&ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj buds usr`Ro ds çdkjksa dh Hkh foLrkj ls O;k[;k dh

gSA oscj dk ekuuk gS fd ;s **fo'kq) çdkj** dh lÙkk,a vyx&vyx çdkj dh gksus ds ctk; ges'kk vkil esa

la;ksftr gksrh gSaA ysfdu oscj dk ekuuk gS fd budk fo'ys"k.k vyx&vyx :i esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,

ftlls fd ,d la;kstu ;k la'ys"k.k esa fo|eku dkuwuh] ikjaifjd vkSj peRdkfjd rRoksa ds xBu dk irk

yxk;k tk ldsA blls ;g ges'kk laHko gS fd le; chrus ds lkFk ,d rjg dh lÙkk&ç.kkyh esa nwljs rjg dh

lÙkk&ç.kkyh ds y{k.kksa dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk gS tks ,d laLFkkxr lajpuk ds nwljh laLFkkxr lajpuk esa

:ikarfjr gksus ij QyhHkwr gksrh gSA bu rhuksa rjg dh lÙkk&ç.kkfy;ksa esa ls oscj dkuwuh lÙkk&ç.kkyh dks

mlesa fufgr rkfdZdrk ds dkj.k T;knk ilan djrs gSaA ;gh ugha] oscj tksj nsdj ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;g flQZ

dkuwuh çdkj dh lÙkk ç.kkyh ;k çHkqRo gS tks vk/kqfud ljdkjksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA blh dkj.ko'k oscj us

ukSdj'kkgh ds vius e‚My dh :ijs[kk çLrqr djrs le; oS/kkfud&rdZijdrk dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kkA

ukSdj'kkgh

fdlh u fdlh :i esa yksd lsok dk;kZy; ges'kk ls fo'o dh laxfBr ljdkjksa ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa

ekStwn jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, phu esa ,sls dk;kZy;ksa dh ekStwnxh ds lk{; 186 bZlk iwoZ esa Hkh feyrs gSaA ;gh

ugha] ml dky esa Hkh ogka ,sls inksa ij fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa ds tfj, gksrh FkhA ,sls

ljdkjh inksa ij fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa esa dqN fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a vk tkrh gSa tks fd lkoZHkkSfed gksrs gSaA


;s Ýsap vFkZ'kkL=h ,e-Mh- xksusZ Fks ftUgksaus 18oha 'krkCnh ds çFkek)Z esa ukSdj'kkgh ¼C;wjksØslh½ 'kCn dk

igyh ckj bLrseky fd;kA bl rjg] ukSdj'kkgh 'kCn dk çknqHkZko gqvkA ijorhZ Ýkalhlh ys[kdksa us bl 'kCn dk

bLrseky bruk T;knk fd;k fd ;g cgqçpkfjr gks x;kA ysfdu fczrkuh lekt foKkfu;ksa us bl 'kCn dk

bLrseky 19oha 'krkCnh esa 'kq: fd;kA vxzx.; jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=h ts-,l- fey us viuh fo'ys"k.k J`a[kyk esa

ukSdj'kkgh dks Hkh LFkku fn;kA eksLdk vkSj fepsYl nks vU; egRoiw.kZ lekt'kkL=h Fks ftUgksaus ukSdj'kkgh ij

foLrkj ls fy[kkA fQj Hkh tc ukSdj'kkgh ij ckr gksrh gS rks lcls egRoiw.kZ uke ds :i esa eSDl oscj dk gh

mYys[k gksrk gSA bldk lh/kk dkj.k ;g gS fd eSDl oscj igys ,sls lektfoKkuh gSa ftUgksaus ukSdj'kkgh vkSj

bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk O;oLFfkr v/;;u fd;kA ukSdj'kkgh dk oscfj;u e‚My vusd yksxksa dh çsj.kk dk lzksr

cuk gS D;ksafd vkerkSj ij blesa vk/kqfud ukSdj'kkgh dh vkRek çfrfcafcr gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ukSdj'kkgh

ds oscfj;u e‚My dks vU; nwljs e‚Myksa ds lanHkZ esa vk/kkj dh rjg ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

oscj us ukSdj'kkgh dks dHkh Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;kA mUgksaus dsoy bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k

gSA oscj ds fy, ukSdj'kkgh **fu;qDr vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ,d ç'kklfud <kapk** gSA bl rjg mUgksaus ukSdj'kkgh esa

çR;{k :i ls pqus gq, yksxksa dh ctk; fu;qDr vf/kdkfj;ksa dks gh lfEefyr fd;k gSA çHkqRo ds Øfed foHkktu

dh gh rjg oscj us ukSdj'kkgh dk Hkh Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA mUgksaus bls&vkuqoaf'kd vkSj dkuwuh &

rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh uked nks çdkjksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k gSA ikjaifjd vkSj dfj'ekbZ lÙkk ç.kkfy;ksa esa ik;h tkus

okyh iSrd ukSdj'kkgh vkSj dkuwuh çHkqRo esa ukSdj'kkgh dk fof/kd rkfdZd :iA

ukSdj'kkgh ds oscfj;u e‚My ds :i esa e'kgwj dkuwuh&rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh dh yk{kf.kd fo'ks"krkvksa dk

vkxs vkSj O;kid fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA oscj oS/krk dks cgqr egRo nsrs FksA muds vuqlkj oS/krk lHkh rjg dh

lÙkk ç.kkfy;ksa dk vk/kkj gSA lÙkk dh oS/krk ds fy, oscj us ikap egRoiw.kZ fo'oklksa dk mYys[k fd;k tks fd

bl rjg gSa% &

1- laxBu ds lHkh lnL;ksa ls vkKkikyu dh vis{kk djus okyh ,d fof/k& lafgrk cukbZ tk ldrh gSA

2- dkuwu vewrZ fu;eksa dh O;oLFkk gS] tks fof'k"V ekeyksa esa ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ç'kklu dk dke gS ,sls

dkuwuksa dh lhek esa laxBu ds fgrksa dks lqfu'fpr djuk%

3- oscj ds eqrkfcd lÙkk dh oS/krk r; djus okys bl Øe dk rhljk fo'okl ;g gS fd os yksx Hkh dkuwu dk

ikyu djsa tks nwljksa ls bldk ikyu djkrs gSa%

4- pkSFkk fo'okl ;g gS fd dsoy lnL; dh gSfl;r ls ;s lnL; dkuwu dk ikyu djrs gSa% vkSj

5- vkKk ikyu ml O;Dfr dh cnkSyr ugha vfirq ml fuoSZ;Dfrd vkns'k dh otg ls bldk ikyu djrs gSa]

ftlus ikyu djokus okys O;fDr dks vf/kdkj fn, gSaA

;s ikap rRo bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSa fd oscj oS/krk vkSj fuoZS;fDrd vkns'k ds chp çxk<+ vUrlaZca/kksa ij tksj

nsrs gSaA

oscj dks ukSdj'kkgh ds ckjs esa viuh foLrr le> fodflr djus esa vkSj bldh O;k[;k djus esa pkj

çeq[k rRoksa us çHkkfor fd;k%

1- fo'ks"k :i ls if'peh lH;rkvksa esa ukSdj'kkghdj.k dh çfØ;k ds fy, ,sfrgkfld] rduhdh vkSj ç'kklfud

dkj.kA

2- ukSdj'kkgh ds dk;Zdj.k ij fof/k ds 'kklu dk çHkkoA

3- ,d vfHktu lewg ds :i esa ukSdj'kkgh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh is'ksoj fLFkfr rFkk futh vfHkeq[khdj.kAA

4- vk/kqfud fo'o esa ukSdj'kkgh vkSj fo'ks"kdj ljdkjh ukSdj'kkgh ds lokZ/fkd egRoiw.kZ xq.k vkSj ifj.kkeA

eSDl oscj 73

ukSdj'kkgh dk oscj dk e‚My

oscj }kjk vfHkdfYir ukSdj'kkgh ds oS/kkfud&rkfdZd e‚My dh fuEu fo'ks"krk,a gSa%

1- dk;kZy; ds dkeksa dks fu;fer vk/kkj ij lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA

2- ,d ç'kklfud ,tsalh fu/kZkfjr fu;eksa ds rgr dke djrh gS ftlds -rhu varjlacfa/kr y{k.k gksrs gS% ¼v½

gj vf/kdkjh dh 'kfDr vkSj mlds dk;Z dk fuoSZ;fDrd ekudksa ds vuqlkj lhekadu gksrk gSA ¼c½

vf/kdkfj;ksa dks muds mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu ds fy, le:ih vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSaA ¼l½ vf/kdkfj;ksa

ds ikl ck/;rk ds vR;ar lhfer lk/ku gksrs gSa vkSj bu lk/kuksa dk dc vkSj fdl rjg ç;ksx djuk gS

bldh Hkh ,d Li"V O;oLFkk gksrh gSA

3- çR;sd vf/kdkjh lÙkk ds lksiku dk Hkkx gksrk gSA mPp vf/kdkjh fuEu vf/kdkfj;ksa dk i;Zos{k.k djrs gSa-

ysfdu fuEu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vihy djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA

4- vius drZO;ksa dks fuHkkus ds fy, bu vf/kdkjhx.kksa ds ikl vko';d lalk/ku ugha gksrsA os dsoy miyC/k

djk, x, vkf/kdkfjd lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA ljdkjh dk;Z vkSj futh ekeys]

ljdkjh jktLo vkSj futh vk;] bu lcdks dBksjrkiwoZd i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA

5- inksa dks in/kkjh O;fDr viuh futh laifÙk ugha cuk ldrs ftls cspk tk lds ;k fojklr esa çkIr fd;k tk

ldsA

6- ç'kklu fyf[kr nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr gksrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds bl e‚My }kjk crkbZ xbZ yk{kf.kd fo'ks"krk,a

