advanced biology winter 2013. picture #1 picture #2
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FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPS
FITNESS AND RELATIONSHIPSADVANCED BIOLOGYWINTER 2013WARM-UP!!!PICTURE #1
WARM-UP!!!PICTURE #2
Free - WriteWrite down the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word:
FITNESS
- What does it mean to be physically fit?- What about emotionally fit?- How can you observe fitness? Can you quantify it?Jim Simms and Jessie Stone story4Fitness - DarwinianDictionary Definition:
The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generations gene pool relative to the average population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age.Fitness - DarwinianDictionary Definition:
TRANSLATED: The ability of an animal to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes. The higher the fitness, the better an animals offspring survives.
MISCONCEPTION: does NOT have to do with strength.Charles Darwin and His FinchesCharles Darwin (1809 1882) studied finches on the Galapagos Islands and saw that their beak size determined what they ate, where they lived, and the ecological niches they lived in. He realized that the animals ability to survive helped increase their fitness and later on he coined the term natural selection. Because these birds could adapt to their environment and pass on their genes, they would fill niches and outcompete other species, eventually leading to their continuous survival leading to the saying:Survival of the Fittest.
NichesThe sum total of an organisms utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
NichesThe sum total of an organisms utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
LIVING FACTORSNichesThe sum total of an organisms utilization of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment.
NON-LIVING FACTORSNichesWhat are the niches for each organism?
NichesWhat are the niches for each organism?
RelationshipsTake a few minutes to write down a few relationships that you have had. RelationshipsQuickly write down a few relationships that you have had.
Share with the person sitting next to you. For each relationship, describe who/what got the most out it.RelationshipsSymbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely.
Obligate symbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival.
Facultative symbiosis: They can, but do not have to live with the other organism.RelationshipsSymbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely.
Obligate symbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival.RelationshipsSymbiosis: an interaction between two or more different organisms living closely.
Obligate symbiosis: Both organisms depend on each other for survival.
Facultative symbiosis: They can, but do not have to live with the other organism.The Four Types of Symbiosis1. Mutualism2. Commensalism3. Parasitism4. Amensalism
MutualismA relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness.MutualismA relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness.
Increasing or improving their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.MutualismA relationship in which BOTH species benefit, with respect to their fitness.
Examples: - Red Billed Oxpecker and Impalas- Bees and Flowers- Intestinal Bacteria and UngulatesIntestinal Bacteria and UngulatesUngulates = cows, goats, deer
Reticulum(honeycomb bag)Where the micro-organisms are.
Red Billed Oxpecker and Impala
PollinationIn the following video, watch for both symbiosis and competition between pollinators and the flowers as resources.
http://www.ted.com/talks/louie_schwartzberg_the_hidden_beauty_of_pollination.html
Start at 3:22CommensalismA relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected.
CommensalismA relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected.
Increasing or improving their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.
CommensalismA relationship in which ONE species benefits, with respect to fitness, and one is not affected.
Examples:- Barnacles on pretty much anything- Cattle Egret on Cows- Remora Shark Hitching a Ride
Barnacles
Cattle Egret on Cows
Remora SharkSucker onthe top of their headto ride withwhales orto feed offleftoversthe othersleft behind.
AmenselismA relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness.AmenselismA relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness.
Decreasing or reducing their ability to reproduce and rear offspring.
AmenselismA relationship in which one species is not affected or harmed, while the other is negatively affected, with respect to fitness.
Examples:- Penecillium (mold) and other bacteria.- Black Walnut treeAmensalismThe roots secret a chemical that kills other plants near its root zone.
AmensalismThe mold Penicillium secrets a chemical (penicillin) that kills other bacteria used in a lot of antibiotics.
ParasitismA relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness.
ParasitismA relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness.
The parasite increases or improves their ability to reproduce and rear offspring, by decreasing or reducing the others.
ParasitismA relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other, with respect to fitness.
Examples:- Phorid Flies v. Leaf Cutter Ants- Intestinal parasites (hookworm)- Cordyceps fungus
Parasitism
Parasitism
ParasitismCordycepse fungus making zombie ants.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
+Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+Parasitism
Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+-Amensalism
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+-Amensalism
none
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+-Amensalism
none
-
Competition
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+-Amensalism
none
-
Competition
-
RelationshipsType of InteractionEffect on Species #1Effect on Species #2Mutualism
++Commensalism
+noneParasitism
+-Amensalism
none
-
Competition
-
-
CompetitionBecause competition can be taxing on both organisms, it can be said that it has a negative effect on both species involved.Wrap - UpThink about the relationships you wrote down earlier with a partner.
Take a few minutes to write down what kind of symbiosis they were.
Wrap - UpThink about the relationships you wrote down earlier with a partner.
Discuss with your partner the types of relationships that you have.
Wrap - UpThink about the competitions you wrote about last week.
Were any symbioses were shown in those competitions?Resourceshttp://classes.entom.wsu.edu/529/IntraCompet.htm (Alan Berryman)Wikipedia