a ~ h e Nautical

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN

COLLECTING EVIDENCE

- IN LIGHT OF ISM Third edition

A PRACTICAL GUIDE

by Dr Phi1 Anderson BA (Hons)

DProf FNI MEW1 AMAE Master Mariner

Foreword by Sir Anthony Clarke

Master of The Rolls

CONTENTS

Foreword I: by G.R.A. Darling RD QC ................................................... vii

... Foreword 11: by the Honourable Mr. Justice Clarke .................................. vlii

Admiralty Judge, The Royal Courts of Justice, London

Foreword 111: by Captain E.H. Beetham FRSA FNI .................................... X President of The Nautical Institute

...................... Foreword IV: by the Right Honourable Sir Anthony Clarke xii

Master of the Rolls, The Royal Courts of Justice, London

... .............................................. Acknowledgement to previous contributors xlii

i% Master's Role in Collecting Evidence (First Edition) and

TAe Mariner's Role in Collecting Evidence (Second Edition)

How to use this book ........................................................................... xv

Part A - GENERAL GUIDANCE Introduction ....................................................................... 1

Background ............................................................................... 4

................................................................... Layout of this book 7

............................................................................... Guidelines 9

What is evidence? .................................................................... 10

Why should evidence be collected? ......................................... 12

........... Who should collect the evidence? - the lawyer's role 13

........ Who should collect the evidence? - the mariner's role 13

When should evidence be collected? ....................................... 15

......... What evidence should be available - in light of ISM? 16

In the office ashore ............................................................. 19

Onboard ship .................................................................. 20

What evidence should be available - proactive

evidence production ........................................................... 23

Operational records ......................................................... 23

Log books ........................................................................... 23

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE iii

Automatically recorded data ............................................. 24

Informal notes and diaries ......................................... 25

Written procedures .......................................................... 26

External audits .................................................................. 26

..... Internal audits. master's review and company reviews 27

What evidence should be available .

reactive evidence production and collection ...................... 27 Photographs and videos ................................................... 27

Master's reports .............................................................. 28

How will the evidence be used -- in criminal actions? ......... 28

How will the evidence be used -- in civil actions? ................ 29

How will the evidence be used .

In flag State accident investigations? ................................ 30

In safety investigations? ..................................................... 30

In ISM verification / inspections? .................................... 32

In port State control inspections? ..................................... 34

The duty of discovery .......................................................... 38

The doctrine of privilege ................................................... 38

Legal professional privilege ................................................... 38

Self-incriminating documents ......................................... 39

Taking statements ................................................................. 39

Hazardous occurrences, near misses and non-conformities . 4 1

Dealing with the media ......................................................... 42

Giving evidence ..................................................................... 42

Conclusion ....................................................................... 45

Part B . INCIDENT CATEGORIES Producing. collecting and preserving evidence

Chapter One . Cargo related incidents

General introduction ....................................................... 4 9

Cargo damage, loss or shortage ............................................ 49

General Average ................................................................. 68

Salvage ................................................................................. 7 6

........... Cargo responsibility clauses - charterparty disputes 89

iv THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

Chapter Two . Ship related incidents

General introduction ............................................................ 98

Collisions ............................................................... , . , ........... 101

Contacts and damage to property ....................................... 116

Non-contact damage ......................................................... 123

Groundings. strandings and founderings ............................ 131

Hull and machinery . Damage or failure of ship

and / or its own equipment ............................................. 143

Fire / explosion ................................................................ 153

Chapter Three . People related incidents

General introduction ............................................................. 158

Personal injuries .......................................................... , . , . 158

Crew ........................................................................... 162

Passengers ..................................................................... 17 1

Third parties ................................................................... 177

Illness ............................................................................... 183

Crew ........................................................................ 184

Passengers ..................................................................... 187

Third parties .......................................................... , ........ 190

Employment - Labour disputes and disciplinary

procedures ...................................................................... 193

Trade disputes ........................................ , ....................... 193

Disciplinary procedures .................................................. 196

Drug smuggling - United States' policy ....................... 198

Stowaways ......................................................................... 204

Refugees .............................................................................. 217

Piracy ............................................................ .................... 221

Chapter Four . Environment related incidents

General introduction ......................................................... 229

Oil pollution .................................................................. 233

Cargo related .............................................................. 234

Bunker related ......................................................... 243

............................... Pollution -- Noxious liquid substances 251

Other pollution incidents .................................................... 258