1- ,slk vf/kdkjh O;fDrxr rkSj ij Lora= gksrk gS vkSj mls vuqca/k ds vk/kkj ij fdlh ljdkjh in ij

fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

2- dksbZ Hkh vf/kdkjh fuoSZ;fDrd fu;eksa ds rgr Lo;a dks çR;k;ksftr lÙkk dk ç;ksx djrk gSA ,sls esa

vf/kdkjh dh oQknkjh mlds }kjk dk;kZy; ds dkeksa dks bZekunkjh ls fu"ikfnr djus esa vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA

3- fdlh vf/kdkjh dh fu;qDfr vkSj mldk dk;Z{ks= mldh rduhdh ¼ç'kklfud½ ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

4- mldk ç'kklfud dk;Z mldk iw.kZdkfyd is'kk gksrk gSA

5- mlds dke ds ,ot esa mls fu;fer osru vkSj thouofr ds nkSjku iwjs le; rd fu;fer mUufr dh

laHkkoukvksa ls iqjL—r fd;k tkrk gSA

oscj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ;g oS/kkfud&rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh rduhdh :i ls vU; lHkh ç'kklfud ç.kkfy;ksa

ls Js"B gSA vkxs bUgksaus tksj nsdj dgk fd tks yksx ,d ckj ukSdj'kkgh dk 'kklu ns[k pqds gksa os dHkh fdlh

nwljs fodYi ds ckjs esa lksprs rd ughaA blhfy, ;g LFkkbZ vkSj vifjgk;Z gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds oscfj;u e‚My ds eq[; rRo fuEu çdkj gS%&

1- fuoSZ;fDrd vkns'k& oscj dh **vkn'kZ çdkj** ukSdj'kkgh ds ifjçs{; esa ;g lcls vlk/kkj.k o

fopkjksÙkstd igyw gSA oscj dk ;g lkspuk gS fd fuoSZ;fDrd vkns'k dh fopkj/kkjk ukSdj'kkgksa ds vkns'kksa esa vkSj

muds ekrgrksa }kjk muds vuqikyu esa ekStwn gksuh pkfg,A oscj ds eqrkfcd vkKk ekuus vkSj vkKk euokus

tSlh çfØ;kvksa dh fn'kk blh vkns'k ds varxZr r; gksuh pkfg,A bls eVZu ds 'kCnksa esa ;wa j[kk tk ldrk gS]

**lÙkk vFkZkr~ fu;a=.k dh 'kfDr tks fd ,d Loh—r çfLFkfr ls mn~Hkwr gksrh gS] in esa fufgr gksrh gS u fd

inklhu O;Dfr esaA** laca/kksa ds fuoSZ;fDrdhdj.k ij tksj ukSdj'kkgksa dh çf'kf{kr v{kerk esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

2- fu;e& oscj dh rkfdZd & dkuwuh lÙkk dh ewy fo'ks"krk fu;eksa ls ca/ks ljdkjh dk;kZsa dks fujarj

laxfBr djuk gSA n¶rj ds dk;Z O;ogkj dks- fu;af=r djus okys fu;e rduhdh fu;e ;k ekunaM gks ldrs


gSaA buds rkfdZd bLrseky ds fy, ,d fof”k’V izf”k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA eVZu us Bhd gh dgk gS fd

fu;eksa dk vuqikyu] ftldh dYiuk ewyr% ,d lk/ku ds :i esa dh xbZ gS Lo;a lk/; cu tkrk gS ;gka y{;ksa

ds foLFkkiu dh ,d ifjfpr çfØ;k ?kfVr gksrh gS ftlds }kjk Þ,d lk/kukRed ;k lgk;d ewY; xarO;

¼vafre½ ewY; cu tkrk gS**A bls gh dgrs gSa *fu;e* dk *[ksy* ¼dk;Z½ ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gks tkukA lkFk gh ;g

Hkh tku ysuk t:jh gS fd fu;eksa ls dk;Z ç.kkyh laca/kh foyEc gksrk gS D;ksafd blls ç'kklu esa tfVyrk iSnk

gks tkrh gSA

3- l{kerk dh ifjf/k & oscj ds vuqlkj ,d fof'k"V l{kerk dh ifjf/k ds vanj tks rRo vkrs gSa os gSA

¼v½ dk;Z fu"iknu ds nkf;Ro dk {ks= ftldk mYys[k Je ds O;ofLFkr foHkktu ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa fd;k

x;k gSA ¼c½ nkf;Ro dh ifjf/k esa vkus okys dk;kZsa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vko';d lÙkk ls ;qDr ,d in/kkjh

dh fu;qfDrA ¼l½ Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr ck/;rk ds lk/ku tks fd vius ç;ksx esa fu'fpr n'kkvksa ds v/khu gksrs

gSaA

4- inlksiku & oscj igys gh dg pqds gSa fd **inksa dks laxfBr djus esa inlksiku ds fl)kar dk ikyu

fd;k tkrk gS ftlds varxZr gj fuEu in fdlh mPp in ds fu;a=.k vkSj i;Zos{k.k esa gksrk gSA** og ;g Hkh

dgrs gSa] **,d lokZsPp lÙkk ds v/khu dk;Zjr lEiw.kZ ç'kklfud deZpkjh oxZ inksa ds ,d Li"V :i ls

ikfjHkkf"kr inlksiku ds :i&esa laxfBr gksrk gSA** oscj inksa dks laxfBr djus esa rFkk lkFk gh mu inksa ij

vklhu ç'kklfud deZpkjh&oxZ ds laca/k esa inlksiku ds fl)kar dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSaA

5- futh vkSj yksd fgr & oscj dh vkn'kZ çdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh ds <kaps esa mi;ksfxrk vkSj çklafxdrk dk

LFkku cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ;gka rd fd og blds fy, ç'kklfud deZpkfj;ksa dks ç'kklu vkSj mRiknu ds lk/kuksa

ds LokfeRo ls i`Fkd j[kus dh odkyr djrs gSaA ;gh ugha] og in/kkfj;ksa }kjk ljdkjh in ds gM+ius dks Hkh

lekIr djus dh odkyr djrs gSaA mudk rdZ gS fd ukSdj'kkgksa dks vius in dk nq#i;ksx djus ls jksdus- ds

fy, ;g vko';d gSA lkFk gh] oscj dk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd ;g fu;e fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk ds fy, çklafxd gSA

6- fyf[kr nLrkost & oscfj;u ukSdj'kkgh dk vafre fl)kar ;g gS fd] **ç'kklfud dkjZokbZ] fu.kZ; vkSj

fu;eksa dks fyf[kr :i esa cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj lqfj{kr j[kk tkrk gSA ;g ml fLFkfr esa Hkh ykxw gksrk gS tc

ekSf[kd foe'kZ djuk fu;e gks vkSj ;gka rd fd vfuok;Z gksA vfHkys[ku ç'kklu dks tulk/kkj.k ds çfr

mÙkjnk;h cukrk gS vkSj lkFk gh] ;g Hkfo"; dh dkjZokbZ ds fy, lanHkZ dk dk;Z djrk gSA

oscj ds e‚My dk lcls ç'kaluh; va'k og [kaM gS tks ç'kklu ds fy, rduhdh ;ksX;rk esa n{k yksxksa

ds p;u ij cy nsrk gSA deZpkjh ds fy, vU; ekunaM gSa fuf'pr vkSj fu;fer osru] mudh inksUufr ds fy,

iwjh thouo`fÙk ds nkSjku laHkkoukvksa dk cus jguk] n¶rj esa iwjs le; dk dke vkSj dM+k vkSj O;ofLFkr

vuq'kklu vkSj fu;a=.kA ;s reke ,sls fcUnq gSa tks vk/kqfud ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Zdq'kyrk vkSj ;ksX;rk ds fy, Hkh

vko';d gSaA oscj tksj nsdj dgrs gSa fd ,dra=h; ukSdj'kkgh laxBu fo'kq) rduhdh –f"Vdks.k ls mPpre

Lrj dh n{krk gkfly djus esa l{ke gSA

oscj ds vkykspd

ukSdj'kkgh ds oscj e‚My dh eq[;r% rhu ckrksa dks ysdj vkykspuk dh tkrh gS%

1- e‚My dh rdZ'khyrk 2- fHkUu LFkkuksa] vkSj cnyrs le;a dh ç'kklfud vko';drkvksa ds lanHkZ esa oscj dk

e‚My fdruk mi;qDr lkfcr gks ldrk gS] 3- D;k ;g e‚My tSlk fd oscj us n'kZk;k gS] egÙke n{krk gkfly

dj ldrk gS\

eSDl oscj 75

j‚cVZ eVZu rFkk dqN vU; lekt'kkfL=;ksa us oscj ds dkuwuh&rkfdZd e‚My] ij loky mBk, gSa D;ksafd

budk ekuuk gS fd ;g e‚My dqN nqf"Ø;kRed ifj.kkeksa dks Hkh tUe nsrk gSA eVZu ds eqrkfcd lajpuk]

fo'ks"kdj inlksiku vkSj fu;e] tks fd oscj ds vFkZ esa rkfdZd gS] vklkuh ls ,sls ifj.kkeksa dks tUe ns ldrs gSa

tks vçR;kf'kr vkSj laxBu ds y{;ksa ds fy, uqdlkunsg lkfcr gks ldrs gSaA bl fcUnq ij tksj nsrs gq, eVZu

;g lkfcr djus dh dks'fk'k djrs gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh dk eryc vdq'kyrk gSA oscj ds vU; vkykspd fQfyi

lsYtfud gSaA lsYtfud ,d laxBu esa dk;Z foHkktu dks bafxr djrs gq, vk'kafdr gSa fd laxBu dh

mi&bdkb;ka vius futh y{; fu/kkZfjr dj ldrh gSa tks fd laxBu ds ,dh—r y{; ds foijhr tk ldrk gS

vkSj bl rjg laxBu dk ewy /;s; gh ckf/kr gks ldrk gSA eVZu vkSj lsYtfud n'kZkrs gSa fd fdl rjg oscj

