advantages of dynamic routing over static routing : advertise only the directly connected networks....

Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing :

• Advertise only the directly connected networks.

• Updates the topology changes dynamically.

• Administrative work is reduced.

• Used in medium & large networks.

Dynamic Routing

• Distance Vector Protocol

• Link State Protocol

• Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)

Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

• Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm.

• Classfull routing protocol.

• Full Routing tables are exchanged.

• Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals.

• Updates are sent through broadcast IP address.

• Also known as “Routing By Rumor”

• Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.

Distance Vector Protocols

• Uses Dijkstra’s algorithm.

• Classless routing protocol.

• First time full Database tables are exchanged, later

only changed link state information is exchanged.

• Incremental / Flash updates.

• Updates are sent through multicast IP address.

• Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”

• Example : OSPF, IS-IS.

Link State Protocols

• Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm)

• Classless routing protocols

• Missing routes are exchanged

• Incremental updates

• Updates are sent through multicast IP address

• Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence”

• Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2

Hybrid Protocols

• Open Standard Protocol

• Classfull routing protocol

• Updates are sent on broadcast IP address

255.255.255.255

• Administrative distance is 120

• Metric : Hop count

Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16

• Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths)

• Used for small networks

Routing Information Protocol

• Update timer : 30 sec

– Time between consecutive updates

• Invalid timer : 180 sec

– Time a router waits to hear updates

– The route is marked unreachable if there is no

update during this interval.

• Flush timer : 240 sec

– Time before the invalid route is purged from the

routing table

Rip Timers

RIP - Network Diagram

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN – 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24

E0 192.168.1.1/24

E0 192.168.2.1/24

10.0.0.1/8S0

S110.0.0.2/8

11.0.0.1/8S0

S111.0.0.2/8

HYD CHE BANE0 192.168.3.1/24

• More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates

• Doesn’t consider the bandwidth in metric calculation,

uses only hop counts

• Slow convergence

• Formation of Routing loops

Disadvantages of RIP

Routing loops

• Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of

RIP, where it exchanges the complete routing tables

with its neighbors or due to slow network convergence.

Routing Loop Avoidance

• There are three in-built mechanisms which

avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

1. Route Poisoning

– It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to

neighbors.

2. Split Horizon

– A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back

on the same interface it learned.

3. Hold-down timer

– Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.

Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash

update to intimate topology changes to neighbor.

Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2

• Classfull routing protocol

• Do not advertise subnet mask information in routing update

• It works with broadcasting

(255.255.255.255)

• It does not support authentication

• Classless routing protocol

• Advertise subnet mask information in routing updates

• It works with multicasting(224.0.0.9)

• Supports authentication

RIP-v1 RIP-v2

exitHyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config)#

telnet 192.168.1.1

================================Welcome to Hyderabad Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enable

configure terminal

interface serial 0ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0no shutclockrate 64000encapsulation hdlc

Hyderabad>password :Hyderabad#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Hyderabad(config)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....

Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router

192.168.1.010.0.0.0

Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router

192.168.1.010.0.0.0

Diagram

Hyderabad(config)#router rip

Hyderabad(config-router)#

Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingHyderabad(config)#

Hyderabad(config)#ip routing

Configuring RIPRouter(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>


Diagram

show ip routeHyderabad#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0Hyderabad#

^Z

Hyderabad(config)#router rip

Hyderabad(config-router)#

Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingHyderabad(config)#

Hyderabad(config)#ip routing

R – for RIP routes R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance

120 is nothing but Administrative Distance

Metric of Rip Hop Count


Diagram

show ip protocolsHyderabad#Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.0.0.2 120 00:00:00 Distance: (default is 120)Hyderabad#

Diagram

Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#

================================Welcome to Chennai Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enable

configure terminal

ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation hdlcinterface serial 0

Chennai>password :Chennai#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Chennai(config)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#


Chennai(config-if)#

telnet 192.168.2.1

interface serial 1

ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation hdlc

Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router192.168.2.0

10.0.0.011.0.0.0

Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router192.168.2.0

10.0.0.011.0.0.0

Diagram

Chennai(config)#router rip

Chennai(config-router)#

Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingChennai(config)#

Chennai(config)#ip routing

network 11.0.0.0Chennai(config-router)# Configuring RIP

Router(config)# router ripRouter(config-router)# network <Network ID>


Diagram

show ip routeChennai#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR


C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:12, Serial0Chennai#

^Z

Chennai(config)#router rip

Chennai(config-router)#

Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingChennai(config)#

Chennai(config)#ip routing

network 11.0.0.0Chennai(config-router)#





Diagram

show ip protocolsChennai#Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.2 120 00:00:23 10.0.0.1 120 00:00:03 Distance: (default is 120)Chennai# Diagram

exitBanglore(config-if)#Banglore(config)#

================================Welcome to Banglore Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enable

configure terminal

ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0no shutclockrate 64000encapsulation hdlc

Banglore>password :Banglore#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Banglore(config)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#


telnet 192.168.3.1

interface serial 1

Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router192.168.3.0

11.0.0.0

Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router192.168.3.0

11.0.0.0

Diagram

Banglore(config)#router rip

Banglore(config-router)#

Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0

no ip routingBanglore(config)#

Banglore(config)#ip routing



Diagram

show ip routeBanglore#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR


R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0Banglore#

^Z

Banglore(config)#router rip

Banglore(config-router)#

Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0

no ip routingBanglore(config)#

Banglore(config)#ip routing





Diagram

show ip protocolsBanglore#Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.3.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.1 120 00:00:06 Distance: (default is 120)Banglore#

Diagram

ping 192.168.3.10Hyderabad#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msHyderabad#

!!!!!

ping 192.168.2.10Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msHyderabad#

!!!!!

Diagram

ping 192.168.1.10Chennai#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msChennai#

!!!!!


Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msChennai#

!!!!!

Diagram

ping 192.168.1.10Banglore#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msBanglore#

!!!!!


Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msBanglore#

!!!!!

Diagram

advantages of dynamic routing over static routing : advertise only the directly connected networks....

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