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE v

Harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form .... 258

Sewage ......................................................................... 260

Garbage ......................................................................... 260

Air pollution ................................................................. 261

Postscript ....................................................................... 262

Chapter Five - Commercial / operational related incidents General introduction ..................................................... 263

Under-performance and over-consumption ................. ...... 263

Bunker quality ................................................................ 267

Unsafe ports and berths ...................................................... 276

Part C - CODES and REPORTS

C 1 The International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships

and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management (ISM) Code)

- IMO Resolution A. 74 l(18) as amended by MSC. 104(73) . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 290

C2 IMO Resolution A.849(20) - The Code for the Investigation of Marine

Casualties and Incidents ....................... .. .............................................. 299

C3 IMO Resolution A.884(2 1) - Amendments to the Code for the

Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents ........................................ 3 17

C4 MSC Circ.953/Mepc Circ.372 - Reports on Marine Casualties and

Incidents - Revised harmonised reporting procedures - Reports required

under SOLAS regulation 1/21 and MARPOL 73/78 articles 8 and 12 ...... 353

vi THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

INDEX

blacking ................................................. 195

............................ absence without leave 197 accident ............... 22. 41. 57. 103. 233. 294

causation and generic error-modelling ............... system (GEMS) frameworks 33 1

investigations ...................................... 167 .................................................. reports 39

follow up ........................................... 32 initial ................................................. 3 l

accurate accounts ............................................... 13 records ................................................ 262

active monitoring .................................... 72 addressing the judge ................................ 45 administration ....................................... 290 Admiraltv

Court .................................................... 18 Judge .............................................. 18. 84

air pollution ........................................... 26 l allegation of negligence ........................ 178 allision ................................................... 10 1 alternative dispute resolution .................. 29 analysis .................................................. 328

marine casualties and incidents .......... 319 Anderson, Dr. Phil .................................... 2 anniversary date .................................... 29 1 approach voyage ................................... 281 arbitration ..................................... 266, 285 arbitrator ........................................... 6 7 7 areas of human factors inquiry ............. 170 armed robbery ...................................... 22 l arrest order ............................................ 129

................................ Athens Convention 17 1 ..................................................... auditor 33

audit trail ......................... 2 l, 1 17, 166, 246 Australian

Maritime Safety Authority ................. 262 Quarantine Inspection Service .......... 262

autopsy .................................................. 183 average

adjuster ........................................... 70. 72 adjustment ............................................ 70

.................................. documentation 73 awards for personal injury ..................... 158

balance of probabilities ........................... 12 barratry ................................................. 144 berth ...................................................... 283

................................ bill of lading 49, 53. 89 BIMCO Uniform General Charter ........ 89

blue certificate ....................................... 195 bridge

Procedures Guide ................................. 87 team management ............................. 103

bunker procedures .......................................... 250 quality ................................................ 267 suppliers ............................................. 267 transfers .............................................. 244

California Block Stowage method .......... 96 cargo

cause of damage .................................. 58 ...................... damage, loss or shortage 49

handling operations ............................. 52 ................................................ manifest 54

................................ operations manual 57 ....................................... related claims 49

responsibility clause .................. 89, 92, 94 ................................... securing manual 57

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act ................ 56 carriage of illicit drugs .......................... 198 Carriers Initiative Agreement ............... 199 case study ..... 66, 74, 83, 96, 114, 122, 129,

138, 149, 157, 170, 175, 182, 186, .............. 189, 192, 214, 219, 241, 250,257, 261, ......

266, 275, 285 ............................................... casualty

data .................................................... 360 ..................................... preliminary 359

.......................................... less serious 353 to ships ............................................... 231

CCTV recording ................................... 225 Certificate of Competency ................ 30, 98

validity ................................................ 20 certification and verification .................. 295 charterparty ............................... 49, 52, 195

................................................. disputes 89 specification ........................................ 275

Chatterjee, Ajoy ........................................ 2 checklists ........................................ 234, 244 circumstantial evidence ........................... 11 civil

actions ................................................ 29 engineers ............................................ 119 procedure rules ..................................... 29 trial ...................................................... 10

......................................... class certificate 58 ............................... Classification Society 87

.............................................. surveyor l45

388 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

surveys .................................................... 7 clean-up operations ............................... 244 co-operation between States ................. 300 Code

Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents ..... 229. 300. 3 17. 35 1. 352. 356 Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seafarers ...................................... 14. 165

