ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 - PART 2

ANATOMICAL POSITION

BODY ERECT (STANDING UP)FEET PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER (SHOULDER WIDTH APART)ARMS HANGING AT SIDESPALMS FACING FORWARD

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

DIRECTIONAL TERM

SUPERIOR: TOWARD HEAD; ABOVE

EX: NOSE IS SUPERIOR TO CHIN

DIRECTIONAL TERM

INFERIOR: AWAY FROM HEAD; BELOW

EX: NOSE IS INFERIOR TO EYES

DIRECTIONAL TERM

ANTERIOR (VENTRAL): FRONT OF BODY; IN FRONT OF

EX: BELLY IS ANTERIOR TO BACKEX: HEART IS ANTERIOR TO SPINE

DIRECTIONAL TERM

POSTERIOR (DORSAL): BACKSIDE OF BODY; BEHIND

EX: SPINE IS POSTERIOR TO BREASTBONEEX: SHOULDER BLADE IS POSTERIOR TO

COLLAR BONE

DIRECTIONAL TERM

MEDIAL: TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY; ON THE INNER SIDE OF BODY

EX: THE NOSE IS MEDIAL TO THE EARS

DIRECTIONAL TERM

LATERAL: AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY; ON THE OUTER SIDE OF BODY

EX: ARMS ARE LATERAL TO THE BODY

TRUNK

DIRECTIONAL TERM

PROXIMAL: CLOSE TO THE POINT OF LIMB ATTACHMENT

EX: KNEE IS PROXIMAL TO THE ANKLEEX: ANKLE IS PROXIMAL TO THE TOES

DIRECTIONAL TERM

DISTAL: FARTHER AWAY FROM THE POINT OF LIMB ATTACHMENT

EX: ANKLE IS DISTAL TO THE KNEEEX: WRIST IS DISTAL TO THE ELBOW

DIRECTIONAL TERM

SUPERFICIAL: TOWARD THE BODY SURFACE; NEAR THE TOP

EX: RIBS ARE SUPERFICIAL TO THE HEARTEX: SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE

SUPERFICIAL TO THE BONE

DIRECTIONAL TERM

DEEP: AWAY FROM THE BODY SURFACE; MORE INTERNAL

EX: STOMACH IS DEEP TO THE SKIN

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

BODY PLANES

SAGITTAL: DIVIDES THE BODY VERTICALLY INTO LEFT AND RIGHT PORTIONS

PARASAGITTAL = UNEQUAL PORTIONSMIDSAGITTAL = EQUAL PORTIONS

BODY PLANES

FRONTAL (CORONAL): DIVIDES THE BODY INTO FRONT AND BACK [ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR] PORTIONS

BODY PLANES

TRANSVERSE: DIVIDES THE BODY INTO UPPER AND LOWER [SUPERIOR & INFERIOR] PORTIONS

Body PlanesBody Planes

Figure 1.6

BODY CAVITIES

THE BODY HAS INTERNAL CAVITIES IN WHICH THE ORGANS ARE LOCATEDTHERE ARE TWO MAIN BODY CAVITES: DORSAL & VENTRAL (EACH OF WHICH HAS SMALLER SUBDIVISIONS)

BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL: MAIN BODY CAVITY ON POSTERIOR SIDE OF BODY; HAS TWO SUBDIVISIONS-CRANIAL CAVITY: BRAIN-SPINAL/VERTEBRAL CAVITY: SPINAL CORD

BODY CAVITIES

VENTRAL: LARGEST OF THE TWO MAIN BODY CAVITIES; HAS THREE SUBDIVISIONS-THORACIC CAVITY: HEART, LUNGS, …-ABDOMINAL CAVITY: STOMACH . . .-PELVIC CAVITY: BLADDER . . .

BODY CAVITIES

*DIAPHRAGM: PHYSICAL STRUCTURE THAT SEPARATES THE THORACIC CAVITY FROM THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. THERE IS NO PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF THE PELVIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.7