advancing physics - brendan.sdf-eu.orgbrendan.sdf-eu.org/downloads/asapparatuslist.pdf · advancing...

AdvancingPhysicsAS2000

Apparatus ListThis list may be useful to technicians looking at which apparatus isrequired for which activity without having to turn to the CD every time.Could also be used to provide lists for trays of apparatus for the lab.

Compiled by Malcolm JenkinsonLeeds Grammar School

Advancing Physics Chapter 1 Imaging

Chapter 1 IMAGING

Electronic image captureActivity 20D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Digital camera connected via USB or other fast serial portPC running image processing softwareAlternativeDigital still camera, images downloaded to computer

Distance measurement with ultrasoundActivity 30D: DemonstrationRequirements:-DataloggerUltrasonic motion sensorPC running data analysis software

How fast sound moves in a solidActivity 40D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Duralumin rod 0.5 m to 1.0 m lengthSmall hammerSignal generatorLoudspeaker

Grey step: Edge enhancement in the retinaActivity 130D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Sheet of Pantone 404U-G graduated paperScissors & ruler

Models of the eyeActivity 150D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Large spherical flask filled with dilute solution of fluorescein in waterConverging lenses, 10 to 50 dioptre, with Blu-tak or similar adhesivematerialParallel beam projectorDigital camera, connected via USB or other fast serial portOr :- video camera feeding television monitorOptional : large tube with spherical end able to be filled with dilutesolution of fluorescein in water


Image in mid-airActivity 160D: DemonstrationRequirements:-35mm slide projector, with attractive colour slideWhite painted ‘wand’, i.e. stick about 0.5 m long about 10mm diameterDark drapes

Where are the parts of an object in its image?Activity 180D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Beam source, 2DPlano-convex cylindrical lensColour filters, red & greenWhite paper, A3 or larger

Focusing water ripplesActivity 200D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Ripple tank, with lamp and screenCircular reflectorLens shaped strip of plastic

Modelling the eye with a video cameraActivity 210D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Digital camera, connected via USB or other fast portSelection of lenses, from 2 dioptre to 20 dioptreGround glass screen or mounted tracing paper

The intelligent eyeActivity 140E: ExperimentRequirements:-Just your own eyes

Converging lenses: Power and focal lengthActivity 170E: ExperimentRequirements:-A range of converging spherical lenses from 20 dioptre to 2 dioptreA selection of converging lenses from instruments, e.g. detachable cameralens, large magnifying glass, converging spectacle lensesHalf metre rulersPieces of white card to catch images and mask lenses, with scissors to cutholes in cardLamp bulbs (e.g. mains 60W) around the room to serve as nearby objects


A converging lens adds constant curvature 1/fActivity 190E: ExperimentRequirements:-Converging spherical lenses about 10 dioptreFilament lamp, 12V, 24WLamp holder, S.B.C., on basePower supply, 0 – 12V d.c. and a.c., 6AWhite card, ground glass or tracing paper screensMetre ruleMountings for source, lens and screen (an optical bench may be used butis not essential)

Advancing Physics Chapter 2 Sensing

Chapter 2 SENSING apparatus list

Logging the LabActivity 10D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Data logger with many sensors (for example: microphone, thermometer,potential divider indicating angle of door to room, light dependant resistorwith potential divider)Large display from data logger, perhaps computer and monitor

Current and charge in electron beamsActivity 20D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Electron deflection tubeEHT power supply, 0 – 5kV d.c.2 demonstration digital multimetersleads, 4mm

‘Spooning’ chargeActivity 30D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Digital colomb-meterPlastic rods, polythene and acetate or perspex with cotton clothEHT power supply, 0 – 5kV d.c.Metal disc on 4mm plugLeads 4mmTeaspoon and tablespoon each mounted on insulating polythene rodsShuttling balls and ions in flameActivity 40D: DemonstrationRequirements:-EHT power supply, 0 – 5kV d.c.Pair of conducting discs, insulated and clamped verticallyLeads, 4mmColloidal graphite coated table tennis ball suspended on 1.5m of nylonmonofilamentTall retort stand, boss and clampMicrovoltmeterStroboscopeCandle and matches

Conduction by ‘coloured’ ionsActivity 50D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Power supply, 0 –150V d.c.


2 demonstration multimeters1 M ammonium hydroxide solution (Aqueous ammonia)Microscope slide covered with filter paper soaked in ammoniumhydroxide solutionSmall crystals of copper sulphate and potassium permanganate2 pins to use as connectorsCrocodile clipsStop-watchTweezers

Speed of pulse on coaxial cableActivity 70D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Pulse generator, 200 kHzCoaxial cable on drum, 200 m4mm leadssingle pole switch, mounted with 4mm socketsOscilloscope or PC-scope

Lamp lightingActivity 130D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Filament lamp, 12 V, of various nominal powers, 5W, 24W, 36W, 48W,100W2 demonstration multimetersHand held stop watch4mm leadspower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6A

Conduction by studentsActivity 60E: ExperimentRequirements:-Power supply, 5 V d.c.Microvoltmeter4mm leadsClass of student volunteers