......................... collective trade disputes 193 collision ................................................... 82

definition ............................................ 10 1 COLREGS ..................................... 14. 101

............................ COM/Circ.70/Rev. l 353 commercial

and operational incidents ................... 263 disputes ............................................... 264

common approach to marine casualty

...................................... investigations 300 format for reports ............................... 301 human element terms ........................ 319

Commonwealth Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act ......................................................... 262 company .............................................. 290

............................. management review 20 safety and environmental policy ........ 165

........................ safe working practices 165 .............................. standing instructions 9

verification. review and evaluation ...... 58 ............................... compensation .164. 1 7 1

............................. conceptual background 8 condition survey .................................... 145 conducting interviews ............................ 324 conflicting demands upon witnesses ...... 305 conflict with obligations .......................... 93 congested waters ................................... 106

..................................... Consular Office 305 contact between Administrations .......... 307 contaminants ......................................... 267 contemporaneous

evidence ..... 14. 15.53.61. 119.233. 276 record ......................................... 101. 264

contents of reports ................................ 307 contract of carriage ................... 54. 89. 2 19 contractual

........................................ obligations 1 4 . . proms~ons ............................................. 52 corrective action .................................... 233 counter piracy procedures ..................... 22 1 crew . . . injunes ............................................. 162

relationships ....................................... 340 ........................ resource management 103

criminal

.................................................. actions 28 ....................................................... trial 10

............................ cross-examination 45,197

damage ................................................... cards 370

......................................... to property 116 ............................... to the environment 78

.................................... dangerous goods 368 ................................ de-briefing meetings 22

dealing with the media ............................ 42 ................................................. deductibles 1

demise charters ........................................ 89 ...................... Department for Transport 31

designated person .................... 18. 165. 292 ........................................ detention order 37

disciplinary procedures ................. 196. 203 ................................................ dismissal 196

diversion expenses ......................... 187. 214 ................................ doctrine of privilege 38

...................... documentary evidence 11. 58 documented procedures .................. 7 1 0 4 2. Document of Compliance 15.26.290. 295

.............................. documents and data 294 draft surveys ............................................ 54 drinking water contamination ............... 192 drug

.............................. and alcohol policy 203 on a merchant ship

US law ............................................ 198 ........................................... smugglers 198 ................................... smuggling 193. 203

........................................ US policy 198 due diligence .4. 12.27.49. 50.66. 70. 139 duty

............................................ of care 4,177 of discovery .......................................... 38

............................... of utmost good faith 4

economical speed .................................. 264 .............................. ejusdem generis rule 123

electronic data collection tools ................ 25 emergency

actions ................................................ 294 contingency plan ................................ 262 party ................................................ 182

............................ preparedness 57, 7 1, 79 endorsement .................................... 3 5 2 enforcement agencies ............................ 262

................. entry into an enclosed space 183 .......................................... environment 333

environmental-protection policy ........... 292

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 389

equipment ........................ automation/reliability 340

....................................... maintenance 294 ERIKA 3 ....................................... 229. 233 error of navigation defence ..................... 18 error or violation type ........................... 335 Eurasian Dream ............ 20. 56. 58. 71. 79. 93

..................................... European Union 2 1 .............................................. evaluation 295

event recorder ......................................... 24 ................................................... evidence 5 l

................................... after a collision 105 direct or real ......................................... 10

................................................... expert 12 . . ................................................. hearsay 1 I in mitigation ...................................... 243

....................................... mariner's role 13 obiective ......................................... 6 291 . J

........................................... prima facie 1 1 proactive ............................................... 23

................................................. reactive 2 7 reauired ...................... 125, 148, 155, 167 second hand ......................................... 1 1 ....

.................................................... use of 30 when to collect ..................................... 15

excessive hours ...................................... 258 ........................... experienced personnel 132

expert surveyors .................................... 119 external audit .......................................... 26

........................................ Exxon k I d e t ... 229

fact-finding ........................................... 323 .................................................. fact of life 1

..................................... faking an injury 1 7 1 ........................................... falsifications 242

fast track system for claims ...................... 30 fatigue ......................................... 258. 380

....................................... fault and privity 27 fighting ............................................... 197

.......................... figures as per shore tally 53 ........................................................... fire 82

casualty .................................... classification 378

............................................. record 375 ............................. explosion incidents 153 ............................... fighting equipment 58

.................................. first aid treatment 178 ................................ first hand evidence 173

fishing expedition ...................................... 3 ...................................................... fixture 50

