advanced theropod phylogeny
TRANSCRIPT
Archosaur Phylogeny
Mark Norell, George Barrowclough, Joel Cracraft (AMNH), Peter
Makovicky (TFM), Brad Livezey (CMNH), James Clark (GWU), John
Gatesy (UCR), Chris Brochu (UI)
Saurischian diversity
All evidence agrees that crocodiles are the closest
living relatives of birds.
Saurischia
Ornithischia
Archosauria
Dinosauria
~30 species
~10000 species
Crurotarsi Ornith
odira
The Problem….• Although it has been firmly established that birds are
ingroup dinosaurs there have been no detailed phylogenetic treatments of the complete group at fine taxonomic levels.
• No large combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters has been undertaken• Our experience working on coelurosaurian phylogeny has
taught us that character placement is greatly affected by taxon sampling regimes
• Fine-grained taxonomic sampling is key for a clear understanding of macroevolutionary events, such as avian origins and the evolution of associated key morphological and behavioral character systems.
Where we are at4 winged-dromaeosaur
Fossilized behavior
Goals
• Combine all relevant morphological characters into a single large matrix
• Examine an extensive series of archosaur taxa• Code taxa at the specimen level• Sequence an extensive series of Neoaves and
Crocodylia• Develop a Supermatrix database to store all
relevant character and specimen data
The Supermatrix
• A virtual archive of information• Includes both text and images• Web accessible• Platform independent• Strict version control• Entries can be combined into composites• Data can be output into formats for phylogenetic
analysis
Progress
Supermatrix model developed and site under constructionHundreds of saurischian specimens have been scored & photographedA master list of morphological characters is compiled and being updatedOngoing development and expansion of analyses for sub-clades
Saurischia
Brachiosaurus brancaiCamarasaurus lentus
Diplodocus carnegiiPatagosaurus fariasi
Volkheimeria chubutiensisLappare ntosaurus madagasc
Omeisaurus maoianus
Shunosaurus lii
Barapasaurus tagoreiIsanosaurus attavipachi
Kotasaurus yamanpalliensiVulcanodon karibaensis
Blikanasaurus cromptoniLessemsaurus sauropoidesAntetonitrus ingenipes
Melanorosaurus readiJinshanosaurus xinwaensis
Riojasaurus incertus'Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum'
Anchisaurus polyzelus
Yunnanosaurus huangiGyposaurus sinensisLufengosaurus huenei
Massospondylus carinatus
Mussaurus patagonicus
Coloradisaurus brevis
Ruehleia bedheimensis
Plateosaurus gracilisPlateosaurus engelhardti
Efraasia minorThecodontosaurus antiquusThecodontosaurus caducus
Saturnalia tupiniquimElaphrosaurus bambergiLiliensternus liliensterniCoelophysis bauri
Herrerasaurus ischigualastensisEoraptor lunensis
Lesothosaurus diagnosticusHeterodontosaurus tucki
Pisanosaurus mertiiPseudolagosuchus major
Marasuchus lilloensisLagerpeton chanarensis
8483
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8180
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2019
181716
15141312
111087
62
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Sauropodomorpha
Saurischia
Dinosauria
Eusauropoda
Neosauropoda
AllosaurusSinosauropteryxTyrannosaurusAlbertosaurusStruthiomimusOrnithomimusAnserimimusArchaeornithomimusGallimimusGarudimimusHarpymimusShenzhousaurusPelecanimimusOrnitholestesMononykusShuuvuiaPatagonykusAlvarezsaurusIngeniaOviraptorCitipatiOviraptorConchoraptorChirostenotesAvimimusMicrovenatorCaudipteryxBeipaosaurusSegnosaurusErlikosaurus AlxasaurusDromaeosaurusDeinonychusVelociraptorUnenlagiaUtahraptorSaurornitholestesAchillobatorAdasaurusUkhaa dromaosaurSinornithosaurusMicroraptorSinovenatorEK TroodontidTroodonSaurornithoidesSaurornithoidesByronosaurusSinornithoidesRahonavisArcheopteryxConfuciusornis
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Ornithomi-mosaurs
Troodontids
Dromaeosaurs
Aves
Oviraptorosaurs
Alvarezsaur
Tyrannosaurs
= Liaoning taxon
Theropod Working Grouphttp://research.amnh.org/users/norell/TWGhome.html
NEOAVIAN PHYLOGENY
Mayr & Clarke, 2003
Modern Bird Phylogenetics:Scope of the Molecular Data
Follow a liberal interpretation of generic limits: ~2450 extant genera to be sampled(expect 82%, or 2112, to berepresented by tissues
S & A had 760 genera in their "Tapestry." We expect 2.6Xcoverage in this study.