Using a wide range of sensorsActivity 100E: ExperimentRequirements:-Thermocouple (e.g. copper-constantan)Semiconductor thermopilePhotovoltaic cellPhototransistorCrystal microphoneOther types of microphone


Rotary potentiometer mounted as angle sensorOther commercially available active sensorsDetectors of potential difference, such asMultimeterDataloggerPerhaps moving coil metersLight beam galvanometerPC-scopePerhaps a gold leaf electroscope

Using the digital multimeter to measure resistanceActivity 110E: ExperimentRequirements:-Clip component holderSelection of resistors4mm leadsdigital multimeter

Resistors in series and parallelActivity 120E: ExperimentRequirements:-A set of resistors marked with the letters A through to E3 clip component holders4mm leadsdigital multimeter

The filament lamp:The relationship between power and applied potentialdifferenceActivity 140E: ExperimentRequirements:-4mm leadsStopwatchFilament lamp 12 V, 24W2 digital multimetersPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c.Smoothing unitJoulemeter (as an alternative for which instructions are provided)

Electrical characteristicsActivity 150E: ExperimentRequirements:-Coil of Constantan wire, 0.4mm (28 S.W.G.)Clip component holder4mm leadsHeatproof mat


2 digital multimetersPower supply, 5 V d.c.RheostatAdditional apparatus for experiment 2:Carbon film resistorAs above substituting for the coil with a 100Ω carbon film resistor in aclip component holderAdditional apparatus for experiment 3:Filament lampFilament lamp 12 V, 24 WPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c.Additional apparatus for experiment 4:Silicon diodeDiode – 1N4001 (NB: max current 1A) with a protective resistor - 50Ω orgreaterMicroammeter – to explore the reverse biasAdditional apparatus for experiment 5:ThermistorRod or bead thermistorProtective wire wound resistor 10Ω or greater


Potential dividersActivity 200E: ExperimentRequirements:-Resistors (suggested values 300 kΩ, 150 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 75 kΩ )100 kΩ rotary potentiometer5 V smoothed d.c. power supplyClip component holdersDigital multimeters4mm leadsLDRThermistor (47 kΩ )HairdryerFilament lamp 12 V, 48 W

Internal resistance of a source of emfActivity 240E: ExperimentRequirements:-2 digital multimetersPotato0.5 cm x 2 cm copper sheet, 0.5 cm x 2 cm zinc sheet2 pairs crocodile clipsResistance substitution box5 x 4 mm leads

Monitor rapid changes in intensityActivity 260E: ExperimentRequirements:-Light dependent resistorPhototransistorClip component holderResistor 10 kΩPower supply, 5 V d.c.PC-scope4 mm leadsStroboscopeTV remote control

Calibrating a position sensorActivity 270E: ExperimentRequirements:-Linear position sensorRotary potentiometerDigital multimeterPower supply, 5 V d.c.Screw thread arrangement


Measurement amplifierPower supply unit for measurement amplifierVernier calipers


Measuring rainfallActivity 280E: ExperimentRequirements:-Rotary variable resistor, 5 kΩResistance substitution boxPower supply, 5 V d.c.Digital multimeterBeaker, 400 cm3

Materials to make lever arm and float

Comparing a photodiode and a phototransistorActivity 290E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mounted photodiodeMounted phototransistorResistor 10 kΩPower supply, 5 V d.c.Filament lamp, 12 V, 48WPower supply 0 – 12 V d.c.Metre ruleDigital multimeter

Using temperature sensorsActivity 300E: ExperimentRequirements:-Bead thermistorThermistor probeThermocoupleClip component holderResistance substitution boxMeasurement amplifierPower supply, 5 V d.c.Power supply unit for measurement amplifierDigital multimeterPC-scopeBeakers, 400 cm3

Electric kettle

Monitoring vibrationActivity 300E: ExperimentRequirements:-Bimorph element mounted on hardboard squareBimorph element mounted on cardboard squareSignal generatorVibration generator


PC-scope


The oscillations of a hacksaw bladeActivity 320E: ExperimentRequirements:-2 x strain gauge mounted on hacksaw blade2 resistance substitution boxesDigital multimeterPower supply, 5 V d.c.Power supply unit for measurement amplifierMeasurement amplifierWheatstone bridge board (with zeroing resistor)PC-scope or dataloggerG clamp – 4”

Monitoring air flowActivity 330E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mounted pressure gaugeMeasurement amplifierDigital multimeterPower supply, 5 V d.c.Power supply unit for measurement amplifierVacuum cleaner (cylinder, adapted to blow air through tube)Variac transformer a.c. 0 – 240 V2 retort stands, bosses and clamps

Sensor project briefingActivity 340E: ExperimentRequirements:-Student project so requirements are varied

Advancing Physics Chapter 3 Signalling

Chapter 3 SIGNALLING

What do digital signals look like?Activity 20D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Mounted phototransistorResistor 10 kΩPower supply, 5 V d.c.OscilloscopeTV or VCR remote control

Data transfer on an optical cableActivity 30D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Fibre-optic transmitter with variable gainFibre-optics receiver/amplifierOptical fibre, a length between 5m and 25mTuned circuit for AM reception around 100 kHz using ferrite aerial andvariable capacitorRadio receiverConnectorsAudio amplifierLoudspeakerAnd alsoOscilloscopeConnecting leads2 power supplies, 5 V d.c.