........................ flag State Administration 98 ......................................... investigator 168

formal

.............................................. warning 196 foundering .......................................... 131

.............................................. foyboatmen 76 fuel

........................... analysis laboratories 269 ....................................... consumption . . 264

.................................... contaminahon 275 oil

sealed sample .................................. 275 specifications ...................................... 268

G.A. adjuster / surveyor .......................... 70 .................................................. garbage 260

............................................. pollution 261 ........................................ record book 261

GEMS framework ................................. 334 general

.......................................... cleanliness 187 ............................. emergency stations 219

general average .................................. 4 6 8 .......................................... assessment 69

........................................ contributions 76 ........................................... declaration 70

........................................ incident 69. 131 ............................ losses or expenditure 70

.................................................. process 72 security ................................................. 75

............................................... surveyors 73 ........................................ giving evidence 42

GMDSS casualty report ........................ 379 goal setting management tool ................... 4

................ governing contract of carriage 49 ....................................... grounding 8 l 13 1 ................................................... guidelines 9

................ disembarkation of refugees 217 investigation of human factors in marine

...................... casualties and incidents 317

H&M insurance .......................................... 123 ~olicv .................................................. 223 . .

....................................... underwriters 153 ................ Hague-Visby Rules 12. 50. 55. 89

........................ Hague Rules 20. 50. 66. 219 ....................................... Hamburg Rules 50

hardware ........................................... 333 harmful substances

........ carried by sea in packaged form 258 ............................. incidental spillages 382

haven ................................................. . 229 hazardous

........ occurrences 19, 22,41, 57, 103, 233

390 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

............................................ situations 294 .................................... head charterparty 76

Health Protection and Medical Care (Seafarers) Convention .......................... 185 Hill Taylor Dickinson

solicitors ............................................... 29 hospitalisation ........................................ 184

................................... hostile questioning 43 hot work ................................................ 155 hull and machinery ............................... 143

underwriters ......................................... 98 human

element terms ..................................... 342 ..................... error 88, 1 17, 132, 237, 253

factor frameworks ...................................... 320 . . ~nquiry areas ................................... 3 19 investigation process ........................ 33 1 involvement ..................................... 23 l

hygiene .................................................. 187

I

IACS procedural requirements for ISM Code

.......................................... certification 47 procedure for training and qualification

.......................... of ISM Code auditors 47 illegal immigrants .......................... 206. 220 illness ..................................................... 183

third parties ........................................ 190 ILO ....................................................... 303

Convention 134 of 1970 ...................... 46 ...................... Convention 147 of 1978 46

Recommendation R 142 ...................... 46 ILO/IMO process for investigating human factors .................................................... 3 19 IMB Special Report on Piracy and Armed Robbery ................................................. 222

..................................... IMDG labelling 157 IMO ...................................... 227, 303, 306

....................................... damage card 1 14 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 . 47 International Convention on Load Lines. 1966 ..................................................... 47 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 ....... 47 Model Course 3.1 1 .............................. 46

..................................... MSC/Circ.224 46

..................................... MSC/Circ.388 46

..................................... MSC/Circ.433 46 MSC/Circ.62 1 ..................................... 46 MSC/Circ.622/Rev. l .......................... 47

MSC/Circ.623/Rev.3 .................. 47. 222 ..................... MSCICirc.953 47. 1 14. 138

report format ...................................... 228 Resolution A.3222(IX) ......................... 46 Resolution A.44O(XI) ........................... 46 Resolution A.442W) ........................... 46 Resolution A.443(XI) ......................... 290 Resolution A.637(16) ............................ 46 Resolution A.680(17) .......................... 290 Resolution A.847(20) Guidelines to Assist

............................................. flag States 47 Resolution A.849(20) .................. 46, 229, ........................................... 231, 317, 351

Resolution A.86 l(20) ............................ 25 Resolution A.884(2 1) ............ 46, 170, 348 SOLAS, 1974 ....................................... 46 The Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil

..................... Pollution Casualties 1969 47 inadequate hydrographic information .. 278 incident

