advanced biorefinery concept based on cultivated macroalgae production strains optimized for seaweed...
TRANSCRIPT
Technology for a better society 1
Bernd Wittgens, Duncan Akporiaye, Inga Marie Aasen, Paul Dahl, Morten Frøseth; SINTEF Materials and ChemistryJudit Sandquist, Gonzalo del Alamo, Øyvind Skreiberg; SINTEF Energy Research ASJorunn Skjermo; SINTEF Fishery and Aquaculture
Advanced biorefinery concept based on cultivated macroalgae
a value chain approach
Judit Sandquist Symposium on Renewable Energy and Products from Biomass and Waste
Technology for a better society
• Motivation
• Value chain
o Feedstock availability
o Pretreatment and hydrolysis
o Conversion (biochemical, catalytic and hydrothermal)
• Techno-economic evaluation / areas for further
developments
Presentation Outline
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Technology for a better society
Motivation
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• Increasing needs/requirements for renewable resources
• The Norwegian authorities intend to double the use of bioenergyby 2020 as a way of utilizing renewables and rural development.
• Replacement of fossil resources requires an alternative abundant feedstock: limited land and water for sustainable biomass production
• Develop efficient technologies for given products: research and innovation essential to bring new ideas and technologies to the market
• The challenge in the bio‐economy market is the present uncertainty in which direction the market for energy, chemicals and materials will develop
Technology for a better society 4
Biomass resource with a large potential in Norway High biomass productivity
(170 t ww/ha ≈ 25 t dw/ha annually) Large areas for cultivation available A wide range of products and applications/markets
Carbohydrates -> Conversion to fuels and chemicals Protein -> Food and feed Polysaccharides -> Functional and/or bioactive properties
for a range of applications Low-molecular weight compounds -> Functional and/or
bioactive properties (less explored)
Current situation Wild harvested annually (ww):
150 000 t Laminaria hyperborea (Forest kelp) 15 000 t Ascophyllum nodosum (Knotted wrack)
Why seaweed?Forest kelp
Knotted wrack
Sugar kelp
Technology for a better society
Low-cost products- Minerals- Fertilizers
Modification:- Chemical- Enzymatic
Seaweed Biorefinery
Carbohydrates (low-cost product)
High cost products- Bioactive extracts- Polysaccharides - Modified polysaccharides
Medium cost products- Food (fresh and processed)- Alginate- Mannitol- Feed (protein)Feedstock
Whole biomass or extracted fractions
Medium cost products- Single Cell Proteins- Organic acids, amino acids- etc.
Low cost products- Biofuels- Platform chemicals
Microbial or thermochemical conversion
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Technology for a better society 6
Value creation in the Norwegian seaweed industry – Scenario 2050
Olafsen et al., 2012: Verdiskaping basert på produktive hav i 2050 (DKNVS/NTVA)
Volume (mill tonnes)
Technology for a better society
Motivation – value chain
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Feedstock‐ Harvesting‐ Conservation‐ Storage
Pretreatment‐ Mechanical processing
‐ Enzymatic hydrolysis
‐ HTL
Conversion‐ Digestion‐ Fermentation‐ Catalysis‐ HTL
Products Recovery‐ Distillation‐ Membrane‐ Extraction‐ Separation
Process design & OptimizationTechnical & economical Evaluation
Chemicals
Fuels
Technology for a better society
Refinery
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Petroleu
mFractio
natio
nDistillation
CrackingAlkylation
Isomerization
REMOVEoxygen
ADDoxygen
Hydrocarbons:‐ Alkane‐ Aromatics
Products:‐ Jet Fuel‐ Diesel‐ Gasoline
Chemicals
Biom
ass
Geo
logical tim
e scale
Pretreatment
Hydrolysis
Dehydration OligomerizationHydrogenation KetonizationDecarboxylation Aldol‐condensationHydrogenolysis
Biom
ass
Sugar Platform:‐ Sugars‐Mono; di‐alcohols‐ Acids‐ Furane
Thermchem. Platform:‐ Bio‐oil
Hyd
roth
erm
al L
ique
fact
ion
Bio
Technology for a better society 9
Address challenge of economic production of products from marine biomass
DHMF – (Bis(hydroxmethyl)furan)
Polyurethane and polyesters
Marine Biomass
• Biofuels• Chemicals
• Biofuels• Chemicals• Food/Feed
Chemical conversionWater based chemistry
Thermochemical conversionHydrothermal conditions
Biochemical conversionHigh viscosity
• Food/Feed
Extraction
Technology for a better society 10
Value chain = Project structure Feedstock Seaweed:‐ Enhanced biomass outcome‐ Seasonal variation in composition
Pre‐treatment:‐ Release and hydrolysisof polysaccharides
Biochemical Conversion:‐ Consolidated fermentation‐ High dry matter processing
Thermochemical conversion‐ Hydrothermal liquefaction
Products:‐ Platform Chemicals‐ Fuel‐ Functional food‐ Feed ingredients‐ Fertilizer
Separation I
Mass and Energy integration
Secondary conversion
Separation II
Extraction
Technology for a better society 11
Feedstock‐ Harvesting‐ Conservation‐ Storage
Pretreatment‐ Mechanical processing
‐ Enzymatic hydrolysis
‐ HTL
Conversion‐ Digestion‐ Fermentation‐ Catalysis‐ HTL
Products Recovery‐ Distillation‐ Membrane‐ Extraction‐ Separation
Process design & OptimizationTechnical & economical Evaluation
Chemicals
Fuels
Technology for a better society 12
Feedstock seaweed –cultivated macroalgae
• Attractive biomass, large range of possible valuable products • Eco‐physiological effects on the chemical composition – an
