advanced electrodialysis and per vapor at ion for fermentation-derived organic acids production

8/3/2019 Advanced Electrodialysis and Per Vapor at Ion for Fermentation-Derived Organic Acids Production

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/4/tq4so/cp-?77of.MEASUREMENT OF SEXTUPOLE ORBIT OFFSETS IN THE APS*@cG!P@oTORAGE RING *

M. Bor la nd, E .A. Cr osbie, a ndN .S. Ser enoANL, Argonne, IL $~~ = ~ .AbstractHorizontal orbit errors at the sextuples in the AdvancedPhoton Source (APS) storage ring can cause changes intune and modulation of the beta fimctions around the ring.To det.q-rnine the significance of these effects requiresknowing the orbit relative to the magnetic center of the sex-tuples. The method considered here to determine the hor-izontal beam position in a given sextupole is tomeasure thetune shifl caused by a change in the sextupole strength. Thetune shift and a beta function for the same plane uniquelydetermine the horizontal beam position in the sextupole.The beta tlmction at the sextupole was determined by prop-agating the beta functions measured at nearby quadmpolesto the sextupole location. This method was used tomeasurethe sextupole magnetic center offset relative to an adjacentbeam position monitor (BPM) at a number of sextupole lo-cations. We report on the successes and problems of themethod as well as an improved method.

1 INTRODUCTIONGiven the strong sextuples present in third-generationlight sources, miscentering of the beam in the sextuplescan seriously impact ones ability to model the machinesbehavior. This affects ones abWy to correct the orbi~ ad-just the tunes, and perform other corrections that tend tomake use of data from modeling. It may also have an ad-verse effect on dynamic aperture and injection.There are several possible sources of such miscentering.First, a sextupole may simply be improperly dlgned. Sec-ond, an unknown or mistaken value for a BPM offset mayresult in steering off axis in the sextupole. Third, the beammay be moved deliberately to steer for a user. (At AI%,final beam alignment for users is performed by steeringof the electron beam.) Fourth, since some sextuples arein dispersion areas, a systematic miscentering may resultfrom a particular choice of the rf frequency.At APS, many BPM offsets are derived using a scanningtechnique using a quadruple and a corrector bump [1].This permits finding the offsets relative to quadruplesfor those BPMs that are adjacent to quadruples. Themethod relies on the fact that if the beam is centered in aquadruple, then changing the strength of that quadrupledoes not change the orbit. Because this method is relativelystraightforward to implement, we used it as the definition ofour BPM offsets. The assumption was that the sextupleswere well-aligned relative to the quadruples, so that steer-ing to the center of quadruples would also center the beamin the sextuples.Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Otl iec of Basic En-

ergy Sciences, under Contract No. W-3 1-109-ENG-38.

However, we encountered persist dis:&$Q@~tween our model of the ring and me~+.~ n fthebetafimctions. Hence, a program to measure th @m posi-tion in sextuples directly was undertaken. Note that whilewe sometimes speak of measuring sextupole offsets orpositions and of sextupole miscentering~ we are in factmeasuring the position of the beam relative to the sextupolecenter for a particular lattice configuration and steering.2 PRINCIPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT

Themeasurement relies on the quadruple field componentgenerated by a displaced sextupole magnet. It also makesuse of the existence of individual power supplies for the280 sextuples and 400 quadruples in the Al%. The effec-tive geometric focusing strength (Kl) seen by a beam dis-placed by z from the magnetic center of a sextupole of ge-ometric strength Kz is just KXZ. If the sextupole strengthis changed between states 1 and 2 with no change in orbitthen the tune change is related to the change in K2 by awell-known [2] equation, giving

*V_ */?AK2xL. 4T (1)where L8 is the length of the sextupole, the + () sign isused if horizontal (ventical) tune data is used, and the ~function should be for the same plane as the tune change.In order to determine x, we change the strength of thesextupole and measures the change in tune. To make thetune change as large as possible, we chose to change thesextupole from zero to maximum current. The value ofAK2L. is then 4.974 m-2 [3] for APS sextuples.In order to eliminate spurious tune changes due to orbitmotion elsewhere in the ring caused by the change in thesextupole field, we employed continuous orbit correctionand a settling period (30-60s) to allow correction of anyorbit perturbation. Typical perturbations were 20-30 pmpeak and were easily corrected.The beta function value needed to compute z was orig-

inally taken from the model. Later, we implemented a re-finement of the technique that involves using measured betafunctions from two quadruples that bracket the sextupole.3 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND

DATA ANALYSISThe principle of this measurement is clearly quite sirtl-ple, and it was readily implemented using existing SOft-ware took, notably the SDDS (Self-Describing Data Sets)toolkit [1, 4, 5]. The measurement is available via a GUIinterface built using the TcVllc script language. The scriptuses SDDS tools for data collection, analysis, and display.