................................................ range of 98 reporting form ...................................... 32 safety investigation ............................. 302

indemnity proceedings ............................ 52 ..................................... industrial action 193

informal contemporaneous notes ....................... 25 warning .............................................. 196

inspection ........................................... Coast Guard 1

port State control ................................... 1 Institute of Marine Engineers (India) ....... 2 institute warranty limits ........................ 285 intact stability casualty record ............... 372 interim

certification ........................................ 296 Document of Compliance ................. 295 Safety Management Certificate ......... 297

internal and external audits ................................. 6

..................................................... audit 19 reports ............................................. 142

safety audits .................................. 27, 295 International

Chamber of Shipping .......................... 87 guidelines ........................................ 199

Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ........................... 299 Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea .................................................. 299 Convention on Load Lines ................ 299

.................. Maritime Organization 2, 299 Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) Certificate ................................... 238, 248

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 391

Safety Management (ISM) ................................... Code 1 6 199. 290

Ship and Port Security (ISPS) ........................................... Code 2 0 22 1

........... Transport Workers Federation 193 ............................................... interpreter 41

interviewing ............................................ techniques 39

................... ten useful commandments 40 investigating for human factors ............. 337 investigation

................................................... coroner 1 ......................................... parameters 304

...................................................... police 1 procedures and techniques ................. 320

...................................................... safety 1 ............................................. sequence 322

................................................. timing 32 l ............................... irrelevant procedures 2 l

ISGOTT recommendations ................. 243 ISM

............................................ consultants 17 ...................................... implications 8, 5 1

.................................... internal audits 183 safety management system ................. 234 systems ................................................. 22

............................................ verification 32 ISM Code ............. 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, ................ 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, ................ 32, 33, 35, 41, 45, 46, 47, 51, 56, ............ 57, 7 1, 78, 79, 88, 93, 99, 107, 11 7, .............. 124, 132, 147, 148, 163, 164, 165, .............. 171, 178, 184, 188, 199, 200, 209, ....... 210,263, 267, 279,289, 290,308, 325

Instructions for the Guidance of .............................................. Surveyors 46 ........................ objectives 57, 79, 17 1, 291

ISPS ......................................................... 14 Code ................................................... 215 procedures .......................................... 204

................................................... systems 6 ITF

affiliated trade union .......................... 195 ................................................ boycott 195

........................... collective agreement 195 ............................................... disputes 195

K

key shipboard operations ............... 57. 103. 1 18. 237. 293 ...............................................

Kidman. Peter ..................................... 2 34

labour disputes ...................................... 202

...................... disciplinary procedures 193 ....................................................... lapse 336

............................................. lawyer's role 13 ................................................... laytime 195

.............................................. leadership 200 .................. lead investigating State 302. 304

learning opportunities ............................. 41 legal

................................................... disputes 1 .......................................... obligations 221

L.

................................................ ~rivilege 13 ............................ professional privilege 38

.................................... representation 236 ............................. Legionnaires Disease 183

...................................... letter of protest 192 liberty to deviate ...................................... 54 like good order and condition ................. 55

...................... limitation of liability 102, 117 liveware ................................................. 332 living conditions .................................... 341)

......................... Lloyd's Open Form 77, 150 local

.................................... law and custom 72 ................... laws, custom and practices 52

log books ................................................. 23 ................... London Salvage Convention 77

............................................... lux meter 172

MAIB .......... Incident Report Form 46. 107. 158

...................................... Safety Digest 171 ......................... main engine breakdown 81

maintenance records ...................... ... ...... 23 major

................................................. casualty 15 . . .................................................. injury 161 management reviews ............................... 27 manning levels ............................... 257. 340 manual

Procedures .............................................. 2 .............................. Safety Management 2

marine ............. Accident Investigation Branch 30

............................................... casualty 301 .................................... analysis 299, 303

supplementary information ......... 367 ................................. human factors 318

investigation ........................................ conduct 303 ....................................... objective 301

investigator ...................................... 302 ..................................... reports 306. 357

Environment Protection ......................... Committee 300. 3 17. 353

392 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

Guidance Note MGN 289 ................. 161 incident ...................................... 302. 353 pollutants in packaged form ............... 368

Maritime and Coastguard Agency .. 3 1. 165 enforcement unit .................................. 28

Maritime Safety Committee . 300. 3 17. 353 maritime solicitors ................................... 75 MARPOL 73/78 ................... 14. 229. 233. ....................... 235. 237. 245. 253. 350. 353 master

formal warning .................................. 196 pilot relationship ................................ 1 17 report ..................................... 38. 58. 134 responsibility ...................................... 292 reviews .................................................. 2 7 role ....................................................... 74 standing orders ................................... 340 written reprimand .............................. 196

mate's receipt ........................................... 54 medical

advice ................................................. 162 assistance ........................................... 1 78 fit seafarers ......................................... 184