}kjk js[kkafdr laxBukRed lajpuk dk vkSipkfjd fofunsZ'ku vi;kZIr gS tks bl ckr dk o.kZu djus esa iwjh rjg

ls vleFkZ gS fd okLro esa ukSdj'kkg dSlk O;ogkj djsaxs] D;ksafd ç'kklfud lafgrk ls ijs ,d lkekftd çk.kh

gksus ds ukrs vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dqN viuh futh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,a Hkh gksrh gSaA ;s vkykspuk,a çfrfcfEcr djrh

gSa fd 1930 ds n'kd ds nkSjku vkS|ksfxd lekt'kkL= dk O;ogkjoknh i{k fdruk le`) gks pqdk FkkA

V‚ydkV ikjlal us bl rF; dh vksj /;ku vkdf’kZr fd;k gS fd oscj vk'kk djrs gSa fd ç'kklfud

deZpkjh rduhdh :i esa Js"B gks vkSj mls vkns'k nsus dk vf/kdkj çkIr gksA ;g t:jh ugha gS fd lÙkk ds

lksiku esa mPp in/kkjh dksbZ ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh lerqY; is'ksoj dkS'ky ls Hkh ;qDr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fdlh

laxBu esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa ds le{k ;g nqfo/kk [kM+h gks tk,xh fd os ml O;fDr dh vkKk dk ikyu djsa tks

fd ç'kklfud] çeq[k gS vFkok ml O;fDr dh vkKk dk ikyu djsa ftlds ikl vf/kd fo'ks"kKrk gSA

vkyfou x‚mYMuj us ukSdj'kkgh esa nks çeq[k Hksn fd, gSa%

¼v½ naM dsfUær ukSdj'kkgh & ;g deZpkfj;ksa ¼ç'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa½ dk ,d ,slk ra= gksrk gS] ftldks laxBu

ds lnL; viuk ugha eku ikrsA budh vkKkvksa dk ikyu vfuPNk ls gksrk gSA ,d rjg ls budh vkKk,a ckgjh

lewg }kjk Fkksih gqbZ yxrh gSaA

¼c½ çfrfuf/kd ukSdj'kkgh & ;g vf/kdkfj;ksa dk og lewg gksrk gS ftldh vkKkvksa dk laxBu ds yksx

[kq'kh&[kq'kh ls ikyu djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s mUgsa rduhdh :i ls vko';d vkSj vius fgr esa yxrs gSaA ,sls esa

xkmYMuj laxBu ds lnL;ksa }kjk fu;eksa ds vuqikyu dh leL;k dks ç'kklfud <kaps ds Hkhrj dh vukSipkfjd

çfØ;k dh otg ls ugha mBk;k] cfYd laxBu dh ckgjh n'kkvksa dh otg ls mBk;k gSA :MksYQ dh vkykspuk

;g gS fd ;g e‚My ;g xyr vo/kkj.kk çnku djrk gS fd ç'kklu ,d rkfdZd e'khu gS vkSj deZpkjh dsoy

blds rduhdh dyiqtsZA oscj ds thouhdkj vkSj ,d çfl) cqf)thoh jkbugkMZ csfUMDl dk dguk gS fd ,slk

laHko ugha gS fd lkekU; lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ewY; ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk fdlh fu;e dk vuqikyu gksA

lHkh fu;eksa dks fo'ks"k ekeyksa esa bLrseky djuk gksrk gSA ysfdu ;gka vf/kdkfj;ksa dk utfj;k fu.kZ; ysus esa

çcy Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA ihVj CykÅ tSls vusd vkykspd ekurs gSa fd oscfj;u e‚My dks gj txg vkSj

dky ds ç'kkluksa esa fØ;kUkfor ugha fd;k tk ldrkA CykÅ dk ekuuk Fkk fd **rkfdZd ç'kklu** dh vo/kkj.kk

ij ,d ubZ –f"V Mkyh tkuh pkfg,A cnyrs okrkoj.k esa **lkaxBfud y{;ksa dh çkfIr ukSdj'kkgh ds <kaps esa

lrr cnykoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA** ;gh dkj.k gS fd vf/kdkjh dks dqN dBksj fu;eksa esa cka/k nsus ls n{krk dh

xkjaVh ugha nh tk ldrhA

jkscVZ çsLFkl dk ekuuk gS fd eSDl oscj dh ukSdj'kkgh dh vo/kkj.kk ekuo vfHkçsj.kk ds ckjs esa

vçR;{k /kkj.kk,a x<+rh gSa tks fd t:jh ugha gS fd xSj if'peh nqfu;k esa Hkh ykxw gksaA tkslsQ yk ikyksEcjk dk


dguk gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, :l vkSj phu ds rjhds dk ç'kklu oscfj;u ukSdj'kkgh ds eqdkcys dgha

T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

,p-lh- Øhy vkSj ,-ch- fLiVtj dks oscj ds bl nkos ij vkifÙk gS fd rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh ,d vk/kqfud

ç?kVuk gSA elyu Øhy tksjnkj <ax ls dgrs & gSa fd ukSdj'kkgh ds oscfj;u e‚My ds yxHkx lHkh xq.k 200

bZlk iwoZ phu esa vLfrRo esa FksA blh rjg fLiVtj dk ekuuk gS fd 19oha 'krkCnh esa Ýkalhlh çhQsDV ds dk;Z

oscfj;u ukSdj'kkg ds eqdkcys dgha T;knk O;kid gSaA ÝsMfjd cwfju dgrs gSa fd oscj dk fl)kar ukSdj'kkgh ds

çpkyu esa gksus okys egRoiw.kZ ifjorZuksa dh mis{kk djrk gS] elyu muds ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar esa yksd nkf;Ro

vkSj tokcnsgh ds fl)karksa vkSj jkT;&ifj"kn }kjk mUgsa ykxw djus ls iSnk gq, ifjorZuksa ds lkFk lajpukRed

la;kstu LFkkfir djus dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha gSA ;s reke vkykspuk,a ;g lkfcr djrh gSa fd ç'kklu dh

cnyrh gqbZ ifjLFfkfr;ksa vkSj vko';drkvksa esa oscj ds bl ç'kklfud fl)kar dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSA lkbeu

vkSj cukZMZ us rks ;gka rd lkfcr fd;k gS fd ;fn ge oscj ds lajpukRed mikxe dk vuqlj.k djsa rks

ç'kklfud dq'kyrk ckf/kr gksxh] tcfd vukSipkfjd fj'rksa vkSj xSj&ljdkjh O;ogkjksa ds pyrs laxBu dh dk;Z

dq'kyrk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

lkbeu vkSj ekpZ us oscj dks xqfyd vkSj mfoZd tSls 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa dh laxfr esa 'kkfey fd;k gS]

D;ksafd bUgha dh rjg oscj us Hkh laxBu esa ekuo O;ogkj ij /;ku ugha fn;kA oscj dk vkn'kZ çdkj egÙke

dk;Z dq'kyrk gkfly ugha dj ldrk] D;ksafd og ukSdj'kkgh dh lajpuk ij vf/kd tksj nsrs gSa u fd euq";ksa

ij ftls ukSdj'kkgh dh ;g lajpuk fufZer djuh gksrh gSA

fQfyi lsYtfud vkSj vU; oscj dh ml 'kfDr dh mis{kk ds fy, vkykspuk djrs gSa tks 'kfDr

ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh vius in ds pyrs Lo;a xzg.k dj ysrk gS vkSj viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dh fpark djrk gSA

var esa og viuh 'kfDr dks ysdj bruk my> tkrk gS fd flQZ blh dh o`f) esa viuk /;ku dsfUær djus

yxrk gSA blh esa og O;Lr jgus yxrk gS ftlds dkj.k laxBu ds ?kkfs"kr y{; myV tkrs gSaA yksdrkaf=d

O;oLFkk esa Hkh ,d ukSdj'kkg ds fy, rVLFk jg ikuk eq'fdy gksrk gSA lkFk gh] bnZ&fxnZ O;kid jktuhfrd

xfrfo/fk;ksa ds ekStwn jgus ds dkj.k mldk O;fDr fujis{k jg ikuk Hkh dfBu gksrk gSA

blesa Hkh 'kd gS fd oscj us fodkl ç'kklu ds fy, ftu ;ksX;rk ds fufnZ"V {ks=ksa dh ckr dgh gS] og

fopkjd ¼oscj½ dh dYiuk ds eqrkfcd ekStwn gh gksaA fodkl ç'kklu fuR; ubZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrk gSA

,d ç'kkld bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk djds gh viuh lsokvksa dks mfpr fl) dj ldrk gSA

oscj dh] inlksiku ds fl)kar ds dkj.k] dBksjrk ds lkFk fpids jgus dh Hkh vkykspuk gqbZ gS] D;ksafd