Sampling vibrations on a stringActivity 30D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Signal generatorVibration generatorOscilloscopeStroboscope4mm leadsabout 2m of thick white stringSingle pulley on bench clampMass hanger with slotted masses, 100g


Noise:A problem and a solutionActivity 60D: DemonstrationRequirements:-2 signal generators2 x 5m long leads twisted tightly together and terminating with 4mm plugsOscilloscopeMeasurement amplifier, gain 10Power supply unit for measurement amplifierSignal diodeAND gatePower supply, 5 V d.c.

The C.D. with the holeActivity 100D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Unwanted music C.D. with hole 1mm to 2mm drilled in itPC with C.D. drive and sound card, or C.D. player

Polarisation of reflected lightActivity 140D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Polarising filter, marked with its permitted direction of vibration (electricvector)


Polarisation of wavesActivity 120P: PresentationRequirements:-3 polarising slots (hardboard sheets with slots)3 or 4 m length of rubber pressure tube that can be threaded though theslotsG clamp, or retort stand, boss and clamp to secure one end of the rubbertubing3 polarisers, optical 50mm x 50mm, to place on OHPPlastic moulded transparent ruler with notchMicrowave transmitterMicrowave receiverPower supply 12 V d.c.Microwave polarising grillAudio amplifierLoudspeaker (in amplifier)1 GHz UHF oscillator (30 cm kit) with dipole transmitter/receiver and rodto rotate plane of polarisationMicrovoltmeter as detector for rectified 1GHz waves

Guess a waveform from a sampleActivity 50E: ExperimentRequirements:-PaperTracing paper

Looking at signal conversionActivity 80E: ExperimentRequirements:-Analogue to digital converter (ADC) boxPower supply unit for measurement amplifierTwo digital multimetersDigital to analogue converter (DAC) boxOscilloscopeSignal generator

Polarisation by scatteringActivity 130E: ExperimentRequirements:-Parallel beam projectorPower supply 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 APlastic tank, rectangularPolariser, opticalMilk (a few drops)


Spectrum analysis:Simple signalsActivity 170E: ExperimentRequirements:-PC-scopeThree signal generatorsLoudspeakerMeasurement amplifier as a signal adder

Hearing impairment:Using an electronic filterActivity 200E: ExperimentRequirements:-Tape recorder with suitably pre-recorded tape of speechSignal generatorLoudspeakerOscilloscopeActive filter unit

Making an electronic sounds generatorActivity 230E: ExperimentRequirements:-Sound generator chipSuitable power supply or cellsPiezo buzzer or loudspeakerPC running Cool Edit 96 orOscilloscopeCrocodile clips, breadboard, perhaps a soldering iron

Advancing Physics Chapter 4 Testing materials

Chapter 4 TESTING MATERIALS apparatus list

Disappearing glassActivity 300D: DemonstrationRequirements:-250 ml beaker half filled with glycerol (propane 1,2,3-triol)A hard Pyrex test tube or other Pyrex glass object – the type of glass iscrucial. If a test tube is used, fill it with glycerol up to the level of theliquid in the beaker

Measuring the speed of lightActivity 220P: PresentationRequirements:-Speed of light apparatus

Tensile testing:Getting a feel for materials 1Activity 10E: ExperimentRequirements:-G clamp, 4” jawWooden blocksSingle pulley on clampMass hangers with slotted masses, 100gWire samples: 0.08 mm stainless steel (44 SWG), 0.28 mm copper (32SWG), 0.20 mm iron (36 SWG)Nylon monofilament, 2 kg breaking strainOptional: glass, cotton, hair

Compressive testing:Getting a feel for materials 2Activity 20E: ExperimentRequirements:-Hardboard squares, 2 cm x 2 cmMass hangers with slotted masses, 100gRetort stand, boss and clampMetre ruleSet of specimens for crushing


Hardness testing:Getting a feel for materials 3Activity 30E: ExperimentRequirements:-A metal punch or a sharp hard nailLarge steel ball bearingDrilled block of woodAiming tubeOptical microscope or magnifying glassSet of specimens for hardness testing

Tear testing:Getting a feel for materials 4Activity 40E: ExperimentRequirements:-Pair of sheet material clampsRetort stand, boss and clampG clamp, 2” jawMass hangers with slotted masses, 100gSpecimen strips, approximately 10 cm x 2 cm: paper, cellophanewrapping, cotton, perhaps other textileScissors

Measuring density:Getting a feel for materials 5Activity 50E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mass balance, electronic ± 1 gMetre ruleBlocks for density measurement