W submitted manuscripthitsbeen created by the Universityof Chicago asOperatot of Argonne National LaboratoryC~gonne) under conm~t No. W-31-1~-ENG-38with the US. Department of Energy.?hc US. Governmentretains foritself, andodwrs wring on iu behalf,a paid-up, nonexclusive. irrev~ble worldwidefi~n~ in adarticle to reproduce, prepure derivative works. distiburc copies to the public, andpaforrn publicly and displtiypublicly, byor on bebalf of rheGovernment.


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DISCLAIMERThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsoredbyanagency of the United States Government. Neither theUnited States Government nor any agency thereof, nor anyof their employees, make any warranty, express or implied,or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for theaccuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents thatits use would not infringe privately owned rights. Referenceherein to any specific commercial product, process, orservice by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, orotherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply itsendorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the UnitedStates Government or any agency thereof. The views andopinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarilystate or reflect those of the United States Government orany agency thereof.


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IntroductionMa ny or ga nic a cids ca n r epr odu ced fr om ca rboh ydr at es via fem en ta tion [1]. Th eexis t ing uses of t hese fermen t a tion -der ived organ ic a cid s a r e p r ima r ily in food app lica t ion s.Ther e a r e a lso indus tr ia l app lica t ion s, especia lly for cit r ic a cid and sod ium glucona t e. Someof these organ ic acids, pa r t icu lar ly lact ic and succin ic acids, are a lso known to have

s ign ifica n t mar ket pot en t ia l a s a feed st ock for la r ge-volume chem ica ls a nd polymer s [24].However , t her e a r e s ign ifican t t echnoeconomica l ba r r ier s t hat need to be over come for t hesefermen ta tion -der ived or ga nic a cids t o ca pt ur e t hese la rge-volume pot en tia l m ar ket s.Ar gon ne Na tion al La bor at or y (ANL) h as developed a n ovel pr ocess for t he production oflactic acid and it s der iva t ives , par t icu la r ly la ct a t e es ter , fr om ca rbohyd ra t e. I n t h is p roces s,two advan ced membr a ne-s ep ar at ion t echnologies elect r od ia lys is a nd per va por a tion a re su ccessfu lly applied t o over come th e major ch allen ges in pr oduct pu rifica t ion anden able th e low-cost pr odu ct ion of eth yl lacta te for lar ge-volume markets as in dust r ia lsolvents and chemical feedstocks.

Commercia l lact ic acid fermenta t ion was pract iced as ea r ly as 1881. Theconven t iona l fermen t a tion p roces s t yp ica lly involves fermen t ing suit able ca rbohyd rat es t ola ct ic a cid , which is neu t r alized t o form ca lcium lact a te, followed by pur ifica t ion of ca lcium- ----la ct at e a nd a ddit ion of su lfu ric a cid t o form fr ee la ct ic a cid a nd ca lcium su lfa te. Ch em ica lsynth esis of la ct ic acid in volves r eact in g h ydr ogen cya nide with acet aldehyde t o for mla ct on it rile, followed by h ydr olysis a nd pu rifica tion t o obt ain a pu rified la ct ic a cid [2].Compared with the fermenta t ion rou te, the syn thet ic process has a much higher rawmat er ia l cost a nd is n o lon ger compet it ive, beca use of t he n ew t ech nologies developed inr ecen t yea r s for t he fermen t a tion rou t e.P rogram St ra tegy, Oppor tun it ie s, and Technica l Challenges