;g fl)kar ç'kklu esa] vkilh fo'okl j[kus ds laca/k esa] dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha djrk] Hkys ;s laca/k vUrlkaxBfud

gksa ;k fQj vUroSZ;DfrdA bl fl)kar esa dbZ [krjs ekStwn gSa tks fd vk/kqfud ç'kklu ds lanHkZ esa fouk'kdkjh

gSaA igyk [krjk rks ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ,dkf/kdkjokn dk gS tks fd Vhe Hkkouk ds lkFk dke djus dh

laxBukRed vko';drk ds fy, ?kkrd gSA ;g foHkktudkjh gfFk;kj gSa tks ukSdj'kkgh dks ,d lqlagr Vhe

cuus ls jksdrk gSA

oscj us ftu nLrkostksa dks viuh rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh ds fy, egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS mudk Hkh çHkko

udkjkRed gks ldrk gS] fo'ks"kdj dY;k.kdkjh ukSdj'kkgh ds lanHkZ esa tks fd fodkl ds fy, çfrc) gksrh gSA

bldh igyh otg rks ;g gS fd blls fo'ks"kK Qkbyksa esa Mwcdj *efgekeafMr~ DydZ* cu tkrk gSA bldh nwljh

otg ;g gS fd blls reke ekfS[kd foe'kZksa dks Hkh fjdkMZ djuk iM+rk gSA QyLo:i vkSipkfjdrk cgqr c<+

tkrh gSA ;s nksuksa ço`fÙk;ka ukSdj'kkgh laxBu dh dk;Z{kerk rFkk çHkko'khyrk dks ck/fkr djrh gSaA

eSDl oscj 77

bl rjg lkjka'k :i esa oscj ds vkykspd oscfj;u e‚My dh vkykspuk rhu çeq[k ckrksa dks ysdj djrs

gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSa

1- e‚My dh rkfdZdrk fookfnr gSA blds fookfnr gksus dh nks otgsa gSaA ,d rks mu ?kVdksa ds dkj.k tks

blesa 'kkfey ugha fd, x, vkSj nwljh otg blesa vkarfjd lqlaxrrk dk u gksuk gSA

2- ukSdj'kkgh ftl lhek rd rkfdZd gks ldrh gS mls mu lkaL—frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj ekuk x;k gS

ftuesa og vofLFkr gksrh gSA ;g Lohdkj djrs gq, fd iwjh nqfu;k esa rkfdZd ukSdj'kkgh gS] vkykspdksa dk

ekuuk gS fd muesa fHkUu&fHkUu fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa tks oscj ds e‚My ls fHkUu gSaA vkSj-

3- oscj us ftl çkFkfed vk/kkj ij vius vkn'kZ çdkj dks [kM+k fd;k Fkk vkykspd ml vk/kkj dks gh vekU;

Bgjkrs gSaA dkyZ Ýk;fMªp us foosfpr fd;k gS fd **vkn'kZ** vkSj **çdkj** tSls 'kCn dSls ,d&nwljs dks

[kkfjt djrs gSaA

fu"d"kZ & oscj ds vkykspdksa us rdZ fn;k gS fd uk Sdj'kkgh ds oscfj;u e‚My esa vuqHkotU; oS/krk dh deh gS]

fo'ks"kdj rc tc bls vk/kqfud ç'kklu ds lanHkZ esa j[kdj ns[kk tkrk gSA ysfdu oscj us vius vkn'kZ çdkj

dks teZuh dh rkRdkfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc ls cuk;k Fkk] blfy, ,slk dguk fd ;g vk/kqfud ifjfLFkfr;ksa

ds fy, vuqdwy ugha gS] vuqfpr gS D;ksafd 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa oscj lfgr -- fdlh dks Hkh ;g Hkku

ugha Fkk fd vxys ikap&Ng n'kdksa esa lekt ds Lo:i esa bl dnj vkewy&pwy ifjorZu gks tk,xkA vxj oscj

dgrs gSa fd mudk dkuwuh&rkfdZd e‚My Js"B vkSj LFkk;h gS rks gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd os ;g ckr

ikjaifjd vkSj peRdkfjd laxBuksa ds lkFk mudh rqyuk ds ckn dg jgs FksA

tSlk fd ekfVZu ,yczks us bafxr fd;k gS] gesa ;g ckr ekuus dh xqatkb'k Hkh j[kuh pkfg, fd oscj us

teZu esa fy[ks x, vius ys[kksa esa *dk;Z dq'kyrk* vkSj *rkfdZd* 'kCnksa dk bLrseky fHkUu vFkZ vkSj lanHkZ esa fd;k

gksxkA vkSj blh otg ls gks ldrk gS fd oscj *dq'kyrk* 'kCn ds lHkh vFkksZa vkSj vk;keksa ls ifjfpr u gksaA

oscj e‚My dh ukSdj'kkgh dh ftu vU; otgksa ls vkykspuk,a dh tkrh gSa muesa l s ,d gS oscj dk

vkSipkfjdrk ij T;knk tksj nsukA ,yczks us Bhd gh dgk gS] **vkSipkfjd rkfdZdrk vkt ds ç'kklu dh çca/k

rduhd esa gqbZ mUufr ds dkj.k dbZ xquk T;knk c<+ xbZ gSA**

vkt ge O;ogkj esa ns[krs gSa fd nqfu;k ds lHkh lekt oscj dks lgh lkfcr dj jgs gSa] D;ksafd oscj us

dgk Fkk fd ,d ckj tks lekt ukSdj'kkgh ls 'kkflra gks pqdk og bls dHkh ugha R;kx ik,xkA ge ns[krs gSa fd

Hkkjr lfgr reke vÝks&,f'k;kbZ ns'k fons'kh 'kklu ls rks eqDr gks x, exj ;s ns'k bu vkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa }kjk

LFkkfir ukSdj'kkgh O;ogkjksa ls eqDr ugha gks ik,A & fu%lansg oscj ds e‚My esa udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed

nksuksa gh rRo gSaA oscj ds e‚My esa ;ksX;rk ds ek/;e ls p;u vkSj rduhdh vgrkZ,a] in/kkfj;ksa }kjk ljdkjh

in ij dCts djus dk iw.kZ vHkko vkfn rRo ldkjkRed rRoksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] tcfd fuoSZ;fDrd vkns'k

fu;e] l{kerk dh ifjf/k] inlksiku] rduhdh fu;e] fyf[kr nLrkost tSls rRo udkjkRedrk dh Js.kh esa vkrs

gSaA

pwafd e‚My esa udkjkRed rRoksa dks vf/kd rjthg nh x;h gS blfy, blds ldkjkRed rRo udkjkRed

dh rst çokg esa cg x, gSaA & ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd tks yksx oscj e‚My dh ukSdj'kkgh dh vkykspuk

dj jgs gSa os okLro esa oscj dh vkykspuk ugha dj jgs gSa] cfYd vkt dh ukSdj'kkgh dh vkykspuk dj jgs gSa]

tks fd dekscs'k oscj ds e‚My dks gh çfrfcafcr djrh gSA bl rjg os ukSdj'kkghdj.k dh iwjh rjg lekfIr ;k

mldh 'kfDr dks de djus dh ckr djrs gSaA exj ;g egt dkYifud yxrk gSA vktdy ç'kklu ds

fo|kfFZk;ksa ls ysdj vkarfjd 'kks/k nyksa rd us ftl ,d pht dks dsfUær fd;k gS] og gS ç'kklu ij ukSdj'kkgh

dk çHkkoA ç'kkldksa dks ifjorZu vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds mRçsjd ds :i esa

le>k tkrk gSA tc rd ç'kklu ds v/;;u esa ;g fopkj çcy jgsxk rc rd ukSdj'kkgh esa O;kid #fp cuh

jgsxh] vkSj oscj ds e‚My ij fo'ys"k.k rFkk ppkZ gksrh jgsxhA

v/;k; & 12

esjh ikdZj QkSysV

(MARY PARKER FOLLETT)

"-----usrk og O;fDr gksrk gS tks vius lewg dks ÅtkZoku dj ldrk gS] tks ;g tkurk gS fd dSls igy dks

çksRlkfgr fd;k tk,] tks ;g çnZf”kr dj lds fd vkns'k ifjfLFkfr ds lkFk ,dh—r gksrk gSA" &eSjh ikdZj

QkSysV

çcU/k txr~ esa fel eSjh ikdZj QkSysV dk viuk vyx gh LFkku gS A mUgsa 'çcU/k esa Hkfo";oDrk' dh

laKk nh tkrh gSA QkSysV us ç'kklu vkSj çcU/k ij dkQh dqN fy[kk ij nqHkZkX; ls thrs&th mudks vf/kd

çflf) çkIr u gks ldh vkSj muds dk;Z Hkqyk fn, x,A ijUrq QkSysV dk çcU/kdh; –f"Vdks.k dkQh fof'k"V Fkk

vkSj mUgksaus og lc cgqr igys gh crk fn;k Fkk tks fd ckn ds v/;;uksa ls Li"V gksrk gSA QkSysV us cM+h gh

ljy vkSj cks/kxE; 'kSyh esa vius ekSfyd fopkj çLrqr fd,A mfoZd ,oa czsp fy[krs gSa fd QkSysV us vius

fo'oklksa dks n'kZkus ds fy, thou ds gj {ks= ls mnkgj.k çLrqr fd, gSa tSls& ljdkj ds dk;Z] m|ksx] O;kikj]

?kj] ;q)] 'kkfUr] vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk,¡ vkfnA mudh ys[kuh O;kogkfjd cqf)] vUr%çKk dh xgjh lksp]

vfoHkkxh;—r lksp vkSj yksdrkfU=d xR;kRedrk dk Hk.Mkj gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd ç'kklu dh 'kkL=h;

fopkj/kkjk vkSj oSKkfud çcU/k fopkj/kkjk ds çfriknd QkSysV ds n'kZu ls dkQh çHkkfor FksA blfy, M~okbV

okYMks dgrs gSa fd ç'kklu dh orZeku ço`fÙk;ksa dks le>us ds fy, gesa QkSysV dh jpukvksa dk v/;;u djuk

pkfg,A

vesfjdk ds cksLVu 'kgj esa 1868 esa tUeh eSjh ikdZj QkSysV dh çkjfEHkd f'k{kk nh{kk cksLVu dh

vdkneh esa gqbZA blds i'pkr~ QkSysV dh #fp bfrgkl] jktuhfr & 'kkL=] dkuwu vkSj n'kZu'kkL= i<+us esa

vf/kd FkhA 1912 esa QkSysV cksLVu ds inLFkkiu C;wjks lfefr dh lnL;k cu xbZaA bl çdkj os m|ksx ds

lEidZ esa vkbZaA vkius buds çcU/k ij dkQh dqN fy[kkA 65 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fel QkSysV dk 1933 esa nsgkolku

gks x;k vkSj çcU/k us og fopkjd [kks fn;k ftlds dk;kZsa us mls xgjs :i ls çHkkfor fd;kA QkSysV dh vUr–