Comparing thermal conductivities:Getting a feel for materials 6Activity 60E: ExperimentRequirements:-Thermal heater unitPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6A3 temperature sensors, 0 – 100 0CHeat sink compoundBubble wrap or other insulatorSelection of rods of identical diameter to testMasking tape


Electrical conduction:Getting a feel for materials 7Activity 70E: ExperimentRequirements:-Power supply, 5 V d.c.Digital multimeterLoose crocodile clipStrips or rods of materials, e.g. copper, glass, balsa wood, graphite, drypaper, wet paper

Optical properties:Getting a feel for materials 8Activity 80E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mortar and pestleCopper sulphate crystalsRock salt crystalsSugar crystalsGlass rodGlass powder

How strong is a paper structure?Activity 140E: ExperimentRequirements:-Sheet of thin A4 paperSheet of corrugated paper, at least 80 mm x 200 mmHardboard squares, about 80 mm x 80 mm2 masses, 1 kgMass hangers with slotted masses, 100 gAdhesive tape, suitable for paper

Measuring the stiffness of a materialActivity 150E: ExperimentRequirements:-G clamp, 4” jaw2 wooden blocksSingle pulley on a bench clampMetre ruleAdhesive tape markerCardboard bridgesMass hanger with slotted masses, 1`00 gWire samples, 0.08 mm (44 SWG) stainless steel, 0.28 mm (32 SWG)copper,0.20 mm (36 SWG) ironNylon monofilament, 2 kg breaking strainSafety spectacles


Crushing:How materials interact with light 1Activity 170E: ExperimentRequirements:-Crystals of copper (II) sulphate; several large crystals and some crushedcrystals about the grain size of table saltSheet of paper containing legible writing on which to place the crystals

Reflection:How materials interact with light 2Activity 180E: ExperimentRequirements:-Plane mirrorBlank sheet of white paperBeam source, 2D

Refraction:How materials interact with light 3Activity 190E: ExperimentRequirements:-Semicircular transparent blockBeam source, 2D

Absorption:How materials interact with light 4Activity 200E: ExperimentRequirements:-Rectangular plastic tank, approximately 15 cm x 10 cm x 10 cmPlastic measuring jug, 1 litre2/3 drops of milk12 V 48 W lampPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 AAnnular stop: cardboard disc with 1 cm hole punched in middle toproduce a beam

Propagation:How materials interact with light 5Activity 210E: ExperimentRequirements:-Rectangular plastic tank, approximately 15 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm1 litre jug of water2/3 drops of fluorescein solutionLaserBlu-tak


Total internal reflectionActivity 230E: ExperimentRequirements:-A semicircular transparent block, perhaps glass or PerspexOptional extension: a second semicircular block made from a differentsubstance or a semicircular shaped plastic tank containing waterBeam source, 2DPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 ASheet of white paper

Absorption in a liquidActivity 240E: ExperimentRequirements:-Absorption tank2 power supplies, 5 V d.c.Light suitable phototransistorDigital multimeterCopper (II) sulphate solution, about 5% by volume

Measuring refractive indexActivity 250E: ExperimentRequirements:-A semicircular transparent block, perhaps glass or PerspexOptional extension: a second semicircular block made from a differentsubstance or a semicircular shaped plastic tank containing waterBeam source, 2DPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 ASheet of white paper

Getting information down transparent pipesActivity 260E: ExperimentRequirements:-Signal generator, 0.1 Hz – 100kHz, 1 AMicrovoltmeter (here used as a microammeter)Digital multimeterPower supply, 5 V d.c.Mounted infrared or optical emitter/detector pair with optical fibre clamps2 x G clamps, 2” jaw30 cm length of polyester optical fibreFor making your own fibre15 cm length of soda glassPortable gas burnerSafety spectaclesFine nosed pliersHeatproof mat


Looking at a spectrum formed by a prismActivity 270E: ExperimentRequirements:-Prism, 600, glass or PerspexBeam sourcePower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 A orParallel beam projector (for demonstration)Retroreflectors and rainbowsActivity 280E: ExperimentRequirements:-Circular Perspex block900 – 450 – 450 prism, plastic or glassOptional extension; plastic petri dish containing waterBeam source, 2DPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c.and a.c., 6 APlane mirror or aluminium foil

Measuring resistance of good conductorsActivity 310E: ExperimentRequirements:-Aluminium cooking foil, approximately 2 cm x 30 cmA graphite film on paperPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c.and a.c., 6 Adigital multimeterscrocodile clipsx 4 mm leads

Measuring the resistance of two insulatorsActivity 330E: ExperimentRequirements:-Samples of two insulators; glass sheet about 10 cm x 10 cm x 1 mm,rubber samples of similar dimensionsEHT power supply, 5 kV d.c.Digital multimeterMeans of attaching the samples to the circuitmm leads


How the dimensions of a conductor affect the resistanceActivity 340E: ExperimentRequirements:-About 50 g of conducting puttyPair of putty contacts2 digital multimetersx 4 mm leadsPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c.and a.c., 6 ACutting board for the putty (on which it can rest during the experiment)Sharp knifeDisposable plastic gloves (warning: the putty is not toxic but it stainshands and clothing)

