adulthood: cognitive development age 25 + what is adult iq, and how does expertise develop?
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What is intelligence? Spearman’s “G” ◦ General intelligence ◦ One basic trait ◦ Inferred from vocabulary, memory, & reasoningTRANSCRIPT
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Adulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentAge 25 +What is adult IQ, and how does expertise develop?
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What is intelligence?Spearman’s “G”
◦General intelligence◦One basic trait◦Inferred from vocabulary, memory, &
reasoning
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How is age related to intelligence?IQ – Once thought to decline after
age 20Now only thought to decline at
age 60, 70, 80Seattle longitudinal study
◦Intellectual functioning in older adults increases if they do paid work that is intellectually stimulating.
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What are the components of intelligence?
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What are two clusters (types) of intelligence?Fluid intelligence
◦Quick and flexible◦Provides easy learning◦Good working memory & abstract thought◦Decreases during adulthood
Can be temporarily counteracted by crystallized intelligence
Crystallized intelligence◦Accumulated learning◦Vocabulary - Language◦ Increases during adulthood
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Fluid & Crystallized intelligence
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Do you remember?What is Spearman’s “G”?What is the difference between
fluid and crystallized intelligence?◦Which declines with age?◦How can this decline be temporarily
counteracted?
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What are Sternberg’s types of intelligence?Analytic intelligence
◦Book smarts Remembering things in high school and
collegeCreative intelligence
◦Flexible◦Imaginative thinking◦Not standard or conventional
Practical intelligence◦Street smarts
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How does age effect intelligence?
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What do you gain and lose with age?
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How can selective optimization & compensation help adults?People select what they want to
focus on ◦E.g. Pediatric nursing (Selection)
People compensate for aging or other difficulties◦E.g. Wear glasses or increase type
size on computer (Compensation)Build their nursing expertise
(Optimization)
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Expert Cognition (Thinking)How do experts think?
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What is a selective expert?Everyone has more skill and
knowledge than others in what they are interested in
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What determines who is an expert?E.g. Brain surgeonMore skilled and knowledgeable
than novices
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How do experts think?Intuitive
◦Rely on past experience◦More intuitive, less Stereotypical◦Knows when to bend formal procedures and
rules◦E.g. “Gut feeling” that this is what to do
Automatic◦Thinking without deliberate, conscious thought
E.g. Driving◦Process most tasks automatically
Saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges
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How do experts think?Cont.Strategic
◦Better strategies handling unexpected problems
Flexible◦Being creative and flexible when
needed.Example = “The miracle on the
Hudson” Flight
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What is the relationship between expertise and age?Expertise needs time, training,
ability and practice to developExpertise can sometimes
overcome the effects of ageExperienced adults often use
selective optimization with compensation
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Do you remember?What are Sternberg’s three types
of intelligence?How can adults use their
intellectual strengths to compensate for declining abilities?
What is intuitive and automatic thinking?
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