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A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Pub/ication
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
VOLUME 4
Proceedings of the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
September 3-5,1958
K. D. TIMMERHAUS, Editor Chemical Engineering Department
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
Distributed by
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1960
ISBN 978-1-4757-0542-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-0540-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0540-9
FOREWORD
The Cryogenic Engineering Conference was fortunate this year to have the Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology as the host for the fou:rth national meeting of this kind. This institution was the first in the United States to recognize the irnportance of the cryogenic engineering field with the installation of a cryogenic engineering laboratory in 1949 under the able direction of Professor S. C. Collins. The cryogenic industry is indebted to hirn for rnany significant advances in this relatively new engineering field. It is fitting, therefore, that the Proceedings of the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference be dedicated to Professor. Collins, recent recipient of the first Karnerlingh Onnes gold rnedal.
1958 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
B. W. Birrningharn
S. C. Collins
H. O. McMahon
K. D. Tirnrnerhaus
R. S. Warner, Jr.
W. T. Ziegler
National Bureau of Standards
Mas sachus etts Institute of Technology
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
National Bureau of Standards University of Colorado
Advanced Research Projects Agency Office of the Secretary of Defense
Georgia Institute of Technology
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Cryogeriic Engineering Conference Committee gratefully acknowledges the continued support and interest of the following organizations who have made both the 1958 Cryogenic Engineering Conference and the publication of this Proceedings possible.
Aerojet-General Corporation L' Air Liquide Air Products, Inc. Allison Division, General Motors Arnerican Messer Corporation Aro Equipment Corporation Beech Aircraft Corporation Bell Aircraft Boeing Airplane Company Cambridge Corporation Convair Curtiss-Wright Corporation Garrett Corporation General Electric Company Herrick L. Johnston, Inc. Hofman Laboratories Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. Linde Company A. D. Little, Inc. The Martin Company National Bureau of Standards North Arnerican Aviation, Inc. Northrop Aircraft Pesco Products Div. --Borg Warner Corp. Philips Electronics, Inc. Pioneer Central--Div. of Bendix Aviation Ronan and Kunzl, Inc. Ramo - Wooldridge Corporation Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company Sundstrand-Turbo Superior Air Products, Inc. Thompson Products United Aircraft Westinghouse Electric Corporation
ii
CONTENTS
1958 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ...
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
PAPERS PRESENTED
Cryogenic Properties
A-1 High Ener gy Liquid Propellants for
A-2
Rockets
G. R. Kinney National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Hydrocarbon-Oxygen Systems Solubility
C. McKinley and E. S. J. Wang Air Products, Inc.
A-3 Compatibility of Materials with Liquid
A-4
A-5
Oxygen ...... .
H. M. Peckham and R. L. Hauser The Martin Company
Thermodynamic Properties of Neon ....•
E. F. Yendall Linde Company
Magnetic Losses at Low Temperatu"res ..
E. H. Brown and J. R. Brennand, Jr. CEL National Bureau of Standards
iii
PAGE
i
ii
1
11
26
47
65
Gryogenic Properties (continued)
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
Wear and Friction in Liquid Nitrogen with Austenitic Stainless Steel Having Various Surface Goatings .......•.
D. W. Wisander and R. L. Johnson National Advisory Gommittee for Aeronautics
The Stability of Austenitic Stainless Stecls at Low Temperatures as Determined by Magnetic Measurements
R. P. Reed and R. P. Mikesell GEL National Bureau of Standards
The Tensile and Impact Strength of Annealed and Welded 5086 Aluminum Down to 20 0 K •••••• . ••..
R. P. Mikesell and R. P. Reed GEL National Bureau of Standards
Mechanical Testing of Aluminum Weldments ....••..•
S. A. Nuccitelli and M. W. Mote, Jr. University of Denver
Bonding Plastic to Metal for High Strength at Low Temperatures
G. E. Eppinger and W. J. Love University of Denver
Mechanical Properties of Insu1ating Plastic Foams at Low Temperatures ..
R. M. McGlintock GEL National Bureau of Standards
iv
PAGE
71
84
101
114
123
132
PAGE Cryogenic Equipment
C-1 The Performance of Glass Fiber lnsula-tion under High Vacuum. • . • . . . . • • . .• 141
R. M. Christiansen and M. Hollingsworth, Jr. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
C-2 High Performance Cryogenic Containers.. 154
J. M. Canty arid R. Gabarro Linde Company
C-3 Ultra Low Temperature Production and Control in Environmental Testing and Application Facilities. • • . • . • • . . • . • •. 160
J. Meisler Philips Electronics, lnc.
C-4 An Airborne Cryogenic System for Pneumatic Power Generation, Cooling, and Other Uses I •••••• ,. I •• , ••• , , •• , 174
R. H. Ball Sundstrand-Turbo
C-5 Cryogenic Systems as Auxiliary Power Sources for Aircraft and Missile Applica-
C-6
tions ••••• I •••••••••••••••••••
C. Hohmann and W. Patterson Vickers, lnc.
A Liquid Air Device for Cooling the Wearer of a Totally Enclosed Liquid Rocket Propellant Handler' s Suit ..•.
