advanced thin-haul concept studies (joby aviation) tuesday presentations final/16 stoll adva… ·...
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Advanced Thin-Haul Concept StudiesAlex Stoll and Gregor Veble Mikić
Joby Aviation
18 March 2016
Comparison of specifications
2
Cessna 402C Tecnam P2012 Pilatus PC-12Advanced
concepts
Range 875 nm 620 nm 1,845 nm 400 nm
Stall speed (CAS) 67 kt 60 kt 67 kt 67 kt
Takeoff run 1,763 ft 1,410 ft 1,480 ft 2,000 ft
Seats 10 11 11 11
Engine(s) TSIO-520 TEO-540 PT6A Varies
Total power 650 hp 700 hp 1,200 hp Varies
Retractable gear ✓ ✓ ✓
Max cruise speed 194 KTAS 210 KTAS 285 KTAS 180-325 KTAS
Pressurized ✓ Varies
3
Cessna 402
Tecnam P2012
Pilatus PC-12
4
Tecnam P2012 Pilatus PC-12Cessna 4024.5
0 f
t (1
.37 m
)
4.1
7 f
t (1
.27 m
)
4.66 ft (1.42 m)
0.94 ft (0.29 m)1.05 ft (0.32 m)
4.85 ft (1.48 m)
4.8
2 f
t (1
.47 m
)
5 ft (1.52 m)
4.25 ft (1.30 m)
Advanced design configurations
5
Turbodiesels or turboprops Electric motors with turbodiesel
or turbine range extender
Mission descriptions
6
Electric
Hybrid Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
100 nm economy
cruise (≥180kt ,
8,000-10,000 ft)
67 nm
alternate45 min
IFR reserve
67 nm
alternate
45 min
IFR reserve
400 nm high-speed cruise (180-325 kt , 8,000-25,000 ft)
7
High-lift props (HLP)C402 3-motor (3M)Conventional (C)P2012 PC-12
8
Lowest battery+electricity cost Lowest gross weight Lowest total cost
9
180225
275
325
180
225
275
180
225
275
325
180225
275
325180
225
275
325
180 210
180
180 225 254
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
$0.20 $0.40 $0.60 $0.80 $1.00 $1.20 $1.40
MTO
W (
lb)
Battery + electricity + fuel cost/nm for 100 nm flight
PC-12
P2012
C402
Conventional (turbine)
Conventional (diesel)
325
Conventional 3-Motor High Lift Props
Operating costs for 180 kt, 100 nm flight
10
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
C402 P2012 PC-12 C 3M HLP
Co
st p
er
nm
Landing fees
Insurance
Maintenance
Pilot
Interest
Depreciation
Fuel
Overhaul
Electricity
Battery
11
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
$5.50
$6.00
$6.50
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Tota
l co
st/n
m
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C (diesel)
3M (diesel)
HLP (diesel)
C (turbine)
3M (turbine)
HLP (turbine)
P2012
C402
PC-12
100 nm flight costs
12
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Tota
l co
mb
ust
ion e
ng
ine p
ow
er
(kW
)
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C (diesel)
3M (diesel)
HLP (diesel)
C (turbine)
3M (turbine)
HLP (turbine)
P2012
C402
PC-12
Energy cost sensitivity
13
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
To
tal co
st/n
m fo
r 10
0 n
m m
issi
on
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C $3.50/gal
3M 7¢/kWh
HLP 7¢/kWh
P2012 $3.50/gal
C402 $3.50/gal
PC-12 $3.50/gal
C $5.50/gal
3M 12¢/kWh
HLP 12¢/kWh
P2012 $5.50/gal
C402 $5.50/gal
PC-12 $5.50/gal
Acknowledgements
• NASA Langley (Dr. Nick Borer, Bill Fredericks,
Ken Goodrich, Mark Moore, Michael
Patterson)
• Dr. Joachim Grenestedt
14
Future Work
• CFD validation of current designs
• Boundary layer ingestion propeller analysis
• Aeroelastic analysis
• Additional configuration analysis (e.g. twin boom)
15
400 nm flight costs
16
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Batt
ery
+ e
lect
rici
ty +
fuel co
st/n
m
Cruise speed for 400 nm mission (KTAS)
C (diesel) 3M (diesel) HLP (diesel)
C (turbine) 3M (turbine) HLP (turbine)
P2012 C402 PC-12
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
To
tal co
st/n
m
Cruise speed for 400 nm mission (KTAS)
C (diesel) 3M (diesel) HLP (diesel)
C (turbine) 3M (turbine) HLP (turbine)
P2012 C402 PC-12
Energy cost sensitivity for 400 nm flight
17
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
To
tal co
st/n
m f
or
400 n
m f
light
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C $3.50/gal
W 7¢/kWh
WL 7¢/kWh
C $5.50/gal
W 12¢/kWh
WL 12¢/kWh
P2012 $3.50/gal
C402 $3.50/gal
PC-12 $3.50/gal
P2012 $5.50/gal
C402 $5.50/gal
PC-12 $5.50/gal
Specific energy sensitivity
18
$2.60
$2.80
$3.00
$3.20
$3.40
$3.60
$3.80
$4.00
$4.20
$4.40
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
To
tal co
st/n
m f
or
100 n
m m
issi
on
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C
3M (400 Wh/kg)
HLP (400 Wh/kg)
3M (500 Wh/kg)
HLP (500 Wh/kg)
P2012
C402
PC-12
Effect of high-lift propellers
19
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
CLm
ax
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C/3M HLP (diesel) HLP (turbine)
P2012 C402 PC-12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Win
g lo
ad
iing
(lb
/ft²
)
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C/3M HLP (diesel) HLP (turbine)
P2012 C402 PC-12
Engine options for advanced concepts
20
Turbodiesel Turboprop
Turbine
generator
(recuperated)
SFC (lb/hp/hr) 0.36-0.41 0.63 0.45
TBO 2,400 hours 3,600 hours 6,000 hours
Critical altitude 10,000 ft Sea level Sea level
Specific power 0.48 hp/lb 2.1 hp/lb 2.0 hp/lb
Cost per 100 hp $39,000 $56,000 $56,000
Minimum size 230 shp 250 shp 250 shp
Operating cost components
• Battery amortization (2,000 cycles, 20¢/kWh)
• Electricity (industrial rate: 7¢/kW)
• Fuel ($3.50/gal)
• Overhaul reserve
• Depreciation (30,000 hours)
• Interest
• Pilot
• Maintenance
• Insurance
• Landing fees
21
Operating costs for the 180 kt, 100 nm mission
22
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
Battery Electricity Overhaul Fuel Depreciation Interest Pilot Maintenance Insurance Landing fees
Co
st p
er
nm
fo
r 10
0 n
m flig
ht
C402 P2012 PC-12 C 3M HLP
Aircraft unit cost model
23
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$6
100 1,000
Unit c
ost
Mill
ions
Production quantity (5 years)
HLP (325kt turbine) HLP (180kt diesel) P2012
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$6
100 215 464 1,000
Unit c
ost
Mill
ions
Production quantity (5 years)
HLP cost (325 kt turbine)
Profit
Engine+motors
Avionics
Materials
QC
Mfg labor
Tooling
Flt test
Dev support
Engineering
24
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
$5.50
$6.00
175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Weig
hte
d t
ota
l co
st/n
m (75%
100nm
, 25%
400nm
)
Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)
C (diesel)
3M (diesel)
HLP (diesel)
C (turbine)
3M (turbine)
HLP (turbine)
P2012
C402
PC-12