ado-a chapter 03
TRANSCRIPT
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Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook
2nd Edition
Chapter 3 — Types and Construction of Aerial
Apparatus
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Learning Objective 1
Describe aerial ladder apparatus.
3–2
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are some other names for an aerial ladder apparatus?
3–3
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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• Power-operated ladder• Turntable — Provides continuous
rotation• Fully extended length
– Ranges from 50 to 135 feet (15 m to 41 m)
– Measured from ground to highest ladder rung
Aerial Ladder Apparatus
3–4
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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• Rescue • Ventilation • Elevated master stream
application• Gaining access to upper level of an
emergency scene• Exposure protection• Aboveground fire fighting
Uses of Aerial Ladder Apparatus
3–5
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Two-Axle, Single Chassis
3–6
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Photo by Ted Boothroyd
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Three-Axle, Single Chassis
3–7
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron Jeffers
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Three-Axle Tractor-Trailer Type
3–8
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron Jeffers
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• Tractor-drawn aerial apparatus• Equipped with steerable rear
wheels on trailer• Tiller operator
steers rear wheels• More maneuverable
Tillered Trucks
3–9
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron Jeffers
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Discuss elevating platform apparatus.
Learning Objective 2
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Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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• Platform leveling system• Minimum floor area of 14 square
feet (1.3 m2)• Rail completely enclosing floor
area with no opening under railing greater than 24 inches (610 mm)
• Two gates below top railing
Elevating Platform Requirements
(Continued)
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• Kickplate at floor level (4 inches [100 mms] high)
• Drain openings• Two operator control stations• Backup hydraulic system• Heat protective shield
Elevating Platform Requirements
(Continued)
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• Protective water fog curtain nozzle flowing at least 75 gpm (284 L/min)
• Load capacity of 750 pounds (340 kg) when device is fully extended
• Load capacity of 500 pounds (227 kg) when water delivery system is charged
Elevating Platform Requirements
(Continued)
3–13
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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• Water delivery system capable of discharging at least 1,000 gpm (3 785 L/min) when aerial is in any position
• Platforms 110 feet (34 m) or shorter should be raised to maximum elevation and extension and rotated 90 degrees in 150 seconds or less
Elevating Platform Requirements
3–14
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Platform Equipment
3–15
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• Similar to aerial ladder apparatus except that a working platform is attached to end of aerial ladder
• Combine safe work area with safe, climbable aerial ladder
• Commonly range in size from 85 to 100 feet (26 m to 34 m)
Aerial Ladder Platforms
(Continued)
3–16
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Aerial Ladder Platforms
3–17
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Telescoping Aerial Platforms
(Continued)
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What is the main difference between an aerial ladder platform and a telescoping aerial platform?
3–19
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• Equipped with small ladder attached to boom
• Sizes range from 75 to 100 feet (23 m to 30 m)
Telescoping Aerial Platforms
(Continued)
3–20
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron Jeffers
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• Two or more sections and are made of box-beam construction or tubular truss-beam construction
Telescoping Aerial Platforms
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Box-Beam Construction
3–22
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron Jeffers
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Tubular Truss Beam
3–23
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• Boom sections connected by hinge; fold and unfold like an elbow
• Benefit — Platform can go “up and over”
• Range in height 55 to 85 feet (17 m to 26 m)
• Combination devices
Articulating Aerial Platforms
3–24
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Articulating Aerial Platforms
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Describe water towers.
Learning Objective 3
3–26
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• Telescoping or articulating devices
Water Towers
(Continued)
3–27
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Courtesy of Ron JeffersCourtesy of Joel Woods, Maryland Fire and Rescue institute
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• Movement of water and control of fire stream remotely controlled by driver/operator from ground level
• Fire streams deployed at a range of elevations from horizontal to 90 degrees from ground
Water Towers
(Continued)
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• Sizes range from 50 to 130 feet (15 m to 40 m)
• Capable of maximum flows ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 gpm (4 000 L/min to 20 000 L/min)
• May be equipped with ladders
Water Towers
3–29
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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Describe the features and functions of a quint.
Learning Objective 4
3–30
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Quintuple Fire Apparatus
3–31
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Criteria for a Quint
3–32
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• Various sizes• Reasons for
equipping aerial apparatus with pumps
Quint
3–33
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Identify the primary features of aerial devices.