Introduction to resistivity using conducting paperActivity 340E: ExperimentRequirements:-Graphite film on paperColloidal graphite to connect the paper to the optical pinsHairdryerPower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 A5 x 4 mm leadsTwo optical pinsTwo bulldog clips, each with a lead soldered to the ‘handle’

Measuring electrical resistivityActivity 340E: ExperimentRequirements:-Constantan wire diameter 0.27 mm (32 SWG) and 0.56 mm (24 SWG)Power supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c., 6 A2 digital multimetersMicrometer screw gaugemm leadsClip component holderFor optional extra: nichrome, iron, copper wire in the same gauge asconstantan

Advancing Physics Chapter 5 Looking inside materials

Chapter 5 LOOKING INSIDE MATERIALS

Crystal, polycrystal and amorphousActivity 90D: DemonstrationRequirements:-JPEG file

Photoelastic stressActivity 130D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Two of polariser, optical, 50 mm x 50 mmSlide projectorTwo strips of heavy duty polytheneTransparent plastic ruler and similar objects, one with hole

A model for stretching rubberActivity 260D: DemonstrationRequirements:-20 x 10 mm polystyrene balls20 cocktail sticksA coloured marker penA sharp metal point on a handle to make holes in the polystyrene ball

Looking at boneActivity 10E: ExperimentRequirements:-Samples of boneHand lens

Looking at wood and wood productsActivity 30E: ExperimentRequirements:-Samples of wood and wood products such as blockboard, plywood,chipboard, flooring grade chipboard, veneered chipboard, corrugatedcardboard, MDF, egg box, paper, cellophaneHand lens


Looking at textilesActivity 40E: ExperimentRequirements:-Samples of different textiles – for example, nylon tights, kitchen cloth, teatowel, cotton hankies, woollen scarfHand lens

Measuring a moleculeActivity 80E: ExperimentRequirements:-Waxed shallow tray (for example, a waterproofed serving tray)Rubber wedges to level trayWaxed booms to sweep the water surfaceLycopodium powderOlive oilTalcHand lensScale – 0.5 mmLoop of very fine wire, 0.28 mm (32 S.W.G.)Sponge for soaking up water spills

Glass thickness and colourActivity 110E: ExperimentRequirements:-Thick sheet of window glass, in excess of 0.5 m in one other directionFilament lamp, 12 V , 48 W and holderPower supply, 12 VOptional extras:-Neutral density filterStack of microscope slides – at least 50

More than one springActivity 140E: ExperimentRequirements:-Steel springs, tensileMass hangers with slotted masses, 100 gRetort stand base, rod, boss and clampShort length of stiff wire (or similar) to combine springs in parallel


Growth of grainsActivity 150E: ExperimentRequirements:-A few grams of phenyl salicylate (phenyl-2-hydroxybenzoate) – enough toprovide just a few dropsTest tubeTwo microscope slidesBeaker, 250 cm3

KettleMeans of removing the glass plate from the hot waterDrying clothHand lensExperiment 2Copper filingsDilute nitric acidSilver nitrate solution, 0.05 MMicroscope slideMicroscope (above-stage illumination may be best)

Growing grains in a zinc ingotActivity 170E: ExperimentRequirements:-50 g of granulated zincSmall Pyrex test tube and test tube holderBunsen burnerHeat-resistant glovesFace maskHeat-resistant matWooden splint or spillTin can (or similar); sufficient vermiculite granules to fill the canRetort stand, boss and clampA selection of emery paper of varying coarseness

A bubble-raft model of dislocationsActivity 190E: ExperimentRequirements:-Petri dishHypodermic needle, 25 gauge and length of rubber tubing to connect it togas tapHoffman clip (to regulate the gas flow)Retort stand, boss and clampBubble solution

Heat treatment of steelActivity 200E: Experiment


Requirements:-Steel wire samplesGas burnerBeaker of water (minimum volume 250 ml)Mat on which you can safely place hot objectsTongsHeat-resistant glovesTwo pairs pliersOptional extensionTensile testing machine. If you wish to use this option, you must use steelsamples which will conform to the dimensional requirements of yourmachine.

Work hardening of copperActivity 210E: ExperimentRequirements:-Copper specimensMass hanger with slotted masses, 100 gTwo wooden dowelsGas burnerHeat-resistant matHeat-resistant glovesTongsSafety glassesOptional:-Furnace capable of maintaining at least 800 °C for one hour or simpleheating using a gas burner

Amorphous and crystalline structures in polymersActivity 220E: ExperimentRequirements:-JPEG file

Sketching a semicrystalline polymerActivity 230E: ExperimentRequirements:-Rings from a four-pack of drinks orStrips cut from polythene food bags using a razor or sharp knife


Molecular memoryActivity 240E: ExperimentRequirements:-Two yoghurt pots (they should be slightly conical type, volume about 150ml)A pressure cooker

History in a plastic cupActivity 250E: ExperimentRequirements:-Extruded polystyrene cupExpanded polystyrene cup

