advanced first aid skills summaries 2012

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Copyright © 2012 The Canadian Red Cross Society

Skills Summaries

Legend

Wear personal protective equipment

Communicate with patient or other responders

Record/document findings

Follow your local protocol

Treat for shock

Link to another skill

Six Rights of Medication

Additional resources



Close regulating valveand inflate cuff20 mmHg beyond

point where radialpulse disappears.

3

Skills Summaries

Blood Pressure M easurement—Palpat ion

Select correct size of cuff and place lower edge of cuff 2.5 cm(1 in.) above crease of elbow, centred over brachial artery.

1 Locate radial pulse.2

Slow ly deflate cuffuntil radial pulsereturns, then deflat

cuff fully.Record approximatesystolic bloodpressure.

5

4

Continuedeflating cuuntil pulse ino longer

heard, thenfully deflatecuff.

Recordsystolic anddiastolicbloodpressure.

7

6

Blood Pressure M easurement—Auscultat ion

Close regulating valveand inflate cuff 20 mmHgbeyond point whereradial pulse disappears.

Position stethoscope overbrachial artery.

Slowly deflate cuff untilpulse is heard.

3 54


Select correct sizeof cuff and placelow er edge of cuff

2.5 cm (1 in.)above crease ofelbow, centred overbrachial artery.

Locate rad ial p ulse.2

1




Skills Summaries

Conscious, Choki ng Adul t or Chi ld

Perform a scene survey.

Determine pat ient is chokingand tell pat ient you are hereto help.

Position self and support patientfor back bl ow s.

Give 5 firm back blow s.43

2

1

Position self for abdomi nal thrustsand give 5 abdominal thrusts.

5 Repeat cycle of back blow s and abdominal t hrusts until object isdislodged or patient begins to breathe or cough or becomes unconscious

Adaptations: chest thrusts; choking in a seated position (e.g., in awheelchair); choking alone.

7

6

Conscious, Choking Baby

Perform a scenesurvey.

Determine baby ischoking. Position selflow t o the groundand support baby’shead and neck.

2

1

Turn baby face up and give5 chest t hrusts.

Repeat cycle of back blows andchest t hrusts until object iscoughed up, baby starts to cry,breathe, or cough or becomesunconscious.

5

6

Turn baby face dow(head lower thanbody).

Give 5 firm backblows.

3

4



Skills Summaries

Unconscious, Choking Adult , Child, or Baby



Determi ne u nresponsiveness.

Open Airw ay

Check Breathing and Circulation fora maximum of 5 to 10 seconds

4

3

2

1

Start chest compr essions(30 com pressions).

Open patient’s airway and give1 ventilation.

If air does not go in, repositionhead and attempt to ventilateagain. If air still does not go in,repeat cycle of 30 compressions.

Look in mouth for an object(using a tongue-jaw lift); remove

object if seen.

85

7

6

Attempt to ventilate.

If air does not go in, continue CPR sequence of 30compressions and 2 ventilat ions. If first ventilation issuccessful, give another ventilation.

Check pulse. If there is no pulse, follow CPR sequence.

If there is a pulse, follow rescue breathing sequence.

If there is any change in patient’s condition, stop CPRand check ABCs.

910

13

12

11



Skills Summaries

Rescue Breathing for an Adult , Child, or Baby


Determin e un responsiveness,then open Airw ay.

2

1

If using a BVM, give two1-second ventilations.

4

Check Breathing and Circulation (carotid pulse for adult and child;brachial pulse for baby) for a m aximum of 5 to 10 seconds.

3

Give ventilations (1 every 5–6seconds for adult; 1 every 3–5

seconds for child or baby).Stop ventilations and checkABCs every 2 minutes or ifthere is any change in patient’scondition.

6

5

Suctioning

M easure distance of insertion(earlobe to corner of mo uth).

1 With one hand, open mout h using crossed-finger technique andinsert suction tip into m outh; never lose sight of tip and ho ld yourbreath w hile suctioning.

2

While withdrawingtip, suction unt ilairway is clear oryou can no longerhold your breath.

3 Immediatelyapplysupplementaloxygen aftersuctioning.

4





Skills Summaries

Insert ion o f an Oroph aryngeal Airw ay, Adu lt or Chil d

Determi ne u nresponsiveness,then measure distance ofinsertion (earlobe to cornerof mouth).

