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Astronomy Notes23.1-The Solar System
The Planets: An Overview The 8 planets in our solar system can be separated into _________________different categories
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
1. Terrestrial planets _________________________________________________ Includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Relatively ___________________________________________________________________________
What does terrestrial translate to?
___________________________________________________
2. Jovian planets _______________________________________________________
Includes Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
________________________________________________________________
What does jovian translate to? “Jupiter-like”
The Planets: An overview
_____________________________ is the most obvious difference between the terrestrial and Jovian planets The Jovian planets are giants compared to the terrestrial planets
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ are other ways in which the two groups of planets differ
Jovian planets are ____________________________________________ while terrestrial planets are more dense
Jovian planets are _______________________________________________
Jovian planets rotate around the sun much ________________________________ than the terrestrial planets
The Planets: An Overview The Interiors of the Planets
All planets (and Pluto) are made up of ___________________________________________________________
The Atmospheres of the Planets Jovian planets have thick atmospheres of hydrogen, helium, methane and ammonia
Due to the large amount of _____________________________________________on these planets
Terrestrial planets have _________________________________________________________________
Due to the small amount of gravity on these planets
Formation of the Solar System Nebular Theory
A ________________________________is a cloud of gas and dust in space
According to the nebular theory, the sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of
___________________________________________________ As the disk rotated faster the
______________formed in the middle
_________________________________________________ Planets grew as solid bits of matter began to
collide and clump together through a process known as
________________________________________ The colliding matter formed small irregularly shaped bodies called planetesimals As the collisions continued these planetesimals grew into planets
23.2- The Terrestrial Planets Mercury: The Innermost Planet
The innermost and _______________________________________________________planet in our solar system; just slightly larger than Earth’s moon
Surface Features Has ___________________________________________________________________
Surface Temperatures Has the ____________________________________________________________ of
any of the planets
It can get as cold as -173°C at night and as hot as 427°C during the day
Venus: The Veiled Planet Called ___________________________________________________
Venus is similar to Earth in ___________________________________________
______________________________________ in the solar system.
Surface Features Covered in thick clouds that _________________________________________________________ from hitting the
planet About 80% of Venus’s surface is covered in _______________________________________________
Surface Temperatures Atmosphere is 97% _____________________________________________, making it ______________________
Mars: The Red Planet The Martian Atmosphere
Contains carbon dioxide with a small amount of water vapor
____________________________________________________________________ on Mars cause it to look different colors at times through a telescope from Earth
Surface Features Consists of __________________________________________________________________________________________
These features are billions of years old
Water on Mars Some areas of Mars exhibit _______________________________________________
___________________________ similar to those created by ____________________
on Earth
Images from the Mars Global Surveyor indicate that ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
23.3- The Jovian Planets (and Pluto) Jupiter: Giant Among Planets
Jupiter has a mass that is ____________________________________________________ than the mass of all the
other planets and moons in our solar system ______________________________________________
Structure of Jupiter Contains several gases such as hydrogen,
helium, methane, ammonia, and water
Incredibly ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
The _______________________________________ is a large storm, similar to that of a hurricane
Jupiter’s Moons Jupiter has ____________________ moons, which makes it resemble a mini solar system
Jupiter’s Rings One of the most unexpected discoveries made by Voyager 1
Thought to be formed of fragments from ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Saturn: The Elegant Planet The most prominent feature of Saturn is _________________________________ Features of Saturn
Saturn’s atmosphere is very active, with winds roaring up to _________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Saturn’s Rings Was once that that this was the only planet to have rings The inner rings are more densely packed with particles
while the outer rings are less densely packed with particles
Saturn’s Moons Contains ________________ moons The largest moon is Titan, which
is larger than __________________________________
Uranus: The Sideways Planet Uranus is unique in that it rotates on it’s side
Neptune: The Windy Planet Winds exceeding 1000 km/hr make it one of the
__________________________places in the solar system
Pluto: Dwarf Planet
Until _______________________ Pluto was considered to be a planet
Pluto is _______________ considered to be a planet because its
gravity is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
As a result, the term ___________________________________________ was created.