Effect of the vulcanisation of rubber on stiffnessActivity 270E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mass hanger with slotted masses, 100 gThree mass hanger with slotted masses, 10 gRing of rubber made by cutting through an old car inner tubeRubber bandRetort stand, boss and clampMetre ruleG-clampUse of micrometer or vernier

Design your own rubberActivity 280E: ExperimentRequirements:-CopydexA supply of microscope slides coated with CopydexMaterials clamp25 cm3 of a 5% solution of disulphur dichloride (S2Cl2) in petroleum etherMass hangers with slotted masses, 100 gRetort stand, boss and clampSmall rulerPetri dishStopwatchPlastic tongs


Calibration of a thermistorActivity 320E: ExperimentRequirements:-ThermistorDigital multimeter set on resistance rangeTwo crocodile clipsConnecting leads, 4 mm250 ml beakerSource of hot water, an electric kettle is simplestMercury-in-glass thermometer (0.5 °C divisions)Ice cubesClamp, stand and boss

Advancing Physics Chapter 6 Wave behaviour

Chapter 6 – WAVE BEHAVIOUR

Loudspeaker and baffleActivity 10D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Double beam oscilloscopeTwo simple microphonesSPST switchSmall loudspeaker (about 80 mm in diameter)Retort stands, three bosses and three clampsSignal generatorPrepared baffle with hole equal in size to the loudspeaker cone

More complicated standing wavesActivity 150D: DemonstrationRequirements:-

Standing waves in a loopSignal generatorVibration generatorStroboscopeLoop of copper wireTwo 4 mm leads

Chladni figuresSignal generatorVibration generatorMetal plate, to be fixed to the vibration generatotSandleadsVibrations in a rubber sheetSignal generatorStroboscopeLarge loudspeakerLarge metal ring supporting a disc of thin rubber or latexThree retort stands, bosses and clampsThree small G clampsleads


String model of a lensActivity 190D: DemonstrationRequirements:-WhiteboardBlu-takAdhesive tapeFive pieces of regularly marked out string

Path differences and phase differencesActivity 20P: PresentationRequirements:-Signal generatorLoudspeakerTwo microphonesDouble beam oscilloscope (sensitivity of 10 mV cm-1 needed)Metre rulesLeads

Slinky demonstrationsActivity 50P: PresentationRequirements:-Slinky spring with tags every 10 turnsSignal generatorVibration generatorRetort stand, boss and clamp

Superposition of microwavesActivity 60P: PresentationRequirements:-Microwave transmitterMicrowave receiverMetal reflector (about 0.3 m square)General purpose amplifierLoudspeaker (if not with above)Microammeter (if not incorporated in receiver)Diode probeMetre ruleLeads


Partial reflection of microwavesActivity 70P: PresentationRequirements:-Microwave transmitterMicrowave receiverMetal reflector (about 0.3 m square)4 mm hardboard sheet (about 0.3 m square)General purpose amplifierLoudspeaker (if not with above)Microammeter (if not incorporated in receiver)Metre ruleLeadsSlotted base (for reflectors)

Superposition of 1 GHz radio wavesActivity 80P: PresentationRequirements:-Dipoles and oscillator, 15 cm wavelengthDigital multimeter, used as microammeterMetal screen, 0.3 m square4 mm leadsMetre rule

Standing waves in soundActivity 110P: PresentationRequirements:-OscilloscopeLoudspeaker (about 80 mm in diameter)Signal generatorMicrophoneMetre ruleHardboard reflector (about 0.3 m square)Standing waves in tubes:

Kundt’s experimentActivity 120P: PresentationRequirements:-1000 cm3 glass measuring cylinderSignal generatorSmall loudspeaker and paper coneCork dust


Standing waves with microwavesActivity 130P: PresentationRequirements:-Microwave transmitterSlotted baseMetal reflector (about 0.3 m square)General purpose amplifierLoudspeaker (if not with above)Digital multimeter used as a microammeterDiode probeMetre ruleLeads

A stationary 1 GHz wave patternActivity 140P: PresentationRequirements:-Dipoles and oscillator, 15 cm wavelengthDigital multimeter used as microammeterMetal screen, 30 cm squareSlotted baseLeads

A focusing mirror with stringActivity 170P: PresentationRequirements:-WhiteboardBlu-takAdhesive tapeSeven pieces of regularly marked out pieces of string

Hearing superpositionActivity 30E: ExperimentRequirements:-Signal generatorTwo loudspeakersLeadsMicrophoneOscilloscope


BeatsMixing waves in timeActivity 40E: ExperimentRequirements:-Two signal generatorsTwo loudspeakersOscilloscopeMicrophoneLeads

Interference patterns in a ripple tankActivity 90E: ExperimentRequirements:-Ripple tank kitHand held stroboscope

Standing waves on a rubber cordActivity 100E: ExperimentRequirements:-Signal generatorVibration generatorXenon flasher (stroboscope)Rubber cord (0.5 m long, 3 mm square cross section)Two retort stands, bosses and clampsFour metal strips (as jaws)Two G clamps, 4” jawsLeads

