adverse effect of stress

8/2/2019 Adverse Effect of Stress

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Stress adversely affects managers' health,

happiness, home life and work performance


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Overview

1. Introduction

2. Definition: What is stress?

3. What are the causes of stress?

4.

Why stress is such a bad thing..5. How to avoid stress

6. Wait a minute, a dose of stress is good for you.!

7. Effects of stress on managers happiness ,health, home life andwork performance

8. Summary and Conclusion

9. Recommendations


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Objectives

To broaden understanding on subject of stress.

To show how individuals and organisations can managestress.

To discuss why stress may be good for theindividual/organization.

To show the adverse effects of stress on managers health,happiness, home life and work performance


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Introduction

One of the inevitable realities of our modern life isexposure to stress (Ferdinand 1988).

Work related stress could be detrimental to individualsand organization in terms of health ,quality of life,

work output and financial health of organizationsrespectively (Ree 1997).

Also a good outcome like job satisfaction and highproductivity could accrue to individuals andorganizations respectively if stress is well managed(Larson 2004, Hart 2007).

This presentation reviews the adverse effects of stresson managers health, happiness, home life and workperformance.


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What is Stress ?

Various definitions of stress:

Halkos and Bousinakis (2010) defined stress as an unpleasant emotionalsituation that we experience when requirements (work-related or not)cannot be counter-balanced with our ability to resolve them.

Arnold (2005, p.390) quoting (Cooper 1996) stated that A stress is anyforce that pushes a psychological or physical factor beyond its range ofstability, producing a strain within the individual.

Larson, (2004), quoted Matteson and Ivancevich, (1987), who defined stressas a naturally occurring experience that may have either beneficial ordestructive consequences.

In the work environment, job stress has been defined as the inability tocope with the pressures in a job. (Rees 1997).


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What are the causes of stress?

1. Factors intrinsic to the Job:

Working Condition

Work hours and load

New Technology introduction

2. The role in the organization

Role ambiguity

Role conflict

Degree of responsibility

(Arnold 2005, p.395-410)


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What are the causes of stress?

3. Personality and Coping

Relationships at work

Relationship with subordinates and colleagues

4. Organizational Culture and Climate

Organizational Climate

Organizational Culture

(Arnold 2005, p.395-410)


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Others causes of stress?

Home-Work Interface e.g. increasing proportion of women inthe workforce

Too much challenge

Lack of participation in decision making Lack of administrative support

Punishment centred philosophy or unfair discipline

Existence of bureaucracy

Increased workload Resource losses or potential resource losses; and

Inadequate resources to meet work demands.

(Buker and Wiecko 2007)


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Video on Stress? (Class discussion)

Link to video on stress:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvw

Questions for discussion:

1. What do you think is responsible for the stresssituations shown in the video ?

2. How can such stressful situations be avoided orminimized ?

3. What is the impact of stress on the character depictedin the video ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvw


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How do you manage stress as a manager ?

1. Work Redesign:

Changing the demands of work (for sharing the workload differently).

Introducing flexible time

Increasing the amount and quality of support received by individuals. (Forexample allowing interaction among employees and encouraging

cooperation and teamwork. Effective management of workloads and careful allocation of

resources (Rees 1997)

2. Stress Management Training Individuals in the workplace should undergo classes on relaxation, time

management, assertiveness training or exercise.

(Leka, Griffiths and Cox 2003)


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3. Ergonomics and Environmental Design

Improving the use of equipment at work and the physicalworking conditions can help to avoid stress.

4. Management Development

Improving managers attitudes towards dealing with work

stress, their knowledge and understanding of it and their

skills to deal with the issue as affectively as possible willhelp avoid stress.

Learning to delegate assignment will also help to avoidstress.



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3. Diet and lifestyles changes

Reduce the intake of coffee, tea, cola or chocolate drinks

Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, exercise and yoga.(Rees 1997).

4. Laughter and fun times

Look for amusing colleagues, books, films, situations, etc

Organize happy hour, fun times

Identify your stability zones, that is, places, people and activitiesthat you can find calm

(Ferdinand B., 1988)


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Why stress is such a bad thing

Question

Can you reflect on a situation that proved the

above is true, either personal or in the life of a

close individual to you.

Why do you think this is so ?


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There are often two sides to work-related stress (The positive andthe negative)

Culled:Rash C. et. al.

Effects of stress on performance?


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Why stress is such a bad thing

Stress lead to serious illness and damages to thebody. (Hart 2007)

Affect their leisure time and leisure satisfaction andquality of his or her family life (Ho 1998) .

Stress have a direct negative effects on workperformance. Hart (2007) maintained thatsuccessive increases in stress cause deterioration inperformance.


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Wait a minute, a dose of stress is good for you.

Question

Can you reflect on a situation that proved the

above is true, either personal or in the life of aclose individual to you.

Why do you think this is so ?


