adrenal, pacreas, reproductive glands
DESCRIPTION
Adrenal gland, pancreas , ovaries, & testes histology, hormones secreted and its actionsTRANSCRIPT
EndocrinologyPrincess Alen I. Aguilar
• Are closely associated with the kidneys• A gland sits atop each kidney like a cap and is embedded in the mass of adipose tissue that encloses the kidney.• Very vascular; hormones secreted are steroids• Consist of two parts:
• Adrenal medulla- central portion; consist of irregularly shaped cells organized in groups around blood vessels; a modified postganglionic neurons
• Adrenal cortex- outer part; composed of closely packed masses of epithelial cells, organized in layers; • Layers are form an
• OUTER ( Glomerulosa )
• MIDDLE ( Fasciculata )
• INNER ( Reticularis )
•Adrenal glands
• Adrenal GlandDivided into 2:• Adrenal Medulla• Adrenal Cortex
• Adrenal Gland’s histology
•Adrenal Gland Hormones
•Adrenal Medulla HormonesComparative Effects of Epinephrine & NorepinephrinePart or
Function affected
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction
Increases rate and force of contraction
Blood vessles Dilates vessels in skeletal muscle, decreasing resistance to blood flow
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles, resulting fro constriction of blood vessels in skin and viscera
Systemic Blood pressure
Increases somewhat due to increased cardiac output
Increases greatly due to vasoconstriction
Airways Dilates Dilates slightly
Reticular formation of brain
Activates Produces little effect
Liver Promotes breakdown of glycogen, increasing blood sugar concentration
Produces little effect on blood sugar conc.
Metabolic rate Increases Increases
• Hypersecretion of cortisol• Causes include a tumor of the Adrenal gland or a tumor that secrets ACTH, which is turn stimulates the secretion of cortisol.
• Characterized by breakdown of muscle proteins and redistribution of body fat, resulting in spindly arms and legs accommpanied by rounded “moon face”- “Buffalo hump”.
•Adrenal Gland DisordersCushing Syndrome
• Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone• Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency• Majority of cases are autoimmune, in w/c Ab’s causes adrenal cortex destruction or blocking binding of ACTH to its receptors.
•Adrenal Gland DisordersAddison’s Disease
• Usually a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla• Pheo= Dusky; chromo= Color; cyto= cell• Causes hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Resulting to prolonged version of the fight-or-flight response; rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia/glucosuria, an elevated basal metabolic rate, flushed face, nervousness, sweating, and decreased gastrointestinal motility.• Tx- surgical removal of tumor
•Adrenal Gland DisordersPheochromocytomas
• Consist of two major types of secretory tisues which reflects its dual function as an exocrine and endocrine gland
• Exocrine-secretes digestive juices• Endocrine=releases hormones
• Elongated, somewhat flattened organ posterior to stomach and behind the pariental perotnonium;
• Endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of groups of cells that are closely asstd, with blood vessels- these groups forms “islets of Langerhans/ pancreatic islets”
• Which includes two distinct type cells:• Alpha cells- secretes glucagon• Beta cells- secrets insulin
Pancreas
•Pancreas
Pancreatic HormonesControl of secretion Principal Action
Decreased blood level of glucose, exercise. And mainly protein meals stimulate secretion; somatostatin & insulin inhibit secretion
Glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis and releasing glucose in blood
Increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine, arginine and leucine (2 aa), glucagon GIP, hGH, & ACTH stimutae secretion; somatostatin inhibits secretion
Intercellular glucose transport; glycogenesis, decreaseing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis
Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from GI tract
Meals containing protein, fasting, exercie, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion; somatostatin and elevated blood glucose level inhibit secretin
Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction & secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
•Pancreatic Disorder
• Inability to produce or use insulin
• Hallmark:• Polyuria• Polydipsia• Polyphagia
• Type 2 (NIDDM)- more common; Adult onset• Diabetes arises not from a shortage of insulin but because target cells becoe less sensitive to it due to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
Diabetes mellitus
• Type 1 (IDDM)• Occurs because the person’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells
• Juvenile; • can develop ketoacidosis
•Often results when a diabetic injects too much insulin; main symptoms is Hypoglycemia- which stimulates the secretion of epinephrine, glucagon, & GH.•As a consequence- anxiety, sweating, tremor, increased heart rate, hunger and weakness occur. •Sever hypoglycemia leads to mental disorrientation, convulsions, unconsciousness and shock.• Insulin Shock
Hyperinsulinism
Pancreatic Disorder
•The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity and produce estrogens, progesterone and inhibin. Theses sex hormones govern the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, reproductive cycles, pregnancy, lactation and normal female reproductive functions.
•The testes lies inside the scrotum and produce testosterone and inhibin. These sex hormones govern the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics and normal male reproductive functions.
•Ovaries and Testes
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