advanced chemistry notes solution notes. solutions solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advanced Chemistry NotesSolution Notes
![Page 2: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Solutions
Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
• Made up of:– Solvent – substance that does the dissolving– Solute – substance being dissolved
• Examples of Solutions– Kool-Aide: water – solvent, sugar – solute– Pop: water – solvent, carbon dioxide – solute
![Page 3: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Solutions
Types of Solutions • Liquid – Solid solution
– Ex: salt water
• Liquid – Liquid solution– Ex: hydrochloric acid and water
• Miscible – when two liquids mix• Immiscible – when two liquids will not mix
• Liquid – Gas solution– Ex: oxygen and water
![Page 4: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SolutionsOther types of Solutions• Solid – Solid solutions
– Brass alloys
• Solid - Liquid solutions – Gold dissolves Mercury
• Solid – gas solutions – Palladium dissolves hydrogen
• Gas – Gas solution – air: O2, N2, Ar
![Page 5: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Creating Solutions
The dissolving process consists of three steps
• Dissociation
• Solvation
• Diffusion
![Page 6: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Dissolving Process
The Dissolving Process (Ex: sugar and water)
1. Dissociation
• Attractive forces between solute molecules must be overcome.
• Water pulls sugar apart molecule by molecule
![Page 7: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Dissolving Process
2. Solvation
• Positive ends of solvent molecule attach to negative ends of solute molecule and vise versa.
• Water molecules surround and interact with sugar molecules.
• Water molecules remove sugar molecules from the crystal
– Dispersion and dipole forces are at work here
![Page 9: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Dissolving Process
![Page 10: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Dissolving Process
• When the solvent is water the solvation process is called hydration.
![Page 11: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Dissolving Process
3. Diffusion• Random molecular movement spreads solute
through out the solution• Sugar molecules are evenly dispersed
throughout the water
![Page 12: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Factors Influencing Dissolving
• Factors that influence that rate at which a substance dissolves– Temperature – Stirring – Large surface area of solute exposed to
solvent
• How does this relate to putting sugar in your coffee?
![Page 13: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Solvent SelectivityWhat will and will not dissolve?
• G R of T Like dissolves Like
• Polar substances dissolves other polar substances– Polar – ionic and polar covalently bonded
compounds have dipoles• H2O and HCl
![Page 14: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Solvent Selectivity
• Non-polar substances dissolve other non-polar substances– Non-polar compounds lack dipoles
• CO2 and N2
• Oil and Soap
• Exceptions to the rule– Chalk (CaCO3) does not dissolve in water –Why?
Both are polar.• Water has to be able to overcome chalks (CaCO3)
intermolecular attractive forces to dissolve it – it can’t
• Chalk (CaCO3) is to tightly bonded intermolecularly
![Page 15: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solubility
• How much solute can a substance hold?
• Unsaturated solution – the solvent could dissolve more solute under standard conditions
![Page 16: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Solubility
• Saturated solution – when solvent can hold no more solute at a given temperature.– When solution is saturated some of the solute
remains at the bottom of the glass. Dissolving and precipitating occur at equal rates. This is called Dynamic Equilibrium.
– H2O(l) + NaCl(s) == Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
![Page 17: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solubility
• Supersaturated – solution holds more solute than it would at standard conditions
![Page 18: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solubility
Temperature and Solubility• When temperature is increased solubility also
increases• Consider the endothermic reaction below (solid
dissolved in liquid)
KClO3(s) + H2O(l) + heat == K+(aq) + ClO3-(aq)
– Heat acts as a reactant (needs heat to dissolve)
• Adding heat increases solubility makes more solution
![Page 19: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Solubility
![Page 20: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solubility
Temperature and Solubility• When temperature is increased solubility
decreases• Consider the exothermic reaction below (liquid
dissolves a gas)
CO2(g) + H2O(l) == Heat + CO2(aq)
– Heat acts as a product (gives off heat)
• Adding heat decreases solubility – What holds more carbonation – warm or cold pop?
![Page 21: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Solubility
Pressure and Solubility • Effects of pressure on the solubility of liquids
and solids are minimal.• Effects of pressure on the solubility of gases are
drastic.– Henry’s Law – the solubility of gases increases with
the partial pressure of gases above the solution.• EX: Pop – when you open a can of pop the result is the
carbon dioxide escaping from the solution because the partial pressure of the gases above the pop decreases.
![Page 22: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Solubility and Pressure
![Page 23: Advanced Chemistry Notes Solution Notes. Solutions Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Made up of: –Solvent – substance that does](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d135503460f949e7d64/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Solutions
Summary
• Components of a solution
• The dissolving process– Factors affecting dissolving Process
• Solvent Selectivity
• Solubility – Unsaturated / saturated /supersaturated – Temperature / Pressure