aer107 pub date nov83 ,note - eric · and employment characteristicp, and fari-ind-mo,tfarm...
TRANSCRIPT
0*ED 238 620
' AUTHORTITLEINSTITUTION.
'" REPORT NOPUB DATE,NOTEAVAILABLEFROM,
PUB TYPE
EDRS PRIDESCRIPTORS
ABS RACT-
4./
,DOCUMENT RESUME
RC 014 486
Susan,L; Jackson, ,illiam R., Jr.0 sr
The Hired Farm'Working Force of 1981%Economic Research Service (DOA); Washington, DC.AER107Nov83 "- 4
10p.; For related documert, see ED 178'259.Superintendent of Documenib, U.S.'Governmint PrintinOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402. -
Statistical Data (110) -- Reports - General (140)
Mf0l/PC03 Plus Postage.Age.Differeices; *Agricultural Laborers; Blacks;Census Figures; Demography; Educational Attainment;Employed'Womek; *Employmen Patterns; *Employment
. Statistics; Ethnic Groups) *Farm Labor; GeographicDistribution; Hispanic Americone;.Labor Force;*Migrant Workersr Piece of Relidenter SeasonalLaborers; Sea Diffelendes1.*Socioeconomic Background;Wages; Whites; Worker Days
1
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The report presents, data on the demographic, social,and economic'characteristics of the approximately 2:5, million persons14 y arsold And over who did hired farmwork during 1981. Data from asurvey conducted.by the Bureau of the Census included each state andthe District of Columbia but not Puerto' Rico
underother United States
territories. In, 1981, most farmworkers were under 25 (55%), white ,
(73%), and male,(77%)-Hispanics comprised 13% of the workers; blacksand others, 14%.\ Workers aftraged 98 days of farmwork; epsped anaveragel4t,299 a ually, of which $2,659 resulted from fatmwOrki; andhad a median-educ tion of 11 years 17.1 years for Hispanics, 9.6years_for'blacks, 1,7 years for whites). Demographic data indicatedthat at survey time,: most farmworkers were in. the South 140%) and theNorth-Central Rpgio (28%). Migrant laborers, 75% of whom were white,accounted for 5% of hired farmworkers, a deCline from recent yearst,Since 19_71, the n er of, farmworkers betWeen ages 18 and.44increased, the/number between ages 14 and 17 decreased, and thenumber of day* spent at farm work increased. Statistical tablespresent raciap.lethnic'ch5acteristics, farmwozkdduration, demographicand employment characteristicp, and fari-ind-mo,tfarm earnings.(SB) .,
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Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
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(kited States
Agriculture
apartment of
EcOnomicResearch
-Service
AgriculturalEconomicReportNumber 507'
eV
COreN
OCV
Thp Hired FarmWorking Forceof 1981Susan L Pollack
William R. Jackson Jr.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER IERICIM The document his been idprodoted as
'received from the porton cc organizationotiginadng it.
Ci Moor +mos have been made to improvereproduttion quality.
Points of view or opityons stated In this Mhomem do kot nteossadly represent Octal NIEpetition oestoticy.
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RECEIVEDu:"T ERIC/CRESS
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CONTENTS _-...
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%',,
.,
v . .
0 1 0
y
%,
A ., /7
Highlights .
1.-
...
Introduction dr.."..ter
. Hired Farmworker Traits'ip 1981-.>: .'..e:
. Age and Sex,
Household' Status and' Family Size,
.
'Education .
Employment and EarningsDays WorkedPrimary Employment Status
Regional bistribution'.
Racial/Ethnic iroupi 4Crop and Livestock Activity
Migrants.....TrendsAppendii I:\ Statistical TablesAppendix II: Source and Reliability, of Estimates
'Appendix III: Definitions and Explanations ,
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agi,iv1
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9.
11
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14
15
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22
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% r .
APPENDIX TABLES .
1 A11 bird farmworkers: Distribution by racial/ethnic groups and selected characteristics,1981
/
.2 Ail hired farmworkers: Distribution by racial/
# ethnic groups, sex, and selected tharacter-istics, 1981 4' , .
4..
-
31Hired farmworkers who did fewer than 25 days of'farmwork:. Distribution by racial/ethnic groups.
. and selected characteristics, 1981
22
24
26
ri.
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4
,
Y.
.
... .
4 Hired fa4workers who did 25 to .149 _days of farm-work: Distribution ti racial/ethnic groups andselected characteristics, 1981 .
f
5 -hired fariworkers who did.150 or more days of farm-! work: Distribution by racial/ethnic groupsand
selecte4 characteristics, 1981
_.- '6 All hired farmworkers: Daysof farmwork by'ailected
Acharacteristics, 1981
'''.
7 A11 hired farmworkers: Dembgrapbic characteristicsby average number of days worked and earnings,1981 . 1
8 All hired farmworkers: Employment characteristicsby average number of days worke4and earning:1i,1981
9 All hired' farmworkers: Regions and racial/ethnic.groups by average number of days worked and earn.ings, 1901
28
30
32
344
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36
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CONTENTS,
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4
1
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. :
APPENDIX TABLES .
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...
''
_
.A
/.
Highlights.1r'
4''
Introductionp
# - 0
Hired Farmeorker Traits -in 101-i-;' i
Age and SexHousehold' Status aid" Family Size
`Education e
Employment and Earnings /
..
Days Worked .
Primary Employment Status.'Regional bisiribution'
Racial/Ethnic irotspi di
Crop and Livestock ActivityMigrants. .k.TrendsAppendii I:\ Statistiol Tables .
Appendix II: Source and Reliability.of EstimatesAppendix III: DefinitiOns and Explanations
e1' . .,' 4\
.
1 All hired farmworkers: Distribution by racial/ethnic group and selected characteristics, .s
1,1981
---,
-.2 Ail hired farmworkers: Distribution by racial/
I
.
Iasi
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44
6
6.
. 9.
11
13 ..
1414
15
17
22
.50
56
22
0
ethnic groups, sex, and selected Character-. istics, 1981 , .
, .
ti
a
3Iliired farmwoikers,who did fewer than 25 days of,'farmwork:. Distribution by racial/ethnic groups._ and selected.characteristics, 1981
4 Hired fa4workers who did 25 to .149 .days of farm-work: Distribution Ly racial/ethnic groups andselected characteristics, 1981
5-tared fariworkers who did .150 or more days of ferm-i' work: Distribution by racial/ethnic groups'and
selecte4 characteristics, 1981
"6 All hired farmworkers: Daysof farmwork by selectedcharacteristici, 1981
. .
7 All hired farmworkers: Detographic characteristicsby average nuMbet of days worked and earnings,1981 & ' 10 4
' 8 All hired farmworkere: Employment characteristicsby average number of days workedi,and earnings,1981 #
9 All bired'farmworkere: Regions and racial/ethnic.groups by average number of days worked and earn,ings, 1981 a,
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26
28
30
32
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35
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.APPENDIX TABLES- -CONTINUED .
. 10 Hired:farmworkers who did farmwork and nonfarm-work: Demographiccharacteristics by averagenumber of days worked and earnings, 1981
11 HirAd farmworkers whg, did formwork and nonfarm-woeM: Employment,characteristics.by averagenumber of days worked and earnings, 1,981
12 Hired farmworkers'Whd did farmwotk and nonfarm-work: Regions and racial /ethnic groups by aver-age number of days worked and earnings, 1981
.
13 All hired farmworkers: Percentage .distributionof daily farm earning:: by selected character-istics and regions, 1981
Page
37
38
39.
40
14 All hired farmworkers: Percentage distributionof total, annum earnings by selected charctet-,/sties and regiens,,1981 42
,15 All hired farmworktrs: Percentage distributionof annual farm earnings by selected character-istics and regions, 1981
Hired farmworker's who did formwork and nonfarm -,.
work: Percentage dis*ibution of annual nonfarmearnings by selected characteristics and regions,1981
f
17' Hired farmworkar estimates: -A comparison using'1970 and 1980 census weights, 1981 1..
' 44
E48
18 Standard errors for estimated numbers pfarmworkers..% 52
' 19 Standard errors of percentages of,hired firm-workers-
'20 Standard errors of averagg.number of days ofhired 'formwork
21 'Standard errork.of average'annual,earnings.fromhired formwork 4
22 Standard errors of average daily earningi from'hired formwork
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HIGHLIGHTS
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In 1981, approximately .2.5 million persons 14'yearsof age' andover did hired.ifirriork, according to the recent Hired FarmWorking Force Survey. Most of the workers were-less than 25.years old (55 percent), white (73 percent), andmale (77-per-cent). Hispanics made up 13,percent of the work Xorce%uilfblacks and others made up 14 percent. The...median level of
education for hired farmworkers was 11 years. 'Eighty -fodr
percent lived atnonfarm residences.,
AU. workers,averaid 98 days of farmwork. Nearly three- ts
quarters of farmworkers worked fewer than 150.days at farmwork.Re g ular' and year-round workers made up only one-quarter of thework force but'accounted for 73 percent ofototal days worked.
In 1 981, hired farmworkeFs earned an average, of $4,299 from /'
both farmwork and nonfarmwork.. Only $2,659 of this average wasearned from farmwork.
Forty percent of the farmworkers were in the South at the time. of. the December 1981 survey.\_Wentrzeight percent of the wor-
.
kers. were in the North-Central Region, followed by:24percentin the West. Oaly8.percelt of the farmworkers were in the -.Northeast, 1
`
4 Only about 5 percent of the hired iarmworkers (115,000) weremigrant laborers in 1981, a decline from thOerdentage inrecent year:. Seventi-five percentsot the mlgranti were white,-17 percent wererspanic, and 8 percent were black and other.Over half of all migrants (53percent) worked fewer than 75days'at farmwoec. Migrants earned an annual av age of $3,995,.and farmwork accounted for $2,728 ofthat amours
# '6
4.
Half of the farmworkers were not in the labor fo ce for most ofthe year. Those who were primarily hired-farmwo rs made up28 percent of the hired farm working force. Those, mho were
primarily nonfarmworkers made up,17 percent andhad the-highestaverage annual earnings ($8,341) in 1981. .11iapanics earnedtwice is much fr6i farmwork ($4,319) as did blacks and others($2,668) and whites ($2,359.).
Over the past 10 years, the numbef of farmworkers between theages of 18 and 44 increased, and the number of younger, workers14 through 17 decreased. The number' of days spent at farmworkincreased from an average of 198 million worker-days in 1969 -71_to 257 million in 1970-81. -
F
iv
4.'0 .
0,
t
e Hired..F
aemM
°
WO
rKFO
rCe
$.
a04
Of 1981
Susan L. P
ollackW
illiam if Jackson Jr
O
.1
INTRODUCTION
1.: About 2.5 million hired farmworkers earned cash yaks or salary
in 1981.
According toithe19I31 Hired Farm Working Fbice Sur -
'yet,,this was not significantly different from estimates, in any'
year since 1968, when there were 2.9 million workers.
Before
968; there had been a long -teri downward trend.ktable 1).
0.
tgt
Through the 1960's, Xhe'migient work force experienced a steady
decline (tablelY.- Factors contributing to the decreased use
of migrant labor included adoptioyof new technologies, changes
,in farm sizei-and-new farm and farmworker programs.
Sincet
1970, the number of migrant workers stabilized 'at aroand
'''200,000 and remained ae that level until 1981.
Howevq,
1981 the number of migrant farmworkers decreased by 47 percent
to:1'15,000 from 217,000 only two 'years-before;
0
Reasons for the decline in the number of migrants'irom49791to
sm,
1981 are not clear.
One possible explanation is that ,the de-
mand for migrant labor in agriculture has declined because (4j
changing production levels and agricultural. practices.
How:
ever, an examination of various produCtion 4ata,,includi
acres plahted, acres'harvested,,value of production, a
hours
0of labor required for various commodities in differ
t regions
did not provide conclUsive evidence to hupport depressed fabof
demand.. Also, information gathered from farm labor ripeardiers
in several States where migrants worked, as web. as adminisera-
,tive data from Federal agencies servicing Ttirent farmworkers,,
did not generally support the idea of a ,iminishing need for
migrant workers._
/1
Another explanat4On for the decrease may be that farm operators
are increasingly, substituting illegal aliens for domestic-farm-
4workers.
The Hiied Farm Working Force Survey probably,enuier-
ates few illegal workers, either because they have returned
home before the time of the survey or because they avoid'survey
entmerators4iue.to their illegal status.
Therefore, an in--
creased subititutionok illighl workera for domestic laborers
would appear as a decrease in the number of migrant workekin
theieurvey data.
Dation the number of illegal workers in
agriallture'are not available to al:ow a further examination of,
this.preaseo
411,
'1
1111.1.
.
