advanced communication laboratory final manual
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roughly from /cm to cm (1-1/ $! and the waves having wavelengths
less than cm corresponds to higher frequencies (21/ $! are called
millimeter (mm waves.
Micro a!e Fre%#e$cie&:
3elationship between the frequency (f and the wavelength (4 of an
M wave is
where c 5 velocity of electromagnetic radiation, usually called the speed of
light.
IEEE Micro a!e Fre%#e$c' (a$ :
De&i*$atio$Fre%#e$c'
ra$*e +,H-)$% /.//1 5 /./1'$% /./1 5 /.1#$% /.1 5
5 6and - 7S 5 6and 7 - 89 5 6and 8 - ; 5 6and - 7
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i"e any other energy, microwave energy has a heating effect, it is
used in microwave oven for home coo"ing, drying machine, drying in"s, and
in food processing industries.
Microwaves are capable of energetically interacting with matter and
so used in microwave spectroscopy for structural analysis. >part from
scientific research the absorption of microwave by molecular resonance is
well suited for various industrial measurements li"e control of pollution by
chec"ing the concentration of different gases from an e+haust chimney.
Micro a!e Co"po$e$t&:
There are several microwave components are discussed below.
2YSTRON MOUNT:
Model 7/? n octal base with cable
is provided for
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Model 0/7 and 0/77 are T and C types of three port circulators
respectively. These are precisely machined and assembled to get the
desired specifications. 9irculators are matched three port devices and these
are meant for allowing Microwave energy to flow in cloc"wise direction with
negligible loss but almost no transmission in the anti-cloc"wise direction.
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 0/7
%requency 3ange ( $! : .0 - /.0 or /.7 - 7.7
Min. *solation (d6 : 7/
Ma+. *nsertion oss (d6 : /.8
Ma+. 'SB3 : .7/
S2IDE SCREW TUNERS:
Model 8/8 slide screw tuners are used for matching purposes by
changing the penetration and position of a screw in the slot provided in the
centre of the wave guide.
This consists of a section of waveguide flanged on both ends and a
thin slot is provided in the broad wall of the Bave guide. > carriage carrying
the screw is provided over the slot. > 'SB3 upto 7/ can be tuned to a value
less than ./7 at certain frequency.
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Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; 5 8/8
%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
B Type (B3- : @/
%lange type (# : 1@
MU2TIHO2E DIRECTIONA2 COU32ERS:
Model 0/// series Multihole directional couplers are useful for
sampling a part of microwave energy for monitoring purposes and for
measuring reflections and impedance.
This consists of a section of Bave guide with addition of a second
parallel section of waveguide thus ma"ing it a four port networ". $owever
the fourth port is terminated with a matched load. These two parallelsections are coupled to each other through many holes, almost to give
uniform couplingD minimum frequency sensitivity and high directivity. These
are available in 1,0, /,7/ and 8/d6 coupling.
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 0//1
%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
9oupling (d6 : 1, /,7/,8/
Eirectivity (d6 : 1?
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Bave guide type (B3- : @/
%lange type (# : 1@
E 32ANE TEE:
Model 1/0 - plane tee are series type T - Function and consists of
three section of waveguide Foined together in order to divide or compare
power levels. The signal entering the first port of this T - Function will be
equally dividing at second and third ports of the same magnitude but in opp.
phase
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 1/0
%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
B Type (B3- : @/
%lange Type (# : 1@
H 4 32ANT TEE:
Model 1/0? $ - Glane Tee are shunt type T - Function for use in
conFunction with 'SB3 meters, frequency - meters and other detector
devices. i"e in -plane tee, the signal fed through first port of $ - plane Tee
will be equally divided in magnitude at second and third ports but in same
phase.
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Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 1/0?
%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
B Type (B3- : @/%lange Type (# - : 1@
MA,IC TEE:
Model 1/8? - $ Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series
and shunt waveguide arms, mounted at the e+act midpoint of main arm.
6oth ends of the section of waveguide and both arms are flanged on their
ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mi+ers, >%9 circuits and
impedance measurement circuits etc. This becomes a four terminal devicewhere one terminal is isolated from the input terminal.
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 1/8?
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%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
B Type (B3- : @/
%lange Type (#3- : 1@
3YRAMIDA2 WAVE,UIDE HORN ANTENNA:
Model ?/8 pyramidal Bave guide $orn antenna consists of
waveguide Foined to pyramidal section fabricated from brass sheet. The
pyramidal section shapes the energy to concentrate in a specified beam.
Baveguide horns are used as feed horns as radiators for reflectors and
lenses and as a pic"up antenna for receiving microwave power.
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - ?/8
%requency 3ange ( $! : .7 - 7.8
Ma+ 'SB3 : .7/B Type (B3- : @/
%lange Type (# - : 1@
,UNN OSCI22ATORS:
Model 7 ? unn )scillators are solid state microwave energy
generators. This consists of waveguide cavity flanged on one end and
micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other end. > unn-diode is mounted
inside the Bave guide with 6A9 (% connector for E9 bias. ach unn
oscillator is supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency vs
micrometer reading.
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Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; 5 7 ?7
%req : .7 - 7.8 $!,
Min output power : / MB
B Type (B3- : @/
%lange Type (# - : 1@
,UNN 3OWER SU332Y:
Model ;- / unn Gower supply comprises of an regulated E9 power
supply and a square wave generator, designed to operate unn-)scillator
model 7 ? or 7 ?7, and pin modulators model 8? respectively.
The E9 voltage is variable from / - /'. The front panel meter
monitors the unn voltage and the current drawn by the unn diode. The
square wave of generator is variable from / - /'. in amplitude and @// -// $! in frequency.
The power supply has been so designed to protect unn diode from
reverse voltage application over transient and low frequency oscillations by
the negative resistance of the unn-diode.
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Speci/icatio$&:
>mplifier Type : $igh gain tuned at one frequency
%requency : /// $! H 7I
Sensitivity : /. microvolt at 7// for full scale
6and width : 7? - 1/ cps
3ange : =/d6 min in / d6 steps
Scale selector : Aormal +pand
ain control : J9oarseK L J%ineK
Mains power : 71/', ?/$!