The ANL p rogr am of ch em ica ls a nd polymer feeds tock s fr om ca r bohyd ra te-d er ivedlact ic a cid has adopted a pla tform st ra tegy based on lacta te ester as th e in ter media te,wh ich h as immedia te mar ket pot en t ia l it self a nd lea ds t o ot h er p roduct s (s ee F igu r e 1).La ct at e est er s h ave excellen t solven t pr oper ties; a re n on toxic (a ppr oved for fooduse); a re completely degradable; and ha ve t he potent ia l t o be a major gr een solven t for ..widespr ea d u se in in du st r ia l, commer cia l, a nd con sumer a pplica t ion s. E t hyl la ct at e is a ls oa very versa t ile bu ilding-block molecu le that can be used to der ive a wide var iety ofchemica l pr odu ct s su ch as degr ada ble pla st ic polym er s; t hr ee-ca rbon oxygen at edch em ica ls , s uch a s p ropylen e glycol, a cr yla tes , a nd p ropylen e oxid e; a nd specia lt y p roductderivatives by usin g cer ta in basic ch emical and ca ta lyt ic con ver sion processes. Thepot en tia l volume a nd dolla r va lu e of t he pla tform of pr odu ct s t ha t a re der iva ble exceeds7 billion lb/yr a nd $5 billion /yr in t he Unit ed St at es a lon e (see Ta ble 1). Th us, t his pla tformst ra tegy for these key chemica l in termedia tes can lead to a major oppor tun ity forU nit ed St at es in du st ry t o m ake en vir onmen ta lly fr ien dly ch em ica ls a nd pr odu ct s fr omrenewable carbohydrate feedstocks.A lot of publish ed in format ion is a va ila ble r ega r ding t h e formula t ion a nd effica cy ofla ct a te es t er solven t app lica t ion s . These app lica t ion s r ange from ma jor indus tr ia l s egmen t s(s uch a s s em iconduct or manu fa ct u rin g, pa in t s a nd coa tin gs , met al clea n ing, p rin t in g, a ndadhes ives ) t o commer cia l s egmen ts (s uch a s p ain t s tr ipp ing a nd decr ea sin g) a nd con sumeru ses (su ch as gen era l-pu rpose degrea sers and clean er s) [5, 6]. Ther efor e, t he solventmarkets for lacta te est er can be captured immediately, thereby eliminat ing the longlead-t ime required to deve lop new product applica t ions .

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To succeed with such as st ra tegy, the ener gy use, the waste product ion, and themanu fa ct u rin g cos t h as t o become ver y low. The innova t ive t echnologies developed a t ANLhave addressed and overcome these bar r iers for lacta te ester so that it can be costcompet it ive and serve a s a p la t form chemica l of t he fu t u r e.Commer cia l la ct ic a cid fermen ta tion pr ocesses u se ba ct er ia (e.g., LactobaciUus

delbrueckii) or fungi (e.g., Rhizopus oryzae) t o con ver t ca rboh ydr at e in to la ct at e [1]. Th ekey technica l issues in the fermenta t ion step (such as product concent ra t ion , yield,pr oduct ivit y, n ut r ien t r equ irem ent s, st ra in st ability, an d pr odu ct isomer ) ha ve beenadequa tely a ddr es sed by many r es ea r ch gr oups t o develop efficien t fermen t at ion p roces ses[1, 7]. Th e most sign ifica nt t ech nica l ba rr ier s for t he pr odu ct ion of la ct ic a cid a nd la ct at ees ter a r e in p roduct separ a t ion and pu rifica t ion s tep s and include t he following1. Cat ion elimina t ion without genera t ing salt waste: The lact ic acidfermen t at ion p roces s p roduces a s alt of t h e or ga n ic a cid (e.g., ca lcium la ct a teor ammonium lacta te), r a ther than the acid, in a crude, impure broth .H owever , it is u su ally t he pu rified a cid t ha t is r equ ir ed for con ver sion in toest ers or oth er lact ic acid der ivat ives. Th e quest ion of h ow to con ver t t hislacta te sa lt in to the acid without consuming an equiva len t quant ity ofa not her acid and gen era tin g an equivalent qu an tit y of waste sa lt has beent h e ma jor t echn ica l ch a llenge of ca t ion elim in a tion . Conven t ion a l la ct ic a cidr ecove ry t echnologies , such a s miner a l a cid add it ion or ion -exchange, p roducewa st e ca lcium sulfa t e or ot h er wa st e s alt s.2. E fficien t est er ifica tion for fin al pu rifica tion : F or t he la ct ic a cid or la ct at eest er to be suitable for solven t applica t ions or as a feedstock forpolymer iza t ion or ch em ica l conver sion , a ver y h igh pur it y is r equ ir ed . La ct ica cid fermen t a tion b rot h con t a in s h igh concent r a tion s of impur it ies ; t her efor e,pr odu ct pu rifica tion t o meet t he r equ ir ed specifica tion is a ver y sign ifica ntcha llenge. Although many differen t approaches have been at tempted,ester ifica tion has been known to be th e on ly effect ive, r eliable met hod to