Table 1--Hired farmworyerWby duiaelon of farmw41; 1950-81. ,
, Year
6
1119501951
/1952.
1953 2/1954
1955 2/1956
1957
19581959
19601901.
10621963
1964
1965
1966
19671968
1969
19701971
1973
1974
1975197g
-197719781979
1980,2/198r-
Days of hired farmwork during the yea'ci/.
i
IS
tat: Fewer-than
2525 to 74 : 75 to 149
:
150 250
to 249.1 or more-.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:s
:
:
;
:
:
:
:
.
'°:
1
".
'
4,3423,274._
' 3,0159
3,575
3,9624,2123,577
3,693 e;3,4883,622 , °
1,5973,370
3,128.2,763
3,0782,9192,571
2,488
2,550
2,8092,6712,737
.
2,6382,767
.2,730
2,492
I
"
1,118
1,008
1,101
1,497
1,412
1,i31
10001,5551,7351,369
o.
...1,264
1,1301,3381,299
1,106
'1,093.
1,191
1',130
1,085.
4169-,
1,,180
1,,145
1,050.
898
969
Thousands
379
324
- 318
410
501.060
502
465354 \
408
392
413
397
339
327
308258
293
213 4s361"
351
308
319
347
322
323'
310-:
3011.
i \296
.364
305256
61348
390
281
284
09
1%6-
282
11
77
56
89
.1172
213
288
247
274
. 228
290
295
335
281
.1
.551
424
' 470
443
a 399'
452
448'
"404
442390338
379
367397
324.*301
306 ,4
28c367 '
421367
355333391
42? .
sat
394
925
928
756
920
1,044 '
(.863
868
849
.933
771
9244. 4
807
717
738731
718
623
648.
663
567
619
556
.652 \
667
672
538 .
'
V .
= not available. /
ILData are rounded to nearest thousand and may not add to total.17 No 'survey conducted.
**,0. .
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. ...--
It -4
11.. . se.. a. fTable 2-7141g-rant farmwoikers, by duration of formwork, 160-81.
. 'Days' of farmwork during the yAir _1/ :' 1
Total .
t Fewer thad7.;
25_25 .to- 74 :
,e
'1.
e
'
75 6 149-150 an <1
ovet
1960 , 409
1961 : .3951962 : 3801963. : 386
1964 : 386t
1965 1 : 466
1966 : 351
1967 :0.'4 276
J968 : 279
196 : 257
1970 : 196
1971 t : 172
1972 : 184
1973 : 203
1974 : 61,75 188
197.6: 2131977 * :,. 191
1478 2/ :
1979' 217
1980' 2/ :
. 1981 ; .1151. : -
/al
4
IA
/I
I
s
92
99
92 `
108.
114
16576 r
4.1
, 10385
61,
5,5
-#657
68
Si
3
4566
39 '
56
'24
/.122131
.113
89102
114
114
85
84
.5' 57.
-.55-5/
61
74
60. 73
tO
37
.
84
8083
111
88
'92
. ( .73
56
39
46.
S ' 31
35
35
:37.
35
21 -
53
35'
94 $
87
.
41
b
415
2441$ 48
-.75 2
/ 43
/ 483444
3?. "48;
12 43:
e .120
Data are rounded to nearest thoAsand and may not add X507 total.
No survey conducted.
t
a.
.Finally, because the migrant' dada are. derived from a survey,'there is, the possibility of 44 estimatIsm error or an increasednopsaispling error assbciated with survey, procedures (s Se appen-dix M.' Additional evidence from the 1983 Hired FarmtioxkingForam Survey is required, to evaluate more closely the observeddecrease in numbersdfAlgrant farmworkerg;
t.
This report presenti data on the demographic, social, and eo-nomic characteristics of .persons 14 years of 'age and ovSr who
4 a
111.
#V
afp" 4.
P
tr.9
is
0 .
tr
.1
-,
did hited farmwork for at least 'day during 1981
The.report'
., focuses on the characteristics of racial/ethnic, regional, and'
-
migiatory;grouedof farmworkers.
It also,iummarizes\sOme of
.
the more important changeolambtrends over the past decade in
the size, °composition, and employment patterns of hired farm-,
,.
.. .
workeri.
--
,t
t
Data in this'report are from'the Hired Farm Working Force
d
HoUseholkSuivey conducted for'the-QSDA's Economic Research'
Servipe,tY the Bureau of_the Census, U.SDepartment of Com-
merce.2
The survey sample of households includes each State
and the.District of Columbia, butAkciudes Puerto-Rico:tad
other U.a, territories and possessions,.
In 1981, approximately';
'58,000 households were 'interviewed; 1;555 contained persons who
did hired farmwork in 1981.
Information obtained from this
HIRED FARMWORKER
TRAITS IN 1981+
.)-
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4
sample of hduseholds. was expatided.o.providi estimates of the
total hired farm working force population.
:
The 1981 hired farm.working force estiiates.are,based on
weights from the.1980,Censns of Population.. Estimates for 1972
to 1979 wee based on weights grom the 1970 Census of Popula-
tion.
The switchover from 197.census weights toI980 weights
'producedan "artifical bumps -tightly higher
estimates)
in the
iC
datseries;.hoi,sever, the diff tences in the 1981,estimates.
based on 1970, and 1980 weights ary not-significant. _For exam -',
ple,4sini the 1970 census weigts, the 1981iiotal hired farm-
work and migrant population estimates are 2023,000 and
112,000; respectively.
The,es.timates basedlon the 1980 census
sweights are,2,492,000 hired f.ltmworkers and,j15,000 migranis..
Additional comparisons are prese&ed in appendix table-17..
/
The CurrentPapulati onturvey (CPS) is a probability sample
survey,-and standard errors can be derived for digest/mates.
Statements Of- comparison appearing in'the tOxE but not nices
,sarily in the tables or figures are bes4d ondata signifibant
at the.95 -percent confidence level (twd standard errors)'"ort,
higher,unlesi otherwise:indicaked.
Additional Intariation.on
the &Since and reliability of the survey estimates is provided
in the appgndix...
:
In 1981, Most hiredfarmworkers were whites reseded in the
..
South and.North Central. Regions, and did not live on farms.
Hired farmworker characteristics were as follows:-
.%.
--71 plicent were white, 13 percent
were
'Hispanic, and 14
percent were!black and othei.
fi",...;
1
Data ioi;itiiier.years are - available in The' Hired Farm Work-
.ing force of 197,9, AER-473, Econ, Res. Berv.,/U.S Dept. Agr::::-
-'
Aug.
9814 and previous/issues.
1...
Sin e 1917, the Hired Farm Working Force Survey has been con-,
ducte
biennially in December as a supplement, to the Curren,t
PdOul Lion Sutvey.
',
.
..,"
--.
.
i7
.
So1.;
O.
1.
. S
4,
.
.. , ..1:40 percint.who were 25 Yearkof age 'and over -did not
continue schooling 'past' the eighth gr-,de, 1e 1 i
.. '. i.. .. - ..°.!--5 percent were inigianta.' `
I
..-7The med,tan age was 23.9 years:. , ,4,... -4.
84'Percent' dii.
in,
-not live' farms -at the etiir o$ the i.,
survey, . .; 4 .. t .: ;.1'40 -percen. ^resided iii the louth,%
*and 28,percent residedin the North-Central,Hegiou. . -. : 1
/ te and Sex= leif - 'fi've percent of all, hired' faroiworkers yeti "un r the age.A of ,lans1.77 percent were male. ,Wenty percent of hp workers. were 35 to 64 year old,. and another 20 percentere,between 25
- ., and 4 'years old. =L.. . . 't . ._ : -. 4. ..White farrorkers were generally younger than minority workers.The median age for whites wgs 22.6 years,. compared with 31.7
. , years -for- blacks and :others and 29.14, years for Hispanics...,-- k \ Sixty -one *Cent of all whites were under,i2; years old (fi ;.
-. 1).,, Most minority farmworkas, ore the. other! hand', were- 25 i'-- years old and, over. Hale and femal. e workers were about the
same ate within each.racialdethnic group. The arse, proportionof minority fatmworkereln,the higher age groups suggests these
..-? -... ; ., %. -. ; .
t -Fljtlfe I
Hired Fdrmworkersl.1981 : t
By Ak Se C, and RaciallEthnic Group1 4 . ,. ;. . ..
Years M e Female Male Feehale Male ! Fernalt
, 247 1 .93 '14 (000) 390. 237- ? 90. ,
e' ee I
. '
65 +.
°.4 I,
e 'V V. '. , -.
4 I ,. , .
r f. .35-44 /.i A A , i
25-34 / .
,.,..,t,..
k -I , / le1
0
1447, .
440% 0', ' 40°40?: 0 ' '10% ' 0 . 40 °,% 7
'White 149'
Hispanic Black &Others. -- f
' See Appendix I to!'det initions of racial/ethnic categories,.
, 4,
_
I I
°lb
-e
'41
.4
IA s b ...
: r . i 7: . .
. 4/. , 0' t e 'I,.. .
to ,. '11- .
a
-----st...........1_ _., . r:1*
. It . . . .
- 4,"4?:
Household Statusand Family Size
.:
-
workers base a trong attachment :to. farmwork. sIty contrast,'most whites appear, to use farmwork 1348. -it seirting job or forsuppleikentol incaey and find nonfarm alternaaveo lliter.
t 11%
Farmworkers of, all,tacial/ethnie groups were more likely.tohodsehOld. members tan heads of hbuseholdo. _ However; beach; .
of: households were more likely to be emPlOyed for more days .
during the iyear tlian"were;OCher members' o`ka household.y Heeds ,
of honsehoildi made up 0 pdrceitef,all,fetteworkere employedfor a50 days or 'bore during the' year. this propo5tiOn wasapproximately _the-same for/whites, Hispanics, end $1.acks..e.nd,
L others., Only one tpfid of tire workers who aworked fewer than? \ 450 days were, houiehold _heads; '
..T.1
4.1\z' .. -.-
-.
1
The fismOsjerteption that ferraworkers are me-vtiberil'a latg .. .
, 1 \ finial es is nOt supported. by tlie ),981-data.4 *most ;half- of.: ,- ii r - ( . ,I.: ,4\ the farmworkers'-famillea/had bi,tewer: immedliate.members,'..e, .-",table 1). MinOrity-faraoiorke d' familfeti were :more likely-iti: #-:
'''' heNlarger than wereNwhite familLies; 29' percent-13 the: itispanie-.--..
I
:farmthorkers.ed 28 .pereent cif- pic,sks and otherp ec`ame. from . .. . -...-. ,
. fainiliei *it at leSst six" peciple... Only 13.percen'tof-A4 tea ,---"- /came from r flies O'this sigei, .-- .>
, .E, ... . i' ,.F amilies headedibir a ifarmworicer were smap:er,,,bhan- ettose tradaby a nonfayiworicar. Sixty-one pekcent of tile fspiliiit-Aladect..by a farriforker had three .or4fewer."membersi colapared,"iit dilly, . .,,30 peicent of the' families headed 'ty ainanfaraforeer ' ''.- ..''.'-' 1.,".';
.., -,. -,. - .! ,-- -tlarge farmworker'familres had igheF income le Lis 'onrae ten._ '-, .7;'..'.:
than did-small familieS.. Of tiA .1 arvahirkpr families -..wi h-An-:-:._''. i t.,
, 0 comes of .at leant W,000,. 42 peicent had .five-er-oore -Mber,o,-,' cdmpared with 3 perCetit with %one melabef Ond--11'pekceet: irii_ tito. .
0,
members. Larger famines had higher 1.ncomes, probably u.e..!towt- .
, .hfgher payingt.nonfararlobs- Oft family'heads .supplelente by-. , .
\. . income from other family ,members dotngAall'myort;_'; Thud ?these's \ families were less dependelit . on farm- eainindet tot. plet ,taajor .. :
. .
. ,' source of .\1-%Ome." Oonyersely't ,smaller families 'had- lit ear ATV-- \-. *-.- 1 -' -,
a%
.- 44
.".1
omeb, probe ly because Of gieiterdependenCe on firm;I ...._
arnini -.'-ti;".
f r.their major source of income , .,.1"
. 1
. 't., . .- --1ucation In '1981,, hired fltrmworkers, had a median. edtiCation ,of 4 Years,._
. , Por'ty. percent of the workers had completed at le'ast
4 -utf
.
it4
\-
compared with 29 pettent who bad tompleted than.1 'rears (toble 9. the large number of lbtudents Aginglarialtorkt "-
during their-schciol ,breaks contributed the.prszorrionf f
# workers - completing .9 or-ziore,yeots of spinal. Ahou0i lf ofths .itudentS liat4' completed froth 9tO. II years 134 schb. .
1 ,. ,.