MEPC Circ.3 18 ............................................. 353 Circ.333 ..................................... 352, 353 Circ.372 ..................................... 138. 154

Merchant Navy Code of Conduct ............................... 196

Merchant Shipping (Accident Reporting and Investigation) Regulations ................................. 161. 170 (Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen) Regulations ......... 163 (Health and Safety at Work) Regulations ....................................... 162 (Minimum Standards) Convention .... 348 Acts ................................................ 30, 39 and Fishing Vessels (Health and Safety at Work) Regulations ........................ 2 1, 153

MGN 289 ................................................ 3 l mistakes ........................................... 88. 336 model forms ......................................... 298 mooring arrangements .......................... 282 movement books ................................... 104 MSC

59/33 ................................................. 353 Circ.224 ............................................. 353

............................................. Circ.433 353

............................................. Circ.559 353 Circ.621 ..................................... 35 1 353 Circ.781/ MEPC.6/Circ.2 ................ 305 Circ.827 ..................................... 352, 353 Circ.953 ..................................... 101, 154

multi-disciplinary team ............................. 5

national/international requirements ..... 341 natural resource damages ...................... 383 nature of

cargo claims ..................................... 4 9 evidence ........................................... 9 4

............ Navigational Procedures Manual 87 near misses .............................................. 41 negligence .............................................. 188 New York

Produce Exchange ............................... 90 Form ............................................... 285

no cure no pay agreement ....................... 77 non-conformities .................. 19, 2 1, 33, 41,

57, 103, 233, 291, 294 ................................. major .................................................. 291

non-contact damage .............................. 123 North of England

P&I Association ........................ 2. 34. 205 stowawav search checklist .................. 209

note of protest ......................................... 13 NYPE Charter ....................................... 90

objective proof ........................................ 12 observation ............................................ 291 Occupational Safety and Health Convention ............................................ 185 occurrence

causal factors ...................................... 321 data collection .................................... 331 related database ................................. 331 sequence ............................................. 333 site ...................................................... 321

off-the-shelf systems ................................ 18 oil

charters ............................................... 277 major . .

vethng inspector ................................ 87 pollution ............................................. 233

bunker related ................................. 243 cargo related ................................... 234

record book ........................................ 239 oily water separator ................. 29. 241. 242 operational records .................................. 23 original documents .................................. 11 over-consumption of fuel ...................... 263

P&I .......... correspondent 50. 52.93. 130. 182

cover ................................................... 219 insurance .............................. 54. 1 16. 198 liability insurers .................................... 98

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 393

policies .............................................. 144 surveyor ..................................... 122. 145

P&I Club .............. 5. 22. 28. 56. 76. 78. 97. 130. 158. 167. 173. 181. 184.205. 251 .......

................................... condition surveys 7 lawyer ................................................... 54 representative ............................. 236. 245

..................................... paper trail audits 19 ..................... parallel indexing technique 88

Paris MOU Guidelines for port State Control

.................... Officers on the ISM Code 47 .................................... particular average 69

particulars ............................ of the incident 108. 120

.............................. of the voyage 1 1 1. 120 passage plan ........................... .85. 138. 25 7 passenger

illness ................................................. 187 . . . ............................. mnjunes .................. 17 1 pathways ................................................ 334 Patraikos 11 ............................................... 5 6 people related incidents ......................... 158 perils of the sea defence .......................... 66 permit to work procedure ............. 153. 183 personal

evidence ........................................ 10 . . . mjunes ....................................... 158. 17 1 cases ................................................ 164 claims .............................................. 164

..................................... third parties 177 . . opinlons .......................................... 182 personnel and material resources .......... 306 Phillips Fox Australian law firm .............. 42 photographic

evidence ............................................. 284 ................................... record of events 74

photographs and videos .......................... 27 physical

condition ............................................ 338 evidence

securing ........................................... 3 l4 ................................................ picketers 194

picket lines ............................................. 194 pilotage .................................................. 282 pilot errors ............................................. 278

incident ................................ 88. 229. 258 arrest of officers .............................. 232

noxious liquid substances ................... 251 other .................................................. 262 precautions ......................................... 230 prevention activities ............................. 27 severe .......................................... 229, 354

PO* .............. CCTV and VHF recordings 281

................................ husbandry agency 72 ................................... security officers 216

