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Advances inSprinkler Technology

© 2010 FM Global. All rights reserved.

Modules

• Evolution of FM Global Fire Protection Standards

• Changes in Terminology for Sprinkler Categories

• Movement Away from Density and Demand Area

• Data Sheet 2-0 Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers

• Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables

Evolution of FM Global Fire Protection Standards


Who is FM Global?

• FM Global was established in 1835

• Zachariah Allen, New England mill owner

• Factory Mutual Insurance Company


Who is FM Global?


Who is FM Global?

• FM Global’s market share includes:– 45% of the Fortune 100 companies– 42% of the Fortune 500 companies

• FM Global is a recognized industry leader in property insurance

• FM Global has been recognized as:– Best Global Property Insurer– Best Global Property Insurer – North

America


Research FM ApprovedProducts Engineering

Majority of Losses are Preventable

Practical and ProvenGlobal Loss Prevention Engineering Solutions


Investment in Engineering & Research• World’s largest full-scale fire test lab

and research campus• Dedicated to the study of loss

prevention


Materials Lab

Electrical Lab

Hydraulics Lab

Large Burn Lab Improvements• Two Movable Ceilings• Humidity Control

Multimedia Center

Fire Technology Lab

Natural Hazards Lab• 70,000 ft2

• EQ Lab

Research Campus


Full Scale Fire Tests

• Two moveable ceilings up to 60 ft (18.3 m)

• Test storage arrays from 5 ft (1.5 m) to 55 ft (16.8 m)


Example of Full Scale Fire Testing• Evaluate existing European Codes at

that time• Protection of rack storage • 55 ft (16.5 m) rack storage • 60 ft (18 m) ceiling height• Cartoned unexpanded plastic• Standard response in-rack sprinklers


55 ft (16.5 m) rack storage –test fails


55 ft (16.5 m) rack storage –test passes


Confidence that a product installed in your facility will perform as intended!

Reducing your Risks

FM Approvals


FM Approvals test products ….


FM Approvals Testing Standards

• Over 250 standards

• Based on Research

• Publicly available on www.fmapprovals.com

• ANSI, ASTM, SCC, BSI Recognized


FM Approved Products ….

• Over 50,000 products• Publicly available for free – on line • Recognized world wide


What are FM Global Data Sheets?


What are FM Global Data Sheets?

• Offer best advice on how to minimize property damage and business interruption

• Written by the Engineering Standards division

• Supported by the Research division • Used to evaluate loss potentials at our

insured clients• Recommendations offered when hazards

encountered are not protected in accordance with appropriate data sheet


History of FM Global & Fire Protection


Sprinkler Development

1874

1881

2010


History of FM Global & Fire Protection


Pipe Schedule

• Pipe schedule was categorized based on occupancy hazard as either:– Light Hazard– Ordinary Hazard– Extra Hazard


Pipe Schedule

• Sizing requirements for an ordinary hazard pipe schedule sprinkler system:


Change in Industrial Practices

End of World War II:– Steel construction for buildings– Forklift trucks– Storage racks constructed of steel– Increase in plastic materials stored


FM Global Research on Sprinkler Protection


Standard Spray Sprinkler K5.6 (K80)

Standard Spray Sprinkler

Density over Demand Area design concept


Conventional and Spray Sprinklers



1874

1881

20101950’s

Conventional

Spray


Standard Spray Sprinkler K5.6 (K80)

Large Orifice Sprinkler

Large Orifice Sprinkler

K8.0 (K115)



1874

1881

20101950’s

Conventional

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard


1970’s Research Projects

• “Residential” sprinkler & quick response thermal element

• Water penetration through fire plume (fire suppression)