The educationlevela, heweverj .varied. by iracialleihniciti;Hispanic fairmworktra-had the lowest education level with amedian of 7.1. years, while blacks and "others .had, as median Of9.6 years. -iihite farniwoikers,on the Other:hand, Had a median
: ', . . . . 4 t/ I
3 ..- , . :-. ' , ... ,.Familiei are%cielified iclinclude isnly thOie 'members. Otba ,
Nhousencs4 ifhy arerela'ped to. thi! head of householdli',. ;17'; .. ,
I... . . . . - . , ..%.....
6I
rd
Table 3 -64armworkerlamilies
.
selected charactdristics and size of family, 1981\
Percentage distribution of families, bynumber of people in famil#Selected Farmworker
Eharicteristics families 1/':
Thousands/
'Headed by farmworkers: 1,018
// _ .
Headed bynonfarmworkers : 1,02Q
Racial' /ethnic groups::
. White -. , : 1,624
Black and other : 234
Hispanic . 181. : .
Migratory status: :
Migrants (,:. 92Nonmigrantl : 1,947
...
Family knsome: -'
Less *Align $5,000 : 326$5;000- 7,499 1 215
$7,500 - 9,999 : ' 199
$10,000 - 14,4999 : 1366415-000 -.24,99,0 : 481 .
$25, 000 and. over : )74',
Families for which :
\Into e data are not :available :
:
All farmworker :
'families 2/ :
.:
Percent
22 22 17 18 10
4 8 18 26 23
13 15 19 24 16
23 17 12 8 k5 14 14 17 21
18 10 12 /17 , 24
13 15 18 22 16.
f
35 18 18 13 7
24 13 18 16 10.15 18 23 18, 16'
11 19 16 23 15,
6 14 15 24 22
0 7 18 31 23
..
9 18 25 25 120
13 15 148 22 16
1 2 3 4 56 or
: more
U
21
:13- 28
'29
18
16
9
18
10
17
19
10..
13
16 °
( 1/ Includes only those members related to the head of household.
,
( IT/ Numbers and percentages MO, not add to totals due to rounding.
of 11.7 years of schooling. Only 14 percent of Hispanics and25 percent of blacks and others completed 12 years or more ofschooling.
N Forty-five percent of the farmworkers 25 years of age and overwere high school fraduates. However, about,the same amount. (40
percent) had completed less than ninth grade.
I
Table 4--Years o4school complOid,by hired farmworkers,by racial/ethnic groups, 1981 1/
. .
TotalEducationan
BlacksTotalUnit : Whites : Hispanics :
/Number of workers : Thousands : 1,824 328 340 2,492
:
Years of school- : :
ing completed: :
0 - 4 /' : Percent : 2 29 16 7
5 - 8 : do. '18 41 29 22
9 - : do. : 34 16 / 30 31 .12 0 : do. : 29 10 / 19 26
or more : do. : 17 4 / 6 14
: :
total : do. : 100 100 100 100-,
Median 11.0
Number of workers : :
older : Thousands : 709 206 212' 1,126: .
Ye'ars of school-
ing completed:
0 4
5 - 89-- 11
.
,12
13 or more i
Total
- Median
:
..
:
:
:
:
:
Percentdo.
do.
do.
.do.
do.
Years
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
4
19
16
37
24
100
12.3
37
44
. 6
9
4
100
6.2
25
34
19
13
9
100
7:9
Numbers and percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.
EMPLOYMENT ANDEARNINGS
14
26
V F8
I \ I00
The average annual earnings of famworkerslin 1981 forbothfarmwork and nonfarmwork was $4,299. Farmwork earnings areamopg.the lowest of all occupations in the United States, all-though there are significant.differenc4s among farmworkergroups. In 1981, the average annual earnings for all' U.S.nonagricultural private sector production workers *'as $13,270,more'than three times the earnings of farmworkers.4-
4
4Based on average weekly earnings, Employment and Earnings,
U.S. Dept. Labor, Bureau ofLabor Statistics, January 1983T
14 \
.Days, Worked
4
Hispanic farmworkers earned $5,340, the highest annual farm andnonfarm earnings of all racial/ethnic groups, followed 'b7whites who earned $4,288, and blacks snd others who earned$3,358.' While farmwork accounted for about 80 percent'of theearnings of Hispanic and black and other farmworkers, itaccounted for only about onoThalf"the earnings of. whites.Farmworker earnings of Hispanics were $4,319, almost twice thefarmwork earnings of blacks and others, $2,668, snd whites,
$2,359. Males earned almost twice as much as females fromfarmwork and nonfarmwork, $4,829 versus $2:526;heads of house-holds earned more than 2.5 times as much as other householdmembers, $6,876 versus $2,434.
Farmworkers workedan averageof 9& days at farmwork in 1981.Those who did only hired farmwork averaged about 129 days, andthose who did both fArmwork and nonfarmwork averaged 53 days offariwork and 125 days of nonfarmwork. Earnings by days workedwere as follows: -
--Casual workers, who worked fewef-thiff25-diii-itwork, made up 39 percent of the farm work force andearned $2,756 annually, $216 of which was frdB_Zari=work.
--Seasonal.workers who wo ed 5 to 74 days at farmworkmade up 22 of the work force exi\earned $2,799nnuall-y-,--01-M6 of which was from farmwork. Those
who,worked"75 to 149 days, 12 percent of all farmwor-kers, earned $2,650 annually from farmwork and $1,431from nonfarmwork, for total a ual earnings of $4,081.
--Eleven percent of the farm work f worked 10to 249 days at farmwdrk. These workers,\classi-fled as regular workerst.earned $6,669 annually, of
.which $5,908 was from farmwork. I,
-Year -round workers, those working 250 days or more atfarmwork, made up 16 percent of the hired farm work
N. force. Their total average annual earnings were- $8,632, with $8,461 from farmwork.
t'
Casual and seasonal-workers made up 73 percent of all workersbut accounted for only 27 percent of the worker-days at hiredfarmwork (fig..2).5 Regular and year-round workers made upabout 25 percent of the work force but accounted for almost 75ercent of the worker-days.
The number of days spent at farmwork varied by racial/ethnicgroup. White and black snd other farmworkers spent fewer days
A
5A person completing at least 1 hour of farmwork during the
day is credited with a worker-day of work:
9
a
10"
A
..
Figure 2
HiredRAnnworkers and WorkerDays
Mil. days,worked
5 , 500
Mil. wOrkers",
Regula& yearTound*400
300
100
0 t 0
1945 '55 '65 .. . 75 '85 .1945 '55
* Worked 150 or more days. °Worked 25.145 days.,4Woriced fewer than 25 days. °Interpolated (data not aVallahte).
:4".4tiK,
'75' '85
in the year doing fatmwork than Hispanics (fig. 3).i Whites d -,,,,
averaged 104 days of farmwork; and Hispanics averagdd 131 days.
i
Forty-three percent of the-Whites and 35 percent of the blacksaftd others worked fewer than 25 days at farmwork, c mpared with21 percent of the Hispanics (the differences in num er of daysworked between blacks and others and Hispanics are ignificantat the 90-percent confidfnce level). Additional d fferencesregarding days of farmwork ate:
.., -Female farmwoftiers were more likely than ales to beCasual workers Over half (54 percent) o all femalefarmworkers d 4 fewer than 25 days of far ork, com-pared with 34 percent of the male*. Con ersely, only9 percent of phe females and 32 percent 4f the malesworked 150 days or more.
farmwork for an average oc 91 days in 1981; blacks nd. others
--Nonmigrants ere twice as likely as migrants to becasual work s.
--Fotmworker in Standard federal Region X, the LowerPacific Co st States, were morel,likely o be regularand year -t4und"workers khan workers in Cher regions.Forty-three percent of the workers in egion IX workedMI days Or more.
10
4,
Plante 3
Hired Fannworkers, 1981e By Days of Farmwork and Racial /Ethnic Groups
, Days worked
250+
150-249
, .75449
' 25.74
<25
White Hispanic . EliaiiandOther
0 25% 50% 0 25% 50% 6See Appendix III for deflnitions,of reciallethnic categories.
25% so *
Primary Employment The hired fare working force is comprised mOstly of peopleStatus whose primary activity is not hied farmwork (table 5). Only
28 percent of the Hired Farm Working Force Survey respondentslisted hired farmwork as their major activity, while nearly 50percent of the workers were not fin the labor: force most of theyear. The majority,of this latter group were students who .
worked du, Jag school breaks.
The type of employment at- which farmworkers spend most of theirtime affects their, annual earns a. Hired faraworkers whoseprimary employment was in the nonfarm sector had the highestearnings. -In 1981, they earned an'annual average of $8,341', ofwhich only $949 came from farmwork. Workers whose primaryemployment was hired fax work earned an annual average of$7,258, with $6,981 from farmwork. Those workers who were onlycasual labor force participants, including students and house -mives, had the lowest average annual earnings.
There were significant differences in the primary emiioyMentspittle among the racial/ethnic gtoupw. Approximately per-Cent of white farmworkers were attending school, compare with4i2 Percent of the Hispanics and 24 percent Of blacks and o ere(fig. 4). (The difference in the percentage attending schoomost of the year between blacks and others and Hiipanics issignificant at the 90-percent confidence level.) Minority
11 17
aSr
Table 5--Hired farmworkers: Average annual earnings by "primary employient status, 1981 1/
All farmworkers f Farmwork only , I Both farmwork and ndtfarmwork.
:
Primary a',.
: .
amployhentstatue 2/.
Workers.
Total : 'Ahnualt r. : - '
,4i
anual " Mai \ii Annual:
-
..* Numbei Distribution earnings
, farm Workers farm. : Workers :. annual. .4:
earnings earnings g 'earnings : earnings arnings: : : : . 4 .
,,:
Thousands Percent ----- -- Dollars ------ Thousands Dollars Thousands ----- Dollars -- ---i: ......----r-: . ' '
,,.In labor force : 1,303 52 6,962 4,290 712 6,347 591 7,695 1,802
6,981 7,172Hired farmwork : ' 706 28 7,258 601 105 7,149 5,882.Other farmwork3/: 90 4 2,494 1,725 70 1,825 ' 20- 4/ 4/,
-Nonfare4ork : 429 17 8,341 949 -- -- 420 8,341 910:
Unemployed : 86 3* . '2f550 '% 1,242 41 4/ 46 .4/ 4/'
. : . .
I.-.
NI Not in labor 1 . . .'force i 1,189 48 1,378 872 766 961 423 . 2,132 711
Keeping house : 199 - 8 1,182 866 154 913 45 .Y 4/r-Attending. :
.
1,307 809 516 894 342.school : 853 . 340 Other : 132 .5 2,27 1,286 96 1,396 36 '
1,934 682''s.
4/ .4,'
1
/4/
%,: . .
All hired: 2,492 100 2,659 1,478 " 3,557 1,014 5,381 ,350'farmworkers 4,299
Migrants : 115 -5 3,995 2,728 83 3,080 4 32 4/ - 4/:"".
: a /
m not applicable.1/ Numberi and percentages 'Joy not add to totals due to rounding.2/, Refers. chief activity_ during the year. Sde appendix fordefiMitionst3/ Includes operating a farm and unpaid family labor.4/ Averages not shown where base is fewer than 50,000 workers.
19
dA
QC T
4
Figure 4
Hitbd Fannworkers,1981 .
By Primary Employment Status and Racial/ thnic Groups
Percenteo maj
Hispanics
Blacks & Others
4'
Farmwork
All AttendingSchool
Nonfapnwork Not in Labor Force .
farmworkers cited hired farzi4ork as their principal activity
more often than',Irhites. Just over half of the Hispanics and 39
percentof the blacks and others said that hired barmwork wastheir major activity, compared with odly 22 percent of white
farmworkers. The majority of Hispahic and black and other
farmworkers (79 and -75 percent, respectively) said, that hiiedfaimwork was-their only employment (luting the year. Only'53
percent of white farmworkers cited hired farmwork as their only
employment..._ -,
.REGIONAL DISTRIBU- The number and characteristics of-hired farmworkers varied
.TION' throughout the 10 Standard Federal Regions (SFR) (fig: 1): The
demand for-workers usually varied by type qg crop livestock
activity, the length of the growing and harvesting seasons in,
the region, the extent of mechanization, and the scale of pro -''
duction. A oui 23 percent'of all hired faimworkers were Ion.
;cated, in th Southeast.(SFRI.V) at,the-time of,the December
survey. Tile next largest concentration was in 'the NOrth
Central Lake States (SFR V) and the'Bouthwest,(SFR VI), wherejeach had 15.percent of all workers-. 'The Lower Pacific Coast /1
(SFR, IX) had 13 percent; and the Hid -BRited States (SKR VII)/'
had 11 percent (table.6). .
