adrenal gland. anatomy was first described in 1563. is located above (or attached to) the upper pole...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
213 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Adrenal Gland
![Page 2: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Adrenal Gland
Anatomy was first described in 1563.
Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney.
Is pyramidal in structure and weighs ~ 4 g.
Consists of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Activities are regulation of fluid volume and stress response
![Page 3: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Adrenal Gland: Anatomy
![Page 4: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adrenal Histology
![Page 5: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Adrenal Cortex
• Is divided into 3 zones in the adult gland: Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Rericularis.
• Is divided onto 4 zones in the fetal gland.
• The three zones of the permanent cortex constitutes only 20% of the fetal gland’s size. The remaining zone (fetal cortex) comprises up to 80% of gland’s size during fetal life.
![Page 6: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol
• Synthesized from cholesterol–steroid ring
Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production
![Page 7: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production
![Page 8: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cortisol and Chronic Stress
• Prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels can lead to break down of muscle, excessive epinephrine release, hyperglycemia, weakening of bone, destruction of the immune system, inhibition of reproductive function, and other complications.
![Page 9: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress
• Permissive effect on glucagon
• Memory, learning and mood
• Gluconeogenesis
• Skeletal muscle breakdown
• Lipolysis, calcium balance
• Immune depression
• Circadian rhythms
![Page 10: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The General Adaptation Syndrome
![Page 12: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The General Adaptation Syndrome
![Page 13: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The General Adaptation Syndrome
![Page 14: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Permissive Effects of Cortisol on Development
• Cortisol is required for normal development:
- permissive role in final maturation of many organs
- required for synthesis of digestive enzymes, surfactant
- required for skeletal growth in children
![Page 15: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mechanisms of Cortisol Action• The actions of cortisol are mediated through the
glucocorticoid receptor.
• Intracellular receptor in steroid receptor superfamily.
• Stimulates transcription of target genes by interaction of bound receptor with GRE in 5’ flanking region.
• Inhibits transcription of some genes by interaction of receptor with AP1 (jun/fos dimer), decreasing AP1-mediated gene expression.
GRcortisol
AP1
AP1site
transcription
![Page 16: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hormone Effects on Gene Activity
Cortisol
![Page 17: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress to living
![Page 18: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Control of Cortisol Secretion:Feedback Loops
• External stimuli
• Hypothalamic
• Anterior Pituitary
• Adrenal cortex
• Tissues
![Page 19: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cortisol: Role in Diseases and Medication
• Use as immunosuppressant– Hyperimmune reactions (bee stings)– Serious side effects
• Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome)– Tumors (pituitary or adrenal)– Iatrogenic (physician caused)
• Hypocortisolism (Addison's disease)
![Page 20: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Aldosterone
• Exclusively synthesized in Z. Glomerulosa
• Essential for life.
• Promotes sodium retention and Potassium elimination by the kidney.
• Expands ECF volume
![Page 21: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
![Page 22: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Aldosterone: Role in Diseases
• Complete failure to secrete aldosterone leads to death (dehydration, low blood volume).
• Hyperalsdosterone states: Contribute to hypertension associated with increased blood volume.
![Page 23: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Sympathetic stimulation– Catecholamine release to blood
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
– Travel to:• Multiple targets
• Distant targets
Adrenal Medulla: A Modified Sympathetic Ganglion
![Page 24: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adrenal Medulla: A Modified Sympathetic Ganglion
![Page 25: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mechanism: Norepinephrine Release and Recycling
![Page 26: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Review of Efferent Pathways: Motor and Autonomic
![Page 27: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Catechalomines: Activity
• Stimulates the “fight or fight” reaction
• Increased plasma glucose levels
• Increased cardiovascular function
• Increased metabolic function
• Decreased gastrointestinal and genitourinary function
![Page 28: Adrenal Gland. Anatomy was first described in 1563. Is located above (or attached to) the upper pole of the kidney. Is pyramidal in structure and weighs](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6a5503460f94a48c65/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Activity of Epinephrine