Zf"V bruh rh{k.k Fkh fd mUgksaus tks fopkj dkQh igys gh çdV dj fn, Fks os 1930 ds ckn ds g‚FkZksu ç;ksxksa

ls iq"V gq,A blh dkj.k os çcU/k dh Hkfo";oDrk dgykrh gSaA

QkSysV us dbZ iqLrdsa fy[khaA muds dqN çeq[k ys[ku&dk;Z bl çdkj gSa• The Speaker of the House

fo Representatives ¼1896½ • The New State ¼1918½ Creative Experience ¼1924½ • Dynanic

Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett ¼Ed- by Met Calf and Urwick ¼1940½ ¼Ed-

by Elliot Fox and Urwick ¼1973½ ¼2nd ed-½ • Freedom and Coordination&Lectures in Business

Organization ¼1949½ ¼ed- by Urwick½ -

QkSysV us bruk dqN fy[kk fd ;g lEHko ugha gS fd muds lHkh fopkjksa dks tkuk tk ldsA QkSysV dh

çFke jpuk 'nh Lihdj v‚Q n gkml v‚Q fjçtsUVsfVOt' 1896 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA ;g bruh mR—"V jpuk Fkh

fd vejhdh jk"Vªifr #tosYV us bls lHkh }kjk i<+k tkuk vifjgk;Z crk;kA 1918 esa mudh iqLrd 'n U;w

LVsV~l' çdkf'kr gqbZA bl iqLrd dks Hkh dkQh [;kfr çkIr gqbZ vkSj cgqyrkokn dh odkyr djus okyksa ds :i

esjh ikdZj QkSysV 79

esa QkSysV dks igpkuk x;kA 1924 esa 'fØ,fVo ,Dlihfj;sUl' çdkf'kr gqbZ ftlesa laxBu esa la?k’kksaZ ij /;ku

dsfUær fd;k x;k A QkSysV dh iqLrd 'Mk;usfed ,MfefuLVªs'ku dk çdk'ku muds ej.kksijkUr 1941 esa gqvkA

bldk lEiknu mfoZd vkSj esVd‚Q us fd;kA LFkku dh lhekvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, QkSysV ds vfr

egÙoiw.kZ ç'kklfud fopkjksa dks gh v/;k; esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldk gSA

jpukRed la?k"kZ ¼Constructive Conflict½%& eSjh ikdZj QkSysV dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku la?k’kksZa ds

jpukRed igyqvksa ij fopkjksa ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA ;gk¡ la?k’kksaZ ls rkRi;Z laxBu esa mRiUu la?k’kksaZ ls gSA

la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr O;fDr ds thou esa dksbZ vk'p;Ztud ?kVuk ugha gSA vkt ge la?k"kZ ds ;qx esa th jgs gSaA

laxBu dsoy O;fDr ds thou rd gh lhfer ugha gS vfirq laxBuksa esa Hkh la?k"kZ O;kIr gSA la?k"kZ ,d ,slh

çfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr ;k bdkbZ fdlh mís'; ds fy, nwljs dks jksdus dk ç;kl djrh gS ftlds

ifj.kkeLo:i nwljk vius mís';ksa dh çkfIr esa ;k vius fgrksa ds lao)Zu esa lQy ugha gks ikrk gSA lk/kuksa dh

lhferrk] y{;ksa dh fofo/krk] O;DfrRoksa esa Hksn] ifjorZu] lapkj dh deh vkfn ds dkj.k laxBuksa esa la?k’kksaZ dk

tUe gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k la?k"kksZa dks udkjkRed –f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gS ijUrq QkSysV us la?k"kZ ds jpukRed

igyqvksa dh vksj çcU/k dk /;ku vkdf’kZr fd;kA

eSjh ikdZj QkSysV 'jpukRed la?k"kZ' dk fopkj çLrqr djrh gSa vkSj la?k’kksZa dks laxBu dh çR;sd fØ;k esa ,d

lkekU; çfØ;k ds :i esa çLrqr djrh gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd la?k"kZ u rks vPNk gS vkSj u gh cqjk A cfYd ;g

rks ,d lkekU; ?kVuk gS ftldksa fcuk fdlh Hkkouk vkSj uSfrd iwoZ fu.kZ; ds :i esa Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A

'Mk;uSfed ,MfefuLVªs'ku' esa QkSysV dgrh gSa fd la?k"kZ dksbZ ;q) dh fLFkfr ugha gksrhA ;g rks flQZ erHksnksa dh

mifLFkfr dks n'kZkrk gSA ;s erHksn jk; vFkok fgrksa ds gks ldrs gSaA jk; vkSj fgrksa ds erHksn laxBu esa dsoy

fu;ksDrk vkSj deZpkjh ds chp] funs'kdksa ds chp Hkh mifLFkr gks ldrs gSaA pw¡fd O;fDrxr erHksn dHkh Hkh

lekIr ugha fd, tk ldrs vr% laxBuksa ls la?k’kksZa dks dHkh lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tc la?k"kZ vifjgk;Z

gks tk, rks bldk ldkjkRed mi;ksx ysus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A QkSysV dgrh gSa gj ped ?k’kZ.k ls iSnk

gksrh gSA tc ge ok;fyu ij ?k"kZ.k iSnk djrs gSa rHkh laxhr çkIr gksrk gS vkSj tc geus ?k"kZ.k ls vfXu dk

vkfo"dkj fd;k rks geus vlH; voLFkk dks NksM+ fn;kA

QkSysV us la?k’kksZa dks jpukRed cukus dh 3 fof/k;ksa dk mYy s[k fd;k& çHkqRo] le>kSrk rFkk ,dhdj.kA

¼i½ çHkqRo ¼Domination½ : çHkqRo dks QkSysV la?k"kZ ds lek/kku dk çFke rjhdk crkrh gSaA çHkqRo dk vk'k; ,d

i{k }kjk nwljs i{k ij thr çkIr djuk gSA çHkqRo la?k"kZ lek/kku dk lcls vklku rjhdk gS ijUrq ;g FkksM+s

le; ds fy, gh lqfo/kktud gks ldrk gSA pw¡fd çHkqRo esa ,d i{k nwljs i{k ij fot; çkIr djrk gS vr%

LoHkkfod gS fd blesa ncko] cy ç;ksx rFkk nwljs ds fgrksa dk vfrØe.k 'kkfey gS vr% ;g la?k"kZ ds lek/kku

dk LFkkbZ rjhdk ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd ijkftr i{k lnSo cnyk ysus dh fQjkd esa jgrk gSA ;g ckr ge çFke

fo'o;q) ds lUnHkZ esa le> ldrs gSaA blesa fotsrk i{k dk ijkftrksa ij çHkqRo LFkkfir gks x;k vkSj la?k"kZ dqN

le; ds fy, nc x;k ijUrq iqu% volj vkrs gh ijkftr i{k us iqu% la?k"kZ ¼f}rh; fo'o;q)½ çkjEHk dj fn;kA

bl çdkj çHkqRo la?k"kZ ds lek/kku dk ,d vYidkyhu lk/ku gh gks ldrk gSA

¼ii½ le>kSrk ¼Compromise½ : le>kSrk la?k"kZ lek/kku dk og rjhdk gS ftlesa çR;sd i{k 'kkfUr LFkkfir

djus ds fy, viuh dqN ek¡xksa dk ifjR;kx djds la?k"kZ ls le>kSrk dj ysrk gS A la?k"kZ ds lek/kku dk

le>kSrs dk rjhdk çHkqRo dh rqyuk esa vf/kd çHkkoh gksrk gS D;ksafd le>kSrs esa fdlh i{k dks nck;k ugha tkrk

vkSj LosPNk ls nksuksa i{k viuh bPNk,¡ R;kxus dks rS;kj gks tkrs gSa A vr% dksbZ Hkh i{k bls ilUn ugha djrk gS

oju~ le>kSrs etcwjh esa fd, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp d'ehj la?k"kZ ds lek/kku


ds fy, 'rk'kdUn lfU/k' ;k 'f'keyk le>kSrs' tSlh le>kSrkRed dk;Zokgh gqbZ ijUrq ;s nksuksa gh d'ehj la?k"kZ

dk LFkkbZ lek/kku çLrqr ugha dj lds vkSj la?k"kZ iqu% iSnk gks x;kA le>kSrk rHkh lQy jg ldrk gS tcfd

nksuksa i{k bZekunkjh ls le>kSrs dk lEeku djsa] tks fd oLrqr% dkQh dfBu gksrk gSA

¼iii½ ,dhdj.k ¼Integration½ : la?k"kZ lek/kku ds rhljs rjhds ds :i esa QkSysV ,dhdj.k dk ftØ djrh gSaA

QkSysV la?k"kZ lek/kku ds lcls lUrks"ktud vkSj çHkkoh mik; ds :i esa ,dhdj.k dh igpku djrh gSaA