Select correct size of airw ay. Open mout h using crossed-finger technique or tongue-jawlif t .

321

Insert airway halfw ay, wit h curved end facing roof of mout h; then rotate airway 180° into position.4

Insert i on o f an Oroph aryngeal Airw ay, Baby

Determi ne u nresponsiveness,

then measure distance ofinsertion (earlobe to cornerof mouth).

Select correct size of airw ay.

Place padding under baby’sshoulders.

Open baby’s mouth. Using a

tongue depressor t o assist w ithinsertion, insert airway withcurved end facing dow n,following natural curvature ofbaby’s airway.

321




Skills Summaries

Insert ion o f a Nasopharyn geal Air w ay

Determine appropriate usefor NPA (i .e., recogni zingcontraindications).

M easure distance of insertion(tip of nose to earlobe),ensuring diam eter of airway

is not larger than nostril.

Lubricate airway with a water-soluble lubricant.

Insert airway into right nostrilw ith bevel tow ard septum.

43

2

1

Advance airway straight in ,not upward, until flangerests on nose; if there is anyresistance, insert into leftnostril.

5




Skills Summaries

Oxygen Set -up and Deliv ery

Check cylinder to ensure it is m arked “ oxygen.”Ensure oxygen cylinder is stable at all times.

Clear valve:a. Remove protective covering and set aside

O-ring.b. Open cylinder for 1 second to clear valve,

ensuring valve is facing aw ay from everyone.

2

1

Attach pressure regulator:a. Confirm regulator is designed to b e used w ith an oxygen cylinder.b. Put O-ring into pressure regulator.c. Place pressure regul ator on cyli nder.d. Set metal prongs into valve.e. Hand-tighten screw until pressure regulator is snug.

3

Open cylinder 1 full turn, thencheck pressure gauge.

At tach delivery device. Adjust f low meter to desiredflow rate.

4 65

Verify oxygen flow and fillreservoir of non-rebreathermask, if using.

Safely apply device on patient.7 8




Skills Summaries

Using a Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM) Resuscitatorfor Vent i lat ions

Select and insert correct size ofOPA, if appli cable.

Responder 1: assemble correctsize of BVM .

Responder 1: att ach BVM(adult, child, or baby) tosupplemental oxygen.

321

Responder 1: position mask, then open airwayand seal mask:a. Place thum bs on each side of mask.b. Place fingers of both hands along jaw bone.c. Open airway using head-ti lt /chin-lif t (or jaw

thrust if head and/or spine injury is suspected);for a baby, place padding under shoulders priorto opening airw ay.

d. Apply downw ard pressure w ith thumbs whilelif t ing jaw upward w ith f ingers.

Responder 2: begin ventilations:a. Squeeze bag smoothly just until chest

starts to rise.b. Give 1 ventilation every 5–6 seconds

(1 every 3–5 seconds for a child or baby).

c. Watch chest to see if air is going in.d. Recheck pulse and breathing after 2 minut esand every few minut es thereafter.

54




Skills Summaries

CPR f or an Ad ul t or Chi ld


Determi ne u nresponsiveness.

Open Airw ay. Check Breathing and Circulat ionfor a maximum of 5 to 10seconds.

43

2

1

Place hands in appropriateposition and give 30compressions (at a rate of atleast 100/m inute).

Give 2 ventilations with barrierdevice and supplementaloxygen.

5 6

Repeat cycle of 30 compressionsand 2 ventilations. Continue CPRuntil A ED can be applied, more

advanced care t akesover, or local protocoldictates otherwise.

If there is any change inpatient’s condition, stop CPR andcheck ABCs.

8

7

CPR f or a Baby


Determi ne u nresponsiveness,then op en Airway.

Check Breathing and Circulation

for a maximum of 5 to 10seconds.

Place fingers in appropriate

position and give 30compressions (at a rate ofat least 100/m inute).

43

2

1

Place padding under shoulders to open airway. Give2 ventilatio ns wit h barrier device and supplemental oxygen.

Repeat cycle of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations. Continue CPR until AEDcan be applied, more advanced care takes over, or local protocol dictatesotherwise.

If t here is any change i n bab y’s conditi on, stop CPR and check ABCs.7

5

6




Skills Summaries

Using an Au t om ated Ext ernal Def ibr i l l ato r (AED)

Apply correct size of electrodepads based on patient’s age.