ISO2ATORS :
The three port circulators Model 0/7 may be converted into isolators
by terminating one of its port into matched load. these will wor" over the
frequency range of circulators. These are well matched devices offering low
forward insertion loss and high reverse isolation.
Speci/icatio$&:
Model Ao. : ; - 0/77
%requency 3ange ( $! : .0 - /.0 or /.7 - 7.7
Min *solation (d6 : 7/
Ma+ *nsertion oss (d6 : /.8Ma+ 'SB3 : .7/
RESU2T:
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Thus all the microwave communication and their components were
studied in detail.
Expt. No.:
15) STUDY OF MICROWAVE COM3ONENTS USIN, MAT2A(Date:
AIM:
To study and simulated the S-matri+ for various types of following
microwave components using M>T >6.
a *solator
b Eirectional 9ouplerc Magic Tee
SOFTWARE USED:
M>T >6
FORMU2A USED:
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a *solators:
b Eirectional 9oupler:
c Magic Tee:
where
G 5 *nput power at port
G7 5 )utput power at port 7
G1 5 9oupled power at port 1
G8 5 *solated Gower at port 8
THEORY:
Microwave techniques have been increasingly adopted in such diverseapplications as radio astronomy, long distance communications, space
navigation, radar systems, medical equipment and missile electronic
systems.
Nee o/ S para"eter&:
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*f the frequencies are in the microwave range, however, the $,C and
parameters cannot be measured for the following reasons:
a quipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total
current at the ports of the networ".
b Short and open circuits are difficult to achieve over a broadband of
frequencies.
c >ctive devices, such as power transistors and tunnel diodes,
frequently will not have stability for short or open circuit.
I&o0ator&:
>n isolator is a non-reciprocal transmission device that is used to
isolate one component from reflections of other components in the
transmission line. >n ideal isolator can be constructed in many ways. They
can be made by terminating port 1 and port 8 of a four port circulator with
matched loads. *t may be inserting a ferrite rod along the a+is of a
rectangular waveguide. The S matri+ is given by:
Directio$a0 Co#p0er&:
*t is a four port waveguide Function is shown in figure. *t consists of a
primary waveguide 5 7 and secondary waveguide 1 5 8. Bhen all ports are
terminated in their characteristic impedances, there is free transmission of
power between port and 1 or port 7 and 8 because no coupling e+ists
between these two pairs os ports. The degree of coupling between port
and 8 and between port 7 and 1 depends on the structure of the coupler.
The S matri+ is given by
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CHARACTERISATION OF MICROWAVE COM3ONENTS3RO,RAM CODE:clcDclear allDdisp(O*S) >T)3O D
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disp(O*AG#T: O DGsNinput(O nter *nput Gower: O DGs Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp NGs -GsDan Np &7/Dsp N /P(an DGs7Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O D
p7NGs7-GsDan7Np7&7/Dsp7N /P(an7 Dsm NQ/ sp Dsp7 /RDiserloss NGs-Gs Disoloss NGs-Gs7Ddisp(O)#TG#T: O Ddisp(O*nsertion oss (d6 : O Ddisp(iserloss Ddisp(O*solation oss (d6 : O Ddisp(isoloss Ddisp(OS-matri+ of *solator: O Ddisp(sm Ddisp(OE*3 9T*)A> 9)#G 3O Ddisp(O*AG#T: O DGs1Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp1NGs1-GsDan1Np1&7/Dsp1N /P(an1 DGs8Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp8NGs8-GsDan8Np8&7/Dsp8N /P(an8 DGs?Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp?NGs?-GsDan?Np?&7/Dsp?N /P(an? DGs0Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp0NGs0-GsD
an0Np0&7/Dsp0N /P(an0 DGs=Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp=NGs=-GsDan=Np=&7/Dsp=N /P(an= DGs Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp NGs -GsDan Np &7/Dsp N /P(an DGs@Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp@NGs@-GsDan@Np@&7/Dsp@N /P(an@ DGs /Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp /NGs /-GsDan /Np /&7/Dsp /N /P(an / DGs Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp NGs -GsDan Np &7/Dsp N /P(an DGs 7Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp 7NGs 7-GsDan 7Np 7&7/D
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sp 7N /P(an 7 DGs 1Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp 1NGs 1-GsDan 1Np 1&7/Dsp 1N /P(an 1 DGs 8Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp 8NGs 8-GsD
an 8Np 8&7/Dsp 8N /P(an 8 Dsm7NQ/ sp1 sp8 sp?Dsp0 / sp= sp Dsp@ sp / / sp Dsp 7 sp 1 sp 8 /RDcouplefact NGs-Gs8Ddirect NGs8-Gs?Diserloss7NGs-Gs1Disoloss7NGs-Gs?Ddisp(O)#TG#T: O Ddisp(O9oupling %actor (d6 : O Ddisp(couplefact Ddisp(OEirectivity (d6 : O Ddisp(direct Ddisp(O*nsertion oss (d6 : O Ddisp(iserloss7 Ddisp(O*solation oss (d6 : O Ddisp(isoloss7 Ddisp(OS-matri+ of Eirectional 9oupler: O Ddisp(sm7 Ddisp(OM> *9 T O Ddisp(O*AG#T: O DGs ?Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp ?NGs ?-GsDan ?Np ?&7/Dsp ?N /P(an ? DGs 0Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp 0NGs 0-GsDan 0Np 0&7/Dsp 0N /P(an 0 DGs =Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O D
p =NGs =-GsDan =Np =&7/Dsp =N /P(an = DGs Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp NGs -GsDan Np &7/Dsp N /P(an DGs @Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp @NGs @-GsDan @Np @&7/Dsp @N /P(an @ DGs7/Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp7/NGs7/-GsDan7/Np7/&7/Dsp7/N /P(an7/ DGs7 Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp7 NGs7 -GsDan7 Np7 &7/Dsp7 N /P(an7 DGs77Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp77NGs77-GsDan77Np77&7/Dsp77N /P(an77 DGs71Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp71NGs71-GsD
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an71Np71&7/Dsp71N /P(an71 DGs78Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp78NGs78-GsDan78Np78&7/Dsp78N /P(an78 DGs7?Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O D
p7?NGs7?-GsDan7?Np7?&7/Dsp7?N /P(an7? DGs70Ninput(O nter )utput Gower: O Dp70NGs70-GsDan70Np70&7/Dsp70N /P(an70 Dsm1NQ/ sp ? sp 0 sp =Dsp / sp @ sp7/Dsp7 sp77 / sp71Dsp78 sp7? sp70 /RDcouplefact7NGs-Gs 0Ddirect7NGs 0-Gs77Diserloss1NGs-Gs ?Disoloss1NGs-Gs =Ddisp(O)#TG#T: O Ddisp(O9oupling %actor (d6 : O Ddisp(couplefact7 Ddisp(OEirectivity (d6 : O Ddisp(direct7 Ddisp(O*nsertion oss (d6 : O Ddisp(iserloss1 Ddisp(O*solation oss (d6 : O Ddisp(isoloss1 Ddisp(OS-matri+ of Eirectional 9oupler: O Ddisp(sm1 D
SAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:
ISO2ATORIN3UT:
nter *nput Gower Gin(d6 : - 7
G)3T nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : - 7G)3T 7
nter )utput Gower G (d6 : -7 .