,dhdj.k esa nksuksa i{kksa dh bPNkvksa dks ,dh—r dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh i{k dks viuh bPNkvksa dk

ifjR;kx ugha djuk iM+rkA QkSysV le>kSrs ls vf/kd çHkkoh ,dhdj.k dks ekurh gSa D;ksafd ,dhdj.k dqN u;k

cukrk gS] vkfo"dkj djus dks çsfjr djrk gS rFkk u, ewY;ksa dk blls tUe gksrk gSA ,dhdj.k la?k"kZ dh tM+ksa

rd tkrk gS vkSj blds LFkkbZ lek/kku dk ç;kl djrk gSA ,dhdj.k dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, QkSysV dgrh gSaA

g‚oMZ fo'ofo|ky; ds ,d NksVs ls dejs dh f[kM+dh dk s ,d egk'k; [kksyuk pkgrs Fks tcfd eSa mls cUn gh

j[kuk pkgrh FkhA geus vxys dejs dh f[kM+dh [kksy nh ftlesa dksbZ Hkh ugha FkkA ;g le>kSrk ugha Fkk D;ksafd

ge nksuksa dks fcuk dksbZ bPNk NksM+s og fey x;k tks ge pkgrs FksA eSa cUn dejk pkgrh Fkh D;ksafd eSa ugha

pkgrh Fkh fd mÙkjh ok;q lh/ks esjh vksj cgs] blh çdkj nwljk O;fDr Hkh fdlh fof'k"V f[kM+dh dks ugha [kksyuk

pkgrk FkkA og rks flQZ dejs esa vf/kd ok;q pkgrk FkkA

QkSysV tgk¡ ,dhdj.k ds ykHkksa dk ftØ djrh gSa ogha bldh çkfIr esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa ls Hkh vufHkK ugha

gSaA gj rjg ds la?k"kZ dk lek/kku ,dhdj.k ls lEHko ugha gks ldrk A QkSysV mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgrh gSa fd

tc nks O;fDr fdlh ,d gh efgyk ls fookg djuk pkgrs gksa rks ogk¡ ,dhdj.k dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha gksrhA

dqN ekeyksa esa rks ,dhdj.k vlEHko gh gksrk gS ij fQj Hkh blds ykHkksa ds dkj.k og çHkqRo vkSj le>kSrs ls

vf/kd çHkkoh vkSj LFkkbZ rjhdk gSA

QkSysV ,dhdj.k çkIr djus ds pj.kksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, blds fuEu pj.k crkrh gS

¼1½ ,dhdj.k ds çFke pj.k ds :i esa QkSysV dgrh gSa fd gesa loZçFke vius erHksnksa dks Li"V djuk pkfg,A

blfy, loZçFke gesa la?k"kZ esa fufgr okLrfod eqíksa dh Li"V igpku djuh vko';d gSA ¼2½ nwljs pj.k esa gesa

la?k"kZ dh leL;k ds lexz dks dqN Hkkxksa esa rksM+uk iM+rk gSA blds fy, gesa la?k"kZ esa fufgr ek¡xksa dks igpku

dj mudks la?kVd Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vuk iM+rk gSA bl pj.k esa mu ek¡xksa dks vU; ek¡xksa ls vyx dj fy;k tkrk gS

ftudh iwfrZ vko';d gksrh gSA ¼3½ la?k"kZ lek/kku dk rhljk pj.k la?k"kZ dk iwokZuqeku gSA blesa la?k"kZ ds çfr

fHkUu rjhds ls tokc fn;k tkrk gS A blds fy, QkSysV ,d mnkgj.k nsrh gSaA os dgrh gSa fd ,d O;fDr dks

dkj pykuk vPNk yxrk gS tcfd mldh iRuh iSny pyuk ilUn djrh gSA og O;fDr viuh iRuh ds ml

çR;qÙkj dks vPNh rjg tkurk gS tc jfookj dks lqcg [kwc nsj rd Vsful [ksyus ds ckn dkQh Fkd tkus ds

dkj.k mldh iRuh dk gksrk gS A QkSysV dsoy çR;qÙkjksa ds iwokZuqeku dks gh i;kZIr ugha ekurha vfirq muds

fuekZ.k dh Hkh odkyr djrh gSaA çR;qÙkj js[kh; o pfØd gks ldrs gSaA pfØd çR;qÙkj la?k"kZ ij vf/kd vPNs ls

çdk'k Mkyrk gSA QkSysV ds er esa pfØd O;ogkj ¼Circular Behaviour½ jpukRed la?k"kZ dh dqath gSA

,dhdj.k es ck/kk,¡%& ¼1½ ,dhdj.k ds fy, mPp cqf)] xgu cks/k rFkk Js"V [kksth ço`fÙk dh vko';drk gksrh

gSA tc rd cqf)eÙkk vkSj [kksth çofÙk ugha gksxh la?k’kksaZ dk ,dhdj.k ls lek/kku eqf”dy gksrk gSA

¼2½ ,dhdj.k dh nwljh ck/kk ;g gS fd yksx çHkqRo dh fLFkfr dk vkuUn ysrs gSa vkSj tc rd çHkqRo jgrk gS

,dhdj.k eq'fdy gksrk gSA ¼3½ leL;kvksa dks lS)kfUrd tkek iguk nsuk Hkh ,dhdj.k dh ,d ck/kk gSA

¼4½ mi;ksx esa yh xbZ Hkk"kk ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa pkSFkh ck/kk gSA QkSysV ds er esa Hkk"kk esy djkus okyh gksuh

pkfg, u fd la?k’kksaZ dks vkSj c<+kus okyhA ¼5½ usrkvksa }kjk iSnk fd;k x;k vuko';d çHkko ,dhdj.k dh ik¡poha


ck/kk gSA ¼6½ usrkvksa dk vHkko ,dhdj.k dh lcls cM+h ck/kk gSA os dgrh gSa fd laxBu ds çcU/kdksa vkSj

Jfedksa dks lgdkjh lksp ds fodkl dh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A bl çdkj QkSysV la?k’kksaZ ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk

mYys[k djrs gq, jpukRed la?k"kZ dk fopkj çLrqr djrh gSa vkSj la?k’kksaZ ds jpukRed mi;ksx dh odkyr

djrh gSaA laxBu esa vkns'k ¼Orders in Organization½%& vkns'k nsuk laxBu dk egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr gS A eSjh

ikdZj QkSysV laxBu esa vkns'k nsus ds fofo/k igyqvksa dk ijh{k.k djrh gS rFkk 'fuoS;Dfrd vkns'k'

¼Depersonglising Orders½ dk fopkj çLrqr djrh gSaA os bl ckjs esa fLFkfr ds fu;e' ¼Law fo the Situation½

dk Hkh çfriknu djrh gSaA

QkSysV vkns'k nsus ds 4 egÙoiw.kZ pj.k crkrh gSa&çFke] ,d lpsr vfHkof`Ùk tks mu fl)kUrksa dks O;ogkj esa

ykrh gS ftlds tfj, fdlh ekeys ij dk;Zokgh djuk lEHko gksrk gSA f}rh;] ,d ftEesnkjkuk vfHko`fÙk ftlls

;g r; gks fd fdu fl)kUrksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A r`rh;] ,d ç;ksxkRed vfHko`fÙk ftlls ç;ksx fd, tk,¡

vkSj ifj.kke ns[ks tk,¡ rFkk prqFkZ] ifj.kkeksa dks ,df=r djukA

çk;% yksx vkns'k nsus lEcU/kh fl)kUrksa dks tkus fcuk gh vkns'k nsrs gSaA loZçFke & vkns'k nsus okys dks mu

fl)kUrksa dh tkudkjh gksuh vko';d gS ftuds vk/kkj ij vkns'k fn, tkrs gSaA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd fn,

x, gj vkns'k dk ikyu fd;k tk,xkA vkns'k dh ikyuk dbZ dfBukb;ksa ls f?kjh gSA dbZ ckj viuh iqjkuh

vknrksa ds dkj.k yksx vkns'kksa dk ikyu ugha djrs D;ksafd os viuh vknrksa ds foijhr vkns'k ikyu ugha djuk

pkgrsA vkns'k nsus ls igys fu;ksDrk dks vkns'kksa dh ikyuk lqfu'fpr djus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dh 'vknrksa* ds

fuekZ.k ds lk/kuksa vkSj rjhdksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A blds fy, QksysV fuEu lq>ko nsrh gSa

¼i½ vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ubZ fof/k;ksa dh okaNuh;rk ns[k ysuh pkfg,A ¼ii½ v‚fQl ds fu;e bl çdkj ifjofrZr gksa

rkfd vf/kdkjh ubZ fof/k;ksa dks viuk ldsaA ¼iii½ igys gh dqN yksxksa dks ubZ fof/k;k¡ viukus ds fy, fo'okl esa

ys fy;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ,d mnkgj.k çLrqr fd;k tk ldsA ¼iv½ vfUre ckr vfHkO;Dr fd, tkus okys

O;ogkj dks rhoz cukuk dgrs gSaA ;g vkns'kksa dh Loh—fr dk jkLrk rS;kj djrk gSA QkSysV vuqlkj vkns'kksa ds

çR;qÙkj mu LFkkuksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gS ftuesa vkns'k fn, tkrs gSaA QkSysV dgrh gSa fdlh vkns'k

ds çfr vuqdwy çR;qÙkjksa dh 'kfDr ml nwjh ds O;qRØekuqikrh ¼Inverse Ratio½ gksrh gS tks fd vkns'kksa }kjk r;

dh tkrh gSA vFkZkr~ ;fn vkns'k yEch nwjh r; djds fdlh O;fDr rd ig¡qprk gS rks mlds vuqdwy çR;qÙkj dh

'kfDr de gks tkrh gS blh çdkj vkns'k nsus dk rjhdk Hkh vkns'kksa dh ikyuk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA

'vkns'k nsus' rFkk 'vkns'k u nsus' ds ekeys esa ekfydkukiu ¼Bossism½ ls cpus ds fy, QkSysV 'vkns'kksa ds

fuoSZ;fDrdj.k' dk lq>ko nsrh gSa rFkk 'fLFkfr ds fu;e' dk çfriknu djrh gSaA QkSysV dgrh gSa fd fdlh dks

vU;ksa dks vkns'k ugha nsuk pkfg, cfYd nksuksa dks 'fLFkfr' ¼Situation½ ls gh vkns'k xzg.k djus pkfg,A tc lHkh