2

Turn on AED and follow voiceprompts.

Stop CPR and ensure everybodyis clear of pat ient beforedelivering shock.

Apply shock (if in dicated),operating AED properly.

Resume CPR at app ropri atetime.

Respond appropriately w henconfronted with simulatedproblems or hazards. If thereis any change in patient’scondit ion, stop CPR and checkABCs.

7

6

5

4

3

Ensure chest is ready for electrode pad placement.1




Skills Summaries

Tw o-Rescuer CPR


Determin e un responsiveness.

Responder 1: open Airway and

check Breathing and Circulation fora maxim um of 5 to 10 seconds.

3

2

1

Responder 2: maintain airway, then position andseal mask. Responder 1: give 2 ventilations (eachlasting 1 second) until chest starts to rise.

Repeat cycle of compressions and ventilations (ata rate of 30/2 for an adult or 15/2 for a child orbaby). Responder at head periodically checks foreffectiveness of compressions by feeling for carotidpulse.

Responders switch roles between cycles. ContinueCPR until A ED can be app lied, m ore advanced caretakes over, or local protocol dictates otherwise.

Follow AED’s prompts and prepare for transport.

If th ere is any change in pat ient’s condition, stopCPR and check ABCs.

7

6 8

10

9

Responder 1: place hands in appropriateposition for chest compressions.Responder 2: pr epare AED and barrierdevice/BVM with supplemental oxygen.

4

Responder 1: giv e 30 com pressions(at a rate of at l east 100/m inute).

5




Skills Summaries

Cont rol l ing Ext ernal Bleedin g

Expose, exami ne, and appl ydirect pressure to w ound, orappropriately control bleedingif object is impaled.

Apply pressure bandage ifbleeding continues.

If b leeding contin ues, assessdistal circulation, then applytourniquet 5 to 10 cm (2 to4 in.) above injury.

1 32

Bandage wound securely.Reassess distal circulation; after 10 minutes, slowly remove tourniquet ifthere has been a significant reduction in b leeding.

M aintain aseptic technique throughout procedure.

Document application of tourniqu et, including the ti mes it was applied,tightened, and released.

7

6

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Skills Summaries

Splint ing

Expose and examine injury.Perform m anual stabilizationand control any bleeding.

Assess distal pulse and motorand sensory function.

21

M easure splintappropriately,

then apply splinto immobilizelimb above andbelow injury.

3

Pad splint asnecessary, t hensecure splint in

place.

4

Reassesscirculation andmot or and sensfunction.

Elevate splintedpart, if possible.

5

6




Skills Summaries

Tracti on Spl in t

Position splint and secure upper thigh and ankle strapsappropriately.

4

Apply traction w ith splintaccording t o local protocoland manuf acturer’srecommendations.

Secure tensor strapsappropriately.

Reassess distal pulse and mot orand sensory function.

Immo bilize both legs together.9

876

Determine need for traction splint, andensure it is not used for a joint injury(confirmed or suspected).

Assess distal pulse and motor and sensory function.2

1 Perform m anual stabilization (if thereis at least 1 other responder available).

3

Positio n t ensor straps.5




Skills Summaries

Appl icat ion of a Cervi cal Col lar

Determine need forimmobilization. Instruct patientnot to m ove and to inform youif t here is any pain and/orresistance.

Control movement of cervicalspine by delegating m anualin-line stabilization throughoutprocedure.

21

Move head into neutral alignment (ifneeded and not contraindicated).

Measure patient accurately and selectcorrect size of cervical col lar.

4

3

Apply and secure collar with minimalmovement to h ead and spine. Continueto m anually stabilize head and neck.

5




Skills Summaries

Secur in g a Pat ien t on a Backb oard

Determine need for im mobili zation.

Apply cervical collar and m aintain in -line stabilization.

Place hands in appropriate position, then roll patient ont obackboard as one unit.

3

2

1

Position patient in centre of backboard. Secure body to backboard usingappropriate strapping devices in correct sequence (chest, hips, feet).

4

Pad any natural hollows, then secure patient’s headto backboard using appropriate equipment.

If necessary, reapply/adjust cervical collar. Secure armsand hands in front of body and confirm pat ient is securebefore moving.

6

5




Skills Summaries

Helm et Remo val

Responder 1: maint ain m anualstabilization throughout.