OUT3UT:*nsertion oss (d6 :
/*solation oss (d6 :
@. ///S-matri+ of *solator:
/ .//// /.1710 /
DIRECTIONA2 COU32ERIN3UT:G)3T
nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : - 7.nter )utput Gower G1 (d6 : -70.nter )utput Gower G8 (d6 : -?0
G)3T 7nter )utput Gower G (d6 : - 7.nter )utput Gower G1(d6 : -?8.?nter )utput Gower G8(d6 : -70.7
G)3T 1
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nter )utput Gower G (d6 : -70.7nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : -?8.=nter )utput Gower G8(d6 : - 7.
G)3T 8nter )utput Gower G (d6 : -?1.?nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : -70.nter )utput Gower G1(d6 : - 7.@
OUT3UT:9oupling %actor (d6 :
8. ///Eirectivity (d6 :
[email protected]///*nsertion oss (d6 :
/. ///*solation oss (d6 :
88S-matri+ of Eirectional 9oupler:
/ /.@ 7/ /. 7/ /.//01 /.@ 7/ / /.//=? /. @?/ /. @?/ /.//=1 / /.@ 7/ /.// 8 /. @=7 /.@/ 0 /
MA,IC TEEIN3UT:G)3T
nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : - 1.nter )utput Gower G1(d6 : - 1.nter )utput Gower G8(d6 : -7=
G)3T 7nter )utput Gower G (d6 : - 1.nter )utput Gower G1(d6 : -70.nter )utput Gower G8(d6 : - 1.@
G)3T 1nter )utput Gower G (d6 : - 1.nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : -7=
nter )utput Gower G8(d6 : - 1.@G)3T 8nter )utput Gower G (d6 : -7=nter )utput Gower G7(d6 : - 1.nter )utput Gower G1(d6 : - 1.
OUT3UT:9oupling %actor (d6 :
. ///Eirectivity (d6 :
1.7///*nsertion oss (d6 :
. ///*solation oss (d6 :
?S-matri+ of Eirectional 9oupler:
/ /. 7 /. 7 /. == /. 7 / /. 7/ /. /1? /. 7 /. == / /. /1? /. == /. 7 /. 7 /Expt. No.: S3ECTRA2 ANA2YSIS OF AM6FM AND FS USIN,
S3ECTRUM ANA2Y7ERDate:
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AIM:
To study the spectrum of Modulation circuits li"e >M, %M and %S< by
using Spectrum >naly!er.
E8UI3MENTS RE8UIRED:
. Spectrum >naly!er
7. >rbitrary Baveform enerator
1. 7/ M$! dual )scilloscope
8. Multi-meter
?. 9onnecting Grobes
THEORY:
(0oc9 Dia*ra" o/ Spectr#" A$a0'-er:
The main components of Spectrum >naly!er are an 3% input
attenuator, input amplifier, mi+er, *% amplifier, *% filter, envelope detector,
video filter, 93T display, ), ramp generator.
ets describe each component individually *nput Section. The input to
the spectrum analy!er bloc" diagram has a step attenuator, followed by an
amplifier. The purpose of this input section is to control the signal levelapplied to the rest of the instrument. *f the signal level is too large, the
analy!er circuits will saturate the mi+er and distort the signal, causing
distortion products to appear along with the desired signal. *f the signal level
is too small, the signal may be mas"ed by noise present in the analy!er.
ither problem tends to reduce the dynamic range of the
measurement. The new instruments provide an auto range feature, which
automatically selects an appropriate input attenuation. The input circuitry ofa typical analy!er is very sensitive and will not withstand much abuse.
9areful attention should be paid to the allowable signal level at the input,
particularly for microwave analy!ers. Some instruments tolerate E9 voltages
at their
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(0oc9 ia*ra" o/ &pectr#" a$a0'-er
IF Fi0ter a$ Se0ecti!it'
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inputs, but others require that no E9 be applied, or be restricted to small
The front end of spectrum >naly!er is made with wide open on the basis
that we have no idea how many signals are involved in our measurement, in
order to control somehow on the measured spectrum, it is necessary to add
G% for image reFection.
Mixer
> mi+er is a device that converts a signal from one frequency to
another. *t is therefore sometimes called a frequency converter device. The
output of a mi+er consists of the two original signals f ) and f 3% as
well as the sum f ) Uf 3% and difference f ) -f 3% frequencies of
these two signals.
The *% filter is a 6and Gass %ilter (6G% which is used as the VwindowV
for detecting signals. *ts bandwidth is also called the 3esolution 6andwidth
(36, 36B of the analy!er and can be changed via the front panel of the
analy!er.
6y giving you a broad range of variable resolution bandwidth settings,
the instrument can be optimi!ed for the sweep and signal conditions, lettingyou trade-o. frequency selectivity (the ability to resolve signals , signal-to-
noise ratio (SA3 , and measurement speed. )ne of the first things to note is
that a signal cannot be displayed as an infinitely narrow line such as
mathematics ( delta function. *t has some width associated with it. This
shape is the analy!erKs tracing of its own *% filter shape as it tunes past a
signal. Thus, if we change the filter bandwidth, we change the width of the
displayed response. This concept enforces the idea that the *% filtersbandwidth and shape determines the resolvability between signals.