Interference patterns in a soap filmActivity 210E: ExperimentRequirements:-Mounted metal ringFilament lamp, 12 V 48 WLamp holder, S.B.C. on basePower supply, 0 – 12 V d.c. and a.c,, 6 ABox to obscure lamp, with white paper diffuser

Diffraction by a slitActivity 210E: ExperimentRequirements:-Holder with two halves of a razor blade, to be used as a single slit, or as anadjustable slitMounted mains lamp with red, green and blue filtersWhite card, 5 cm square


Measuring wavelength with Young’s slitsActivity 230E: ExperimentRequirements:-Lamp, 12 V 36 WPower supply, 0 – 12 V,d.c. and a.c., 6WAquadag coated microscope slidesPin and slit ruling apparatusTwo lengths of prepared square section downpipeThree joints as supportsCardboard collarGround glass screenRed and blue filters

Measuring the wavelength of laser lightActivity 240E: ExperimentRequirements:-LaserDiverging lens, -20DConverging lens, +4DMetre ruleLens holdersSupport for slitsSet of coarse gratingsProjector screen or light coloured wall

Visualising phasors:Coloured threadsActivity 290E: ExperimentRequirements:-Two x 6 m lengths of strong cotton of different light coloursFelt tip pen for marking the threadsMeans of securing the ends of the threads in the position of the slits (leg ofbench, lab stool etc.)Large sheets of paper for recording the results

Advancing Physics Chapter 7 Quantum behaviour

Chapter 7 Quantum behaviour

Listening to photons arriveActivity 20D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Pure gamma sourceOne or more Geiger-Muller tubes with counter with audio signal

Superposing electronsActivity 240D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Electron diffraction tubeE.H.T supply, 5kVLeadsSlab magnetLaserTransmission gratings, 300 and 500 lines per mmWhite screen

Microwave pathsActivity 40P: PresentationRequirements:-Microwave transmitter and receiverMicrowave beam splitterTwo microwave refelectorsMultimeter to measure the output from the microwave

Reflection gratings:A selectionActivity 150P: PresentationRequirements:-Incandescent and fluorescent lampsA CD-ROM for each member of the audienceMetal rulerLaserRed, green and blue filtersSmall white screen

Relating energy to frequencyActivity 10E: ExperimentRequirements:-Multiple LED arrayPeering tube

Advancing Physics Chapter 7 Quantum behaviour

Power supply, 5VMultimeterLeads

Calculating for a mirror on the benchActivity 80E: ExperimentRequirements:-Pencil, ruler, vector sheetorVector Hex fileRed or blue photon wheelMany paths for a mirror sheet

Advancing Physics Chapter 8 Mapping space and time

Chapter 8 Mapping Space and Time

Adding velocitiesActivity 210P: PresentationRequirements:-Three dynamic trolleysTrolley runway, about 1.25 m longA3 drawing paper, pins and drawing boardInk water, plastic syringe, tubing and Blu-tacRuler and protractor

Time mapsActivity 230P: PresentationRequirements:-OHT of UK map, plus overlay of time mapAtlasesAccess to local rail timetables (available on the Internet)

Measuring speed with a light gateActivity 10E: ExperimentRequirements:-ComputerDate-logging software, e.g. Insight (Timing)Light gate and interface1.5 m runwayDynamics trolleyBlack card 5 cm x 10 cmRuler

Motion graphs using an ultrasonic motion sensorActivity 30E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer running a data-logging program, e.g. Insight (Sensing)Ultrasonic motion sensorDynamics trolleyFlat bench surface

Advancing Physics Chapter 8 Mapping space and time

Using a video camera to make a speed-time graphActivity 60E: ExperimentRequirements:-Digital camera capable of recording video orVideo camera and video playback machine which allows frames to beplayed back one frame at a time (‘jog’ facility) andDynamics trolleySingle pulley on bench clampMass hangers with slotted masses, 100 gStringBlack paper and chalkWhite golf ball and white ping-pong ballPrepared spreadsheets for entering the data

Displacement and vector additionActivity 110E: ExperimentRequirements:-Large space – playground or playing field is idealLong tape measure or trundle wheelNavigational compass

Using video to estimate components of velocityActivity 150E: ExperimentRequirements:-Video camera (two if possible)Video playback machine which allows frames to be played back one at atime (‘jog’ facility)Stop watchLong tape measureMeans of marking distances across a wall or across an open space (e.g.black paper and chalk for an wall or poles placed into the ground

Vector components and co-ordinate systemsActivity 160E: ExperimentRequirements:-RulerProtractorAcetate sheetGraph paperOHT pensCalculator or PC

Advancing Physics Chapter 9 Computing the next move

Chapter 9 Computing the next move

A thrown ball follows a parabolic pathActivity 130D: DemonstrationRequirements:-Overhead projector transparency of a parabolaOverhead projectorScreenSmall ballSome practice