O;fDr fLFkfr ls gh vkns'k xzg.k djsa rks vkns'k nsus rFkk vkns'k ds ikyu djus dk loky gh iSnk ugha gksrk gSA

muds er esa tSlh fLFkfr ek¡x djrh gS mlh ds vuqlkj fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,A bl ckr dk lEcU/k flQZ bl ckr

ls gS fd lÙkk 'fLFkfr' ls tqM+h gksrh gSA og ,d mnkgj.k nsrh gSa fd viuh ek¡ ds dgus ij mldk yM+dk

igys rks ikuh dh ckYVh ykus ls euk dj nsrk gS ij ckn esa ys vkrk gSA bl ekeys esa og vkns'k ij xqLlk

gksrk gS ij fLFkfr dh ek¡x dks igpkurk gSA pw¡fd fLFkfr lnSo ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS vr% vkns'k Hkh dHkh fLFkj

ugha jg ldrsA bl çdkj QkSysV laxBu dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ leL;k& vkns'k nsus dk foLrkj ls ijh{k.k djrh gSa

vkSj 'fLFkfr' dks vkns'kksa dk ewy ekurh gSaA

leUo; ¼Coordination½%& leUo; çcU/k dk vfr egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA QkSysV ds er esa leUo; dk vHkko

laxBu dh eq[; detksjh gksrh gS vkSj leUo; laxBu ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks lkeatL;iw.kZ rjhds ls O;ofLFkr


djuk gSA QkSysV çHkkoh leUo; ds fuEu fl)kUr çfrikfnr djrh gSaA ¼i½ çR;{k lEidZ dk fl)kUr : laxBu

esa leUo; LFkkiuk ds lpsr ç;kl fd, tkrs gSaA dqN O;fDr;ksa dks leUo; LFkkiuk dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih tkrh

gSA QkSysV ds çR;{k lEidZ ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj leUo; dh ftEesnkjh j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa dks ,d&nwljs ds

lkFk çR;{k lEidZ j[kus pkfg,A ;g leUo; dh çfØ;k dks lqxe cukrk gSA blds fy, QkSysV {kSfrt lapkj

vFkZkr~ leLrjh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp lapkj dks Hkh mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ ekurh gSa ftruk dh m/okZ/kjA ¼ii½

çkjfEHkd voLFkkvksa dk fl)kUr : leUo; laxBu dk lkj gS vr% QkSysV lq>ko nsrh gSa fd leUo; dh LFkkiuk

uhfr fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k ds lkFk gh 'kq# gks tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd ckn esa bldh LFkkiuk dkQh dfBu gks tkrh

gSA ¼iii½ ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk fl)kUr : bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fLFkfr ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp ikjLifjd

lEcU/k ik, tkrs gSaA leUo; dh LFkkiuk djrs le; bu ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s

leUo; çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA ¼iv½ lrr~ çfØ;k dk fl)kUr : leUo; ,d lrr~ çfØ;k gS tks laxBu

esa çkjEHk ls ysdj vkxs rd pyrh jgrh gS vr% QkSysV leUo; LFkkiuk dh LFkkbZ e'khujh dh odkyr djrh

gSA bl çdkj dh LFkkbZ e'khujh dkQh mi;ksxh jgrh gSA blds lkFk&lkFk QkSysV lwpuk vk/kkfjr lrr~

vuqlU/kku ds egÙo ij Hkh tksj nsrh gSaA

usr`Ro ¼Leadership½%& usr`Ro laxBu dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ i{k gSA dksbZ laxBu dq'ky usr`Ro ds vHkko esa

vius y{;ksa dks çkIr ugha dj ldrkA usr`Ro ij i;kZIr v/;;u gks pqds gSa ijUrq QkSysV dk usr`Ro fo"k;d

;ksxnku ekSfyd vkSj egÙoiw.kZ gS A QkSysV ekurh gSa fd vkt ekuoh; lEcU/kksa esa ifjorZu rFkk çcU/k esa fodkl

ds dkj.k usr`Ro dh ijEijkxr fopkj/kkjk cny jgh gSA QkSysV dgrh gSa fd usrk u rks laxBu dk v/;{k gksrk

gS vkSj u gh foHkkx dk çeq[k] ijUrq usrk og gksrk gS tks fLFkfr ds pkjksa vksj ns[k ldrk gS tks bls fdUgha

fu'fpr ç;kstuksa rFkk uhfr;ksa ls tksM+dj ns[krk gks] tks bls vkus okyh fLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+k gqvk ns[krk gks] rFkk

tks ;g tkurk gks fd ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh fLFkfr rd dSls tk;k tkrk gSA QkSysV dgrh gSa usrk og O;fDr

gksrk gS tks vius lewg dks ÅtkZoku dj ldrk gS] tks ;g tkurk gS fd dSls igy dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk,

tks ;g çnf”kZr dj lds fd vkns'k fLFkfr ds lkFk ,dh—r gksrk gSA QkSysV ds er esa usrk ds çeq[k dk;Z bl

çdkj gSaA ¼i½ leUo; : leUo; laxBu dk vko';d rÙo gS vr% usr`Ro dh {kerk bldh leUo; LFkkiuk dh

;ksX;rk dks çnf”kZr djrh gSA ¼ii½ mís';ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk : çR;sd laxBu vius fu/kZkfjr mís';ksa dh çkfIr

gsrq ç;kljr jgrk gSA bu mís';ksa ;k ç;kstu dk fu/kZkj.k usr`Ro }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA ¼iii½ iwokZuqeku : Hkkoh

fLFkfr dk iwokZuqeku djus dh usr`Ro dh ;ksX;rk laxBu ds fy, mi;ksxh fl) gksrh gSA QkSysV dk ;g Li"V

:i ls ekuuk Fkk fd usrk dsoy tUetkr ugha gksrs vfirq laxBu vkSj çcU/k esa mUgsa f'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k nsdj

rS;kj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

QkSysV 3 çdkj ds usr`Ro dh igpku djrh gSaA ¼i½ in ls lEcfU/kr usr`Ro : QkSysV ds vuqlkj in ls lEcfU/kr

usr`Ro fdlh Hkh laxBu esa vkSipkfjd lÙkk ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA laxBu esa ftl O;fDr dks lÙkk çkIr gksrh gS

mls laxBu esa usr`Ro dk dk;Z Hkh djuk gksrk gSA ;g usr`Ro vkSipkfjd ç—fr dk gksrk gSA ¼ii½ O;fDrRo ls

lEcfU/kr usr`Ro : bl 'kSyh dk lEcU/k usrk ds O;fDrRo ls gSA ftl O;fDr dk O;fDrRo çHkko'kkyh gksrk gS

mlds usr`Ro dks cM+k vklkuh ls Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gSA oscj dh dfj'ekbZ lÙkk ls bldk lEcU/k gksrk gSA

¼iii½ çdk;Z ls lEcfU/kr usr`Ro : bldk vFkZ Kku ds usr`Ro ls gS ¼Knowledge Leadership½A vk/kqfud laxBuksa

esa fof'k"V Kku j[kus okys usrk gh vf/kd çHkko'kkyh usr`Ro çnku dj ldrs gSaA ;|fi O;fDrRo usr`Ro esa

egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS ij QkSysV ekurh gSa fd O;fDrRo usr`Ro ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ çdk;Z&usr`Ro gksrk gSA

os ekurh gSa fd fdlh Hkh laxBu dh lQyrk mldh bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd og laxBu çdk;Z&usr`Ro


dks iw.kZr% dk;Z djus nsus ;ksX; yphykiu j[krk gksA bl çdkj QkSysV us 'ifjfLFkfrokn mikxe' ds mi;ksx esa

vkus ls igys gh vejhdh thou esa 'çdk;Z&usr`Ro' ds mn; dh vksj /;ku vk—"V fd;kA

'kfDr ,oa lÙkk ¼Power and Authority½ 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk nks i`Fkd&i`Fkd~ vo/kkj.kk,¡ gSaA 'kfDr ,d O;fDr

dh dke djokus] dkj.kkRed ,tsUV cuus rFkk ifjorZu 'kq# djus dh {kerk dks iznf”kZr djrh gSA QkSysV nks

çdkj dh “kfDr dh igpku djrh gSa& fdlh ds Åij “kfDr ¼Power Over½ rFkk fdlh ds lkFk 'kfDr ¼Power

With½A fdlh ds Åij 'kfDr nckokRed gksrh gS tcfd fdlh ds lkFk 'kfDr lg;ksxkRed fØ;k dks tUe nsrh

gSA fdlh ds Åij 'kfDr viuh bPNkvksa dks nwljksa ij Fkksiuk gSA bl dkj.k QkSysV bls vf/kd vPNk ugha

ekurh gSaA QkSysV dk fopkj gS fd fLFkfr ds fu;e] pfØd O;ogkj rFkk ,dhdj.k ds mi;ksx ls 'fdlh ds

Åij' 'kfDr dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds foijhr 'fdlh ds lkFk 'kfDr' dk vFkZ fgrksa esa ,drk o

lg;ksx iSnk djuk gSA fdlh ds lkFk 'kfDr] dgha vf/kd csgrj gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g csgrj le> dk fodkl dj

ldrh gS] la?k"kZ rFkk ?k"kZ.k dks de dj ldrh gS vkSj lg;ksxh ç;klksa dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrh gSA QkSysV ;g

ekurh gSa fd fdlh ds Åij 'kfDr ls iwjh rjg NqVdkjk rks ugha ik;k tk ldrk ij bls de vo'; fd;k tk

ldrk gSA QkSysV vuqlkj 'kfDr dk u rks çR;k;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gS] u bls fdlh nwljs dks lkSaik tk

ldrk gS vkSj u bls fdlh ls Nhuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh O;fDr dh {kerk vkSj bPNk dk ifj.kke

gksrh gSA ij os ekurh gSa fd 'kfDr ds fodkl dh fLFkfr;ksa dh jpuk dh tk ldrh gSA

çkf/kdkj ;k lÙkk ij QkSysV ds fopkj vU; fopkjdksa ls dkQh fHkUurk j[krs gSaA QkSysV ds vuqlkj lÙkk 'fufgr

'kfDr' dks dgk tkrk gS vFkZkr~ 'kfDr dks fodflr djus rFkk mls ykxw djus dk vf/kdkj lÙkk dgykrk gSA