1

Responder 2: remove any face piece that interferes with normalbreathing, maintaining an open airw ay, or performing rescue breathing.

2

Responder 2: remove chin strap or any other securing devices (e.g., padding).3

Responder 2:support head.

4

Responder 1:slide helmet off.

5 Responder 1:continue tomaintain m anualstabilization untilimmobilization iscomplete.

6




Skills Summaries

Shoul der Pad Rem ov al

Cut away clothing.1

Release or cut any straps thatinterfere with pad removal.

Support patient’s chest andupper arms.

Slow ly remove padding.

Pad any natural hollow s underpatient’s head.

2

5

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Skills Summaries

App licat ion of an Upper Body M ot ion Rest r ict io n Device

Determine need for immobilization.

Delegate m anual in-line stabilizationof head and neck until other equipmentis applied.

Apply and secure cervical collar w ithminim al movement to head and spine.

3

2

1

Position device accordingto manufacturer’srecommendations.

Confirm device positioni ng, thensecure straps in proper o rder,start ing wit h middle and lowertorso strap s.

Secure leg straps.

Pad head appropr iately.4 7

6

5

Secure head to device. Secure upper torso st rap. Safely move pat ient to abackboard as a team.

8 109

Release leg straps and slowly lowerpatient’s legs to an in-line position.

Secure patient to backboard.

11

12




Skills Summaries

Glu com et ri c Test in g

Ensure history of patient is taken anddetermine need for glucometric testing.

Gather required equipment and preparelancet and lancet device.

Insert test strip int o glucometer andmatch code number on screen to thatof test strip vial.

3

2

1

Cleanse appropriate site w ithan alcohol swab and allow todry.

Puncture skin w ith lancet usingaseptic technique.

Drop blood onto test strip.654

Dispose of sharps safely.

Obtain an accurate bloodglucose level reading.

Bandage wound.9

8

7




Skills Summaries

Loading Pati ent s int o an Am bul ance

Establish a plan with other responder(s)and work as a team.

Use proper body mechanics to safely liftand move patient.

2

1

Ensure saf et y hoo k i s en gaged. Li ft carriage.43

Posit ion st retcher. Engage locking pin.65

Ensure safety of patient andself.

Properly secure patient inambulance, then place patientin proper position.

8

7




Skills Summaries

Operat in g a St ret cher

Establish a plan with other responder(s)and work as a team.

Safely remove stretcher from ambulance.

Adjust height of stretcher.

Use proper body mechanics to safely liftand move pat ient ont o a stretcher.

4

3

2

1

Secure patient to stretcher usingappropriate straps.

Use various controls to safely movepatient’s head up or down, elevate legs,or adjust length of stretcher.

6

5

Move patient and stretcher intoambulance.

Remove patient from ambulancew ithout endangering self, patient,or other responder(s).

8

7




Skills Summaries

Vehicle Ci rcle Check

Check under hood:• En gine o il /l ea ks• Coo lant leve ls/ leaks• Power-steer ing f lu id

• Drive bel ts• Windsh ield -washer f luid• Battery clean/secure• Leaks, hoses

1

Check outside vehicle:• Lights• M ud f laps• Bo dy d ama ge/ ru st

perforation

• Flu id leaks under vehicle• Wheels, hubs, lugs, nut s• Tire condit ion/pressure (psi)

2

Check i nside vehicle:• Steering— excessive play/looseness• Brake booster operat ion• Brake pedal reserve and fade• Al l gauges• Fuel level

• Windshield w ipers and washers• Clean window s and mirrors• Heater and defroster

3

Check emergency equipment:• Emergency warning lights• Side f loodlights• Rear f loodlight• Interior l ights• Siren and PA system• Backup alarm

• Flares• Fire extinguisher• Radio• Ensure there are 2 helmets, 2 traffic

safety vests, and 2 level-C haz-matsuits

4

• Suspension, spr ings,shocks

• Exhaust system• Licence p late— clean/

valid sticker• Exter ior vehicle clean

• Horn• Seat belt operation• Parking brake operation• Clean inside cab/no damage• M irror adjustment and

condition• Patient compartm ent cleanand sanitary

Check documentat ion:• Ownership• Insurance• Collision report booklet• Annual inspection sticker and/or certificate

Report any concerns found during the vehicle check.