Learning Objective 5
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• Must be constructed to perform safely and properly under a wide variety of fire and rescue emergencies
Ladder
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• Used to create beams of ladder• Bars or rods that form rigid
framework• Constructed by several methods
and several materials• Triangles add strength• Permit tension and compression
Ladder Trusses
(Continued)
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Ladder Trusses
3–37
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Ladder Base
3–38
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Ladder Fly
3–39
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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• Heat-treated aluminum alloy• Steel • Fastened by rivets, welded, or
heliarced
Ladder Construction
3–40
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Ladder Base Rails
3–41
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Ladder Rails
3–42
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Ladder Rungs
3–43
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Ladder Requirements
3–44
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• Provide power for operating various hydraulic components needed to stabilize apparatus and operate aerial device
Aerial Device Hydraulic Systems
3–45
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• Medium by which system transmits force
Hydraulic Fluid
3–46
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• Creates force on hydraulic fluid• Powered by a power-take-off (PTO)• May be rotary vane or rotary gear
positive-displacement
Hydraulic Pump
3–47
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• Supplies hydraulic fluid• Displaced fluid flows back into
reservoir• Supplies adequate amount of fluid• Supplemented by filters and
exchange-type oil coolers
Hydraulic Reservoir
3–48
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• Supply hydraulic fluid• Steel tubing and aircraft-type,
steel-braided hose
Tubing and Hoses
3–49
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• Control flow of hydraulic fluid• Start, stop, regulate, and direct
flow of fluid• Controlled manually, electrically,
hydraulically, mechanically, or by combination
Valves
(Continued)
3–50
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• Check• Relief• Counterbalance• Selector • Actuator
Valves
(Continued)
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• Monitor• Stack• Proportional directional control
Valves
3–52
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• Used as actuators• Convert energy in system into
linear mechanical force or motion
Hydraulic Cylinders
3–53
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What types of cylinders are typically used on aerial devices?
3–54
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
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Stabilizer Cylinders
3–55
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Hoisting Cylinders
3–56
Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator
Photo by Pat McAuliff Photo by Pat McAuliff
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What is a trunnion?
3–57
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Extension Cylinders
3–58
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Photo by Pat McAuliff
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Describe the cable systems, chains, slides, and rollers used by aerial apparatus.
Learning Objective 6
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• Rotational structural component• Continuous rotation on horizontal
plane• Constructed of rigid metal plates• Operator stands during operation• Contains lower control pedestal • Operates on large sheer ball-type
bearings
Turntable
(Continued)
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Turntable
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• Usually stand about 3½ feet (1.07 m) high
• Positioned on turntable• NFPA® 1901 requires a control
station in platforms• Sloping panel • Elevation, extension, and rotation
lever controls
Control Pedestals
3–62
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
How are the control levers positioned on the pedestal?
3–63
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• Engine speed switch• Light switch• Hydraulic oil pressure gauge• Hydraulic oil temperature gauge• Extension indicators• Stop and lock controls• Rung alignment indicator
Other Controls and Instruments
(Continued)
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• Inclinometer• Engine starter switch• Communications equipment• Elevated master stream controls• Hydraulic lock valve• Switch for emergency operation
pump
Other Controls and Instruments
3–65
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Discuss water delivery systems.
Learning Objective 7
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What is the purpose of water delivery systems?
3–67
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• Bed ladder systems• Telescoping waterway systems• Detachable ladder pipe systems
Pre-Piped Aerial Ladder Waterway
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• Nontelescoping section of pipe• Usually 3 or 3½ inches (76 or 90
mm) diameter• Attached underside of bed section• Master stream nozzle attached to
end of pipe• Solid stream nozzles
Bed Ladder Systems
(Continued)
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• Manually operated nozzles operated from tip of retracted aerial device or from the ground or turntable through the use of rope
• Gear-operated mechanism for raising and lowering fire stream
Bed Ladder Systems
(Continued)
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Bed Ladder Systems
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• Extend toward top of ladder• Consist of three or four sections
that reduce in diameter• Minimum internal diameter — 4
inches (100 mm)• Bottom end of piping connected to
additional piping through turntable
Telescoping Waterway Systems
(Continued)
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• Swivel joint allows 360 degree rotation while flowing water
• Remote controlled fog nozzles operated by switches located near tip of fly section
Telescoping Waterway Systems
(Continued)
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Telescoping Waterway Systems
3–74
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Photo by Pat McAuliff
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• For aerials not equipped with pre-piped waterway systems
• Stored on truck• Attached only when needed• Main components• Designed to be clamped to top two
rungs of fly section
Detachable Ladder Pipe Systems
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• Equipped with solid stream or fog nozzle
• Controlled at tip of ladder by firefighter
• Limited to flows of less than 750 gpm (3 000 L/min)
• Supplied by single 3- or 3½-inch (77 mm or 90 mm) hoseline
Detachable Ladder Pipe Systems
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• Subject to excessive side twist due to backward thrust of solid or fog master stream
• Should not be operated from aerial positioned at 90 degree angle or vertical position
Detachable Ladder Pipe Systems
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
At what degree should the ladder be placed to ensure the safest service and optimal stream penetration of a detachable ladder pipe?