Bhen measuring two signals of equal-amplitude, the value of the
selected. 6B tells us how close together they can be and still be
distinguishable from one another (by a 1 d6 KdipK . $owever, with wider
6Bs, the two signals may appear as one. *n general then, two equal-
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amplitude signals can be resolved if their separation is greater than or equal
to the 1-d6 bandwidth of the selected resolution bandwidth filter.
TA(U2AR CO2UMN:
A"p0it# e Mo #0atio$:
Modulation %requency: WWWWWW $! 9arrier %requency: WWWWWW $!
(a$ Fre%#e$c' +H-) 3o er 0e!e0 + (")
Fre%#e$c' "o #0atio$:
Modulation %requency: WWWWWW $!, 9arrier %requency: WWWWWW $!, %requency
Eeviation: WWWW $!
(a$ Fre%#e$c' +H-) 3o er 0e!e0 + (")
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Si*$a0& o/ U$e%#a0 A"p0it# e
Se$&iti!it'
)ne of the primary uses of a spectrum analy!er is to search out and
measure low-level signals. The sensitivity of any receiver is an indication of
how well it can detects small
signals. > perfect receiver would add no additional noise to the natural
amount of thermal noise present in all electronic systems, represented byA N "T 6
where A is the noise power, " is 6olt!mannKs constant, T N temperature in
n input signal below this noise level cannot
be detected. enerally, sensitivity is on the order of -@/ d6m to - 8? d6m
depending on quality of spectrum analy!er. *t is important to "now the
sensitivity capability of your analy!er in order to determine if it will measure
your low-level signals.
)ne aspect of the analy!erKs internal noise that is often overloo"ed is
its selective level as a function of the 3% input attenuator setting . Since the
internal noise is generated after the mi+er (primarily in the first active *%
stage , the 3% input attenuator has no effect on the actual noise level.
$owever, the 3% input attenuator does affect the signal level at the input
and therefore decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SA3 of the analy!er. The
best SA3 is with the lowest possible 3% input attenuation. This internally
generated noise in a spectrum analy!er is thermal in natureD that is, it is
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random and has no discrete spectral components. >lso, its level is flat over a
frequency range that is wide in
comparison to the ranges of the 36Bs. This means that the total noise
reaching the detector (and displayed is related to the 3esolution bandwidth
selected.
Since the noise is random, it is added on a power basis, so the
relationship between displayed noise level and 3esolution bandwidth is a
ten log basis. *n other words, if the 3esolution bandwidth is increased (or
decreased by a factor of ten, ten times more (or less noise energy hits the
detector and the displayed average noise level increases (or decreases by
/ d6. Spectrum analy!er noise is specified in a specific 3esolution
CIRCUIT DIA,RAM:
FRE8UENCY SHIFT
EYIN,: MODE2 ,RA3H:
TA(U2AR CO2UMN:
FS Mo #0atio$:
9arrier %requency: WWWWWW $! $op %requency:
WWWWWW $!
(a$ Fre%#e$c' +H-) 3o er 0e!e0 + (")
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bandwidth. The spectrum analy!erKs lowest noise level
(thus slowest sweep time is achieved with its narrowest
3esolution bandwidth.
Detector
Many modern spectrum analy!ers have digital
displays, which first digiti!e the video signal with an analog-
to digital converter (>E9 . This allows for several different
detector modes that dramatically effect how the signal is
displayed. )rdinary spectrum analy!er use pea"-detection
technique.
Vi eo Fi0ter
The video filter is a low-pass filter that is located after
the envelope detector and before the >E9. This filter
determines the bandwidth of the video amplifier, and is
used to average or smooth the trace seen on the screen.
The spectrum analy!er displays signal-plus-noise so
that the closer a signal is to the noise level, the more the
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noise ma"es the signal more difficult to read. 6y changing
the video bandwidth setting, we can decrease the pea"-to-
pea" variations of noise. This type of display smoothing can
be used to help find signals that otherwise might be
obscured in the noise
The '6B, however, does not affect the frequency
resolution of the analy!er (>s does the resolution
bandwidth filter , and therefore changing the video filter
does not improve sensitivity. *t does, however, improve
discernibly and repeatability of low signal-to-noise ratio
measurements.
3ROCEDURE
Select the type of modulation.
Set the carrier frequency as a sine wave which can
range up to 7/ M$!
Set the hop frequency which is the modulating signal,
a square wave whose range is limited.
The output performance in frequency domain can be
viewed in the spectrum analy!er.
Similarly proceed for other modulations.
RESU2T:
Thus the spectrum of communication circuits li"e >M
and %M by using spectrum analy!er was studied.
AM32ITUDE MODU2ATION3RO,RAM CODE:clcD
clear allDAN7/8 DfsN7/8 DtN(/:(A- &fsDdisp(O nter the details of message signalO DvmNinput(O>mplitude(' : O DfmNinput(O%requency($! : O DwmN7XpiXfmDdisp(O nter the details of carrier signalO D
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vcNinput(O>mplitude(' : O DfcNinput(O%requency($! : O DwcN7XpiXfcD'mNvmX(sin(wmXt D'cNvcX(sin(wcXt DmNvm&vcDam NvcXsin(wcXt U(mXvc&7 Xcos((wc-wm Xt -(mXvc&7 Xcos((wcUwm Xt Dam7N(mXvc&7 Xcos((wc-wm Xt -(mXvc&7 Xcos((wcUwm Xt Dfigure(subplot(8, , Dplot(t,'m Dtitle(OMessage SignalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,7 Dplot(t,'c Dtitle(O9arrier SignalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,1 Dplot(t,am Dtitle(O>mplitude modulated signalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,8 Dplot(t,am7 Dtitle(OEouble side band supressed carrierO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dmf Nabs(fft(am ,A DfNfsX(/:A&7 &ADfigure(7 Dsubplot(7, , Dplot(f( :7?0 ,mf ( :7?0 Dtitle(O%requency spectrum of >mplitude modulated signalO D+label(O%requency($! O Dylabel(OMagnitude(' O Dmf7Nabs(fft(am7,A Dsubplot(7, ,7 Dplot(f( :7?0 ,mf7( :7?0 D
title(O%requency spectrum of Eouble side band supressedcarrierO D+label(O%requency($! O Dylabel(OMagnitude(' O D
SAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:IN3UT:
nter the details of message signal>mplitude(' : ?