obt ain t he h igh pu rit y n eeded for la ct ic a cid t o be a feedst ock for t he ch em ica lcon ver sion an d polymeriza tion processes. H owever , th e convent iona lprocesses for lact ic acid ester ifica tion a re in efficien t an d cost ly beca use of th e . .contact ing and equi libr ium conversion issues.The Membrane-Based ANL Approach

The ANL process u ses a dvan ced elect r odia lysis and per vapora tion for pr odu ctsepa ra tion a nd est er ifica tion a nd over comes t he a for emen tion ed t ech nica l ba rr ier s. Th ispr ocess r equ ir es lit tle en er gy in pu t, is h igh ly efficien t a nd select ive, a nd elim in at es t hela rge volumes of sa lt wa st e pr odu ced by con ven tion al pr ocesses. Th e ANL pr ocess u ses adou ble-elect rodia lysis a ppr oa ch t o r ecover la ct at e ft om t he cr ude fermen ta tion br ot h a ndcover t t he lact ate in to lact ic acid with ou t gen er at in g a salt waste. As sh own in Figu re 2,t he desa lt in g elect rodia lysis st ep pu rifies a nd con cen tr at es t he la ct at e, a nd con ver sion ofla ct a te in t o la ct ic a cid is a ccomplished by wat er -split t ing elect r od ia lys is , which employs t hebipola r wa ter -split tin g m embr an e. Th e u se of wa ter -split tin g for fermen ta tion pr odu ctsepar at ion is t ech nica lly ch allen gin g because of th e low con du ct ivit ies of th e pr ocesss tr eams and t h e pot en t ia l in t er fer en ce of s oluble impu r it ies t o elect r od ia lys is oper a tion . I nANLs dou ble-elect rodia lysis pr ocess, t he desa lt in g elect rodia lysis st ep im pr oves t heoper abilit y a nd efficien cy of wa ter -split tin g elect rodia lysis t o mak e su ch a n a pplica tionfeasible and economical .

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Es ter ifica t ion is a r ever s ible r ea ct ion . The et hyl es t er ifica t ion of la ct ic a cid a s shownbelow has a low equ ilibr ium cons tan t (abou t 2).CH8CHOHCOOH + ROH ~s CH~CHOHCOOR+ HZO

Ther efor e, a h igh con ver sion yield ca nn ot be a ch ieved u nless t he pr odu ct (es ter or wa ter ) isr emoved . However , t he r ela t ive vola t ilit y of t he componen t s of t h is sys tem is a s follows:

E t ha nol > Wa t er> E t hyl La ct at e> La ct ic Acid ,a nd so dist illa tion , in clu din g r ea ct ive dist illa tion , ca nn ot be u sed t o efficien tly r em ovewater or ester an d ach ieve a h igh con ver sion . In a ddit ion , t he h igh vola tilit y of et ha nolcr ea t es p roblems in t erms of r et a in in g t h e a lcohol in t h e r ea ct ion m ixt u re, a nd t h e exis ten ceof th e a lcoh ol/wa ter azet rope makes removin g th e wat er fr om th e system difficu lt . As ar esu lt , con ven tion al pr ocesses for lact ic a cid ester ifica tion wit h vola t ile a lcoh ols a rein efficien t a nd cos tly beca use of in ten sive en er gy con sumpt ion , low con ver sion , a nd h ighlacta t e and a lcohol losses.