Dwarf Planet : _______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
23.4-Minor Members of the Solar System Asteroids
Definition: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Most asteroids lie in the asteroid belt between _________________________________________________________
Comets Definition: Pieces of ________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Comets also orbit the sun
Meteoroids Meteoroid : a small, ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________: the phenomenon observed when a meteroid enters Earth’s atmosphere and burns up, popularly called a ____________________________________________
Meteorite : any portion of a meteoroid that
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Meteoroids originate in one of the following ways1. Debris that was not swept up by the gravity of other
planets during the formation of the solar system
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Solid remains of __________________________________________ that once traveled near Earth’s orbit
24.1- The Study of Light How do scientists know all this information about the planets? And how do they know so much about objects that
are further away, such as stars? The majority of the information we know about the universe is obtained from ______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Electromagnetic Radiation _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
These electromagnetic waves have different ____________________________________________________________
The human eye can only see a certain range of wavelengths,
in what is called the ______________________________________________________
The continuous spectrum is caused by
things like the_________________________________________
Emission spectrum Also known as “bright line spectra” These lines are made by glowing elements
in a star, and can be seen with an instrument called a
____________________________________________ Below is the emission spectra of hydrogen
produced by a star
Absorption Spectrum When a visible spectrum of a star passes through the __________________________________________
____________________________________________________ of the star
The gas in a star __________________________________________ certain wavelengths of light, resulting in the appearance of dark lines
____________________________________________________________ spectra of stars
Also known as “dark line spectra”
Each spectrum is like a _______________________________________________ of a star, telling us what element the star is made up of
The Doppler Effect In astronomy, the doppler effect is used to determine whether _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
On Earth, the doppler effect is the change in sound, or pitch of an object, compared to the location of the observer
Red Shift Objects moving away from the observer exhibit a ______________________________________________
wavelength, or a shift towards the_____________________end of the electromagnetic spectrum
Using the doppler effect, scientists have discovered that ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
What does this mean? All stars and galaxies in the universe are moving _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
24.2- Tools for Studying Space Telescopes
Instrument that aids in the observation of distant objects, such as stars and planets, that give off electromagnetic radiation
Types of Telescopes
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
1. Refracting Telescopes Telescope that uses a lens _________________________________________________________________________
The ________________________________________________ bends all of the light rays onto one spot,
the _________________________________, or central point, so that the eye can see the object clearly
2. Reflecting Telescopes A telescope that ___________________________________________________________________________________ before it
focuses the image Benefits of the reflecting telescope
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Properties of Reflecting and Refracting Telescopes
Both reflecting and refracting telescopes have 3 properties that aid astronomers in their work
1. ____________________________________________________________________________ (can see dim objects)
2. _________________________________________________________________________ (can see images clearly)
3. ___________________________________________________________________________ (can see small objects)
3. Radio Telescopes Detect radio waves emitted by far away
_________________________________________________
A satellite TV setup is really just a simple radio telescope
Advantages of Radio Telescopes Less affected by the weather
_________________________________________________________________________
Can be used during the day
Can “see” through interstellar ___________________________________________________________
4. Space Telescopes
Orbit ____________________________________________ Earth’s atmosphere Advantages:
Above clouds and the Earth’s atmosphere Can be used during the day
Disadvantage: _____________________________________________________; if it breaks there is no way to fix it
______________________________________________________________ Launched in 1990 by the space shuttle “Discovery” Photos are much higher in quality than Earth based reflecting or refracting telescopes
25.1- Properties of Stars Characteristics of Stars
Star Color and Temperature Color is a clue to a star’s temperature
___________________________________
___________________________________
Binary Stars and Stellar Mass
____________________________________________are two stars that revolve, or rotate, around each other
They rotate around each other at their __________________________________________________
Because of this, binary stars are used to find the _______________________________
Distances to stars are so large that units such as kilometers are too hard to use.