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%requency($! : /nter the details of carrier signal
>mplitude(' : /%requency($! : //
OUT3UT:
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 -5
0
5M e s s a g e S ig n a l
Tim e (s e c )
A m
p l i t u d
e ( V )
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 -1 0
0
1 0C a rrie r S ign a l
Tim e (s e c )
A m
p l i t u d
e ( V )
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 -2 0
0
2 0A m p litu d e m o d u la te d s ig n a l
Tim e (s e c )
A m p
l i t u d
e ( V )
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 -5
0
5D o u b le s id e b a n d s u p re s s e d c a rrie r
Tim e (s e c )
A m
p l i t u d
e ( V )
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0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000Frequency spectrum of A m plitude m odulated signal
Frequency(Hz)
M a g n
i t u
d e
( V )
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
50 0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Frequency spectrum of Double side band supressed carrier
Frequency(Hz)
M a g n
i t u
d e
( V )
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FRE8UENCY MODU2ATION3RO,RAM CODE:clcDclear allDAN7/8 DfsN7/8 DtN(/:(A- &fsDdisp(O nter the details of message signalO DvmNinput(O>mplitude(' : O DfmNinput(O%requency($! : O DwmN7XpiXfmDdisp(O nter the details of carrier signalO DvcNinput(O>mplitude(' : O DfcNinput(O%requency($! : O DwcN7XpiXfcD'mNvmX(sin(wmXt D'cNvcX(sin(wcXt DmNinput(O nter the modulation inde+: O D+NvcXsin((wcXt U(mXsin(wmXt Dfigure(subplot(8, , Dplot(t,'m Dtitle(OMessage SignalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,7 Dplot(t,'c Dtitle(O9arrier SignalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,1 Dplot(t,+ Dtitle(O%requency modulated signalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Dsubplot(8, ,8 Dmf Nabs(fft(+,A DfNfsX(/:A&7 &ADplot(f( :7?0 ,mf ( :7?0 Dtitle(O%requency spectrum of %requency modulated signalO D
+label(O%requency($! O Dylabel(OMagnitude(' O D
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SAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:IN3UT:
nter the details of message signal>mplitude(' : ?%requency($! : /
nter the details of carrier signal>mplitude(' : /%requency($! : //
nter the modulation inde+: 7
OUT3UT:
0 0 .05 0 .1 0.15 0.2 0 .25 0.3 0 .35 0 .4 0 .45 -5
0
5M es s age S ignal
Tim e(s ec )
A m p
l i t u d
e ( V )
0 0 .05 0 .1 0.15 0.2 0 .25 0.3 0 .35 0 .4 0 .45 -1 0
0
10C arrier S ignal
Tim e(s ec )
A m p
l i t u d
e ( V )
0 0 .05 0 .1 0.15 0.2 0 .25 0.3 0 .35 0 .4 0 .45 -1 0
0
10F reque nc y m odula ted s ignal
Tim e(s ec )
A m p
l i t u d
e ( V )
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2000
4000
6000F requen c y s pec trum o f F reque nc y m odulated s ignal
F reque nc y (H z )
M a g n
i t u
d e
( V )
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FS MODU2ATION3RO,RAM CODE:clcDclear allDf/N //Df N1//DtN/:7Xpi&@@:7XpiDcpNQRDseNQRDbitNQRDmodNQRDmod NQRDgNQ / / / / / / / RDfor nN :length(g D if g(n NN/ dieNones( , // D cNsin(f/Xt D seN!eros( , // D else
dieNones( , // D cNsin(f Xt D seNones( , // D end cpNQcp dieRD modNQmod cRD bitNQbit seRDendfs"Ncp.XmodDsubplot(1, , Dplot(bit,O ineBidthO,7./ Dtitle(O6inary SignalO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Da+is(Q/ //Xlength(g -7 7R Dsubplot(1, ,7 Dplot(fs",O ineBidthO,7./ Dtitle(O%S< modulationO D+label(OTime(sec O Dylabel(O>mplitude(' O Da+is(Q/ //Xlength(g -7 7R D
!Nabs(fft(+corr(fs" D+N/: //Dsubplot(1, ,1 Dplot(!,O ineBidthO,7./ Dtitle(OGower spectrum of %S< signalO D+label(O%requency($! O Dylabel(OGower(d6m O Da+is(Q/ // / . Xma+(! R D
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OUT3UT:
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 140-0.5
0
0. 5
1
1. 5B inary S ignal
Tim e(sec)
A m p
l i t u d e
( V )
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 140
-1
0
1
FS K m odulation
Tim e(sec)
A m p
l i t u d e
( V )
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
x 104 P ower spect rum of FS K signal
Frequency(Hz)
P o w e r (
d B m
) )
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Expt. No.: MEASUREMENT OF S N AND C N USIN, SATE22ITE 2IN
DESI,NDate:
AIM:
To measure 9&A and S&A ratio using satellite lin" withthe uplin" frequency 7.8 $! and downlin" frequency
7.8 $!.
E8UI3MENTS RE8UIRED:
Satellite uplin" transmitter, satellite downlin"
receiver and satellite lin" emulator.
Gair of Cagi #da antennas and the 3$9G and $9G
a+ial mode heli+ antennas.>ntenna stands with connecting cables, mic, video
monitor, 99E cameras, functyion generator, 93),
spectrum analy!er.
FORMU2A:
%or
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The signals have to be sent at different frequency,
usually in the higher 8 $! band, to avoid interference
with downlin" signals. >nother function performed by the
uplin" station is to control tightly the internal functions of
the satellite itself. #plin"s are controlled so that the
transmitted microwave power beam is e+tremely narrow, in
order not to interfere with the adFacent satellites in the geo
5 arc. The powers involved are several hundred watts.