As sh own in F igu re 3, t he ANL est er ifica tion pr oces s u ses s elect ive per va por at ion..

m embr an es t o efficien tly r emove wa ter du rin g est er ifica tion , wh er ea s a lcoh ol, a cid, a ndes ter a r e r et a in ed in t h e es ter ifica t ion r ea ct or [8]. Commer cia lly a va ila ble per va por a tionmembr an es h ave been foun d t o give ver y good per for man ce for t his pr ocess, wit h goodmembr an e st abilit y, econ om ica lly a tt ra ct ive flu x, a nd a less t ha n 1% loss of a lcoh ol. Th isper va por at ion -a ssist ed est er ifica tion pr ocess m akes it possible t o u se a sm all excess ofa lcohol to achieve very h igh conversions and fast react ion ra tes. Because of the h ighconver s ions and low levels of undes ir able by-p roduct s in t he r eact ion mixtu r e, pu rifica t ionof la ct at e est er fr om t he r ea ct ion m ixt ur e becom es ver y ea sy. H igh ly pu re et hyl la ct at e isreadily produced at h igh yields in the subsequent dist illa t ions, This lacta te esterpr odu ct ion pr ocess h as been su ccessfu lly dem on st ra ted in t he pilot sca le, a nd t he et hyllacta te product has been shown to meet the pur ity requ irement s of ta rget marketapplications.Th is pa ten ted ANL per va por at ion -a ssist ed est er ii3ca tion pr ocess a lso a llows for apot en t ia l br ea kt h rough in t h e d ir ect es ter ifica t ion of ammon ium la ct a te t o et h yl la ct at e. I nt his pr ocess, t he per va por at ion m embr an es pa ss ammon ia a nd wa ter a nd yet r et ain ot herr ea ct a nt s. By d ir ect ly es ter i&ing ammon ium la ct at e, t h is p roces s ca n pot en t ia lly elim in a temu lt ip le p roces s s tep s and cos ts a ssocia t ed wit h wat er -split t ing elect r od ia lys is or any otheracidifica t ion process and become the lowest cost lacta te-ester process.By over com ing t h es e t echn ica l ba r rier s, t h is novel ANL p roces s u ses a pp roxima telyon e-t en t h of t h e en er gy of t h e conven t ion a l p roces s, elim in a tes t h e p roduct ion of wa st e sa lt ,a nd will en a ble t h e s ellin g p rice of la ct a te es ter s t o be lower ed, fr om abou t $1.60$2.00/lb t oless than $1.00/lb. At such pr ices, it would be technically and commercia lly viable tor ep la ce a wid e r a nge of envir onmen t -d amaging halogen at ed a nd t oxic s olven ts wit h la ct a teesters.Du r in g t h e cou r se of d evelop ing t his membr an e-ba sed ANL proces s for la ct at e es terproduct ion , it was recognized that successfu l development of new applica t ions formembrane separat ion technologies requ ires the following

q Pr oper in tegr at ion of th e en ablin g membr an e separa tion steps with ot herp roces sin g st eps t h at u se conven t ion a l t echnologies (i.e., ion -exch ange a nddistillation).

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. Asystem's a pproach toth epet ioman ce of t hemembr an e systems, in cludin ga ll compon en ts (e.g., ga sk et s a nd a dh esive), in st ea d of focu sin g on ly on t hemembranes.c Close collabor at ions between th e equ ipment su pplier and t he applica t iondeveloper to ensure proper use of the membranes and equipment and todevelop novel applications.Conclusions

E th yl la ct at e an d ot her la ct at e est er s pr odu ced fr om ca rboh ydr at e h ave pot en tia lm ar ket s a s n on toxic r epla cemen ts for h alogen at ed a nd t oxic solven ts a nd a s feedst ock s forla r ge-volume chem ica ls a nd polymer s. The tota l volume and dollar of these poten t ia lmarkets exceed 7 billion lb/yr and $5 billion /yr in t he Un ited Sta tes. Ar gon ne Na tion alLabor a tor y h as d eveloped a novel pr oces s for t h e p roduct ion of h igh -pur it y et h yl la ct a te a ndot her la ct at e est er s fr om ca rboh ydr at e. Th e pr ocess u ses a dva nced elect rodia lysis a ndper va por at ion t ech nologies t o over come major t ech nica l ba rr ier s in pr odu ct sepa ra tion ;mor e specifica lly, t he pr ocess in volves ca tion elim in at ion wit hou t t he gen er at ion of sa ltwa st e and efficien t es te rifica t ion for fina l pur ifica t ion . Th is pat en t ed p roces s r equir es lit t leen er gy in pu t, is h igh ly efiicien t a nd select ive, elim in at es t he la rge volumes of sa lt wa ste ~p roduced by conven t iona l p roces ses , and s ign ifican t ly r educes t he manu fact u r ing cos t. Theenabling membrane separ a t ion t echnologies make it t echn ica lly and commercia lly fea siblefor la ct a t e es ter s t o penet r a te t hese la rge-volume pot en t ia l ma rket s.Acknowledgment