Sequencing partitioned equally betweenCracraft, Barrowclough, and Baker labs
Conopophagidae
FurnariidaeDendrocolaptidaeFormicariidaeRhinocryptidaeThamnophilidae
Furnariidae
Dendrocolaptidae
FormicariidaeRhynocryptidae
Thamnophilidae
Phylogeny of theFurnarii (suboscines)
135 of 148 generarepresented
many new insights intogeneric relationships
new biogeographic insights into origins of South Americanavifauna
16 Fringillidae (6)MotacillaPasserPloceusPrunellaIrenidae (2)Nectariniinae (2)ArcanatorModulatrixPromeropsTurdinae (2)MuscicapaCinclusMimusSturnusBombycillidae (2)Regulus (2)CerthiaSittaPolioptilaTroglodytesZosteropsGarrulaxSylviaCisticolaPycnonotusAegithalosHirundo (2)AlaudaCulicicapaElminiaParus (2)RemizPetroicidae (6)Picathartidae (2)Corvus (3)CyanocittaCorvinellaLaniusMonarcha (2)GrallinaMelampitta (2)CorcoraxStruthideaManucodia (2)ParadisaeaPtilorisChaetorhynchusRhipiduraDicrurus (2)AegithinaDryoscopusTelophorusBatisPrionopsVangaArtamusCracticusGymnorhinaStreperaOreoicaPitohuiOriolus (2)SphecotheresParamythiaColluricinclaPachycephala (2)FalcunculusPtilorrhoaCoracina (2)LalagePericrocotusVireonidae (2)ErpornisDaphoenosittaCnemophilusLoboparadisaeaPhilesturnusMelanocharitidae (4)Orthonychidae (2)Pomatostomidae (2)EphthianuraMeliphagaPardalotus (2)MalurusAiluroedusPtilonorhynchusClimacterisCormobatesMenuraCampylorhamphusFurnariusFormicariusScytalopusConopophagaThamnophilusMionectesTyrannusPipraRupicolaSchiffornisTityraNeodrepanisPhilepittaPsarisomusSmithornisPittaAcanthisittaÑAcanthisittidaeCoraciasGallus
1
"Suboscines"
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Meliphagoidea
Climacteridae
New World
Old World
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19 Callaeatidae
2
Oscines
Menuridae
Phylogeny and diversification of thelargest avian radiationF. K. Barker, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, andJ. Cracraft. 2004. PNAS 101:11040-11045
The passerines (passeriforms) arose in Australasian part of Gondwana prior to KT
Significant incongruence with DNAhybridization "Tapestry" (e.g., Australasian "Corvida" massively paraphyletic)
RAG-1 and RAG-2 nuclear genes (4129 bp)
All "families" except 1 (Hypocoliidae,endemic to Iran and Iraq!)
Otus OW
Otus NW
Otus Af r.
Strix
Asio
Bubo
Tyto
Ninox
NycteaKetupa
Ciccaba
Aegolius
Athene
Phodilus
StrigiformesRAG-1
Australasian Ninoxis sister to all otherstrigines
Otus is polyphyletic and now the separate cladesmake more sense biogeographically
Barn owls are sister tostrigines as expected
Phylogeny of the Owls
25 of 31 genera represented
What remains to be done….
• Visit more collections and sequence/score more taxa
• Annealing of subclade matrices to create Supermatrix
• Upload information onto Supermatrix website• Development of user-friendly interface to
facilitate broad use.• Large-scale simultaneous analysis of all the data