4 /
13
I.J.
Figure 5 .4
w.
/Standard Federal Reigkow.
4=.1,4,
North Central New York, Utile States '- and
New Jersey,,
Northwest Pac
SauP4alIsco
IIILower Pacific Coast
RI
New lockNJ .
DEMidAtlantic
New England
Hawaii
,uai Oaauo 0 1:11
ilaW44
IQMaui
teip
1
-Racial/EthnicGroups
J
The racial/ethn,acomposition of the hired farm working.forcealso differed among the Standard Federal Regions. 'White, firmworkers outnumbered minority farmworkers in all the Standard-Federal RegiOns,.except the Lower Pacific Coast, where.the workforce.was made up of 49 percent Hispanic workers, 34 percentwhite, and 16pertent black and other. Hispanics also made upa larger percentage than blacks -and others in the.SouthwesiFR VI). Blacks and others, however, made up a significantlylarger p ;oportion of the farm work force than Hispenfcs in theSoutheast (SFR IV),'where 3S percent were blacks and others and3 percent Hispanics. In the Hid-lAtlantic Region (SFR TM), 11percent were blacks and others and less than 1 percent WereHispanics.
Crop and Livestock In 1981; 20 percent of all hired farmworkers were employedActivity in grain production, more than the pereentage for any other
single commodity (table 7). Over 20 percent of the farmworkerswere primarily involved in the production of'vegetables andfruits and nutsl.and another 20*Peicent worked in livestock and'dairy activities.
Employitent in crop and livestock activities varied by racial/..ethnic group. Whites and blacks and others 'were more often .'employed infield crop productiot than were Hispanics. About .
52percent of'white farmworkers and 58 percent of black and.
14 21
ti
Table 6-17,p'r and distribution of hirsd farmwOrkers,;by racial/ethnicgroups and Staltdard-Fideral Regions, 1981j+ 1/
,
All hired. farmworkers
Standard Distiributioq of.
Federal Region: Total
racialkthnic groupst:
Number Portion
: Thousands
.I-New,England : '60
York'andNew Jersey : .101
'III-Mid-Atlantii .: 119
567
380.
384
t26910
IX-Lower Pacific :
. Coast : '334
X-Northwest : .
Pacific Coast: 172
United States : 2,492
IV-SoutheaSt :,
V-North Central e
Lake States.VI-Southwest :
VII-MidnUnited :
States. :
VIII-Mountain :
2
4
5
23
15
15
11
13
100
White Hispanic Black and other
100'
Percent '
:2 /G
A
86- 6 889 2/ 1161 .3 35 .
99 27' 60 14
96 /2 292
5 4
34' /49. 16
.
4if
6
86
'73"
13-- 1/ 13 14
1/ Numbers and percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.7/ Less than 0.5 percent.
MIGRANTS
other farmworkers worked in ield crop production comparedwith 31 percent of the Hesp nic fa'rmworkers. Hispanics', on theother hand, were primarily evolved-iff the production of vege-tables and fruits and nuts ,
_
'Tile number of mIgrqnt farMworkers in 1981 was significantlybelow the number in 1979: In 1981, only 115,000 wOrkersre-portd that.they did mi ant work, compared with 217,000 in1979. The 1981 estimt of migrant workers should be inter-preted cautiously because it.,isibased on a relatively smallnumber of.cases and thq applicable standard errors may notfully reflectthe,oxte'tof sampling and nonsimplint errors.The estimate tif 115,00 has a n-Rercent confidence interval of,73,000000 to 157,000 worers, compared with 159,000 to 275,000workers for the 19791astimate of 217,000 migrant farmworkers.Because of the low statiitical reliability associated with thesmall estimate of migrant workers, some categories of data that
'have been pubiisheein previous issues of The Hired Farm Work- '!rig Force are not presented for 1081.
t
'.. .. . .1W0 0 -
. I.. iI. 4 .>'"
. .AP
Table) --Nudber anditistribution of-hired farmworkmrs, by crop and livestock activifY*
and racial/ethnic groups, 1981
: '
- , 4
.
Type of crop or
livestock activity IAWhites 'Hispanics Illaks and others Total 3/ .
;.
Number Distribtition. .
Number DistriOution Nulabett Distribution:
.
Distribution,
.
---_____
Drain$..-
CottonTobaccoOther field cropsVegetables
Fruit and tree nutsBeef cattleDairyOther livestick
1Nursery
r.---Other
. . '
Total
3
! Thousands "Percento:
"ID.22mtL
J
tPercent
,.
Thousads
.
V
Percent' Thousands-
,A
1
Percent'
: 44434
: 183
284: 143:
147,10.
.145'
161/11652
115
1,824 ..
24 ,
-.2
10. 16 ,
8
889
6
3
-6P
100
-14
44
4 .
. 38- 1D8
.
7811 .
5
6,
13
6
328 .
!.
14
1
.312
.
243 ,
2
2
4
.2
100
,
3
°'
_
30.
36
9036
55
47 t204
.. 5
10
6
3404
.9
11
27
11
16 -
14
.6
1
.1
3
2".
100
.
48811$277358307.
272176169
. 12775
128
.
.
2,492
--.- .
20,
511
14
_
.12
11 .
7'.
. 7
53
5
q;100
.9
1/ A worker was asiignekto the crop or livestock; activity for which he or she worked the greatest number of 'days during the
year. .-
/414.,eumbers and 'Percentages may not add to totals due. to rounding.---s...
1
,o
k
4
I
a
.
jj 24.
4
a
%.
\TRENDS
4, a,
. '
Migrant workers are defined as those i9dividuais who travelacross county. or Statb boundaries and btay overnigb to dofarmwork for cash wages orsalary.. In 1981, migrants made up 5perCent of all farmworkers, and they Were mostly whitemales,under.25!years.of age, whO'spent most of the year out of the -
inbor force as students (tables 8 and 0). Over half the mi- '
grants worked fewer than 75 days in-the year at farmwork.
Migrant farmworkers eatned an annual average of,$3,.995 in 1081from farmwork and nonfarmwofk, about 68 percen4 of which ,camefrom farmwOrk. Thirty-ieven percent Of themigran0 did hired,
-farmyork atheir,mtmary occupation in 1981. Another 50 pecent Were notqn the labor force; that is;they either atteschoolept,house, or were retired or disabled. -Migrant fworkeia Who beaded lousehOlds made up 38 percent of
.
grants.-
'0
f" About 40 per entof allmigrints tadicatpleted high school,-and_about 40 perc t ofthese graduates bad some college education.However, dome migrants bad relatively low leve.s of education.
. Thirty-four pereen had less than aNninth grade education and 7percent were classified.as fOnctionally illiterate, b;svingattended fewer than live-years of sehool. These percentagesWere similar for migrant *Rrkers 2$ years of age and over.
,l ' . . \The backgrounds of migrpnt and nonmigrant farmworkers did not
. differ..,significantly (tables 8\and 9). 'Migrant workerswerevery Similar- to,the rest of the- iced farm working force in,that both,were.bade up predominan y of young Males who spentonly a small 'portion of theirline\at farmwork,' probably to -
- supplement other sources of income:` The,everamannual'earn- ;:
ings from farmwork and nonfarmwork for migrants and nonmt.grants/ . were $3,995 and $4,314, respectively. These earnimleveli
were. not significantly different, nor was there a.significantdifference between their annualaverage farm:earning:lp -
41
Over thi past_19_yeara,some-charaoterietips of hyed If/tumor- v-.:.-:-
-------kaW-gaire changed, althoughthe number of wprkers 'hes 'Iorained ' -,..,
relatively stable (table 10). Whites made'up alarger propor- -
,tion of workeri during ,the 1979-81 period than they-Aid-duringthe 1969-71 period. The'humber of black and.other'workers has.declined by almost 38.percent during that time. Coumparabie
data on Hispanic,farmworkers are not available for both pert-ods. Prior, to 1975, data orHispanic workers were included ineither white or black and other categories based In the individull's.race. IIII
-:
1, t
1 ..changed.The aged of workers also
,
canged. Fewer young people (ages 14to 17 years) apparently entered hired farmwork. ! iHowever, te
number of worker?, 18 to 34 years of age increased possibly k.. .,
indibating that workers stay in farmwork longer and depend more, on their .farm earnings. The`, number of workera445 Years of age
and over-decreased (table 10). -These workerW may have leftfarmworkeither for nonfarm employment or early retirement.
.17
i; ...:' V ,0.... ; f
: -..,.:
-. .
. .:: - I. .- 4;
' 44 :
' e. :, s.,
Table 8--Migrant and riorimirant farmworkers; by demographit .. i). characteristics, 1981 ,
i- ' 6 3 i 'A " . 61." 7 0,1: . ,.
ka
I S ' 1 .. : Iop
4 Migrant - ,.... . Nonmigraeit -' ' -'4 '4 .
: ) Demographic j : . 1.14; --....
charaCtpristics : t . f ° : 4 V :?I. I J . Number ; Distreibution ;Number Distribution . --/ ... 4 ..,.. : . : : : 4 I 4..
...41. : .4,70N
i . 4.
_- Co, 1v .0
: Thousands Percent .,. Thousands. Pirc?iit,.. : - A 4
- Total 1 :... -: 115 . MO 00'.' 2,377 p .I. %4 ...t' 0 P
%
i. , - $1. .
Racial /ethnic groups: i : 4./ 14'.
sA. , G-1.-`1 -....." ...
Win tes .4, : $8 75- ,.-
c#136 ;' 7.3,:::' , . ,- .
Hi spatids 19 t t 47, . "309 . 13. ,,, "Blacks and othbes , .
:. 9.4
8 . ......,...-.. 331 - 1.4, . . - ./ .. .0. : , A.-h ,.. . ..,. -10
Sex and ac7Iyears): : . .. ; ' 0 . , 4 _ .
Male %., 1.,
'14-17 ,-.
96 , 100 .,;' . 1,823 :1,02044.....1- ._.:.... , ..
AN' 28 4. . 29 . -. !. 430
V 9PI,
18-24 I..- 29 1.1. 30 '574. .25-34
...t :: 11.
. ,.11, 366 20 -4
. 35-44 .,
i: 9 9 27 . 9 .-4,.'.45-51 : 15 16 - -112 . .'.55 %ant over, : 3 3,/' .,....-. .171 . 9 : ..
,.
i . .. : . . , .. ..:.:
-,Female : 20 100.. . 554 . 10014-117 . tt.' 3 21 144 4 , 26' '. .18-34 , . : 8 Ti 270:: - 49. -,..
6 Ti 105 .19. ...
, ... ..
55 and, over : 3 * -.2/ 4.--- 35 1 6 ./' .. A. .
. . . : ./ '.
/ . A. .....- 1 .
Household status; : 4/ - - -...
' Household heads a. : 44 38 1,003. -.,, 42.,r Other household .
.. i . . . ., ,.., Jutmberit I 72 '63 - '; '.
, ..1,374 ,
. -. ... .. : .
! Yegrs of schgctlilig : _4
., completed by 'all : /' : , - .. .1tworkers: : '. -..
I 4I. 4 0,-4 : 8. '." %. 172. ,7 -.,. ..
.. 5-8 : -11 .4 27, "_ 525 .2g . ... .9-11 -: : 30' 26, 4743 ,31 _
. .12 . : 27 . 23 609 20 --
327 14.. ' ..4 .
. i *i* t ,
fiyif
13 and. mer : 19O.
Ceftsus regions:NortheastNorth Central : 24'South 42West. : .44
4 4. .
1 4 199 -,u g, z 21 664 " ; c28
37 962 No..38 ''. 1 552 ' 23 t. 0
.L .
1/ Numbers and perm tages may not add to totals; due to rounding.'T/' Percentages not holm, where base is fewer Phan 50,0Q0,. .- - . g' .V . -1 4.
.! . .4 'N 1 ..26
....fs.
., ..
. ... .4, 44. .
._ .9.al)
U
tO
r
Table 9--Migrant and nonmigrant farmOorkers, by employment. And-eafnings characteristics, 1981 '
. :
DehagraphicMigrant Nonmigrent' ...
l :.
chiracteristiCs :
.Number Distribution Number 'f Distribution
, . . .
:
.:
Total / :
. .:
Primary employment status: .
' Farmwork :
Hired farmwor,k ' :
.=Without nonfarmwork :
With norifaimwork :
..-- Ohher farmWork 2/ :
Nonfarmwork . ' !
Unemployed I 1
4.Not in labor force :
r Keeping house'(Attending school :
..- Other: % ,-. :4
Dhys of/fermi:WA: :
,
tt Fewer than 25 :
.25-Z4 :/ "75 .
.-149 ,.