Wor k su ppor ted by t he U .S. Depa rtmen t of E ner gy, Assist an t Secr et ar y for E ner gyEfficiency and Renewable Energy, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.References1. Bigelis, R., a nd S.P . Tsa i, Microorganisms for Organic Acid Product ion, in Y.H . H ui and

G.G. Khacha t ou r ian s (ed s.), Food Biot echnolo~ Microorgan isms , VCH Publisher s, N .Y.(1994).2. Dat ta , R., S.P . Tsai, P .V. Bon sign ore, S.-H . Moon, an d J .R. Fr ank, Technological andEconomic Potent ia l of Poly-lact ic Acid and Lact ic Acid Der ivat ives , FEMS MicrobiologyReviews, 16:221-231 (1995).3. J a in , M. K., R. Dat ta , and J .G. Zeikus, High-value Organic AcidsFermenta tion-Emerging Processes and Product s, in T.K. Gh ose a nd M. Win kler (eds,),Biopr ocess E ngin eer in g Th e F ir st Gen er at ion , E llis H orwood Lim it ed, Ch ich est er ,England (1989).4. Lipin sky, E.S., and R.G. Sin cla ir , 1s Lact ic Acid a Commod ity Ch em ical?, ChemicalEngineer ing Progress, 82 (8):2632 (1986).5. Anonymous , PURASOLV, P rodu ct Br och ur e, P ur ac In c., 1845 E . Ra nd Roa d, Su it e 103,Ar lington Heigh t s , IL 60004 , 1994.6. van Arnum, P., Solv en ts Adapt to Pressu re, Chem ica l Ma r ket in g Repor t er , Sp ecia lRepor t , Solvent s 95 , SR18 (Oct . 2 , 1995).7. Tsa i, S.P ., R.D. Coleman , S.-H . Moon , K.A. Sch neider , a nd C. Sa nville Milla rd, StrainS creening and Developm ent for Industrial Lactic Acid Ferm entation, AppliedBiochemistry and Biotechnology, 39/40:323-335 (1993).8. Dat ta , R., an d S.P . Tsai, Esterif ication of Fermentation-Derived Acids via Pervaporation,U.S . Pa ten t 5 ,723,639, assigned to Unive rsity of Chicago, March 3 , 1998.

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Carbohydrates- ~

Formulation and

LJ PolymerizationLactateEsterI Catalytic Dehydration

Green Solvents

Lactic Polymers

Propylene GlycolPropylene Oxide

Acrylate EsterAcrylic Acid

Figure 1. Solven t s, Oxychemica ls , and Polymer Feedstock Product ion fromCarbohydra te-Der ived Lacta te Es ter

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Table 1. Solven t s, Chemica ls , and Polymer s Der ivable from Lact a te Es ter9

Product Uses US. Marketa Selling Pr icea Tota l Value(billion lb/yr) ($flb) (million $/yr)Green SolventsEsters Industrial , o.5-l.ob Oa-1.ob 500800commercial,consumerapplicationsEster Same a s a bove o.1-o.2b lob 100-200Der iva t ives andBlendsPolymersDegradable Packaging, 0.32.5 0.40-0.60C 180-1,000Plastics films, moldedarticlesO~chemicalsPropylene Polymers, food, 0.9 0.65 585Glycol deicers,humectantsAcrylic Acid Polymers, 1.7 0.80 1,360(Acryla t es) plast ics, iilms,coatingsPropylene Oxide Polymers, 3.6d 0.64 2,300plastics,solventsSpecialty Productsvar ious va r ious 0.05-0.1 1.00 50100TOTALS 7.110.0 5,075-6,345aQuan tit ies and prices ar e for 1998 (C&EN and Ch emical Mar ket in g Repor ter) u nlessotherwise noted.bArgonne Nat iona l Labora tory and NTEC est ima tes .CEst ima tesfrom Bat t elle and 1993 Cargill announcement.Excludes propylene oxide (PO) used for propylene glycol (PG) manufacture.

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advanced electrodialysis and per vapor at ion for fermentation-derived organic acids production

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