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Tra$&po$ er:
ach satellite has a number of transponder witch
access to a pair of receive & transmit antennas andassociated electronics for each channel. %or e+ample in
urope the uplin" sends a signal at a frequency of about 8
$!. These are received downlin" converted in frequency
of about & 7 $! and boosted by high power amplifier
for retransmission to earth. Separate transponder is used
for each channel and is powered by solar panels with
bac"up batteries for eclipse protection.
Sate00ite Do $ 2i$9:
The medium used to transmit signal from satellite to
earth is microwave electromagnetic radiation which is
much higher in frequency normal broadcast T' signal in
'$% & #$% bands. Microwave still e+hibit a wave li"e nature,
but inherit a tendency to serve attenuation by water vapors
or any obstruction in line of sight of antenna. The
transmitted micro wave power is e+tremely wea" by the
time it reaches earth and unless well designed equipment
is used and certain installation precaution are ta"en, the
bac"ground noise can ruin the signal.
3ROCEDURE:
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To eter"i$e C N ratio:
Set up the lin" as before, press one frequency select
switch of satellite emulator downlin" channel several
time so as to set the frequency display from 7.8,
7.87=, 7.8?8, 7.8 and bac" to 7.8 $!. this is done
to ensure the emulator downlin" G is loc"ed and
displayed frequency is generated correctly. *f
switching )A the "$! test tone via satellite. G of
complete lin" are )< and a successful satellite is said
to be established.
Aow, switch )%% the carrier switching of both satellite
and transmitter.
3eceiver will read only its noise floor at 3SS* output
which has a E9 voltage output is proportional to the
received signal strength.
The chart can be used to connect E9 voltage to
corresponding 3% signal level in d6m or d6Z'.
Say in the absence of any carrier receiver reads
/.@7' which is equal to -@0d6m.
Thus -@0d6m is noise floor of receiver that means if
carrier received by receiver is less than -@0d6m.
TA(U2AR CO2UMN:
TRANSMITTER:
3at 0o&& Vo0ta*e +V) 3o er + () C N po er + ()Low
Medium
High
U32IN :
3at 0o&& Vo0ta*e +V) 3o er + () C N po er + ()Low
MediumHigh
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DOWN2IN :
3at 0o&& Vo0ta*e +V) 3o er + () C N po er + ()Low
MediumHigh
RECEIVER:
3at 0o&& Vo0ta*e +V) 3o er + () C N po er + ()Low
MediumHigh
CONVERTIN, C N TO S N RATIO:
3at 0o&& C N 3OWER+ (") S N + ()U32IN DOWN2IN Low
MediumHigh
Switch )A transmitter and satellite, the receiver
reads .@ ' equal to -?@d6m of carrier level being
received.
9&A equal to carrier level&noise ratio as both noise
and carrier signal level detected are measured in d6.
9&A is equal to -?@-(-@0 N 1=d6m.
Ma"e sure receiver is not saturated with carrier
otherwise incorrect 9&A will be read.
Measure the 9&A readings of different levels of path
loss.
This means the received signal is Fust above the noise
floor of receiver.
RESU2T:
Thus the 9&A and S&A ratio using satellite lin" with the
uplin" and downlin" frequency has been measured.
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To eter"i$e S N ratio:
Set up the lin" as similar to 9&A.
3emove 6A9 cables from video and digital in switch
enable of telecommand meaning.Measure the noise floor of all baseband output of
demodulator of receiver by removing all modulating
signal being fed transmitter and satellite lin"
emulator.
Aow, put audio or video signal into baseband of
transmitter so that modulated carrier will be
received.
>s both noise and modulating signal are measured
in m'.
Measure S&A by varying path loss at receiver.
*f video sent is received, it means the signal is
above threshold. This means the received signal is
above noise floor.
9onnect a Cagi #da antenna at receiver and with
same polarity of satellite downlin" station.
ain of Cagi #da antenna N 1d6i
ain of $eli+ antenna N d6i
stimated gain of antennas are ta"en into account
for losses due to mismatch and consequent SB3.
&T can be calculated as:
A> noise temperature N 7@/( / (nf& /- X< N
1?@<
&T N / log( /&1?@ N-
?d6&<
Minimum to ma+imum value of &T varies between
- /d6&
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RESU2T:
Thus the 9&A and S&A ratio using satellite lin" with the
uplin" and downlin" frequency has been measured.
SATE22ITE 2IN DESI,N3RO,RAM CODE:
I#G *A<
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GtNinput(O nter the arth station transmitted o&p power: O DboNinput(O arth station 6ac" off oss: O DbfNinput(O arth station 6ranching and %eeder oss: O D
ENinput(O nter the Eiameter: O DfNinput(O nter the %requency: O D
uNinput(O>dditional #plin" >tmospheric osses: O DT Ninput(O nter the Transponder 3atio: O D
%bNinput(O nter the Transmission 6it 3ate: O D>tN /Xlog /(.??X1. 8XEXfX /&1 D
pN 1.?U7/Xlog /(f D*3GNGtU>t- bo- bfD
9GEN *3G- p- uD9A3N9GEU T U77 .0D
bAo N9A3- /Xlog /(%b De N /P(. X bAo Dfprintf(O[n The >ntenna ain: IfO,>t Dfprintf(O[n The %ree Space Gath oss: IfO, p Dfprintf(O[n *3G: IfO, *3G Dfprintf(O[n 9GE: IfO,9GE Dfprintf(O[n 9A3: IfO,9A3 Dfprintf(O[n bAo : IfO, bAo D
IE)BA *A< Gt Ninput(O[n[n nter the satellite transmitted o&p power: O D
bo Ninput(OSatellite modulation 6ac" off oss: O Dbf Ninput(OSatellite 6ranching and %eeder oss: O D
E Ninput(O nter the Satellite Eiameter: O Df Ninput(O nter the Satellite %requency: O D
d Ninput(O>dditional Eownlin" >tmospheric osses: O DT Ninput(O nter the Transponder7 3atio: O D
%b Ninput(O nter the Transmission 6it 3ate: O D>t N /Xlog /(.??X1. 8XE Xf X /&1 D
p N 1.?U7/Xlog /(f D*3G NGtU>t - bo- bfD
9GE N *3G - p - d D9A3 N9GE U T U77 .0D
bAo7N9A3 - /Xlog /(%b De7N /P(. X bAo7 D%inNe Xe7&(e Ue7 Dfprintf(O[n The >ntenna ain: IfO,>t Dfprintf(O[n The %ree Space Gath oss: IfO, p D
fprintf(O[n *3G: IfO, *3G Dfprintf(O[n 9GE: IfO,9GE Dfprintf(O[n 9A3: IfO,9A3 Dfprintf(O[n bAo : IfO, bAo7 Dfprintf(O[n[n%inal bAo: IfO,%in DSAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:
IN3UT:nter the arth station transmitted o&p power: 1/
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arth station 6ac" off oss: 1arth station 6ranching and %eeder oss: 1nter the Eiameter: /nter the %requency: 8
>dditional #plin" >tmospheric osses: /.nter the Transponder 3atio: -8.0nter the Transmission 6it 3ate: @///////
OUT3UT: The >ntenna ain: 7@./07@@ The %ree Space Gath oss: 7/0.877?0 *3G: ?1./07@@ 9GE: - ?8. ?@?=/ 9A3: 0@. 8/81/ bAo : -@.=/ @@?