...................................... State Control 102 bodies ............................................... 3 7 inspection ........................................ 2 1 officer ................................................ 34

systems ............................................... 277 post attack report .................................. 225 potential

cargo claims ......................................... 56 emergency

shipboard situations ........................ 294 . . situahons ................................. 118, 237

pollutant ............................................. 236 risks to safety ...................................... 158

practice directions ................................... 29 pre-action protocols ................................ 29 pre-arrival and departure checks ............ 33 pre-bunker meeting ............................... 250 pre-employment medical .............. 1 84. 187 pre-existing

damage ............................................... 122 . . ~njury ............................................. 169

................................ pre-loading meeting 95 pre-piracy/armed robbery phase .......... 222 premiums .................................................. 1 premiums / calls ...................................... 56 prestige .................................................. 229 Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention .......................................... 348 private security guard ............................ 205

................................ privileged document 38 procedures manual .......................... 1 7. 103 professional experience ......................... 338 Purcell. David .......................................... 42

piracy ..................................................... 22 1 quantity and condition unknown ............ 53 armed robbery attack alert ................ 225 ................................................ pirates and armed robbers quantum 230

..................................... master's guide 222 R plain speaking .......................................... 42

..................................... ........................... polluter pays ~ r i n c i ~ l e 230 ranging damage 278 .................. ................................................ pollution 229 re-opening of investigations 306

................................................. ....................... causes 229 Reason, J (1990) concept 333 .............................................. ......................... clean-up 236 recognised organisation 168

394 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

records disclosure of ....................................... 305

redelivery certificate .............................. 150 refloating operation ................................. 84 refugees ................................................. 2 l 7 refusal to obey an order ......................... 197 relevant evidence ..................................... 86 . . repatnaoon ............................................ 184

process ................................................ 205 replacement seafarer ............................. 184 reporting procedures ............................. 330 Resolution

A.741(18) .............................. 32. 164. 199 A.849(2) ................................................ 98 A.849(20) .................... 113. 123. 137. 154

resources and personnel ................ 1 17. 293 review of shipboard procedures .............. 5 1 risk assessment ................................. 170 rules of natural justice ........................... 197 running down clause ............................. 102

safe port ............................................. 276, 285 ship ......................................................... 1 working environment ......................... 143

safety action ................................................. 330 certificate ............................................ 1 1 committee ...................................... 2 2 57 culture ............................................. 4 19 equipment ......................................... 167 . . invesbgabon ....................................... 300 management ...................................... 290

certificate ........................... 17. 291. 296 cornerstone ..................................... 200 manual ...................... 4. 17. 26. 57. 165 objectives ................................... 2 l 29 1 system ..................... 3. 26. 41. 140. 154. ........................ 162. 230. 244. 290. 291

officer ............................................... 174 of persons ........................................... 158

Sagen. Arne ............................................... 2 said to be ................................................. 53 salvage ..................................................... 76

Association ......................................... 145 contract ................................................ 7 7 Convention ........................................... 78 guarantees ............................................ 78 incident ........................................ 79. 13 1 services ........................................... 76. 7 7

salved vessel ............................................. 78 salvors ...................................................... 76

record of activities ................................ 78 sample letter .......................................... 269

scientific examination .......................... 314 Sea Empress ............................................. 229 seamanlike manner ................................... 2 seaworthiness ................. 5 1. 56. 76. 91. 117 seaworthy ship ......................................... 51 segregated ballast .................................. 242 selected bibliography of UNCLOS/ILO/ M O requirements ................................ 319 selection

.................. and recruiting procedures 117 of interviewees ................................... 324

self-incriminating documents .................. 39 serious

casualty ....................... 116. 229. 302. 353 . . mjury .................................................. 302

sewage ................................................... 260 SHEL safety model ............................... 331 ship . . mamtamance ...................................... 294

particulars ............................................ 98 security

plan ......................................... 204 2 15 system ............................................ 206

shipboard environment ....................................... 340 management system ........................... 264 Marine Pollution Emergency Plan for Noxious Liquid Substances ................ 252 Oil Pollution Emergency Plan ... 235. 239

shipper figures ......................................... 53 shore personnel strike ............................ 195 shoreside management issues ................ 341 S1 1997 No . 2962 .................................... 21 Singapore Court ...................................... 20 slops ............................................... 243. 267 SMC audit ............................................... 34 SMS ....................................... 9 19, 20, 102

documentation ........................... 1 74, 18 1 software ................................................. 333 SOLAS ............................................ 14, 349

regulation I/2 1 ................................... 353 SOPEP .................................................. 245 sounding records ................................... 104 speculation ............................................ 180 standard

accident report form .......................... 181 ITC clauses ........................................ 144

statements ................................................ 39 of General Average .............................. 74

STCW Convention and Code ......... 20, 22, 102, 117, 124, 154, 237 ...............................