Check is done as per legislation for a commercial driver’s licence.7

6

5




Skills Summaries

Subun gual Hemat om a

Place affected hand or foot on asolid, stati onary surface.

2

With appropriate tool, create a small hole in middle of blood pocket to release pressure.3

Clean injured area and apply adressing.

4

Thoroughly examine injured area, then clean area.1

Fish Hook Removal

Clean affected area with soapand water, then apply a steriledressing.

2Select appropriat e method f or removing fish hook.M ethod 1 (shown above):• Press dow n on eye of hook to push barb away from tissue. With

other hand, quickly jerk out hook.M ethod 2:• M ove hook so that barbed t ip exits skin. Clip off barbed t ip and

remove remainder of hook by pulling it back the way it entered skin.

1




Skills Summaries

IV Main t enance—Preparin g an IV Line

Inspect solution and packagingprior to assembly of drip set.

Confirm and assembleappropriate drip set and lockoff t he line.

Hold solution bag inverted andremove protective cap on portusing aseptic technique.

321

Support inverted solution bag,and insert spiked end of IV dripchamber into port w ith astraight push.

4

IV Main t enance—Replacing a Sol ut ion Bag

To replace a solution bag, prepare a new bag (as above),then lock off t he line.

Invert solution bag and remove protective cap on port,then insert spiked end of IV drip chamber into port;unlock line and confirm proper flow rate.

2

1

Document tim e IV bag was changed, amount and type ofsolution hung, and any amou nt di scarded.

3

Place solution bag in propervertical position, fill drip chamber1 –2 to 2 –3 full, release line lock, andpurge air from li ne.

Confirm solution is flowing andlock off t he line.

6

5




Skills Summaries

Pulse Oxi m et ry

Confirm pulse oximetry unit isin proper w orking order, andthat there are no conditionsthat would give false readings(e.g., inadequate batterypower).

Apply pulse oximeter probe tofinger presenting w ith sufficientperfusion.

Admi nister oxygen as required.

Confirm palpated pulse rate issame as reading on oximeter.

Confirm assessment findingswit h patient.

5

4

321




Skills Summaries

Entonox ® Set -up and Deli very

Safely “ st ir” tank.3

Turn on bottle and checkfor leaks.

Deliver supplementallow-flow oxygenbetw een Entonox ®

administrations.

64

Ensure a safe environmentfor administration.

Attach regulator to tank.2

1

Monitor patient’s condition; stop protocol if patient’s

condition is negatively impacted.Upon discontinuation of administration, turn offtank and exhaust-demand valve with appropriatetool.

Prepare Entono x ® unit for subsequent usage

(including storage).

9

8

7

Pass demand valve wit h m ask t o patient, and confirmpatient self-administers correctly.

5




Skills Summaries

St andi ng Take-Dow n

Responder 1: maint ain m anual in-line stabilization.Responder 2 : apply cervical coll ar.

Responders stand on either side of patient. Responder 1: slide backboardbehind patient, ensuring that it is aligned properly (centred). Responder 2(and a third responder if available): brace bott om of backboard wit h onefoot.

2

1

While holdi ng patient’s head steadywith one hand, responders placefree hand under patient’s armpit sand grasp next highest handholdon backboard.

3

Safely lower patient to t he ground,maintaining manual in-linestabilization and using proper bodymechanics.

4

Ensure patient is appropriately held in place (e.g., elbows tucked).

If there is a third responder, Responder 3: maintain manual in-linestabilization from behind backboard.

Secure patient to backboard.7

6

5




Skills Summaries

Scene and Pri m ary Survey

Identify and reduce anypotential environm ental risksor h azards.

Identify mechanism ofinjury/chief complaint.

Identify number of pat ients.

Identify and request otherneeded resources and introduceself.

Determin e responsiveness andlevel of consciousness (AVPU:Alert, Verbal, Painful,Unresponsive).

Determine if manual spinalprecautions should be taken,and act appropriately.

54

3

2

1

Open Airw ay. Check Breathing.76

Check Circulation, including deadly bleeding.8




Skills Summaries

Secondary Survey

Interview patient and/or bystanders:• Confirm chief complaint and mechanism of injury as determined by primary survey.• Collect patient history (SAM PLE: Signs and symptoms, Allergies, M edications, Past medical history, Last meal,

Events prior to in cident).

