adrenal cortex and glucocorticoids i
TRANSCRIPT
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ADRENAL GLAND
DR.NILESH KATE. M.D.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY,
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OBJECTIVES Physiological anatomy Development. Functional layers.
Macro Micro
Zones Hormones Biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids normal levels. Transport & metabolism. Mechanism of action of steroid.
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INTRODUCTION Among most
important and vital endocrine organ.
Small bilateral yellowish retroperitoneal organ.
Lies just above kidney in gerota’s fascia.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Right adrenal is triangular, related to upper pole Right kidney
Left adrenal is crescent shaped, related to upper and medial part Left kidney
Size : 3 - 6cm long, Weight : 3-5 gm app Width : 2-3 cm
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Adrenal gland -- General considerations
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Cortex – 80 to 90 % of gland
Secretes cortisol hormones
Medulla – 10 to 20 %
Secretes Catecholamine.
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Development. Adrenal cortex –
Mesoderm derivatives. In fetal life – comprises outer Neocortex &
inner Fetal cortex Fetal cortex degenerates & neocortex
enlarges & differentiates into 3 layered adrenal cortex.
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Development.(cont…) Adrenal medulla
Neuroectodermal cells Represents enlarged & specialized
sympathetic ganglion. Develops from the neural crest.
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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY. Position.
Above each kidney. Covered by
connective tissue capsule.
2 parts- Outer cortex Inner medulla.
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SUPRARENAL GLAND.(MACROSCOPIC)
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MICROSCOPIC(HISTOLOGICAL)
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Zona glomerulosa (1/5TH)Inverted U shaped
Zona fasiculata (3/5TH)Sinusoids between columns
Zona reticularis (1/5TH)Compactly arranged cords of cells
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ADRENAL GLAND
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HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
ZONA GLOMERULOSA –Mineralocorticoids – AldosteroneDeoxycorticosterone
ZONA FASCICULATA – Glucocorticoids – cortisol or hydrocortisoneCorticosterone.
ZONA RETICULARIS –Sex steroids.– androgen Oestrogen & progesterone .
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GLUCOCORTICOIDS Characteristics features.
Cortical cells – large smooth ER. High amount of lipids mainly cholesterol in
ester form. Also vitamin C. All hormones steroid hormones. CPPP Ring 17 hydroxy-corticosteroids 17 ketosteroids.
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O
HO
CH2OH
C O
OH
CORTISOL MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Cyclo-Pentano-Perhydro-Phenantherene Ring
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BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES
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Synthesis of hormones.
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PLASMA LEVELS Diurnal variations –
10 – 25 μg % (avg 14 μg %) Rate of secretions of cortisol
15 mg/day normally 300 – 400 mg/day under stress.
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TRANSPORT Cortisol.
Bound form (90%) CBG (α 2) – Glycoprotein called Transcortin. Albumin (10 %)
Free form (10%) Responsible for physiological actions.
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Inter relationship between free & bound form
TRANSCORTIN – normal plasma conc. 3 mg%
Binding capacity – 20 μg / dl. Synthesized in liver. Increased by oestrogen - pregnancy. liver cirrhosis , nephrosis & multiple
myeloma.
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METABOLISM & EXCRETION. Major pathway – cortisol & cortisone
Conjugated & excreted in urine.
Cortol glucoronide & cortolone glucoronide.
Minor pathway – conversion to 17-ketostroid conjugated to sulphate & excreted in urine,
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EXCRETION. In 24 hr urine
0.03 mg – free cortisol 5 mg – tetrahydrocortisol glucoronide &
cortol glucoronide 3 mg -- tetrahydrocortisone glucoronide &
cortolone glucoronide 6 mg – as 17-ketosteroids. 7 mg – unidentified metabolite. TOTAL – 22 mg.
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AVERAGE PLASMA LEVELS- (ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES)
Hormones PlasmaConcentrationmicro g’/dl
Daily secretion
14.0 10Corticosterone 0.4 3Aldosterone 0.006 0.15Dehydroepian-drosterone 175.0 20.0
(mg)
Cortisol
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MECHANISM OF ACTION.
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CORTICOADRENAL REGULATION
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REGULATION OF SECRETION OF CORTISOL
StressStress
Hypothalamus-CRHHypothalamus-CRH
Ant Pituitary-ACTHAnt Pituitary-ACTH
HH-Portal SystemHH-Portal System
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REGULATION OF SECRETION OF CORTISOLHYPOTHALMO-HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM
CortisolCortisolReleasingReleasingHormoneHormone
ACTHACTH
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OBJECTIVES Physiological anatomy Development. Functional layers.
Macro Micro
Zones Hormones Biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids normal levels. Transport & metabolism. Mechanism of action of steroid.
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Thank you THANK YOU