Resulted in -

• The K11.2 (K160) “Large-Drop” Sprinkler • Design format changed - Number of

sprinklers at minimum pressure

Installation guidelines for these sprinklers evolved into DS 2-7



1874

1881

20101950’s

Conventional

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard

1970’s

Residential

LargeDrop


Large Drop Sprinkler

• Large Drop Sprinkler improved protection options but…

• Fire tests showed suppression not always possible


This lead to …

• First Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler

• K14.0 (K200) pendent


Am

ount

of w

ater

Time

RDD

ADD

Suppressionachieved inthis zone

ADD > RDD Concept

RTI


Example of ADD and deflector design


Example of ADD Testing and Deflectors


Suppression Mode Sprinkler Installation Guidelines



1874

1881

20101950’s

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard

1970’s

Residential

LargeDrop

ESFR

1980’s

Conventional


Advances in Sprinkler Technology

• Orifice size increasing• Various Orientations• Different Deflector

designs evolved

• Various Finishes• Quicker response

time• Area Spacing EC

K5.6 (K80) K25.2 (K360)


We had -• A bunch of Control Mode Density Area (CMDA)

sprinklers…– Standard Orifice (1/2”) Sprinkler– Large Orifice (17/32”) Sprinkler– Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinkler– Very Extra Large Orifice (VELO) Sprinkler– Really Ginormous Orifice (RGO) Sprinkler

Installation guidelines for these sprinklers evolved into DS 2-8N


We had …

• A bunch of Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) sprinklers – K16.8 (K240), K19.6 (K280), K25.2 (K360),

K25.2EC (K360EC)


We had …

• A bunch of Suppression Mode (SM) sprinklers– K14 (K200) upright, K16.8 (K240)upright,

K16.8 (K240) pendent, K22.4 (K320) pendent, & K25.2 (K360) pendent

Installation standard for these sprinklers was DS 2-2



1874

1881

1950’s

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard

1970’s

Residential

LargeDrop

ESFR

1980’s

Conventional

1990’s 2010


So where we were in 2009?

• Three different sprinkler categories• Three sets of installation guidelines• Terminology implies performance• Two different design formats


So where we were in 2009?

• Terminology:• CMDA – Control Mode Density Area• CMSA – Control Mode Specific

Application• SM – Suppression Mode



1874

1881

1950’s

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard

1970’s

Residential

LargeDrop

ESFR

1980’s

Conventional

1990’s 20102000’s

SM

CMSA

CMDA

Changes in Terminology for Sprinkler Categories


Changes in Terminology for Sprinkler Categories• Sprinkler compatibility with occupancy

hazards unclear• Old terminology misleading • Actual performance can be otherwise

– Control Mode sprinklers → fire suppression– Suppression Mode sprinklers → fire control


Control Mode Sprinkler Achieves Suppression


Suppression Mode Achieves Control


CMDA vs. CMSA – is there a difference?

CMDA CMSA


CMDA and CMSA Sprinkler Tests• Objective:

– Determine through large-scale fire testing if the distinction between CMDA Sprinklers and CMSA Sprinklers can be eliminated.


CMDA and CMSA Sprinkler Tests• Test Plan:

– Full-Scale Fire Test Comparison

– 16 Total Tests (8 Comparison Tests)

– Open Frame Double-Row Racks with Class 2 or Standard Plastics

– K11.2 (K160), Upright Type

– Low Temperature Nominal 160 F (70 C)

– Standard Response


CMDA and CMSA Sprinkler Tests

• Total of 8 Comparison Tests (16 Tests Total) Between CMDA and CMSA– Open Sprinkler Differential for Acceptable

Comparisons:• 1 Sprinkler Differential: 3 Comparison Tests• 3 to 4 Sprinklers Differential: 2 Comparison Tests• 10 Sprinklers Differential: 2 Comparison Test• 1 Test Series where both tests terminated early

due to loss of fire control


CMDA and CMSA Sprinkler TestsTest Conclusions• Ultimate Conclusion: CMDA = CMSA

Provided That:– K-factor– Orientation– Nominal Temperature Rating– Nominal RTI RatingAre The Same


Changes in Terminology for Sprinkler Categories• New terminology based on intended use:

– Storage sprinkler– Non-storage sprinkler– Special protection sprinkler

used by sprinkler manufacturers too

• Approval Guide will include both sets of terminology


Changes in Terminology for Sprinkler Categories• CMDA • CMSA • SM

Storage sprinklers

• Single/common design method• Single/common installation method• Reduces number of protection tables

needed



1874

1881

1950’s

SprayLargeOrifice

Standard

1970’s

Residential

LargeDrop

ESFR

1980’s

Conventional

1990’s 20102000’s

SM

CMDA

Storage

NonStorage

SpecialProtection

CMSA

Movement Away from Density and Demand Area


Movement away from Density and Demand Area• Prior to 1980’s pipe schedule design• Concept of density born in early 1960s

but did not become commonplace until the 1980’s

• Research testing over the past few years has demonstrated that design density is not the most important factor for sprinkler performance


Density

• What is density?• Average volume of

water hitting the floor over the area of coverage of a sprinkler (rainfall)

• mm/min (sq. m)


Density

• How is density used?– Converted into minimum pressure and flow

at sprinklerQ = D x S x LP = [Q/K]2

Q = K√PQ = Sprinkler flow in gpm (Lpm)P = Sprinkler pressure in psi (bar)D = Density in gpm/ft2 (mm/min)S = Spacing of sprinklers on branchlines ft (m)L = Spacing of sprinklers between branchlines ft (m)K = K-factor (size of sprinkler opening) in gmp/psi0.5 (Lpm/bar0.5)


Density and Sprinkler Spacing

• Density → minimum flow and pressure at sprinkler

• Q = D x S x L, gpm (Lpm)• P = [D x S x L / K]2, psi (bar)

Reducing sprinkler spacing in design can reduce design flow and pressure


Demand Area

• Area at ceiling in which all sprinklers expected to operate during fire


Density/Demand Area Design

• Flow rate per sprinkler • For all sprinklers in design area• Allowance for hydrants• Water supplies - sprinklers and

hydrants for minimum duration

Design Area

Minimum flowrequired fromsprinklers


Density/Demand Area Format

• Full scale fire tests conditions:– Upright standard response sprinkler– Use smallest K-factor allowed for hazard area– Use maximum allowable area spacing of

sprinkler• Protection tables → driven by least

efficient sprinkler


Movement away from Density and Demand Area


K5.6 (K80)

K25.2 (K360)

K Factor


SR QR

Response Time Index


SR QRSRQR

Response Time Index


Orientation

Pendent Upright


Temperature

286 F (140 C)160 F (70 C)


20 ft (6 m)

cartoned unexpanded plastic

30 ft (9 m)



Which test will perform better?


Test 1 • 8 ft aisle • 0.8 gpm/ft2

(32 mm/min)

Test 2• 4 ft aisle• 0.6 gpm/ft2

(24 mm/min)



Test 1 - 25 Sprinklers• Upright sprinkler• K11.2 (K160)• Standard Response• Standard Spacing

10 ft x 10ft (3 m x 3 m)

Test 2 - 1 Sprinkler• Pendent sprinkler• K25.2 (K360)• Quick Response• Extended Coverage

14 ft x 14ft (4.2 m x 4.2 m)

Differences between both tests

Loss Expectancy ~ $1,250,000

Loss Expectancy ~ $100,000


Movement away from Density and Demand Area• What does this test show?

– Larger K factor → larger droplets – Orientation → water momentum– Faster response time → smaller fire to

control– Density


Data Graphs Plots


K11.2 (K160) Pendent @ 60 gpm (230 L/min)

K11.2 (K160) Upright @ 100 gpm (380 L/min)

10 sprinklers operated 32 sprinklers operated

Orientation


K factorK16.8 (K240)@ 80gpm (300 L/min)

K11.2 (K160)@ 80 gpm (300 L/min)

15 sprinklers operated 29 sprinklers operated


K14.0 (K200) QR @ 100 gpm (380 L/min)

K14.0 (K200) SR @ 120 gpm (450 L/min)

11 sprinklers operated 17 sprinklers operated(uncontrolled – test terminated)

Response Time Index


K11.2 (K160) 155 F (68 C)80 gpm (300 L/min)

K11.2 (K160) 286 F (140 C)80 gpm (300 L/min)

24 sprinklers operated(controlled)

43 sprinklers operated(uncontrolled)

Temperature Rating


Empty Plastic Tote Fire Tests

FRONT ELEVATION VIEW

4.1 m (13.5 ft)