Scientists instead measure the distance to a star in________________________________________________ Light Year
The distance light travels in ___________________________________
Stellar Brightness The measure of a star’s brightness is its_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Brightness of a star when _______________________________________________________________ 3 factors control the apparent brightness of a star from Earth
1. How ___________________________________
2. How ___________________________________
3. How ____________________________________
Measuring Distances to Stars Parallax
Slight shift in the ________________________________________ position of a star in the sky
The ____________________________________ the star, the
_______________________________ it appears to move in the night sky
The _____________________________________ the star, the
_______________________________ it appears to move in the night sky
Absolute Magnitude How bright the star ________________________is from a distance of 32.6 light years away
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (_____________________________________________)
Shows the relationship between the ______________________________________________________________and
_________________________________________________________of a star
HR Diagram stars
________________________________________________ Star that falls into the main sequence category on the diagram
________________ of stars fall along this part of the diagram
Hottest stars are the _______________________________________(blue)
Coolest stars are the _______________________________________ (red)
Red Giant Large, cool bright star; it is in the ___________________________________________________ of the
HR Diagram
________________________________________________ Bigger and brighter than a red giant
White Dwarf
_________________________________________
25.2-Stellar Evolution Star Birth
Stars are born in _______________________________________________________________________________
Protostar stage A collapsing cloud of gas and dust in the process of ________________________________
________________________________________ When the center of a protostar has reached about_________________________________
nuclear fusion of hydrogen begins and ______________________________________________
As hydrogen atoms fuse together they create helium atoms, which stay
in the _____________________________________of the star.
As a result, the remaining hydrogen fusion moves
___________________________________and away from the center of the star
Main Sequence Stage Different stars _________________________at different rates
Massive stars exist for only a few __________________________________________
Small stars exist for perhaps hundreds of _________________________________
A star spends 90% of its life on the main sequence stage of the HR Diagram
Red Giant Stage Remember, hydrogen fusing has continued to move out and away from the core
The red giant forms when hydrogen fusion_________________________occurs on the
_____________________________________ part of the star (_____________________ the core)
This causes the star to cool (_____________________________________________) and
expand (____________________________________________)
Hence the name Red Giant
Burnout and Death All stars eventually run out of fuel and ____________________________________
Death of _________________________________________ Die as a white dwarf without ever turning into a _____________________________________________
Death of Medium-Mass Stars As the red giant collapses into a white dwarf a
cloud of gas called____________________________________
is formed
Death of Massive Stars A ________________________________________is an exploding massive star
Will produce either a ________________________________
OR a___________________________________________
Black Hole Dense objects with gravity so strong
that not even_____________________________
Stellar Remnants White dwarfs
Core of a burned out star When it cools down it will be
called a
Neutron Stars Star of extremely high density
composed entirely of neutrons from atoms
Produced from a
___________________________________
can escape their surface
25.3- The Universe Types of Galaxies
A galaxy is a large group of stars, dust, and gases held together by gravity There are 3 types of galaxies
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
1. Spiral galaxies
__________________________shaped galaxies 2 types
1. Spiral galaxy
2. ___________________________________ spiral galaxy
Contain __________________________________________________ stars
Younger stars are in the ________________________
_________________ of galaxies are spiral galaxies
2. Elliptical galaxies Range in shape from _____________________________________________
Contain only ______________________________________
About ______________ of galaxies are elliptical galaxies
3. Irregular galaxies
Have ___________________________________shapes
Contain only _________________________ stars
Only ________________ of galaxies are irregular galaxies
The Milky Way The name given to our galaxy
______________________________ galaxy
The Expanding Universe Red Shifts
Galaxies in the universe are red shifted, meaning they are
moving _________________________________________________ Earth.
A scientist by the name of ______________________________________ set out to explain why this occurred.
He realized that brighter stars must be ____________________________________ to Earth
and _______________________________ stars must be far away from Earth
He attempted to explain the red shift phenomenon by determining if a relationship
existed between____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Hubble’s Law Hubble discovered that galaxies further away from Earth have a _________________________ red shift
than those closer to Earth
This means that objects move even _______________________as the get further away from Earth
This indicated that the universe is _______________________________________
The Big Bang Theory States that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, supermassive ball.
13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions
A few seconds after this big bang the universe cooled enough to allow _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ to form
These are the building blocks for all _________________________________________
A few thousand years after the big bang _____________________________________ formed
The majority of these atoms were ________________________________________________________ atoms
Giant clouds of these hydrogen and helium atoms gathered together to form _______________________
____________________________________________________
Supporting Evidence of the Big Bang Theory1. In the 1960’s scientists discovered a type of energy called ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________. This was detected as faint _________________________________
_________________________________________ coming from every direction in space thought to be
produced during the big bang
2. There is an extremely large amount of ___________________________________________________________________ in our atmosphere
3. The galaxies in our universe are moving further away from each other. They are expanding.