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• Similar to pre-piped ladder systems; difference - nozzle is located in platform
• Larger than aerial ladders due to greater load capacities of platforms
• Safer than aerial ladders• Two nozzles• Discharge
Elevating Platform Waterway Systems
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• Designed specifically for deployment of elevated master streams
• Control of motion and nozzle from control panel
• Water most often comes from apparatus pump
• Equipped with number of options
Water Tower Systems
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Identify communication systems.
Learning Objective 8
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• Used for firefighters at tip to communicate with driver/operator at turntable control station
• Consist of “hands-free” transmitter/receiver at tip of ladder in elevating platform and second transmitter/receiver at turntable
Communication Systems
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• Have not always been required• Required by NFPA® 1901
Communication Systems
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Describe breathing air systems.
Learning Objective 9
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• Allow one or more firefighters operating at tip to breath clean air without need to don SCBA
• Components• Not required by NFPA® 1901, does
contain requirements
Breathing Air Systems
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Compare various apparatus-mounted special systems.
Learning Objective 10
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• Power floodlights and other electrical tools & equipment
• Portable generators• Vehicle-mounted
generators
Electric Power Generation Equipment
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• Portable lights• Fixed lights
Scene Lighting
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• Electrical power cords• Junction boxes• Adapters
Power Distribution Equipment
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Hydraulic Extrication Tool Systems
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are the most common types of hydraulic powered tools?
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• Primary tools used in extrication situations
• Receive power from hydraulic fluid supplied hoses from a pump
Hydraulic Extrication Tool Systems
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Describe the portable equipment carried on aerial apparatus.
Learning Objective 11
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• Used when aerial ladder can’t reach, additional ladders are needed, or only ground ladders are needed
• Include — Attic, roof, and extension ladders
• Extension ladder 40 feet (12 m) or longer
Ground Ladders
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• NFPA® 1901 minimum requirements– Flathead axes– Pickhead axes– Pike poles– Plaster hooks– Crowbars– Claw tools
Forcible Entry Equipment
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• NFPA® 1901 minimum requirements– Sledgehammers – Hacksaws and keyhole saws– Wrenches– Hammers– Snipes and pliers– Screwdrivers
Forcible Entry Equipment
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• May also be carried– Rotary, reciprocating,
and chain saws– Hydraulic door openers– Cutting torches
Forcible Entry Equipment
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• Exhaust fans (smoke ejectors)
• Positive-pressure blowers
Ventilation Equipment
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• Salvage and overhaul• Loss control• Additional equipment
Salvage, Overhaul, and Loss Control Equipment
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• Portable hand lights• Portable fire extinguishers• Water extinguishers• Multiple SCBA units• Spare SCBA cylinders• Medical kit• Spanner wrenches
Additional Equipment
(Continued)
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• Bolt cutters• Ladder belts• Light-use life safety rope• General-use life safety rope• Utility rope• Wheel chocks
Additional Equipment
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Summary
• It is important that aerial apparatus driver/operators understand the various varieties of apparatus they may be required to operate.
• The aerial apparatus driver/operator should be familiar with the entire apparatus and its operation.
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• The driver/operator should know his/her equipment, its proper operation, and regular equipment maintenance based on manufacturer’s recommendations.
Summary
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Review Questions
1.What are the main uses of aerial ladders?2.How do aerial ladder platforms operate?3.What is a water tower?
(Continued)
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Review Questions
4.To what three main portions of an aerial ladder do firefighters and driver/operators commonly refer?5.What is the purpose of an auxiliary hydraulic pump?6. What controls and instruments may be located on the control pedestal?
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7. What is the purpose of a fixed breathing air system?
8. What advantages and disadvantages are presented by inverters?9. What ventilation equipment may be required on an aerial apparatus?
Review Questions
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