N

2.4 m (8 ft)

Plastic Totes (2x8x3 Main)

13.5 ft (4.1 m) high rack storage

30.0 ft (9.0 m) ceiling

ELEVATION VIEW

PLAN VIEW


K16.8 (K240)Upright

Quick Response10 x 10 ft (3 x 3 m)50 psi = 120 gpm

(3.5 bar = 454 L/min)

K14.0 (K200)Pendent

Standard Response10 x 10 ft (3 x 3 m)75 psi = 120 gpm

(5.2 bar = 454 L/min)



K16.8 (K240)Upright

Quick Response

K16.8 (K240)Upright

Quick Response

K14.0 (K200)Pendent

Standard Response

K14.0 (K200)Pendent

Standard Response



K16.8 (K240)Upright

Quick Response

K16.8 (K240)Upright

Quick Response

K14.0 (K200)Pendent

Standard Response

K14.0 (K200)Pendent

Standard Response

20 Sprinklers 2,400 gpm

(9,085 L/min)

6 Sprinklers720 gpm

(2,725 L/min)



1970’s Sprinkler Technology

• 20 ft (6.0 m) Storage• 30 ft (9.0 m) Ceiling• Class 4 Commodity• Open-Frame Double-Row Rack• 8 ft (2.4 m) Wide Aisle• K5.6 (K80) Upright Ceiling Sprinkler• Standard-Response• 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min)



82 sprinklers open



• 20 ft (6.0 m) Storage• 30 ft (9.0 m) Ceiling• Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodity• Open-Frame Double-Row Rack• 4 ft (1.2 m) Wide Aisle• K25.2EC (K360EC) Pendent Ceiling

Sprinkler• Quick-Response• 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min)



1 sprinkler opens


Sprinklers with the proper attributes can: • Provide Better Protection• More Cost Effective• More Sustainable

Data Sheet 2-0Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers


Why Data Sheet 2-0

• Need to update sprinkler terminology• Opportunity to simplify and improve• Single global installation standard• Remove redundant topics

Based on North American Standards

Total 341 pages


Data Sheet 2-0 - Structure

• 1.0 Scope– 1.1 Changes– 1.2 Superseded Information

• 2.0 Loss Prevention Recommendations– 2.1 Nonstorage Sprinklers– 2.2 Storage Sprinklers– 2.3 Special Protection Sprinklers– 2.4 Sprinkler System Types– 2.5 Sprinkler Piping: Connection, Hanging,

and Bracing– 2.6 Sprinkler System Components

Only reference section relevant for your occupancy

Common to any occupancy


Data Sheet 2-0 - Structure

– 2.7 Plan Review of Sprinkler Systems– 2.8 Sprinkler System Acceptance Tests – 2.9 Operation and Maintenance – 2.10 Ignition Source Control

• 3.0 Support for Recommendations– 3.1 Loss History

• 4.0 References– 4.1 FM Global– 4.2 Other

New Guidance for Contractors

Go to DS 2-81 and DS 10-3


Data Sheet 2-0 Changes

• Sprigs no longer required – Originally recommended to prevent pipe

shadow– Testing indicated that not an issue– Cost savings by removing requirement

Riser Nipple or Sprig



• Sprigs no longer required• Remove area limitation per sprinkler

system– Driven by pipe schedule limitations– No hydraulic basis– Reduce number of risers and control valves

needed can reduce overall cost



• Sprigs no longer required• Remove area limitation per sprinkler

system• Requirements for anti-freeze• Guidelines for objects that obstruct

sprinklers


DS 2-0 Obstruction Guidelines

Non-storage sprinklers • Obstruction guidance has not changed

– Obstruction if object over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide – Solid beam construction may need

sprinklers in every channel



Obstruction to discharge patternPart of structure, sprinkler positioning should be arrangedto accommodate. Some exceptions.