opportunity• Sustainable production of biomass, no negative effect on the
benthic ecosystem• Large volumes possible• Effective harvesting and freshness of biomass• Possibilities for nutrients recycling (Integrated Multi‐trophic
Aquaculture)• 480 species in Norway
Productivity sugar kelp:170 tons WW ha-1
30 tons DW ha-1
5-9 months Broch et al., 2013
Technology for a better society 13
Feedstock‐ Harvesting‐ Conservation‐ Storage
Pretreatment‐ Mechanical processing
‐ Enzymatic hydrolysis
‐ HTL
Conversion‐ Digestion‐ Fermentation‐ Catalysis‐ HTL
Products Recovery‐ Distillation‐ Membrane‐ Extraction‐ Separation
Process design & OptimizationTechnical & economical Evaluation
Chemicals
Fuels
Technology for a better society 14
Pre-treatment and HydrolysisDevelopment of new, efficient pre-treatment / hydrolysis processes for seaweed biomass, enabling utilization of minimum 85 % of the alginate
Challenges: • Release of sugars with minimum dilution• Alginate: Ca-gel in native state,
high-viscosity when dissolved
Strategy: • Chemical and/or thermal pre-processing• Addition of alginate hydrolysing
enzymes to degrade the alginate matrix• Hydrolysis of separated fractions
Reduced pH reduced water binding release of carbohydrates
Hydrolysing enzymes further enhance the liquid release
-10
0
10
20
30
40
pH 1,5 pH 2,5 pH 3 pH 3,5 pH 4 pH 4,5 pH 6,5 pH ->3->7+ Aly
Treatment
Rel
ease
d liq
uid
[% o
f ww
]
Technology for a better society 15
Feedstock‐ Harvesting‐ Conservation‐ Storage
Pretreatment‐ Mechanical processing
‐ Enzymatic hydrolysis
‐ HTL
Conversion‐ Digestion‐ Fermentation‐ Catalysis‐ HTL
Products Recovery‐ Distillation‐ Membrane‐ Extraction‐ Separation
Process design & OptimizationTechnical & economical Evaluation
Chemicals
Fuels
Technology for a better society
Biochemical conversion Generation of clean and cheap sugars Minimum formation of inhibitors Highly efficient enzymatic conversion
o Alginate: less complex structure than lignin, no recalcitrant fibres
Microbial laminaran/alginate hydrolysing enzymes are widespread
Sugar acids new area for enzymatic/chemical conversions
Other sugars (mannitol, uronic acids) than in terrestrial biomasso New production strains must be developed
• Many possibilities for new productso Diols: 2,3-Butanediol
o Di-carboxlic acids (Succinic acid)
o 2-oxo-carboxylic acids (Pyruvic acid)
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Technology for a better society 17
Biochemical conversionFermentation generating biofuels/platform chemicals from seaweed hydrolysates
Main objectives:• Selection of potential wild type microorganisms for future development of
production strains optimized for seaweed based biorefinery• Evaluate model microorganisms (E. coli, C. glutamicum and B. methanolicus, S.
cerevisiae) for potential growth on seaweed hydrolysateso Screening different wild type and laboratory strains o Investigate tolerance to hydrolysates and inhibitorso Tolerance to high concentration of monosugars in
hydrolysateso Salt tolerance
• Separation procedures (i.e. diols / di‐carboxylic acids)o Distillation ‐ Gas stripping ‐Membrane separation
‐ Reverse osmosis – Pervaporation ‐ Solvent extraction
Membrane contactor
Technology for a better society 18
Possible products: • High‐chain length alkanes• Carboxylic fatty acids (palmitic and
palmitoleic acid)• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)• Biochar• Methane‐riched gas for energy purposes
Thermochemical conversion• High conversion rates under subcritical water
conditions• Avoid energy demanding dewatering and vaporization• Improved conversion through inexpensive catalysts • Processing of the seaweed residues derived from
biochemical conversion
Technology for a better society
Advantages of hydrothermal processing
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Hydrothermal processing
Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref., 2 (2008) 415‐437
• No drying of wet biomass is needed,reduces energy consumption
• Multiple feed streams seaweed,waste streams and "micro‐organisms"
• High carbon conversion rate into bio‐oil (high‐chain alkanes, carboxylic fatty acids,polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)), biochar and methane‐containing gas
• Fast conversion as compared to other routes
• The product gas is pressurized simplifying downstream processes.
• CO2 is easily separated from the gas product because of its higher solubility inwater than CH4 and H2.
• Advanced process integration is needed for high thermal efficiencies
Technology for a better society 20
Feed Stock‐ Harvesting‐ Conservation‐ Storage
Pretreatment‐ Mechanical processing
‐ Enzymatic hydrolysis
Conversion‐ Digestion‐ Fermentation‐ Catalysis
Products Recovery‐ Distillation‐ Membrane‐ Extraction
Process design & OptimizationTechnical & economical Evaluation
Chemicals
Fuels
Technology for a better society
Technical and economical evaluationIs there money to be made? Yes, but
• Find the right combination of feedstock and product
• Extract valuable first
• Maximize utilization of feedstock
• Minimize feedstock decomposition
• Minimize energy consumption for
o Conversion
o Separation
o Reduced water amount in the system
o Increased dry matter content in processes
• Integration of biochemical, thermochemical and catalytic processes
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?