ae 495 wind energy and wind turbine technologyae495/495_introduction2_fall2012.pdf · 2012. 11....

AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012

Oğuz Uzol Director

METU Center for Wind Energy Associate Professor

Department of Aerospace Engineering Middle East Technical University (METU)

AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology

Fall 2012 Mondays 13:40-16:30 AE-126

AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol

COURSE OUTLINE

WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 1 Introduction Origins of Wind Energy and

Historical Development 2-3 Wind Resource and

Characteristics General characteristics, atmospheric boundary layer and turbulence, wind gusts, wind speed variations, turbulence in complex terrain.

3-5 Wind turbine aerodynamics and performance

1D theory, Betz limit, airfoils, momentum theory, advanced aerodynamic calculations, performance curves.


WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 6-7 Wind turbine loading and

dynamic response General principles and standards, extreme loads, turbulence and wakes, fatigue stresses, blade dynamic response, tower loads

8-9 Conceptual design of wind turbines

Design procedure, rotor diameter, rotational speed, number of blades, hub design, gearbox, generator.

10 Wind Turbine Control Controller functions, closed-loop pitch and stall control, gain scheduling, torque control.

COURSE OUTLINE


WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 11 Wind Turbine Siting

and Wind Farms Siting issues, wind farms, site selection, micrositing, off-shore wind farms.

12 Electrical Systems Power transformers and converters, power quality, electrical protection

13 Wind Energy System Economics

Economic assessment of wind energy systems, capital, operational and maintenance costs, value of wind energy, wind energy market

14 Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Wind turbine noise, electro-magnetic interference, visual impact, other considerations.

COURSE OUTLINE


GRADING

Homework 20% Project 30% Midterm 25% Final exam 25%


REFERENCES

q  Wind Energy Explained – Theory, Design and Application, Manwell, McGowan and Rogers, 2002, TJ820.M295

q  Wind Turbine Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Economics – Erich Hau, 2006.

q  Wind Energy Handbook, Burton, Sharpe, Jenkins, Bossanyi, 2001.


PROJECTS

1.  Design and build a 0.5 m diameter HAWT with rpm control (should include thrust measurement) (4 students, Supervisor: Hooman Amiri)

2.  2D wind tunnel testing of S826 airfoil (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan)

3.  Design and build a torque and thrust measurement system for HAWTs up to 1.5 m diameter (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim)

4.  Conceptual aerodynamic design of a 5 m span HAWT blade (3 students, Supervisor: Bayram Mercan)

5.  Design and build a prototype model Magnus Effect Wind Turbine Rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Oguz Uzol)

6.  Modeling and simulation of NREL 5 MW turbine using S4WT (3 students, Supervisor: Ozan Gozcu)


PROJECTS 7.  Static loading testing of a 1 m span wind turbine blade (4 students,

Supervisors: Ozan Gozcu, Altan Kayran)

8.  Wind turbine blade analysis using VABS (3 students, Supervisor: Altan Kayran)

9.  Production and testing of a 1 m diameter HAWT rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim) (NTNU)

10.  Calibration of a cup anemometer (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan)


q  European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) http://www.ewea.org/

q  Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Birliği (TÜREB) http://www.ruzgarenerjisibirligi.org.tr/

q  Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi (EİE) http://www.eie.gov.tr/

q  National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL, USA) http://www.nrel.gov/

q  National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU) http://www.risoe.dk/

q  Delft University Wind Research Institute http://www.duwind.tudelft.nl/

q  METUWIND web site http://www.ruzgem.metu.edu.tr/


WHY WIND ENERGY ?

q  Renewable (hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and ocean)

q  Free

q  Plentiful and widely distributed

q  Clean (No CO2 emissions)

q  Reduced dependence on fossil fuels

q  20% of EU’s total electricity consumption is expected to be generated by wind energy in 2020 and this is predicted to be 50% by 2050.

q  In March 2007, 27 EU Heads of State unanimously adopted a binding target of 20% of energy to come from renewables by 2020 (Ref: EWEA Annual Report 2007)


WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION Country Total Installed Capacity (MW) (end of 2010)

China 44,733 USA 40,180 Germany 27,215 Spain 20,676 India 13,066 Italy 5,797 France 5,660 UK 5,204 Canada 4,008 Denmark 3,734 Turkey 1,329

Renewable Energy Law updated in December 2010 to include incentives for indigenous technology development

Planned Installed Capacity in Turkey for 2023 20,000 MW 20-30 B€

WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY q  Started in 1980 by EIE. q  First Wind Energy Farm established in Cesme in 1998 (0.6 MW Total Power). q  Renewable Energy Law Agreed on May 10 2005. q  As of February 2009 Total Installed Power is 433 MW. q  Planned Total Power for the end of year 2009 is 836 MW. q  Planned Total Power for the end of year 2010 is 1500 MW.