IN3UT:nter the satellite transmitted o&p power: /
Satellite modulation 6ac" off oss: /.Satellite 6ranching and %eeder oss: /
nter the Satellite Eiameter: /.?nter the Satellite %requency: 7
>dditional Eownlin" >tmospheric osses: /.0nter the Transponder7 3atio: .8nter the Transmission 6it 3ate: @///////
OUT3UT: The >ntenna ain: ?.1 1771 The %ree Space Gath oss: 7/0.877?0 *3G: [email protected] 1771 9GE: - 0=.01@11= 9A3: [email protected]/001 bAo : - /. =07
%inal bAo: /./?/?@0
Expt. No.: 3C TO 3C COMMUNICATION 2INDate:
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AIM:
To connect the 3S717 ports of two computers using
optical fiber digital lin", transmit data from one G9 over this
lin" and receive the same data on the other G9.
E8UI3MENTS RE8UIRED:
in" 6 "it with power supply.
Gatch chords
meter %iber cable
@ pin E connector 9ables 5 7 Aos.
9omputer 5 7 Aos. (Minimum 9onfiguration .
THEORY:
Tra$&"itter:
Eata signals transmitted through pin1 of @-pin JEK
connector of 3S-717 9)M port are sent to pin of M>;717
and it converts these 3S-717 compatible levels of U@' or
-@' to /&? volt TT levels as given in table.
The output of M>;717 drives the GAG
transistor through a bias resistor of " ohm, to switch
on \*3 ESV and also visible E. $ere actually when theoutput of M>;717 is /' at that time the GAG
transistor will be conduct and the *3 E as well visible E
will glow.
>nd when the output of M>;717 is ?' at that time
the GAG transistor will not conduct it is in cut-off region. So,
at that time the *3 E as well the visible E will not glow.
$ere it uses laser diodes and Es for the transmitter. 6othhave their own advantages and disadvantages. 6ut Es
are more reliable and also cheap, so we will be using a E.
There are several different schemes for carrying out
the modulation function. These are respectively:
*ntensity Modulation, %requency Shift
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reason for the popularity of *ntensity Modulation is its
suitability for operation with EOs. >n E can only
produce incoherent optical power. Since *ntensity
Modulation does not require coherence it can be used with
an E.
The E that we have used has the following
features:
*nfrared E
Ao optical design required
Suitable for G9 to Geripheral lin"s
Recei!er:
The *3 signals are detected by a photo diode (E .>
Ghoto Eiode is reverse biased L brea"s down when *3 light
falls on its Function .The detected TT level (/&?' signals
are coupled to pin / of M>; 717 *9 .These TT levels are
converted toU@'or -@' levels internally L output at pin =.
> visible E at pin = of M>;717 *9 indicated that
the signals are bagging received. Gin = is also connected to
pin 7 of pin @ JEK connector used for the serial port in the
G9, so that the data may be read .The optical signals
received by the photodiodes are in fact converted to
electrical pulses and both the G9s \thin"V that there is null
modem cable connected between them.
The 3eceiver component serves two functions. %irst,
it must sense or detect the light coupled out of the fiber
optic cable then convert the light into an electrical signal.Secondly, it must demodulate this light to determine the
identity of the binary data that it represents. *n total, it
must detect light and then measure the relevant
*nformation bearing light wave parameters. > 3eceiver is
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generally designed with a Transmitter. 6oth are modules
within the same pac"age. The very heart of the receiver
is the means for sensing the light output of the fiber optic
cable. ight is detected and then converted to an electrical
signal. The demodulation decision process is carried
out on the resulting electrical signal. The light detection is
carried out by a photodiode. This senses light and converts it
into an electrical current.
3ROCEDURE:
Ma"e connections as per figure. 9onnect the power supply
with proper polarity to in" 6 "it. Bhile connecting this,
ensure that power supply is )%%.
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Slightly unscrew the cap of E S%$=?0' (00/ nm
on "it. Eo not remove fiber into the cap. Aow tight
the cap by screwing it bac".
Slightly unscrew the cap of 3; photo transistor with TT logic output S%$?? '. Eo not remove the cap
from the connector. )nce the cap is loosened, insert
the other end of fiber into the cap. Aow tighten the
cap by screwing it bac".
9onnect TT )#T post of 3eceiver section to 9)M7
post on the "it (3S 717 section .
>fter putting )A one of the G9, go to ST>3T M A#,
G3) 3>MS, >99 SS)3* S, 9)MM#A*9>T*)A and
then 9lic" on $CG 3 T 3M*A> .
> new Bindow will open, where in you Eouble 9lic"
$CG 3T 3M, Two windows will open, one at the
bac"ground and another (small window with title
connection description which will be active.
nter the name in the bo+ by which you would li"e to
store your connection for e.g. (G97G9 and 9lic" )lso you could select the icon provided below. The
bac"ground window title will change to the name
provided by you.