Obstruction to discharge pattern

Non Storage Sprinklers - < 1.2m OK, >1.2m need AS underStorage Sprinklers obstruction start at 20mm up to 600mm



• Storage Sprinklers– Guidelines in DS 2-0 generally no change

from DS 2-2 except that also applicable to standard response sprinklers

– All upright sprinklers follow previous guidance from DS 2-2 (DS 2-2, 2-7 requirements have not changed)



• Storage Sprinklers– All pendent sprinklers follow previous

guidance from DS 2-2 except for:• New figures with relaxed requirements (Fig 35 &

37)


Previously

24 inches

(600mm)



Previously36 inches(900mm)






37)• Additional figures to support text (Fig 38, 39, 40)





37)• Additional figures to support text (Fig 38, 39, 40)• Obstructions ≤ ¾ in. (20 mm) wide (Fig 34)





37)• Additional figures to support text (Fig 38, 39, 40)• Obstructions ≤ ¾ in. (20 mm) wide (Fig 34)• New options to deal with existing obstructions

– Saves on cost of installing barriers and maintaining


Automatic Smoke and Heat Vents


Exhaust and Ridge Vents


Air Blowers

• False Ceiling with protection under• Flame Detection covering 3m radius for all affected

sprinklers and/or fire plume• Heat/Line detection in racks under affected sprinklers• (Alt. Sol. Aspirated Smoke Detection shut all blowers down)


Draft Curtains

• DS 1-19 discrepancy with old DS 2-2• 600mm deep parallel with roof is

acceptable – next revision will cover

600mm

Hard up against the underside of roof


Obstructed and Unobstructed Ceilings? Typical Australian Warehouse

• Purlinsexceed limit of 100mm

• Exception applies

QR330 or425mm


Distance Sprinkler to underside of ceiling 2.2.3.4• Confusion with uppermost and

lowermost portion of ceiling wording

x

y

Use a ifX = min 75mmX > 2 x yZ = max 75mmOtherwise use bz ab


Distance Sprinkler to underside of ceiling 2.2.3.4 - Virtual Ceilings?

Max allowed

Ceiling Jet


Mezzanines and walkways

• Preference – Solid with sprinklers• Provide QR sprinklers same K factor,

orientation, spacing and pipe size as ceiling

• Exceptions– Min 70% open– Max 6mm thick– Max only 1 grid– Min 900mm clearance– No possibility of materials falling and

obstructing ceiling sprinklers


What is the impact of pushing the limits in DS 2-0• Roof Slope• Building Height/Storage Height• Clearance from roof• Obstructions at ceiling• Obstructions below sprinklers• Spacing• Design Number of Sprinklers• Commodity (Flammable Liquids)


What is the impact of pushing the limits in DS 2-0• Simple advice – DON’T• We cannot tell you what the impact

would be!• Under no circumstances alter the

required design criteria• Final decision – Certifier and Building

Surveyor


• Note Nice even flue spacing 150mm long. 190mm transverse

• Homogeneous and uniform commodity

• Placement of ignition

• Position of sprinklers

• Flat Ceiling• Repeatability• Unrealistic


Example of absolute limit

• K14 and K 16.8 in 13.5m building

• Offset ignition –overtaxed the system

• I level of in rack sprinklers mandatory

• K 22 and K 25 sprinklers OK

• K 14, K16.8 lower building height 12m without in rack sprinklers


Spare Sprinklers

• Spares for each type installed including applicable wrenches

• Min needed of each type based on their largest demand area– Say manufacturing design is for 25

sprinklers – need 25– Say for warehousing design is for 15

sprinklers – need 15 of those

Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables


Existing DS 8-9

• Three different protection tables– One for CMDA sprinklers– One for CMSA sprinklers, and– One for Suppression Mode sprinklers


Existing DS 8-9

• Three different protection tables• Two different design methods

– Density / Operating Area for CMDA sprinklers

– No. of Sprinklers / Minimum Operating Pressure for CMSA & SM sprinklers


Existing DS 8-9

• Three different protection tables• Two different design methods• Design dependent on the least efficient

sprinkler


Why Revise Data Sheet 8-9

• Need to update sprinkler terminology• Need to replace density in design

criteria• Opportunity to simplify and improve


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• Grouping of commodity hazard

– Class 1 – 3– Class 4 – Cartoned Unexpanded Plastics– Cartoned Expanded Plastics– Uncartoned Unexpanded Plastics– Uncartoned Expanded Plastics