H. E. Agen Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command
D. Leffingwell Pioneer Central-Div.of Bendix Aviation Corporation
v
184
196
PAGE
Cryogenic Equipment (continued)
D-l
D-2
D-3
D-4
A New Method for Detecting Cavitation and Turbulence in Cryogenic Fluids ..•
J. Clark The Garret Corp., AiResearch Mfg. Div.
Design Study of Liquid Oxygen Pumping Systems for Missile Fueling Incorporating Vented Storage Tanks •••...••
T. A. Carter, Jr. and C. R. Crusan Turbocraft Company
High Pressure Pumping Equipment for Cryogenic Liquids ...•.
C. F. Gottzman and A. H. Holcombe Linde Company
Pumping of Liquid Hydrogen ......••
G. Caine, L. Schafer and D. Burgeson Pesco Products Div.of Borg Warner Corporation
D-5 Camparisan and Correlation of Centrifugal Pump Caviatation Test Results Handling
203
218
231
241
Liquid Oxygen and Water . • • . • . • 255
D-6
T. A. Carter, Jr. and C. R. Crusan Turbocraft Company
F. Thodal Cambridge Corporation
An Analysis of Dual-Phase Flow at the Inlet to a Centrifugal Cryogenic Pump ••
S. Prelowski and G. H. Caine Pesco Products Div.ofBorg Warner Corporation
vi
264
PAGE
Gryogenic Processes
E-l
E-2
E-3
E-4
Measurement of the Flow of Liquefied Gases with Sharp-Edged Orifices ...
R. J. Richards, R. B. Jacobs, and W. G. Pestalozzi GEL National Bureau of Standards
Flow Gonversion Kinetics of Ortho and Parahydrogen ......•..•••..
D. H. Weitzel. J. H. Blake, and M. Konecnik GEL National Bureau of Standards
Poisoning and Reactivatiori of OrthoParahydrogen Gonversion Gatalyst ...
R. N. Keeler and K. D. Timmerhaus GEL National Bureau of Standards
Atmospheric Heat Transfer to Vertical Tanks Filled with Liquid Oxygen.
F. E. Ruccia and G. M. Mohr Arthur D. Little. Inc.
272
286
296
307
E-5 Hydrogen Separation- -A Gompromise with Reversibility. • . . • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . •. 319
D. V. Eyre L' Air Liq uide
Gryogenic Equipment (continued)
F-l A Vacuum Insulated Transfer Line for Liquefied Gases •.•..
D. H. Tantum and F. Farrar British Oxygen Research and Development. Ltd.
vii
326
F-2 Economic and Design Considerations for a 650 Foot High Vacuwn Insulated Transfer
F-3
Line
P. D. Fuller and W. R. Peavy Stearns-Roger Manufacturing Company
Pressurized Transfer of Cryogenic Liquids . . . . . .. . .. I ••••
D. C. Bowersock, R. W. Gardner, and R. C. Reid Arthur D. Little, Inc.
F-4 Prediction of Pressure Drop in Two-Phase
PAGE
335
342
Single-Component Fluid Flow . • • . . . • • • 357
F-5
F-6
F-7
M. R. Hateh, R. B. Jacobs, R. J. Richards, R. N. Boggs, and G. R. Phelps
CEL National Bureau of Standards
Pressurized Cooldown of Cryogenic Transfer Lines •••..•...••••
J. C. Burke, W. R. Byrnes, A. H. Post. and F. E. Ruccia Arthur D. Little. Inc.
Pressurized Discharge of Liquid Nitrogen from an Uninsulated Tank •.•...
G. J. Van Wylen, S. K. Fenster. H. Merte. Jr .• and W. A. Warren University of Michigan
Ultrasonic Gaging of Cryogenic Liquids ••
P. Turkheimer Bogue Electric Manufacturing Company
viii
378
395
403
Gryogenic Applications
G-1
G-2
Some Methods for Reducing Heat Leak Through Support Members in Liquefied Gas Storage Vessels ••.••..
R. W. Arnett, L. O. MuHen, and K. A. War ren GEL National Bureau of Standards
Performance of a Piston-Expanded Bubble Ghamber •.••.•..•.••
J. E. Jensen Brookhaven National Laboratory
G-3 Gryogenic Approach to Localized Gooling
PAGE
410
418
of Infrared Detectors. • • . • • • • . . . • • •• 426
R. Gulbertson Aro Equipment Gorporation
G-4 Analytical Methods for Liquid Oxygen . •• 436 G. P. Smith Linde Gompany
G-5 Methods of Gaging Liquid Oxygen. • . . . .• 443
D. G. Bowersock, Jr., P. G. GampbeH, and R. G. Reid
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
G-6 Applications and Economics of the Norelco Gas Liquefier for Recovery of Flash Gases .•••
J. Meisler Philips Electronics, Inc.
ix
454
Additional Papers (not presented)
H-l
H-2
H-3
Pilot Plant Studies of the Low Temperature Distillation of Hydrogen Isotopes .
T. M. Flynn, K. D. Timmerhaus and D. H. Weitzel
CEL National Bureau of Standards
Testing and Operation of Ball Bearings Submerged in Liquefied Gases .••..
K. B. Martin and R. B. Jacobs CEL National Bureau of Standards
Wide-Range Cryostat Temperature Contra!. .
R. D. Goodwin CEL National Bureau of Standards
PAGE
464
476
487
AUTHOR INDEX •••••• , I •• , ••••••••••• I ••••• , 496
x