Then specify connect using: by selecting Eirect to
9)M or port where your cable is connected and then
clic" on )
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Glease chec" the port you have selected and the
ports you are connecting.
Aow window with title 9)M Groperties will appear
where port setting should be done as shown below
and clic" on )
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%or 6it per second setting you could select them for
different speeds. Eo not e+ceed it above ?7// bps.
>fter the above settings you clic" )
window will be prompted having title Send %ile with
%ile Aame and Grotocol. See %* .
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Select 6rowse for the file, which you would li"e to
send to the G9 connected, select the file and 9lic" on
)pen the file name and address will be displayed in
the small window. Then select the window will
be prompted having title 3eceived %ile with location
at which you want to store the received file and
receiving protocol. See %* .
Select 6rowse for the file, which you would li"e to
send to the G9 connected, select the file and 9lic" on
)pen the file name and address will be displayed in
the small window. Then select the same
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)n the G9 from which the selected file to be
transmitted, clic" on S AE. > window will open
showing file transfer status. *mmediately at the
receiving G9 clic" 3eceive (otherwise Time out error
will be displayed and communication will fail . Cou
will see a window showing file is begin received in the
form of pac"ets. See %* .
>fter file is transferred both the windows in the
(transmitting L receiving G9s will close. 9hec" for
the received file in the folder where the file is stored.
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RESU2T:
Thus the G9 to G9 communication has been
established using a fiber optic digital lin".
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3C TO 3C COMMUNICATION THROU,H O3TICA2 2IN
TRANSMITTER:
3RO,RAM CODE:
clcDclear allDs Ninput(J nter the Te+t to be Transmitted: J Dpause( D
I)pening Gorts and Specifying its Groperties
s7Nserial(J9)M K Dset(s7,K6aud3ateK,@0//,KEata6itsK, ,KStop6itsK, , K)utput6ufferSi!eK, /8 ?=0 Dfopen(s7 Dfprintf(s7,s D
I9losing Gorts
fclose(s7 Ddelete(s7 Dclear(s7 Ddisp(J[n[nE>T> *S T3>ASM*TT EK D
SAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:
nter the Te+t to be Transmitted: J9ollege StudentsK
E>T> *S T3>ASM*TT E
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3C TO 3C COMMUNICATION THROU,H O3TICA2 2IN
RECEIVER:
3RO,RAM CODE:
clcDclear allD
I)pening Gorts and Specifying its Groperties
s7Nserial(J9)M K Dset(s7,K6aud3ateK,@0//,KEata6itsK, ,KStop6itsK, , K)utput6ufferSi!eK, /8 ?=0 Dfopen(s7 DdataNfscanf(s7 D
I9losing Gorts
fclose(s7 Ddelete(s7 Dclear(s7 Ddisp(JE>T> *S 3 9 *' E: K Ddisp(J[n[ndataK D
SAM32E IN3UT AND OUT3UT:
E>T> *S 3 9 *' E:
9ollege Students
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Expt. No.: STUDY OF ,3S TRAINER MODU2EDate:
AIM:
To perform the e+periment using GS trainer module and
to determine the number of active satellite in the
geographical location.
To infer the data received from the satellite.
THEORY:
C0oc9 O&ci00ator:
*t generates $! cloc" pulse. %or generation of $! cloc"
pulse timer *9???. # is used in astable mode. The 39
combination is used as per the values derived using the
formulas,
output of # is given to the invereter # (*9=8 S=8 across the
input and output of which 6i-color E ( is used for the
indication. )utput of # is ta"en cloc" input for # 7 (*9=8 S1@1 .
Di!i e 5' 5; Circ#it:
6inary counter # 7 (*9=8 S1@1 is used to divide the $!
cloc" pulse from oscillator section by b8. The output of binary
counter is used as input for # 1 (*9=8 S 71 .
Mo$o&ta50e M#0ti!i5rator:
)utput of monostable negative triggerable multivinrator ' 1
(*9=8 S 71 is used to reference pulse to cone of the inputs of
>AE gate ' 8 (*9=8 S/ second input for ' 8 is received from
transmitted output of GS receiver.
(eeper Recei!er:
Transmitter ] and ] 7 (7A1@/8 are used in as Earlington
pair for driving the beeper and 9E ( S . This is a audio visual
indication for self chec" cycle of GS receiver.
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,3S Recei!er:
> typical receiver consists of the following components >ntenna (usually microstrip
ow noise 3% amplifier
9ode demodulators
6an" of correlators (one of each channel upto 7
mbedded microcontroller
Gower conditioner
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Si*$a0 3roce&&i$*: The receiver demodulates the navigation message
superimposed on the carrier. 6y the time the signal reaches the
receiver, it is attenuated by 0/ d6. The resulting low signal
level requires an antenna and amplifier as ahown in the bloc"
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diagram. The antenna and amplifier are termed to frequency
and enough bandwidth to pass the respective signal.
Co e De"o #0atio$:
*t is accomplished by a costers loop. That is by multiplying
the incoming signal by a relica of the carrier generated by a
local oscillator. *f the phase of the local oscillator does not
e+actly match the phase of the carrier, error occurs. Therefore
the phase of 9 is more adFustable to trac" the carrier phase.
The output of the costers loop is the navigation message
superimposed on the GA code. Therefore the GA code must be
removed. This is accomplished by correlating the received GA
code with a locally generated replica of GA code after phase
synchroni!ation.
3o&itio$i$* So/t are:
The embedded microcontroller may implement the
following functions: 9orrelation&synchroni!ation
%etching the navigation message
9alculating positioning information
Storming data %ormatting data
)utputting data on a serial port of computer
interfacing
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Start the GS trainer module.
9hec" for GS fa+ availability.
9lic" start to view the active and passive satellite.
Then clic" the SA3 plot, to "now the SA3 value of all
active satellite.
o to survey to "now the latitude and longitudinal position
of the satellite.
9hec" the A>'* >T*)A report, to "now thedistance of the
satellite from the sea level.
RESU2T:
Thus the e+periment for GS trainer module, to determinethe number of active satellite and infer data received from the
satellite was performed.
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