q  Planned Total Power for the end of year 2023 is 20000 MW

Wind Energy Potential - REPA

02004006008001000120014001600

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W) Turkey’s Installed and Projected Wind

Energy Capacity

WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY

Çanakkale - İntepe 38 turbines 800 kW each

30 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007


Çanakkale - Bozcaada 17 turbines 600 kW each 10.2 MW total capacity Commissioned 2000


Çanakkale - Gelibolu 13 turbines 800 kW each + 5 turbines 900 kW each

14.9 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007


Marmara1270434%

Aegean1497540%

Mediterranean533514%

Central Anatolia9142%

Black Sea24727%

Eastern Anatolia9863%

Country Potential: 37,386 MW

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Windmill-like device driving a pipe-organ Heron of Alexandria, 1st century AD


Earliest windmill design on record A Persian Vertical Axis Windmill, c. AD 1300


A Persian Type Windmill, 1966

A Persian Type Windmill in Afghanistan



An English Post-Mill


Ø  The speed of the blade tips is ideally proportional to the speed of wind

Ø  The maximum torque is proportional to the speed of wind squared

Ø  The maximum power is proportional to the speed of wind cubed


American Windmills


First use of a windmill to generate electricity The Brush Windmill – 1888 Cleveland, Ohio


12 kW of DC power, 144 blades, 17 m diameter rotor, 18 m high tower


LaCour’s electricity generating windmills, 1890s (Denmark) 5-25 kW, 4-6 twisted, rectangular blades

First wind tunnel tests


A typical battery charging wind turbine of 1930s Jacobs Wind Electric Co., Inc.


World’s first megawatt scale wind turbine

The Smith-Putnam turbine, 1941, Vermont, USA 53 m rotor, 1.25 MW


A modern off-shore wind farm in Denmark

WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)


Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)

Savonius rotor

Darrieus rotor

H rotor


Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)


HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS


HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS

q  The rotor, consisting of the blades and the supporting hub q  The drive train, which includes the rotating parts of the wind turbine (exclusive of the rotor); it usually consists of shafts, gearbox, coupling, a mechanical brake, and the generator q  The nacelle and main frame, including wind turbine housing, bedplate, and the yaw system q  The tower and the foundation q  Control system q  The balance of the electrical system, including cables, switchgear, transformers, and possibly electronic power converters


HAWT CRITICAL DESIGN OPTIONS

q  Number of blades (commonly two or three) q  Rotor orientation: downwind or upwind of tower q  Blade material, construction method, and profile q  Hub design: rigid, teetering or hinged q  Power control via aerodynamic control (stall control) or variable pitch blades (pitch control) q  Fixed or variable rotor speed q  Orientation by self aligning action (free yaw), or direct control (active yaw) q  Synchronous or induction generator q  Gearbox or direct drive generator

HAWT SIZE DEVELOPMENT

HAWT SIZE COMPARISON

HAWT SIZE COMPARISON

Yep, that’s me!

Çanakkale – Bozcaada

WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY

Every wind turbine has a characteristic power performance curve


q  Cut-in speed: the minimum wind speed at which the machine will deliver useful power q  Rated wind speed: the wind speed at which the rated power (generally the maximum power output of the electrical generator) is reached q  Cut-out speed: the maximum wind speed at which the turbine is allowed to deliver power (usually limited by engineering design and safety constraints)

Çanakkale – Bozcaada

§  Rated Power: 600 kW §  Hub Height: 44 m

§  Cut-in speed: ~2.5 m/s

§  Cut-out speed: ~30 m/s

§  Rotor diameter: 40 m

§  Generator Type: Synhcronous

§  Blade weight: 900 kg

§  Generator weight: 35 000 kg

§  Tower weight: 60 000 kg

§  Noise level: ~45 dB


WIND TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE

Mechanical Power, Windmills for grinding,

pumping, etc. Turbine Fluid energy

momentum Electrical Power, Wind Turbines for

Electricity Generation

WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE

Power output of a Turbine

Ø  ρ: the density of air Ø  CP: the power coefficient (CP < 0.593, Betz Limit) Ø  A: is the rotor swept area Ø  U: is the wind speed.

WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE

Real-time performance data from Bozcaada Wind Farm Top: Low wind day, 17 Aug 2008, 14:28 hrs

Bottom: High wind day, 19 Aug 2008, 19:37 hrs

ae 495 wind energy and wind turbine technologyae495/495_introduction2_fall2012.pdf · 2012. 11....

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