Steel, Mr Justice ...................................... 84 stevedores .......................... 52, 92, 146, 177

damage ......................................... 146 foreman ................................................ 76

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 395

. . mn~ury ............................................... 177 .......................................... stowage plans 54

stowaways .............................................. 204 action to prevent ................................ 209 action when found .............................. 2 10 discovery procedures .......................... 205 questionnaire ................................. 2 l 1 search ................................................. 2 15 security risk ........................................ 207

stranding ................................................ 13 1 strict liability .................................... 8 230 strike

action .............................................. 193 bound port ......................................... 196

............................................... seamen 194 sub-charterers supercargo ....................... 75 sub-standard

bunkers ............................................... 269 fuel ...................................................... 267

subrogated ................................ cargo underwriter 95

insurers ................................................. 83 rights .................................................... 56

substantially interested State ......... 302, 306 sue and labour expenses ........................ 144 summary dismissal ................................ 197 supercargo ............................................... 96 survey reports .......................................... 73

.................................. systematic approach 5 system review ........................................ 295

........................................................ tallies 54 taxonomy of error ................................. 33 l The Interclub Agreement ....................... 91 The International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management (ISM) Code) ...................... 16

(see Part C 1) ...................................... 290 The Nautical Institute ............................... 6 The Shipmasters Security Manual ........ 222 The Woolf Reforms ................................ 29 three part mantra .......................... 2, 22. 45 time charter .................................... 8 276

hire ....................................................... 69 parties ................................................. 263

tonnage certificate ................................... 58 topics to be covered by the investigator . 326 %rep0 ............................. 20, 56, 83, 86, 143 trade dispute .......................................... 193 Traffic Separation Scheme ...................... 28 . . .................................. traning 237, 246, 338

........................................... appropriate 33 certification of ships crews ................. 3 19

investigators ........................................ 330 truth ....................................................... 42 tugs ........................................................ 282

U.K. Marine Guidance Note 241 ......... 47. 222 Marine Guidance Note MGN 289 ...... 46

. ......... S.I. 2005No 881 46. 117. 124. 154 ullages .................................................... 235 UNCLOS .............................................. 304

article 94 .......................................... 300 under-performance ............................... 266

and over-consumption ....................... 263 underlying factors .......................... 333. 336 unfair dismissal claim ............................ 197

......................................... uninsured losses 1 United Nations High Commission for Refugees ............................................. 2 1 7 United States

CG Circular No . 04-05 ........................ 47 Coast Guard ....................................... 234 Oil Pollution Act ........................ 233, 236 Sea Carriers Initiative ........................ 203

unjustifiable deviation ............................. 54 unmeritorious claims ............................... 29 unsafe

............ acts/decisions and conditions 334 berth or port ....................................... 280 port ..................................................... 285 ports and berths ................................. 276

unseaworthiness .................... 58, 70, 78, 94 equation ............................................... 57

v verification ............................................. 298

audit ..................................................... 26 very serious

casualty ....................... 116. 229. 302. 353 offence .............................................. 198

vessel moored ............................................... 106 performance assessment ..................... 263 response plan .............................. 236. 239 traffic service information .................. 278 under pilotage .................................... 106

vetting and recruitment policy ......................... 19 inspections .............................................. 7

violation ................................................. 336 voyage

charters ..................................... 89. 277 data recorder .................. 23. 24. 303. 315 planning ............................................. 117

396 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

VRP ...................................................... 245 regulations .......................................... 234

war ........................................................... 83 watchkeeping practices .......................... 341 weather

conditions experienced ....................... 264 services ............................................... 283

weight of evidence ........................ 168. 180 what is evidence? ..................................... 10 witnesses .............................................. 9 16

information ........................................ 322

work-period/rest-period/recreation ................................................... pattern 339

work-related stress ................................. 323 ....................................... working charts 104

............... workload/complexity of tasks 339 written procedures ................................... 26

York-Antwerp Rules ................................ 68

zero tolerance policy ...........

THE MARINER'S ROLE IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE 397