QkSysV dgrh gSa fd lÙkk laxBu dk vk/kkj ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd bldk ç;ksx ,d O;fDr vius v/khuLFkksa ij

djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS blfy, ;g ekuoh; xfjek ds f[kykQ gksrh gSA QkSysV 'vfUre lÙkk' ds fopkj dks

,d Hkze ekurh gSa vkSj dgrh gSa fd lÙkk dk lzksr dk;Z Lo;a gksuk pkfg, u fd eq[; dk;Zdkjh dh lÙkk ls bls

fudkyuk pkfg, A 'dk;Z dh lÙkk' ¼Authority of Function½ esa çR;sd O;fDr mls lkSais x, dk;Z ls lÙkk çkIr

djrk gSA os dgrh gSa fd ,d O;fDr }kjk fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks lÙkk lkSaiuk lÙkk dk çR;k;kstu ugha gksrkA

os lÙkk ds çR;k;kstu dks ,d fofp= vfHkO;Dfr' ¼Obsolete Expression½ dgrh gSaA lÙkk ds lkFk&lkFk QkSysV

mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Hkh dk;Z vkSj fLFkfr ls fudyus okyk ekurh gSaA blfy, og fdl ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gS' ds

LFkku ij ;g iwNuk pkfg, fd og fdl ckr ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS' blh çdkj QkSysV mÙkjnkf;Ro dh cgqr

fopkj/kkjk ;k lap;h fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu djrh gSa rFkk vfUre mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Hkze crkdj bls vLohdkj

djrh gSaA

fu;U=.k ¼Control½%& yxHkx lHkh 'kkL=h; fl)kUrdkjksa us fu;U=.k dks laxBu ds ,d çeq[k fl)kUr ds :i

esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ QkSysV ds fopkj vU; 'kkL=h; fopkjdksa ls fHkUurk j[krs gSaA vU; 'kkL=h;

fopkjdksa ds foijhr QkSysV 'rF; fu;U=.k' ij 'ekuo fu;U=.k' ds ctk; vf/kd tksj nsrh gSa vkSj 'vf/k&vkjksfir

fu;U=.k' ds LFkku ij 'lg&lEcU/kkRed fu;U=.k' dh odkyr djrh gSaA pw¡fd rF; fLFkfr ds vuqlkj cnyrs

jgrs gSa blh çdkj fLFkfr;k¡ bruh tfVy gksrh gSa fd dsUæh; fu;U=.k dks çHkkoh :i ls ykxw djuk dfBu gks

tkrk gSA blfy, QksysV fu;U=.k fØ;kfof/k dks laxBu ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ls tksM+us dk lq>ko nsrh gSaA QkSysV

dgrh gSa fd ,d ,dh—r laxBu Lofofu;fer vkSj Lo&funsZf'kr bdkbZ gksrk gSA bl çdkj ds laxBuksa esa

fu;U=.k dh ç—fr Lofu;U=.k dh gksrh gSA

vU; fopkj ¼Miscellaneous Views½ eSjh ikdZj QkSysV us yksd&ç'kklu dks mR—"V ;ksxnku fn;kA QkSysV mu

fopkjdksa esa ls Fkha tks yksd&ç'kklu vkSj futh ç'kklu esa dksbZ Hksn u djrs gq, bUgsa ,d leku crkrh gSaA

;|fi QkSysV ds O;k[;ku futh m|ksxksa ds fy, fn, x, Fks rFkkfi muds fu/kZkfjr mik; futh O;kikj ds leku


yksd&ç'kklu ds {ks= esa Hkh leku :i ls ykxw fd, tk ldrs gSaA os ekurh gSa fd yksd&ç'kklu ds fy, ';k

rks' ¼either/or½ mikxe vfr ljyrkoknh gS vkSj bl ckr dh vogsyuk djrk gS fd ekuo lekt Lo;a

cgqyrkoknh gksrk gSA ;g mikxe vfr lÙkkoknh gSA QkSysV ekurh gSa fd ç'kklu esa 'esyd fØ;k'

¼Reconciliation½ vko';d :i ls lekfgr gksrh gS ftlesa O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd&lewg Hkh fufgr

gksrs gSaA QkSysV laxBukRed ekuorkoknh fopkjd Fkha vkSj mUgksaus lewg&xfr'khyrk] lÙkk o lg;ksx] lgHkkfxrk

ds egÙo vkfn dks le>us dh vk/kkjf'kyk j[khA QkSysV us es;ks ds g‚FkksuZ ç;ksxksa ls igys gh laxBu esa ekuoh;

?kVdksa ds egÙo dks mtkxj fd;k FkkA QkSysV ds fopkjksa us çcU/k dks ,d u;k –f"Vdks.k çnku fd;kA os

laxBu ds 'kkL=h; mikxe dks ,d fn'kkoknh rFkk euq"; dks e'khu ds :i esa ekuus ds dkj.k vkykspuk djrh

gSaA

QkSysV O;kikfjd laxBuksa ds v/;;u ds ekuoh; vkSj euksoSKkfud mikxe ij tksj nsrh gSaA mudk –f"Vdks.k

dkQh ekuorkoknh FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh Hkh laxBu dh çHkko'khyrk ml laxBu esa O;fDr;ksa vkSj

laxBu ds chp ik, tkus okys ,dhdj.k dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA QkSysV O;kikj ds ekuoh; psgjs ij tksj

nsrh gSa vkSj dgrh gSa fd gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ge ekuoh; i{k dks ;kfU=d i{k ls dHkh

vyx ugha dj ldrsA

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu ¼Critical Evaluation½%& QkSysV ds fopkjksa dks vfr vkn'kZoknh ekudj mudh

vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA lkFk gh muds fopkj çcU/kdh; vuqHko vkSj oSKkfud v/;;uksa ds ifj.kke u gksuk Hkh

çeq[k vkykspuk gSA Mh- fXof'k;kuh us fy[kk gSA mudk –f"Vdks.k fo'kq) :i ls vuqHkoewyd Fkk rFkk mUgksaus

laxBu ds lkekftd igyqvksa dh oSKkfud O;k[;k çLrqr ugha dhA dqN fopkjd QkSysV dks ''kkL=h; fopkjd'

ds :i esa ekurs gSa tcfd vU; mudh ;g dg dj vkykspuk djrs gSa fd muds fopkjksa esa dqN Hkh ''kkL=h;

ugha gSA QkSysV dh ;g dgdj Hkh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd mUgksaus laxBuksa ds çcU/k esa lkekftd igyqvksa dks

utjvUnkt fd;k gSA Mh- fXof'k;kuh iqu% fy[krs gSa mUgksaus le> dh deh] xyrQgfe;ksa rFkk O;fDrxr xq.kksa esa

fHkUurk ds dkj.k mRiUu euksoSKkfud la?kksa ij gh /;ku fn;k gS vkSj lHkh lkekftd vkSj oxhZ; lEcU/kksa dks ,d

rjQ Qsad fn;kA

,dhdj.k ij QkSysV ds fopkjksa dks Hkh Hkzked dgdj fXof'k;kuh mudh vkykspuk djrs gSaA bu vkykspukvksa ds

ckotwn ç'kklfud fopkj/kkjk dks mudk ;ksxnku Js"B vkSj iwokZuqeku djus okyk ekuk tk ldrk gSA gsujh

esVd‚Q rFkk fyaMy mfoZd fy[krs gSaA

mudh vo/kkj.kk,¡ vius le; ls dkQh vkxs FkhaA os vkt dh fopkj/kkjk ls Hkh vkxs gSaA muds lq>ko mu

O;fDr;ksa ds fy, lksus dh [knku ds leku gSa ftudh #fp fdlh m|e dks pykus esa ekuoh; lg;ksx dh

LFkkiuk vkSj mlds la/kkj.k dh leL;kvksa esa gksrh gSA

'n xksYMu cqd v‚Q eSustesUV' esa mfoZd fy[krs gSa fd] ";g mudh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk Fkh fd ijEijkxr v/;;u

fo"k;&jkT; ;k lexz :i ls leqnk;&ls os çxfr'khyrk ds lkFk m|ksx ds v/;;u dh vksj /;ku nsrs gq, eqM+hA

bl lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus ekuoh; la?k vkSj laxBu ¼fo'ks"kr;k m|ksx½ ds u dsoy fl)kUr fodflr gh fd, vfirq

O;ogkj ds cM+h la[;k esa O;kikfj;ksa dks mudh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, mu fl)kUrksa ds ckjs esa fo'oLr

Hkh fd;kA mudk mikxe ml lgefr dh ço`fÙk dk fo'ys"k.k djuk Fkk ftl ij dksbZ Hkh çtkrkfU=d lewg

vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA muds euksoSKkfud igyqvksa dks bUgksaus js[kkafdr fd;kA os lq>krh gSa fd ;g lgefr fLFkj

ugha gS vfirq ,d lrr~ çfØ;k gS tks O;fDr;ksa ds fopkjksa dh foospuk }kjk u, vkSj thoUr lewg fopkjksa dks

tUe nsrh gSA

vH;kl 85

vH;kl gsrq iz”u


1- xqfyd ds fofHkUu fopkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

2- QksysV ds fopkjksa dk ewY;kadu djsaA

3- ukSdj”kkgh ds oscfj;u izfreku dh foospuk djksA

4- xqfyd ds iz”kklfud fl)karks dk o.kZu djksA

y?kq&mÙkjh; iz”u

1- 4ih dk fl)kar fdlus izfrikfnr fd;kA

2- xqfyd dh izeq[k iqLrdsa dkSu&dkSu lh gSaA

3- fØ,fVo ,Dlhfifj;al dc izdkf”kr gqbZA

4- oscj us lrk ds fdrus izdkj crk, gSA

5- QkysV us ,dhdj.k esa fdu rRoksa dks ck/kk ekuk gSA

administrative thought i ç'kklfud fopkj

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