Class 3Cartoned Expanded

Plastics


Why group Class 1 up through Cartoned Plastics?• Back in 2006, a K5.6 (K80) sprinkler

protecting open-frame DRR to 15 ft (4.5 m) under a 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling requires the following pressures at most remote sprinkler:– Class 1: 12 psi– Class 2: 17 psi– Class 3: 22 psi– Class 4: 39 psi– Cartoned Plastics: 115 psi– Cartoned Plastics (2008): 204 psi


Why group Class 1 up through Cartoned Plastics?• Cartoned plastics in open-frame DRR to

15 ft (4.5 m) under a 30 ft (9.0 m) ceiling requires 0.80 gpm/ft2 (32 mm/min) over 3,000 ft2 (280 m2).– K5.6 (K80) AS: 115 psi– K8.0 (K115) AS: 100 psi– K11.2 (K160) AS: 50 psi– K16.8 (K240) AS: 22 psi– K25.2 (K360) AS: 10 psi


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• Number of protection tables reduced


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• Number of protection tables reduced • → all protection options in one table• Design based on actual performance • Makes it easier to see which are better

options


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• Protection tables based on

– No. heads at minimum pressure (6 to 24)– Ceiling height– RTI (standard or quick response)– Orientation (upright or pendent)– Sprinkler K factor (~ nozzle size)


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• No storage heights in tables

– promote flexibility– insignificant pressure differential


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• No aisle width in tables

– design to minimum aisle width– promote flexibility by not locking aisle

width


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• No favorable factors

– difficult to maintain over life of building


Data Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables• The number of sprinklers in the design

criteria will lead to– Hose stream demand– Water supply duration


In rack sprinklers

• Layout and positioning rationalised and simplified

• Fewer levels required

• Flow charts and plan view diagrams

7.5m

6.0m

4.5m


In rack sprinklers

• Two positions (Plan view)– EO Every other flue space– E Every flue space

• Very High Hazard – Flue and Face• Scheme 8-9A Exceptional Hazards –

Aerosols, High Flash Flammable Liquids etc


In rack sprinklers

Rack Storage

In-rack Sprinkler

Minimum clearance 150mm – deflector to top of storage


Excessive Clearance

> 6m

OK


Excessive Clearance

> 6m

NeedsIn-rack AS


Excessive Clearance

• False Ceiling• In Rack Sprinklers

– If already exist – extra level at top of rack– If ceiling only protection – section 2.3.4.6

and 2.3.4.7• If building too high – same solution

applies• Does not apply when ceiling only

options available


Ceiling Slopes

• Quick Response – max 10 degrees• Standard Response

– Ceiling only – max 10 degrees– In rack Sprinklers – Max 20 degrees

• Otherwise– False Ceiling– For Rack Storage treat as for excessive

clearance• Slope > 5 degrees – locate sprinkler

within 900mm of peak


Flue Spaces – 2.2.3.1.2, 2.2.3.1.4Issue with Multiple row racks• Provide 150mm

longitudinal flue every 4.8m

• Problem Area • Recommendation• Further Research• Discussing with

Rack Manufacturers


Tanks Size per FM Standards?

• Highest sprinkler demand at site• Flow of most remote sprinkler at

specified pressure• Times the number of sprinklers• Plus 10% • Times duration• Or• Highest calculated most remote

demand times duration


AnomoliesData Sheet 8-9 & Changes in Protection Tables


DS 8-9 Future Vision (next 5 years)• Eliminate the 10 ft. limitation on storage

above the highest in-rack sprinklers • Establish new in-rack sprinkler protection

schemes based on– Sprinkler K factor– Available pressure

• Eliminate requirement to balance ceiling and in-rack demands

• Add new technology, research and testing


New Technology and Cost of Installations• Compared to previous standards the

new technology and design philosophy leads to:– Lower number of sprinklers in design

requirements– Lower hose demands – Lower duration demands


The Bottom Line…

Through these changes FM Global is poised to provide our clients with the most effective protection options, which are not only simpler and cheaper to install, but a more sustainable choice.

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