advantages of petweb.eng.fiu.edu/godavart/bme4531-sp12/pet_student_ppt-spring2012.pdfmedical...
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ADVANTAGES OF PET
Used to image function. This provides an accurate way of analyzing the progression of diseases in the body.
Used in the fields of cardiology, oncology, and neurology.
Can also be used to detect skeletal tissue infections
Can be combined with other modalities in a single image.
HTTP://WWW.RADIOLOGY-INFO.ORG/NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY/PROS-CONSSIDE-EFFECTS.HTML HTTP://ARCHIVES.DRUGABUSE.GOV/NEWSROOM/03/NR9-08.HTML
HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S155685981000074X
DISADVANTAGES OF PET
Exposed to radiation. The total amount is very similar to a typical CT-scan.
Since PET puts a radioactive tracer inside the body, a patient should not be near a pregnant woman soon after the PET scan.
The radioactive tracer has a half life associated with it. This causes the need to use the tracer soon after it is made.
PET scans are expensive and not very readily available. This is mainly due to the use of an expensive cyclotron.
HTTP://WWW.NLM.NIH.GOV/MEDLINEPLUS/ENCY/ARTICLE/003827.HTM HTTP://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.COM/ARTICLES/154877.PHP
HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PMC/ARTICLES/PMC1255942/ HTTP://WWW.RADIOLOGY-INFO.ORG/NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY/PROS-CONSSIDE-EFFECTS.HTML
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Detects the cancer stage and shows how far it has spread. MRI and CT can not tell the difference between benign or malignant tumors.
Shows the brain functionality in diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease.
Can be combined with other modalities such as MRI or CT to produce images displaying both function and structure in great detail.
HTTP://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.COM/ARTICLES/154877.PHP HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PMC/ARTICLES/PMC1255942/
HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PUBMED/22427802 HTTP://WWW.BIOCHEM.ARIZONA.EDU/CLASSES/BIOC462/462BH2008/462BHONORSPROJECTS/462BHONORS2004/NAVRATILOVAZ/OVERVIEW.HTM
PET image of Parkinson’s Disease affected patient
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
PET/MRI of rodent to detect
Amyloid Beta plaques associated with
Parkinson’s Disease.
HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PUBMED/22427802
NON MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
PET has typically been used almost
exclusively for medical purposes.
Recently PET has been used in
geological studies as a nondestructive
way of imaging. This is an ongoing
area of research.
HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S1474706508001022 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S0304389412000684 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S092698511100231X
PET of subsurface bacterial colonies in soil
PET of flow in uniform porous medium
BEFORE PET IMAGING
1953: William Sweet & Gordon Brownell Built device that used positron annihilation for imaging the brain A precursor to PET scanners
1961: James S. Robertson Made the “Headshrinker”, another precursor Produced single-plane PET scan
http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/vital.shtml
http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2006/Medical_Imaging/pethistory.html
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm
1969: Brownell with MIT colleagues make the first positronic tomographic camera.
1972: Brownell Group uses reconstruction algorithm to produce image of brain tumor. The scan shows two levels with the tumor seen in the second level.
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm
Multiple fixed detectors and hexagonal shape Still didn’t have enough detectors for
a good quality image Used in the PETT II scanner
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm
Several linear detectors that rotate around the patient Took too long Very sensitive to movement of
patient
DESIGN OF DETECTORS
PETT III SCANNER
1975: Edward Hoffman, Michel M. Ter-Pogossian & Michael E. Phelps Built what is considered the first PET
Scanner Used full ring of detectors (best design) Still produced low quality and low
resolution images Required a whole team of medical
professionals to operate it All following PET scanners are based on
its design
http://www.ehow.com/about_6404835_clinical-history-pet-scans.html
HTTP://WWW.EHOW.COM/ABOUT_6404835_CLINICAL-HISTORY-PET-SCANS.HTML HTTP://WWW.CEREBROMENTE.ORG.BR/N20/HISTORY/NEUROIMAGE5_P.HTM
P E T T V I Built in the early 80’s at UBC Hospital and was easier to operate than its predecessors.
1980’s: Able to image how the brain responds to different actions. These were performed by Michael Phelps.
E C A T E X A C T H R +
1990’s: Modern design of PET Scanner
IMPROVEMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY • I N C R E A S E D N U M B E R O F D E T E C T O R S
• I M P R O V E D A T T E N U A T I O N C O R R E C T I O N
HTTP://WWW.CEREBROMENTE.ORG.BR/N01/PET/PET_HIST.HTM
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS
1976: Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) developed for PET Other common tracers: Oxygen-15, Carbon-11, and Nitrogen-13 Developing tracers to target specific areas like the lungs and heart Development of multiple tracer to get more information in a single scan
http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/vital.shtml
http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/pet-mr/content/article/113619/1877446
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F23%2F5280479%2F05280533.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5280533&authDecision=-203
PET/CT SCANNER
Gives structural and functional information PET scan and CT scan can be done simultaneously Being used more in hospitals especially for cancer detection
http://www.medwow.com/articles/pet-ct/important-information-about-pet-ct/ http://www.njironline.org/pet-ct-radiology-imaging-center-carlstadt-new-jersey.htm
http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/chetan/petct/petct.html
PET/MRI SCANNER
-Fully integrated design of PET/MRI scanner
-Separated design with PET scanner on one end and MRI machine on the other.
http://www.cc.nih.gov/about/news/newsletter/2011/nov2011/newsletter.html
http://www.auntminnie.com/index.aspx?sec=rca&sub=rsna_2010&pag=dis&itemId=93244
PET/MRI SCANNER
Newest technology available The function and structure can be seen for a better diagnosis Images are extremely detailed
http://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=sup&sub=mri&pag=dis&ItemID=603660
COST
One of the most expensive imaging modalities $1 million to $2.5 million machine cost
Hybrid scanners PET/CT: $2.5 million to $3 million PET/MRI: cost is unknown but likely to be higher than PET/CT scanner.
http://www.babcn.org/images/news/petscan.htm
http://cadth.ca/en/products/environmental-scanning/health-technology-update/issue3/pet-mri
• FDG radiopharmaceutical fees: Cost of radioactive element to produce image
• Technical fees: Cost of procedure • Professional fees: associated with
radiologist interpreting test results
Basic PET scan costs:
http://www.comparepetscancost.com/
NATIONAL STATISTICS
National minimum price: $3,200
National average price: $4,900
National maximum price: $10,300
http://newchoicehealth.com/Directory/Procedure/47/Whole%20Body%20PET%20Scan
NATIONAL STATISTICS CONT.
350,000 PET scans were performed in
2002
Numbers of scans are increasing
dramatically
It is estimated that within the next five years, in excess of
2,000,000 PET scans will be performed per
year.
http://www.petforcancer.com/faq/index.html
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