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Why a dose of stress is good for you.

Stress stimulate ideas

Stress enhance learning and development

Stress is required to put up a fight or escape in

the event of a threatening event.

Necessary for performance

Breakthrough in science, technology and

artificial intelligence(Kontogiannis and Kossiavelou 1999)


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But as Larson (2004) quoted Brief et al., (1981) not allstress is bad because a certain amount of stress has beenshown to improve both effectiveness and performance.

For example, a promotion is an opportunity and can be achallenging and exciting experience.

But not all stress is bad! Hart (2007), stated that somestress is good. According to him, certain amount ofstress stimulates and motivates high achievement.

As stress increases so does the performance. But there isa breaking point at which further increases in stresscause deteriorations in work performance.

Why a dose of stress is good for you.


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Stress management approaches

Physiological

Aerobics training, relaxation imagery, relaxation response

Behavioural

Time management, Assertiveness training, Conflict resolution, problemsolving

Psychological

Self statement modification, rational cognitive restructuring,

psychological coping statements

Environmental

Change in management practices, change in organizational structure,

clearer job description, job enrichment

(Hart, K., 2007)


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Effects of stress on managers health

Hypertension: high blood pressure

Coronary thrombosis: heart attack

Migraine

Hayfever and allergies

Asthma Pruritus: Intense itching

Peptic Ulcers

Constipation

Clitis

Rheumatroid arthritis

Menstrual difficulties

Nervous dyspepsia: flatulence and indigestion

Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland

(Arnold 2005, p. 392)


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Effects of stress on managers happiness

When affected by work stress, people may:

Become increasingly distressed and irritable

Become unable to relax or concentrate

Have difficulty thinking logically and making

decisions

Enjoy their work less and feel less committed to it.

Feel tired, depressed, anxious



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Effects of stress on managers family

life

Family suffers indirectly from the stress problems of one of itsmembers. It can take the form of

Unhappy marriages

Divorce

Spouse and child abuse

He might not give adequate care to his or her family

His/her children may not enjoy the kind of family life thatchildren are expected to enjoy;

He/she might not be involved in discussing the family affairs; The quality of the family life may suffer setback which may lead

to the separation of the family.

(Arnold 2005)


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Effects of stress on managers work performance

Work stress can affect the managers work performance by

Increasing absenteeism

Decreasing commitment to work

Impairing performance and productivity Increasing unsafe practices and accident rates

Increasing complaints from clients and customers

Adversely affecting staff recruitment

Damaging the organization's image both among its workers

and externally.



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Stress weakens the body system which in turn leads

to low output

Decision making become more and more erratic

because excess stress causes clouded thinking Reduces effectiveness

Negatively affect concentration

Tiredness which affect the work performance

(Hart K.E., 2007)

Effects of stress on managers work performance


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ARNOLD 2005BUCHANAN, D. & HUCZYNSKI, A. (2010), Organisational Behaviour, 7th

Edition, Pearson Education Ltd.

BUKER, H. and WIECKO F. (2007). Are causes of police stress global? Testingthe effects of common police stressors on the Turkish National Police.An

International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(2).

FERDINAND, B. (1988). Stress Management.Industrial and Commercial Training,

20(4)

HALKOS, G and BOUSINAKIS, D. (2010), The effect of Stress and Satisfaction

on Productivity, International Journal of Productivity and Performance

Management, 59(5).

References


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HAMWI , G.A. et al.,(2011). Reducing Emotional Exhaustion and IncreasingOrganizational Support, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing,

22(1).

HART K.E. (2007). Introducing Stress and Stress Management to Managers.

Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(5).

HO, J.T.S. et al., (1998). Stress, Health and Leisure Satisfaction: the case of

teachers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 13(5/6).

HSU Y.R. (2011). Work-family Conflict and Job Satisfaction In Stressfulworking Environments: the moderating role of perceived supervisor

support and internal locus of control. International Journal of Manpower,

32(2)

KONTOGIANNIS, T. and KOSSIAVELOU, Z., 1999. Stress and team

performance: Principles and challenges for Intelligent decision aid.Safety Science. 33(3), pp. 103-128.

References


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LARSON L.L. (2004). Internal Auditors and Job Stress. Managerial Auditing Journal,19(9).

LEKA, S., GRIFFITHS, A. and COX, T., 2003. Systematic problem approaches foremployers, managers and trade union representatives. Work Organisation andStress, 3(1), pp. 23.

REE W.D. (1997), Managerial Stress-Dealing with the Causes, Not Symptoms,Industrial and Commercial Training, 29(2).

RASH et al., 2010. Perception and Cognitive effects due to operational factors. Journal ofthe International Society for Optical Engineering, 7688 (1), p. 676.

YOUTUBE, 2010. A bad day at work. [online]. California, US. Available from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvw. [Accessed 20October 2011].

References
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vdXrFN5MY&feature=fvw

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