150-249 -. .1
2250 and over :
:
.Farm and nonfarm earnings: 1
Less than $500 :
$500-999 ,:
$1,0002,499 , :
' AbN00-3,999 :
$%,000-5,499 :
' '$5400-7,499 :..
0,500-91099 :
$10,000 and over :
Farm earnings:,Less than $500 :
$500-999 :
$4000-2,499 :
. $2,500-3,999 :
$4,000-5,499 :
_______-$5r500=7,49.9, 1
$7,500-9,999$10,000 and over. .
t
Thousands
~
..
Percent
'..
,
Thousands
.
Percent
.
,
'
115
43
43
38
5
012
4
57 '
5
50
1
24
37
" 12
28
15.
19-
18
18
13
11
19
7
11
28'
19
23
11
11
17
4
3
' '
J
'
'
:
.
.
100
3737
33
4
103
150
4
431
21
32
10 .
24
13
17'
15
15
. 11
9 .,
17'
6 10'
9
- 24,
1620
9,
9
.15
3
3
=
. .i
i..
2,377
.......
753,
663"
564..1'
10090
40883
1,133194
808131
945501
299
253 .
379'
523231
441 .
.272
'161
21922
308
943291
420175
109
145
r41
152
1
'
.
.
',
1,
'
I00
32
28
24
4
4
17.
48
. 834
, 6
40.
21
1211
16
22.
.10
11
7
99
.13
4012
18
7
5
6 .
6
6
= not applicable.1/ Numbers,and percentages'may not add to totals due to rounding.2/ InClUdes.operating a farm atunpaid family labor.
.
19
Table 10 -- Number of hired farmworkers,averages !or 1969-71
by selected characteristics,and 79-81
Item
Changes, :
3 -year : 2-year1969-71 : Percentage of total
average' average 1/to :
: 1969-71 : 1979-81 1979 -81 : 1969-71 : 1979-81
Total 2/ :
Race: 3/'Whites :
Blacks and"others e
-- - -- Thousands
1.2
12.5*
'37.6**
-Percent
, 100
86
14'
2,536
1,975
561
2,527
2,222
350
100
78
, 22
Age (years):,14-17
, 18-24
849
559
656'781
-22.7****
39.7**33
22
926
' 3025-y, 315 478 51.7 12 19.
35-44, 152 259: ' . 2.8*: 10 ° '' 10.
45-54 238 , .171 " -28.2** 9 /
. 55-64 200 _ _116 ---7----42.0 8 , 5
65 and over : 124 ' t' Ill ' -10.
5 4
Region:Northeast : 240 196 ;-18.1* 9, 8
North Central
fP Sopth :
609
F,090
737
14038
0C 21.0,
-4.8'
,24
43 ''
2T40
,
West',
;' :
598 601 .5 < 24 23
Days of farmwork::Fewer than 25 : '1, -130 934 %-0.3**
0
45 36
25-74 : 663 605' -8.7 '26 24
75-149 255 317 '24.3** 10. . 12
150-249 e 191 308 61.3** ° 7 ;42250 and over :
:
Migratory status::
297 409 ' 37.7 12 16
d
Migratory : 208 166 -20.2 8 .6
Nonmigratory 2,328 2,406 3.3 92 94
\
Primary employ- :
went status:Nonfarmwork 376-. 458 21.8** 115 18
Hired farmwork : 517 731 41.4 ' 20 , 29
r
1/ -A-2..year-average for, 1979 and 1981 was used because the hired farm-workingforce survey became biennial after 1977. Data for 1980 are not available.
/',
2/ Percentages atO number's may not add to-totals dte to rounding.7/ Hispanic dataitere not available for hired farmworkers for 1069-71.
Significtnt at the 90-percent'confidence level.** Significant at the 95-percent confidence level.
, 20
t,
The South still had more hired farm than ocher regionsbut had not gained in relative shari of workers. The onlyregion showing a significant change was the North CentralRegion, where 'the number of workers increased by 21 percent.
Hired farmworkers are working more days a year,at farmworkthantheydi4 10 years ago, thus suggesting stroager attachments tofarmwork for their primary source ofl'earnings. While the lar-gest propdrtion of workers stilt work fewer than 25 days atfarmwork, their numbers have declined by 17 percent. The num-ber of regular' workers, however, has'increased by almost two-thirds, Andgyear-round workers have.increased by over one-third. Overall, the number of workerrdays increased from 198million in the 1969-71 period to 257 million in the 1979-81period.' These increases are due in part to increased farmsizes, which hsrequire a larger hired farm work force to supple-ment family labor.
*:
O
2v
A
I
APPENDIX I
Appeodia cubit 1--A11 hired fore:workers: Distribution by racial/ethnic groups Iand eslectad characteristics, 1981.
Characteristics fotol Whits* HispanicsI :1
blacks and others
h
All workers : 2,492
. .
1,824 328 340
'thousands
Primary eoploymewt status: :
Firmwork 796 490 170 135Hired formwork 706 403 170 133Without nanietmwork : 601 320 158 123With nonfermwotk % 105 83 11 10
Other formwork 1/ : 90 87 0 4Nonformwork : 420 351 39 30Unemployed. : 86 60 13 *4 14.
Not 1M labor force : 1,189 923 106 161' teepini house : 199 '------ 101 46 52
Attending echoed 858 , 736 .39 81Other : 132 84 21 28
Residence and age {years):,., 4All worker* 328 340
14-17 :
2,492605 I'llt '' 4 47
4
45.-54 : 180 93. .
. 4
146
38 ,.
61844f
760 603 7 8225.44 498 351 8 61
35-44 236 142 5
55-647 '
104 51 16 36
.
65 end over,
; 108 71. 29 .
Nonfarmsreoldebeef
2,083 4'
479 296 30814.47 (" 535, 449 41 45
18-24 t 622 477 173 . 71
25-34 419 287 in . 56
35-44 ": 187 105 47 35
Ali wotkers , f
0-4
0,-11
5-8
II
13 end over
% e
I :
.:::1
. 1,126
'i08
2T6165
159
198
dr
.. 31
.' ?It
709
112132 , .
.
. 206
9176'
13
18
8
212',53
4072
27.
20
45-54 : 152 ' 74 38 41 .
55-64' i '' 81 30 IS 36t $ 7 24
:4.65 end over t 88 56 ,
liears of education completed by :
worker* 25,end over: :
ii.Migratory status: :.
Migretory I : 116 88 19 9
Nonmigratory ::
2,3771.
1,736 309 331
Standard Federal Regions; .
II 1 I04 87I
I .. 60 60
III $1 1199 106.
/ 0IV : 567 '347
t
18 3
VI ;29384 i 102IV : 380 377
IX : 334 115 I 165
VII : 269 '258 6VIII : 107 IA S
II' X : 172 148 23 - 2I
1Census regions:
I
Hartbeest : . 204 , 190 6 . 8North Central : 688 , . 672 1 8
(lest : . 5951,004 . 627 , 113 ' 26
335 201 9WSouth :
o
Dap: of fernwork: .
Fewer tpen 25 : 969 781 69 / 11925-74 ' 1 538 409 57 % 73
75-149 310 198 72 40
150.449 24T 150 70---- 6F250 and over : 394 285 61 , 48
. :
Household status:Heads .... : 1,046 752 / 142 152
Other member° : 1,446 1,072 185 189 ,
t
0813
201
053
64
' 54
,
22
4. Continued
e
t
1
Appendix table 1.411 hired farawrkers: Distribution by racial/ethnic groupsand *elected characteristics, 1981 -- continued
Characteristics Total s Whites2
Rispanie0 Slacks and others2
All workers4
Privacy employment statue:
ParmvorkMired farmwork
Without nonfarm:work
Wieh nonfarnonfarevorkOther farework l/
Nonfarm:Josh
UnemployedNot in tabor force
Keeping houseAttending schoolOther
1
.!
2
:
'
;
100
32282444
173
68
834
5
,100
)
2722
18
55
193.
51
6.405
Percent
100
5252
484
0124
32
14
12
6
100
4039
363
1
9
4
4715
24
.4- 8
rift
44
Residence and age (yearn): -
All workers 2 100 100 100 10014-17 $ 24 28 14 14
18-24 31 33 23 24
25.34 1 20 19 ' 26.
18
N.35-44 $ 1
.
.
8 17 11
45-54 ; . 7 5 4` - 12 14
55-64 4 3 1 5 $ II
65 and over 4 4 2.
Nonfarm residence . 2 100 100 100 10014 -17 26 . -30 14 15
18-24
25-343020
.32
19
2525
21171
35-44 . 9 7 16 11
45-54'.
2 7 5 13 13
55-64 4 2',
5 12
65 and over : . 4 4 2 8 A
Years of education completed byworkers 25 and over:A11 workers )00 100 i00 10011-4 14 4 37 25
5-8 26 . 19 46 34
'9-11 15 16 6 1912 27%. 37 ,4= 9 13
13 and over 18 . 24 4 9
Migratory statue:-Migratory : s a5 6 3
Non:migratory
o Standard Federal Regions:
8.5 95
.
, 94 97
I 2 3 0 0II 4 5 2 2
IIi : 5 6 0 4
TV 23 19 0 59
Vv1
VII :
15
15
, 11...
21
13
14
1
31
2
0If2
vill ) 4 . 5 2 1
IX : % 13 .. 6 51 16
X 7 8 7 . 0
Cen'ous regions: I
Northeast 8 10 . 2 2
Worth Central 28 37 2 2South ' 40 -- 4.- -34 r 34 78.meat t: 24
.
18 61.
17
Day* of fassork:Fever then 25 39 43 21 35
25 -74 22 22 17 21
75-149 ; 12 11 22 12
150 -269 4250 and over t
11
16,8
1621
19
18'" 14
:
Household status:Heads 42 41 43 45
Other webers 58 59 57 55
-Urge indicate estimate was fewer than Si,...I/ Includes operating a farm and unpaid family 1;bot%
.'
23 31.
Appendix table 2--All hired frmuorkete: Distribution by racial /ethnic groups.selected eharacteristics 1981
sex. and
CharacteristicsMale Female
--- All workers 1,91# 574
". .
Primary employment status: t
Faresootk : 721, 75Mired farmwork
4: 636 '' 70
Vithiutnonfarmvork 536 66With nonfermwork 100 4
Other formwork 2/ ' : . ,85 5
Nat:formwork ' : 325 96Unemployed 83 ' .3Not in labor force 790 400
iteeplog house 15 184Attending school 653 :205
/ Othe? 122 10
Residence and age (years): ,All workers 1 1,918 574
14-17 :. 458 147
18-24 . , 603 . 158
25-34 '377 121
35.44 179 58
, 45,14 127 53
55 -64.
82 22
65 Andover 92 14
: ..
:. 405 194
Nonfarm guide:we 1.59214-47,
18-24 A : 487 135
25-34 .. : ' 317 102
45-54 : . 10244
5035-44 143
55-64 : '66 15
65 snd'over : 73 i4
Veal% of education completedby workers 25 and over:
All workers 857 ' 269
. 0-4L 121 $ 38'
5-8 : 2441 52
9-11 : 131 34
12 : 220 9813 and over ; $141 57
Migratorydstatus:Nlbtatory . 96 20'lonmigratory : 1,823 554
.
' Standard Fed4ral Regions:I . '39 21
II 79 ' 22
III 103 16
IV 435 132
V . 288 91
VI 10 74
VII : 204 65VIII 4 93 /14
IX 252 82
: X 116 56I
Census regions:Northeast 161 . 43North Central 527South ' : 785 ' 219
. 161
Vest :.444 . 151
-=--...:
.Days of formwork:Fewer than 25 6S 312
25-74 : 390 , 149
75-149 . 24'7 63
150-249 i 254 26250 and over .
et 369 24
Whites:
": Mae Female
Hispanics
Male = Female
.\\
Blacks andlothers
Male = Female
. v.Thousands
1,434 3Q0
450 40368 ,35
288 3280 3.
82 5
268 8358 2
658 2651; 89
572 16673 $ 10
1.434 ° 390 4
396 A % 116481 121
, 272 . 79
112 29
67 " 2643 %. 8'
61 ' Il
.
1,162 317101
376 101
' 222 65
'237
149
90*
21
247
122
, 93
l4
148 21 120 14
i37 _21 II! 12
Il 0 1 9 2
0 0 2 036 3 22 9
12 1 13 '1
42 64 91 71:1
1 45 2 50
20 ' 19 61 2021 . 0 , 28 O.
, o
,
'237 90' 247 9323 22 39 863 13 '59 2367 * 18 38' - 244i 16 . 26 12
24 16 15 'ii
12 . 4 ' V . 97 . 0 i4 5
i
212 84 2t9 8920 '21 37 8'
61 13 50 21
60 15 35 ' .' 22
, 33 14 22 12
21 16 29 , 11
10 4 27 9
47
.