Mid-air collisionsActivity 170D: DemonstrationRequirements:-ElectromagnetIron canPower supply, 12VAluminium foilBlowpipe tubeBall bearingPair of crocodile clips mounted in holder4 mm leads

Free transport?Activity 300P: PresentationRequirements:-Dynamics trolley (Pasco)Two retort standsSix bossesHanger masses, 10gNylon monofilamentA pendulum, supported on a retort standA 6inch nail held in a boss

Tracking aircraft paths by drawingActivity 50E: ExperimentRequirements:-Sheet of A4 graph paperSharpened pencilRulerProtractor


Predicting the motion of a falling cardActivity 110E: ExperimentRequirements:-ComputerData-logging software, e.g. Insight (Timing)Lightgate and interfaceStand with clamps and bossesBlack card, 5cm x 10cmPlasticene or Blu-takMetre rule

Measuring the acceleration of free fallActivity 120E: ExperimentRequirements:-Access to a reasonably large drop, e.g. stair wellBall bearingCardboard box with cloths or some other arrangement to ensure that theball has a soft, safe landingTape measureStopwatch reading to at least 0.1 sPlus – if available (and there is sufficient time to use it)Electronic timing system, data logging device, video camera or computer-aided system for measuring the time of fall through a measured distance

Rolling along a parabolaActivity 140E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer capable of playing avi moviesMarble, paper and inclined board

What does a tennis ball know about parabolas?Activity 160E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer running a drawing programOrGraph paper, ruler and pencil


Build and test a marble launcherActivity 172E: ExperimentRequirements:-ProtractorMetre ruleSmall sand pitA means of measuring speedSafety spectaclesCompression spring1 cm diameter plastic conduit with rubber bung to fitMarble and/or ball bearing to fit tubeDrill and large nail

Finding the range of projectilesActivity 174E: ExperimentRequirements:-Means of safely projecting a small dense object (such as a metal ball) atvarious anglesMeans of measuring the angle of projectionMeans of measuring the range (horizontal distance travelled) of theprojectileAnd if possibleSome means of recording the path of the projectile through the air, e.g.using a video or digital camera linked to a computer

Investigating accelerated motionActivity 180E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer running data-logging software , e.g. Insight (Timing)Lightgate and interfaceRetort stand, boss and clampsDynamics trolleyBlack card with two segmentsSingle pulley on bench clampStringMass hangers with slotted masses, 100 g50 cm light metal chainRuler

Acceleration and resultant force using a motion sensorActivity 190E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer running data-logging software , e.g. Insight (Timing)Motion sensor and interfaceDynamics trolley


String (3 m)Mass hangers with slotted masses, 100 g (use up to 500 g)Single pulley on bench clampMetre rule

Acceleration and resultant force using a lightgateActivity 200E: ExperimentRequirements:-Computer running data-logging software , e.g. Insight (Timing)Lightgate and interfaceDynamics trolleyBlack card, 5 cm x 10 cmString (3 m)Mass hangers with slotted masses, 100 g (use up to 500 g)Single pulley on bench clampStand and clamp (for the lightgate)Metre rule

Just how are force and acceleration connected?Activity 210E: ExperimentRequirements:-Dynamics trolleyForce sensorAcceleration sensorComputer running data capture and analysis software

Experiencing a collisionActivity 250E: ExperimentRequirements:-Large dynamics cartSupply of empty drinks cansSolid but protected wallAnd perhapsMotion sensor, interface and computerOrVideo camera plus analysis software

Falling cupcakesActivity 260E: ExperimentRequirements:-A set of 10 paper cupcake holdersStopwatch or wristwatch with ability to read to at least 0.1 sMetre rule or (better) a tape measureStairwell or similar so that objects may fall through several metres


Good on the reboundActivity 320E: ExperimentRequirements:-A ball whose internal pressure can be variedPump, adapter and pressure meterMetre ruleStopwatch

Poor on the reboundActivity 330E: ExperimentRequirements:-Selection of four to five materialsMetre ruleStopwatchBall bearing or marble

Stripping away kinetic energyActivity 340E: ExperimentRequirements:-Adapted model carFilm canister full of sandFlexitrack, 1 mHanger masses, 10 gMetre rule and possiblyMeans of tracking the position of the car

Slowing by stirringActivity 350E: ExperimentRequirements:-Dynamics trolleyAir braking assemblyMetre ruleand possiblyMeans of tracking the position of the trolleya means of launching the trolleyFlexitrack 1 m

orTrolley catapultorBench pulleyHanger masses

Accelerating through viscous mediaActivity 365E: Experiment


Requirements:-Guttering with supports, 1.5 mBoatLitre jugPaperclipsSlotted hanger masses, 10 gMetre ruleStopwatchLight nylon thread, 2 mand possiblyMeans of tracking the position of the trolley

Effective ballisticsActivity 370E: ExperimentRequirements:-A catapultA home made dartPoystyrene tileMetre rulestopwatch

advancing physics - brendan.sdf-eu.orgbrendan.sdf-eu.org/downloads/asapparatuslist.pdf · advancing...

Documents