1

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Eye Opening (E)Spontaneous–4To voice–3To p ain–2No response–1

Best Verbal Response (V)Oriented and converses–5Disoriented and converses–4Inappropriate words–3Incomprehensible sounds–2No response–1

E + V + M = 3 to 15

Best Motor Response (M)To verbal command:

Obeys command– 6To painful stimulus:

Localizes pain– 5Withdrawal–4Abnormal f lexion–3Abnormal extension–2No response–1

Check and record vital signs:• Level of consciousness (use Glasgow

Coma Scale)• Breath ing (rate, rhythm, and quali ty)• Pulse (rate, rhythm, and quality)• Skin characterist ics (colour, condit ion, and

temperature)• Blood pressure (rate)• Pupils (size, pupils of equal size, and

reactive to light)

2

Complete head-to-toe physical examination• Get consent f rom pat ient before

touching her.• Carefully and systematically examine

(exposing w hen needed) and palpate:

° Head and neck

° Shoulders and collarbones

° Chest

° Back

° Abdomen

° Pelvis and hips

° Legs and arms

3




Skills Summaries

Adm in isteri ng Glucose Gel

Place unconscious patientin semi-prone position andconscious patient in acomfortable position.

1 M easure approximately 12 grams of g lucose gel (can be onend of tongue depressor).

2

Remove oxygen mask and OPA (if using). Spread glucose gel on inside of lower cheek(buccal area).

Replace oxygen mask and OPA (if using). Promote absorption of glucose product by

massaging outer lower cheek.Document time, route (oral) and dose administered, and result on Patient Care Report.5

4

3




Skills Summaries

Rol li ng a Pat ient ont o a Backboard:From a Supine Position

Establish a plan w ith other responders and w ork as a team.

Apply cervical collar, when appropriate.

Responder 1: maintain manual in-li ne stabilization of pat ient’s head and neck througho ut

procedure.Responders 2 and 3: place backboard beside patient and kneel on other side of patient.4

3

2

1

Responder 2: grasp pat ient’sfar shoulder and hip to controlpati ent. Responder 3: grasppatient’s far hip and knee tocontrol patient.

Responder 1: give a pre-arranged command to rollpatient. Responders roll patientas one unit on to patient’s side.

Responder 2: examine patient’sback wh ile keeping one handon pat ient’s shoulder andsupporting patient againstthighs.

765

Responders 2 and 3: positionbackboard against pat ient.

Responder 1: give p re-arrangedcommand to roll patient as oneunit ont o backboard.

Responders roll patient as oneunit onto backboard. Securepatient i n centre of backboard.

10

9

8




Skills Summaries

Rol li ng a Pat ient on t o a Backboard:From a Prone Posit io n

Establish a plan w ith ot her responders and w ork as a team.

Responder 1: maintain manual in-line stabilization of patient’s head and neckthroughout procedure.

Responder 2: examine patient’s back.Responders 2 and 3: kneel beside patient and place backboard between patientand themselves.

2

43

1

Responder 2: grasp patient’s farshoulder and hip t o controlpatient.Responder 3: grasp patient’s farhip and knee to control patient.

Responder 1: giv e a pre-arranged command to rollpatient. Responders roll patientas one unit onto patient’s side.

Responder 3: positionbackboard against patient.

75 6

Responder 1: give command toroll patient as one unit ontobackboard.

8 Responders roll patient as oneunit onto backboard. If possible,apply cervical collar.

Secure patient in centre of

backboard.

10

9



Skills Summaries

Rol li ng a Pat ient on t o a Backboard:From a Sem i-Prone Posit io n

Establish a plan w ith o ther responders and w ork as a team.

Responder 1: maint ain m anual in-line stabilization of pat ient’s head and neck throughout procedure, beingcareful not to roll patient ont o her face.

Examine patient’s back.Responders 2 and 3: kneel beside patient and place backboard behind patient.

Responder 2: grasp patient ’s top shoulder and hip to cont rol pati ent.Responder 3: grasp patient ’s top hip and knee to control pat ient.

Responder 1: give pre-arranged command t o roll p atient as one unit onto backboard.6

5

43

2

1

Responders roll patient as oneunit on to backboard.

App ly cervical collar. Secure pati ent in centre ofbackboard.

987

advanced first aid skills summaries 2012

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