,0 19 .5 ,
.. . '
152 54 ' 150 ''.' 6251 25 39 1367 25 57 15
i3 0 27 % 13
14 3 13 1 147 2 14 6
1
13 6 9 0% 225 84 238 93
0' 0 0 04 2 8 0'0 0 13 0'
"13 5 143 583 0 0 0
69 33 41 105 1 4 2
3 2 4 0 ,
129 36 31, 23-11 12 1 . 0
4 2 8 0
1
.8 1 6 2 ,
78 35 198 67148 52 35 24
1 ,
38 31 67 52
30 26 48 25,, 51 21 34 7
58 12 '. 55 6 ,.
61 0 45 . '"
8851 22
17
A 28 2
-47 ' 9
..
.556 153
31 0120 1291 21
, 193' 70120 50
74. 14' 1,360 377
e
39 21
67 19
90 16278 69
286 91
197' 32
195 63' : 85 12
92 23
'103 44
149 41
' 514
59510 1261 74
"553 h8
'
312 9835
. 141 9.. 264 . 21
:
.,
. -:
. .
C;ntinued.,
-
24 4 -
,
Characteristics
Appendivtable 2 All hired farmworkers: Distribution by racial/ethnic groups, sea, andselected characteristics, 1981-0-continued .
: Percenr
All worker 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 -.
Primary employmant statue: :
Farmwork : 38- 13 31 10 63 24 49 ' . 15Hired farintori: 33 12 26 9 462 -24 48 OA
Without nonfarmworh : 28. 11 20 8 58 24 45 13
With nonfarm /orb 5 . 1 6 1 1 5 0 3 2
Other farmwork 1/ 1 4 1 6 1 0 0 1 0Wonfarawork : 17 ' 17 19 21 15 4 .9 9Unemployed : 4 1 ,4 0 51 1 1 5 1Not in labor free 41 70 46 68 17 71 37 75
Iteildng hours 1 32 - 1 23 0 50 1 54Attending school 1 34 36 40 43 9 21 25 21
Other 6 '# 2 5 3 9 0 11 0
Residence and age (years):All workers : 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
14 -17 . .;
.k..1 .24 *6..26_, 28 30 ID 25 16 9
' 18-24 I '31 , 27 t 34 31 . 26 15 24 2525...34 20 '21 11 20 28 I. 20, I 15 26
35-44.
9 10 ce 8 17 17 11 1345-54 7 9 .. 5 7 10 18 .14 12
65 and over 5 3 4 3 3 0 10
Nonfarm residence
55-64 :
100
4"
100
4 , 3 .
100 100
2
100
5
100
5
100
11
, 10:
..
. 6
14-4! 25 27 30 32 9 25 17 918-24 : 31 . 28 32 32 29 15 23 24
25-34 : 20 21 19 1 1 1 28 18 16 2535-4445..54
.$1 9 9 7 5 .6 16 . ' 17 10 13
. t .i 6 10 4 7 10 ' 19 13 '12
55-64 4 3 ' 3' 1 '5 5 12 10
65 and over 5 3 4 3 3 0 9 . , 6 ,t
Yeats of Education completedby workers 25 and over:All workers 100 100 100 100 100 100 100. 100 1
0-4 14 . 14 6 , 0 34 46 26 -21 1
. 3r8.
: 28 19 22 8 . ".
,
44 46 38 24
9-41' : 15' 13 16 14 8 0' 18 21 '
12 : 4 26 33 35' 46 9 5.
9 , 23
\, 13 and over 16 21- 21 33 4 9 10
Migratory statue: :t
.
v ,
Migratory : 5 3 5 4 5 7 4 oNonmigratory 95 97 95 96 94 it 93 . 96 100
Standard Federal Regions:I 2 4 3 5 co_ 0 0 oII tr 4 4 5 5 f ' 2 3 oIli . 3 6 4 0 0 5 t (I tIt : '23 23 19 18 t 6 5 58 62V 15 16 ' 20 23 Id ,0 0 0VI \ : 16
; 13 8 29 36 17. 1,0
VII % : II 11 14 16
'
4.2 i 2 2
VIII , 1 5 2 6 3 ' , 1 2 2 0IX ' : 13 14 6 6 54 40 12 ' 25
X 6 10 7 11 5 13 1 10I .
Census regions: :
Northeast' 3v .
)/ 8 . 7 10 10 '2 t, 0North Central 27 28 36 41 - 3 . 1 , 2 2 '
South, 41 38 ' 36 30 33 ,,,39 80 72 .
West 23 26 18 19 . 62 58 14 26
Days of farmuork:Fewer than 25 3.4
. 54 39 58 16 35 27 56
25-74 4 : 20 26 22 25 13 29 19 27 .
75-449 : 13 11 / .11 9 21 23 14 7
150-249 : 13 5 10 2 24 '13 22 7
250 and over : 19 4 18 5 : 26 o to 3
:
Total = Whites
Ogle Female = Male Female ' Nile Female Hale ! Female
Hispanics : Blacks and orhers
.
Zeros indicate estima was.fewer than 500.
1/ Includes operating a faro and unpaid family labor.
25 33
1_
Appandix cable 3- -Hired farmworkirs who d4d femur rhen 25 days of formwork: plerriburion by racial/ethnic groupsand selected characteristics, 190
Characteristics
.
All worker": - 969 781 - 69 mg .%
Toral . Shires Hispanics : blacks and others
Thousands
Primary employeilsatikus:Formwork 50 49 0
.
Hireefarmwork`s 2 2 A' 0 ' 0Without nonfaribork 2 2' , 0 06%rlenonfarmwork :' 0 0 .0 .
a ,
Other farmwork 1/ ',
: 48 47 0' 1
NenfarmwOrk .249 214 '16' . . 19Unemployed 42 33 6 ' 3Not in labor force 629 486 , '0 96 ,
Keeping house 106 55 14 . .35Artendtpg school 454 380 29 .46tubes .' 69 51 4 14
'.
.1teatdence and age (years): .
I
'A11 workers . 969
18-24.
. :
1/4,
781
236
.
.,
, 60
16'
-.119
14-17 333 280 24 2926
25-34 : 167 133 15.
- 19
. 35-44 60 42 5 - 12 '
.: 52 34 -.1"9- 945-5455-64 e "` 25 (....) 18
.., .0 .
7 .
65 and our ,,.: '55 P 0 17
: - 1,
.'Nbnfarm residence ' 859 r687 64 108'
°- 14-17 -,, 204- 256 21 '27
18-24, . # : . 248 t' N 209 '' . 15 24
25-34. 147 117 ' 14 - 16
35-44 . " , 55 38 . .5, 12
' 45-54 0': , ' 48 . 31
, 9 ,
. 55-64 ,, ' . : : 17 10,
7
t
t 65,8nd over 401
id , , 0 14 r
...--- ,:
- Year* of education completed by .t
: '' Vet
morkers"25 and over: :. .
All workers ,
.: a. 358 265, 29 .64 i
.
0-4 i . / : 1 32 . 9 3 . 20
. 5-8 f. ' 1 83 53 '13
'' 179 -11. 49 31 4 " 6 ' a 12f
12%
i 124 :- 108 6 10
' 13 and over 70 63 2. 5
:....
Migratory status: :. ,
Migratory : 24 , 23 1 . 19
NblimigrarorY 145 758 68. 118
randardFederal Region,: i
1 - : 24. 24 .', 0,II ! 24' 21 . ' . 0 s 3
111 .: 40 . 35 . 0
i5
IVV ,,
.4 1 ° vin ,IX ,,,
X' .'
Census regions:NortheasyNorth CentralSouthWise
Housabold status:Heads 225+Other members 644
a .
S
' 229188 .
.
': 150, ,
: 14S,20'73
, l .. 59: :
63345
398163
.%
26
2s.
'154 0" 75188 0
,0
94' 43 14
129 ' ' 2 2
34 2 3
39 ' 19, 15
54 3 1
60338265118
268 -
5131
4:
3
02
41.
26
.
15 a
55
'3
4'92
'15
4376
,r
. *.
Appendix table 5 -Aired faro:others sho.did fewer then 25 days of farmwork: Distributionby to:CIA:I/ethnic groups and selected characteristics, 1981 -- continued
'
Characteristics' -Total
: ' :
Whites s Hispanics : Blacks and others
$
112 tterterb 3
Primary espIoymelt status:Parmwork . :
Wired fermwork :
'Without nonfarm:fork :
1With nonformwork . :
i 'Other formwork I/ t
Nonformwork i
Unemployed :
' Not in tabor forcefteptog house . .
Attending achool : .
%Other
Residence and age (years): :
All workers :
14-17 . :18-24 :
'25-34 :
'35-44 -.
:
45-54 :
55-64 :
65 and over :t
.:
MonformicesideAce.
14-17.
18-24 ,' :, .
25-34 :
t . t' 35-44 ' .
.: .1. '
'. 45-54 .
'55-64 '':
,- . 65 andover , ,1 :
1 1
Percent
100 100
5 60 0
0 0
0 05 6
26 274 4
65 6221 7747 497 7". .
-.
.
100 10034 36.29 .3017 1 ..
6,17,
5
S 4
3 2.,6.
5
1 00. ° 100 '
35 & . 37 '
29 ' 30
1.7 17
4 .% ' 45
2 1
.5: ,,
Tears of education completed by . : -: workers 25 and'overt
All workers,
. 0-4 ,
6-8, ,9-1i -% .4..12
13 and over '.
Migtstory status;Migratory
.
MO:migratory
Standard Federal Regions:I
II'
Ill
IV
l
.
::
:
:
:
:
:.
:
:
:
1,
t
:
:
:
:
t
t
%
1
1009
2314
'35
20
2
98
34
24
161.5
4
86
736Al17
3466
'
,
,
i
.V
100
3 '
20124124
, '3'
97
3
3'5
2024
12
184
5
7
84334
15,
34
66
'
.
V v 4 3
. In-VII
.
, VIIIIXX
$
Census regions:
" %Northeast '
!Seth Contra'SouthRUC
Household status:Heeds /
Other metibers
:,
3
200
0
0
0
0
. 100
1
0
0
0
04
2
23 169 2
67 8121 30
41 . 386 12
100.
10035 24
23 22:22 16
8 10 .
22 7
0.
<a 60 15..
'100 100"
33 2523 22-22 15es
11 ' $ '1.
14 8' -.
0 6'
0 13
#
.
I
,
100 100.....
,... -- ' %
31
.. 27' .40 , .. ,19-
16.01. t$ 8
2
99
0
.0
199
034
0' , 630 0
62 223 '3
2
328 125
. 2
03. 4
60 78 .
38 16
4
21 '36 ,
79 64
. 2eroo.indicap estimate was fewer than 500. '
-- 4 base was fewer yhan 50,000 persona.
, I/ pcIudesioperating a farm and unpaid famity'Iabor.
.27
i"
36'
'Appendix table 4 -Mired fa titers who did 25 to 149 days of farilsork5 -Distributionby recieyethni groups and selected characteristics, 1981
Characteristics 1 Toth! Whites Hispanics i Blacks end others
: II
.hi
1 4.1 -
1 workers : /448
/94
\.
:
Primary employment status;Formwork % , / 147Hired formwork , : / 117Without nonfarmoork
' with nonfarmwork ' 23:
Other facowork li : 30Nonfarmwork°
Unemployed:
:
157%42
.Hoc in labor force : 502Keeping house : 89Aicending school : 355Other 58
Thousands
128 113
76 45 2647 45 ,2529 40 12518 A 029 0 1
126 . 21,
.-11
24 7 II
382 55 65
43 24; 16
311 9 35'
27 171 ,14
Residence and age (ye'ars): 4 %All workers 848 607 128 113
1r-17 236 i 200 J. 18 18
18-24 d 298 232 28 A 38 ..
' 25-34 / .147 ' 493 33 21
35-44 1 63 .35 19 9
. 45-54 ,'1: - 47 16 18 13
and over
ii1
z433
. 1220
.
.75
60 7
55-64
Nonfarm residencei :
'4733 ' ' 503 123 % 106
14-17 / : . 206 172. 16 ' 18
18-24 r'i : . 250 186 28 36
25 -34il
: ' 132 61 1 32 19
35-44 . ; 53 , ' 27 . 17'.
9$.-
45-54/
5 43 13 18 12
f '5544 : , 20 4 i! 7 7 .6 '
. 65. and over /7 : 29 18 . S4
6.;. /"
Years of education completed hyi//
: .,
workers 25 and °veil 0 . 4 r, -
..
.'All workers 314 175 82 57
/
/ L0-4', ' /'
0!* 51 6 36 10
5-8 1: : 89 31 . 38 209-11 /
.7 : % 32 . 22 0 2 812 . s 77 65 3 10
13 and over '4
: 65 52 4 9°
0 41 4.II .
118r6COCY SCAM': - 4 o 'Migratory '
/
/1 . 49 49 i 0 O.
,lopmigracory r '799 ' 559 128 1I3
.'Standard Pedestal Regioni: : - .
f.
; ' 18 48 0 '.. 0
II ' .t ''.4
43 35 6 3
III/
:
s
'
40.
'
" 34. .
0 . 6IV 494 123 5 66V
.
. : 122 ' 120 . 3 0:
VI :' 115 72 25 ° 19
VII : 82 77. 3
2
VIII 5 43 39 2 ' ' 1
IX ; 146 31 69 '16
X. ' ': 74 59 15 0a
. ,
- denotes regions: : 5 .
% Northeast . ' ; 74 65 6. 3
North.Centoil. 5
. t222 214 6 2
South 1 . 331 : ' 211 " 29 / 91 1Vest 4 222 " 117 :'. 871 17,
, t.
Household status: 2 1o'
%
Heads i, A 4 272 197 43 33.
Other oembers $ . 576 411 85 . 80.
./
/ : . .
l 1
1 , 3 640
.28.0
Continued p
1
'r
.
Appendix cable 4 --Hired farmworeers who did 25 ro 149 days of formwork: Disrriburionby racial/erhnic groups and selected characreristice. 1981 --conrinued
Characrerierics1
: Total 1 Whites .ci :
4: I
Hispanics . : Slacks and -others /1
i
I
All workers
Primary employnenr status:ParmworkHired farmwork
Without nonfarmoorkVirb nonfarmwork
Other formwork 1/YonfarmworkUnemployed
Nor in labor forceXeepidg-houseAt rending schoolOther
, :Riddance and age (years) :'
All Nmrkets 114.'17
18-2425-3435-44
45-54P 55-64`65 and over
.
Nonfarm residence14-17.
111-24
. i5-34.
A 35-4445454 41%,
. 65 and over ,.
Years of educarion cosplered byOweikere 25 end over:
Ala workers0-45-89-1112
.
-13 and over
,
'' Migratory staru, et
Migratory_
Nonnigrarory1
Standard Federal Regions:I
II
III.
IV
V
VIVIIVIIIIX I,
X /
Censnei4iona:Norrhec /
North °trotSouth '
WO,/
Hoilld ma4ho emus:Heads*bermembers
'
f
.,..
:
s
:
:
4:
:.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
s
:
-1
:
.:
:
:
- :
:
:
:
1
1
:
:
1
:
:
:
:
-:
,I
:
.
:
:
"v
:
:
1i ;
:
. :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
.
i
:
1.
:
'
-
I
100
.
17
14
' 11
34
19
5
59
10. 42
7
100
28'35
17
7
' 634
100
2834 '
18
7,6
'34
10016
281025
21
',
94
2
5
5'23
14'
14
10
/ 514
if' 9 ,
9
26
39
26
,32 .
68
,
s
...
.,
.
.
1.
.0.
'
t'' 100
13
85
3
521
4'.
637
51 ''
4
100
33
38
15
6
3
2
10034 /3716
53
1
4
1003
18
13
37 '30
...11 ',..
92
3
6
6
20'0 20
12
13
,6
5
10
11
35
35'
19
,
32
OS
Nercenr I'
.
c
'
t
t.
,
.
100
35
3531
4
017
5
43237
13
10014
22261514
6
4
100134232614
15
6
4
100
44462
4
5
0100
'
45042
192
.a:
5412
54
2368,
3367
.
'
'
/
.
i
..*
.
'
5
100,
23
22. 22'
/ 01
9
1058 .
14
31
12
10016
*-- 33*7
* 198'
12.
57
100 ,
17,
34
18
8
Ilt
55-646
6
100 '
183514 '
IS. .
..
16
0100
, 0*2
5
.5901
171
1
14
0
2
2'81
15
1. ,
.'2971
,
/
.
.,
.
/Zeros indicarj esrimara was fewer rhea 500.1 Includes opersring Alarm an& unpaid family labor.
1 a
29
3 7
f Appendix table 5- -Hired formworkers who did 150 or more days of formwork: Distributionby racial/ethnic gratips i&d ,elected chaerocteristics, 1981
Chersdteristics Total'4 :
f
All workers 674
Primary employment status:.....
1
Formwork : 598Hired formwork. t 587Without nonformwork : 505With nonfaxmwork : 81
Other formwork I/ 12
Nonfaravotk . 14
Unemployed : 3
Not in laber.force .59
Keeping Bowie : $
Attending school 4 :s 49
Other t 6'
Residence and sge (years):'All_workers : 674
14-17 - I : 36
18 -24 : 184
25-34 : '183
35-44 41445-54 : 81
'5S-64 1 54
65 and over : 20:. . .
Nonfarm residence ; . 491
14-17 251824' : 1232S-34. :
s139
. 35-44' 1 794S-54, : 61
55-64 : 44
:
5 And over 1 2 19.
--laors of education completed by 1
workers 25 and over.: :
All workers : 4. 4540-4 A ' 76
5-8 : 124.,
9-11 : 83 ,
p, 12 : 107
13 and over : 64: .
Migratory status= : ,
Migratory : 42Nonmigrotory : 63i,
1
Stauderd Federal Regions: 1
366 124 108
354 124 108
289 118 9865 10
121
0 0
. 12 2 1
3 0 055 4 03 '' 2 0
41 2 06 0 '0
435 130 109
-.
33 4 0'
135 32 Id
125 37 ' 21
65 32 17
42 14 .25
22' -9 2414 2, 4
..
289 108. '94
21 '4 0
83 30' II
89 29 . 21
4) 25 . 13
30 11 ' 204 13 7 24 -
6 12 2
.
. 268 95' 91
15 38 2348 41 35'58 S 2091 ,8 7
55'.3 6
'.
- '
16 18. 8
419 113 1 100
1
% .
Whites Hispanics : Blacks end others
43$
Thousands
130 109
,
I : 18 18 gII ..: 1 34 31
III % 38.fi 4
36.
' k .IV 141 70 113
V : 70 70 04
VI : 118, 64 35
VII : 44 42 1
. VIII 25 25,
,IX : 144 . 45 7rX : , 39 3; 5
. ,1
Census regionalgortheast :. 67 . 64 0. .
North Central : 122 120- ' 1
West :70/ 151 432
1100 87
South :
l =.Household-statue :
Meads' ' I : 449 288 85Other scuba I 226 a 148 45
,
30
1
:
o' 2
2
.
600
202
023
0..
4.2
2
81 -
24
76
44, 33
/Continued --!
...o . 1 %
e t. .11 c..
Appendix table 5,-Hired formvorkers who did 156 or more dayi of formworks Distribution
. be racial/ethnic groups and selipted characterlitice, 19f1--continued
Characteristics Total Whites Me:panics : Slacks and otheis
Percent1
+ ; a.
10All workers
_: : 100 P .100 100
Primary employment status: : ..
Permwork 89 84 96 99 'Hired farawork 87 81 96
N99?
:Without noefarmwork, 75 68 '91 90
With nonfarmvork 12 15 5 .9Other farmwork 1/ : 2 3 0 t 0
Nonfarawork I 2 - 3 , 1 1
Unemployed : 0 1 0 0 $
Hot.ln labor force t 9 13 3 0Keeping house 1 . 1 2 .4, 0
, ) Attending school '70 11 I / 0
Other 1s
1 0 .. °1 :.
Residence and age (years):.,.
All workers. : .100 , 100 100 100 0 ;..14 -17 5 7 3
16
"...8-24 . : 27 . 31 24 .
25-34 p 29.
28 20 ',
'35-44 17 15 ,. 25 16 -4a- 45-54 r 12 10 '11 23 3
35-64 8 5 7 2265 and over . : 3 3 2 4
:
1 Nonfarm residence
.
100 100 100 ..) 1001 14-17 i : -5 . 7' o -4 0
18-24o
: 25 29 28 1225 -34 28 31 27 2235-44 : 16 14 v 23 14
45L54 1 12 1 10 10 . 21
55-64 A 9 : 4 '.6 26. :
65 and over : 4 , 4 2 4
4 . -
Years of education completed by a.
: workers 25 and over? t
All workers ', : (00 ' 100 100 1000-4 2 ' 17 6 40 25-.
5-8 27 18 43 AO. 69411 t : , IC 22 5 22
12 ) 24 34 8 , 813 and over t 1,4 20 3 7
.. . , '
Migratory status:' Migratory 6 4 , 14 8
Nonmigratdry - 94 96 86 92. . .
...
Standard Federal Regions: :
I- ' r 3 4 0 0''II . 0 a 5 .7 .,. ' 0 2
III . s 6. 8 0 . 2t V
IV Zi 16 10 55 -
V 10 16 JO- 0e :. /17 15 26 j 18 ,VI
VII . 7 . 10 U 2
VIII 4 6 1 . 0 '
, - Ix : , 21 10 59 21
,X . 6 8 3 . 0 .
It I.Census regions: : . 1 .
Northeast : 10 , 15 0 ' 2
'North Centrali
: AS / 28 0,
o 2 ..
South 4 , 41 / 35 ' 33 75 '
West . : 31 23 67 . v.,.. ' 22 . .
190
_r
Household statub: . -1kHeads 1 67 66 65 . 70
' Other mambeys ,33 34 , 35 30. . . : . 1..
:.
Zeros indicate estimate vas fever than 500.1/ Includes operating a farm and unpaid family lalvfor.
33.
4
I. .
t.
Appendix table Or-All. hired 6:coworkers; Days 9I farsvork by selected.chbradteristics, 1981
I.
ac
A.
."
-.Character ice
1 workers6' .
thni6 groups:OhlteiHispanics,Itacks and others - -
: Total
A :4
Alory employment Status; :
Formwork.
%, Hired formwork .
4 Without nonfarm.igork %
1.; With honfarmwork :
Other farmwork I/ .
NO:dare:work
Uhemployed '
Nek in labor force, Keeping houseAttending schoolOther
x and age (yiars):
.14-17
18-24
25-3435-44
.
. 45-5455-64
.. 66 and over
Females
14-17
, 18-24
25-34
35-4445-54556465, and over
16, 1
:
:
Residence : '
ParaNonfarm
Migratory status;MigratoryNoneigratory
St4dard Federal Regidns:.ItIIIIVVVI
, VIPVIIIIXX
Cimaus regions:NortheastNorth 'Central
SouthWest
:
Humber of. hi d fermworkers8 ds s morke
Fewer than *25 : 25 to 74
4
75 to 19Itiousanda
2,492 969 538:1, 24. 781 409'3 69 57340 119 73
5,
796 50 43706 2 22 itt
t 601 17
105 oo=' N6" 90 ' 21 .%
420 2k. 105
86 '42\ 24
1,189 629 366. 199 106
)45470
.858 2/i
.132 69 24
1,918 658 90'458 229 65.
603' 200
377 116179 33 18
, 127 19 16
82 18 8
92.
42
.
13
574 312 149
147 103 32
158 479 59121 62 33
58 26. 11 *
63 33 11
22 6 1
16 13,
409 ill 73
2,083.
859.
465.
(37
2,3/7 "94., 501
O
60 ' . 11
101 24119 40 33567, 229 134380 / 188 82 -.384 150 68".
269 143 45
107 39 27 '
4 334 73 60172 59 50
4 4I
' 204. 63688 345 . 136
. 1,004 398 221
595 163 132
t.
.
1..1
32,
4
.150 to
11981. 72
40` -104 .95
78,
17
5328136
8
193
34 .
..
247'
38
322 .
."18
11
17
6311102212
2. 5
43267
299k.
281
ISO7061
229
170
.
-.555. 10
42.3
403
31o 6
254257t6528
'27,
27 '
10
260
76 c"34 ,S0'
57223
9 . 150 an over
.
. _-
394 t.
1.
,
5i0 ':
o 363
3)5i 6;87
. 7
S.$
19
2re
4.0 t
36910 .es
'101 $:!.!..
$ '193;8
44,
. '
*i-s
3
50 0
1
..253 ' t
0 .
14. 114
60 . 7741 '27
'1- 48 .4237i6
.56 ' ip13.A
24 t."86
11090 "
22
48 -
110 V411
ti ; ./0
g `6'-tA"34
O
$ ..
.70
. $126
.264-4
- 179
224 34=6644376,
. 2k-
., t$78*21
A 0.
1.4
8
411 4.74 4
121
1 ".,
.
. _
.; .. .
4Appendix table 6 - -All hired farmworkero: Days of fatmwork"by selected Characteristics, 1981 -- continued
s . Number of hired farmworkersCharacteristics
: Totalda 8 worked
Fewer t n 25 25 to 74 to 1 9 . 150 to 24 : 250 and oar
Percent
All workers : 100 39 22 12. 11 16I b,
Ethnic groups: :
Whites . 100 43 22 It 8 16
Nispanics ' 100 21 17 22 21 19
.' Blacks and others :% .
. :
100 . 35 21 12 18 14
Primary employthent status: :Farmwork : 100 6 5 13 29 46
Hired farmwotk : 100 0 3 13 32,41.
Without nonfarmwork t 100 0 3 13 28 56With nonfirmwork : 100 0 6 16 51 27
Other Earmark 1/.4.
: 100 53 23 10 5 8.804farework : 100 59 25 13 2 1
Vneeployed 1 100 48 28 21 3 0Not in labor force : 100 53 31, 11 3 2
Keeping house : 100 53 35 ' 9 1 1
Attending school : 100 53 32 10 4 2
Othet 1 100 52 18 26 4 0
Sex and age (years):*
: ,
Males : "..,100 o 34 20 13 ' 13 . 19
14-17' :' 100 50 34 8 4 2
18-24 : 100 33 22, 16 12 17
* 25-34 : 100 31 13 12 17 27
44-35 : 100.
18 10 12 16 44
45 -54 °. 1 100 15 13 14 21 37 '\
55-64 1 100 22 10 13 33 22
65.and over : 100 46 15 18 10 11
, .
Females 100 54 26 11 5 ,414-17 : 100 70 22 8 0 0
18-24 : 100 50 38 6 4 2
25-34 : 1C0 43 27 18 5 7
35-44 1 100 46 20 20 6 8
45-54 : 100 61 20, 4 8 6
55-64 : 100 -- -- - .. -- --65 arid over : 100 .... --
Residence, . :
. Faro: ; 100" 27 18 10 14 31
Venters. :
.1
.,:A.RUgratpryistatus: -
100 41 , 22 13 11 13
Miiogrntory .
-.,, nmigiarbry100100
21
40' 32
21
1013
24
11
13
16
4-F0----Standar real Regions: :
I,.... --, " 100 39 18 12 16 14
11., ;-,* .- 100 24 28 14 11 22
Ur, -,' 1 '100 A 34 28 6 4 29
11( ' :'-' 100 40 24 11 14 12
V'. : 100 49, 22 11 7 11
-VI. 100 39 18 13 11 20VII, 100 53' 17 14 7 10
VIII. 100 36 - 25 15 7 17
IXt
= 100 22 1 18 17 /0 23X ' 100 34 29 14 11 12
Census regions:. Nkrtheast 1 100 31 25 12 11 22
Wirth Central 100. 50. 20 12 7 11
South 100 40 ' 22 11 12 15_
West 100 27 -22 15 15 20
,Zeros indicate estimate wasewer than 500.-- base was fewer than 50.000 persons.1 Includes o0arating a farm and unpaid family labor
.
33 41
:;
Appendix table 7--All hired farmworkers: Demographic characteristics by average number\----------of-days-worked and earnings,. 198Iv .
Workers who did hired
: Thousands : Farm and :Farmwork
farmwork only
Characteristics : of t nonfarm : :Thousands: '
4
a ,Days ".. Earnings
ofDays : Earnings
. : workers : earnings t worked- .
: 1: ":75713771171713:Workers : worked ; Heil Annual.
le : Number Dollars Number ----Dollars--b- ----Number---- --Dollars--Dollars
: 2,492 4,299 98 27.20 2,659 1,478 129 27.64
Ethnic groups and sex:
HispanicsBlacks and others : it
.5,3404,288
3,358
131 32.89 4.319104 25.71 2,668 256
91 26.03 2,359 /3 125 26.24 '3,2059 150 1'33.28° 4,995
119 25.98 3,098
.. .
Whites,1
. -.
Males t 1,9181
4,M112
dt.
27.47 3,073 1,145 147 27.86 4,092-
Whites : 1,434 4,713:
102 1 26.45 2,710 781 138 261,63 3,682Hispanics 237 6,447 155 33.26 5,15 178. 186 33.64 6,256Blacks and others : 247 3,948 125 25.42 3,1 5 186 146 21.70 3,745
Females 2,526f
I
574
2,725 47 2.71 ,071 18251 5.19 ,276' 333
69 0.72 2,114 81
66 25.94 1,719Whites 71 22.98 1,622Hispanics 90 2,420 71 31.18 2,228Blacks and others : 93 1,796 48 7.74 1,327 70 49 28.16 1,384 ,
Sex and age (years): .
14-17 934 43 17.1 " 753 418 48 18.19 875
18-24 .
:
6054,624 93 2..84 2,488 343 142 27.04 3,845
25-34 6,785 120 '.70 3,684 252 176 31.73 5,584
35-44 236 6,405 159 p.10 4.631 169 195 28.85 5,63345-54 180 5,460 146 27.35 3,980 122 186 28.41 5,279
65 and over 1 108 2,575158 27.84 4,40655-64, 106 4,597 147 2Y.82 4,077 86
79 4.64 1,938 88 88 24.63 2,165: 1
Hales14-17 : 458 1,028 48 16.95 818 326 54 17.45 939
18-24 603 4,965 106 26.85 2,846 ' 280 160 26.85 4,292
25-34 377 7,736 138 31.09 4,277 187 207 32.21 6,682
.35-44 179 7,7486,586
188 29.78 5096 119 243 ' 29.55 7,192
45-54 : 127 181 2A.74 5,032 89 225 , 28.85 6,494
55-64 : 82 4,932 148 21.11 4.300 67 161 . 28.90 1,655
65 and over : 92 2,76 86 24.98 2,152 77 9 24.89 2,349.-.
Females i
14-17 s 147 40 26 21151 550 92 /8 23.34 64'
18-24 158 ,317 42 26176 1,115 63 64 29.18 1.87f
35-44 : 58 2,225. 25-34 121 3,811 65 28114 1,829 65 85 28.37 2,404
70 234l 1,628 49 i- --...-- --
45-54 : 53 2,791 60 24 155 1,484 34 --
55-64 22 -- -- ' - . -- 19 --
-..
1 --65 and over 16 -- -- -- II -- --
1
i
. 1
All workers 3,557
Household and migrantstatus:Househol4 leads : 1,0 6,876 139 29.6 4,151 .584 200 30.22 6,057
- Migratory , : 4 -- -- -- 24 -- -- --
Nonmigratori : 1 '03 6,907 138 30.24 4,182 560 200 30.50' 6,106
Other household members ,446 2,434 68 23.13 1,579 895 82 23.51 1,926
Migratory . 72 2.676 94 24.37 2,300 60 99 23.86 2,356Nonmigratory 1,374 2,421 67 23.04 1,542 835 81 23.48 1,896
Years of education com-pleted by workers 25 anover.All workers : 1,126 5.888 131 29.05 3,799 717 169 29.43 4,981
0-4 s 159 4,593 143 29.52 4,217 140 153 29.62 4,544
5-8 296 5,116 138 28.68 3,949 217 163 28.98 4,737 .
9-11 s 165 5,860 160 27.65 4,410 113 195 28.17 5,487
12 308 6,333 III 29.82 3,303 160 154 30.39 4,674
13 and.over : 198 7,417 118 29.69 3,504 88 204 30.35 6,195
-- base
1
w fewer than 50,000 persons.
34
44
4
Appendix table 8--All hired farmmarkers: Employment characteristics by average number
. of days worked and earnings, 1981
CharacteristicsThousa,1a : Farm and :
Number
Farmwsirk Workers who did hiredfaftwork only
of : nonfarm :Days ! .Earnings
workers : earnings w kedDaily :Annual
:Thousands:Days Earnings
of: Workers : : Daily : Annual
,=11 Dollars Member ---- Dollars ---- ---- Number ---- --Dollars--
All workerb1 :
.
Primary employmtn, status: :
2,492 4.299 98 27.20 2,659 1,478, 129 27.64 3,557
Farmwork 796 6,720 : 218 29.35 6,387 671 226 2900 6,613Hired farmmork : 706 7,258 23$ 29.39 6,981 601 245 29.33 7,172Without nonfsiamork 601 7,172 245 29.33 7,172 601 245 29.33 7;172With nonEarmwork : 105 7,749 197 29.86 5,882 0 %
Other farmwork 1/ 90 2,494 62 28.04 1,725 70 64 28.44 1,825Nonfarmwork 42( 8,341 38 25.01 949' 0Unemployed : 86 2,550 44 28.40 1,242 41 --Not in labor force : 1,189 1,378 43 20.44 872 766 47 20.54 961Keeping house : 199 1'.182 ..-36 23.91 866 154 38 24.25 913Attending school : 858 1,307 ,44 18.60 809 516 49 18.41 . 894
Other : 132 2,127 47 27.47 1,286. 96 52 26.93 1,396
.
Residence, sex, and daysof farmwork: . .
Fewer than 25 969 ,2,756 9 22.76 216 444 10 21.79 222
25=74 t 538 , 2,799 45 24.85 1,126 274 45 24.64 1,10875-149 s 310 4,081 107 24.85 2,650 195 107 25.73 2,742150-249 s 281 6,669 198 29.84 5,908 206 201 30.12 6,051
f 250 and over 394 8,632 308 27.43 8,461 360 ' 309 27.63 8,547
Nonfarm residence 1 2,083 4,266 88 27.80 2,436 1,173 117 28.36 3,321Fewer than 25 859 2,906 10 22.55 216 376 11 21.43 22625744 465 2,934 45 25.05 1,132 225 45 24.61 1,11375149 267 4,246 106 25.19 2,683 165 107 25:88 2,758tpo -249- 223 6,802 198 30.19 5,980 168 201 30.49 6,116250 and over 268 8,854 301 28.66 8,624 239 301 28.87 8,686
MalesFewer than 25 658 3,212 9 24.59 230 286 10 23.69 229
25-7475-149
390247
3.0014,343
46
108
24.6024.47
1,1322,640
190
15046
'108
24.00,
-25.191,1042,727
150-249 254 6,618 198 29.65 5,858 184 201 29.79 5,978250 and over 369 8,733 308 27.81 8,554 336 308 28.02 8,640
FemalesFewer than 25 312 1,792 10 19.04 185 158 11 18:77 208
'25-74 149 2,270 43 25.54 1,109 84 43 26.19 1,115
75 and over 114 4,875 172 26:03 4,488 91 f83 26.63 4,881
Migratory status and daysof ferment:Migratory 115 3,995 112 14.37 2,728 . 83 130 23.77 3,080Fewer than 25
25-74 2's
24
37
13
25
75-149 12 7
150 and over 42 38
Nonmigratory : 2,377 4,314 97 27.35 2,656 1,395 129 27.87 3,585Fewer than 25 945 2,751 9 22.70 213 430 10 21.51 214
25-149 t 799 1,305 68 ,24.99 1.705 437 72 25.50 1 824'. ;
150-249 253 6./55 199 30.09 5,980 182 202 30.53 6,162250 and over 379 8,710 309 27.63 .8,534 346 310 27.90 C642
Zeros appear where estimate was fewer than 500.-- base was fever than 50,000 persons.1/ Includes operating a farm and unpaid family'labor%
35 4 vs
Appendix table/
9--Ali hired Ears and raliethnle groups by averageumnber of days wevoted sna earnings, s 1981
ata: farm and :: nonfarm :earnings
All wor rs
Census rNorth,
Whit
Mopdisc
glom:st
s
nices and others
Wort Centraltea*wits
lacks and others
SouthWhite.H ispanics
Blocks and others
WestWhitesHispanicsRacks and there
Standard Fedhai Region! :.1
WhitejlH is nits11,ogts and others
II/
/ Whites/ Hispanics
Blacks and others
hIlWhitt*HispanicsSlacks and Others
IVAlta.H ispanics
Slacks and others
VWhites
H ispanics
Macke and theta
VI
WhitesH ispanics
Slacks and others
ViiWhitesH ispanics
flecks and others
VIIIWhites
HispanicsSlacks and others
IXWhitesH ispanics
oaks and others
XWhite:Hispables'Slacks and others
Farm4ork
bays -Earningsworked
Workers who did gM--farmwork only
:Thousands:Earnings
t ofworked
t Workers : : Annual
: Number 0 Dail s !Amber
2.492 ''299
204 4.400190 4.457
6 --
8 4.025672 4.043
8 --8 --
: 1.004
627
II,265
59533520159
6060
00
101
87
68
$ 119106
0I3
567
367
18
201
380377
3
0
384229102
: 53
t 269258
6
6
. 107
98
S
4:
334: 115
165
54
t 17214823
2
3.786
3.9824.4353,036"
, 5.4465,244
5.9924,738
4,a474,547
4.2954.401
'3.7444.019
3.4503.630
3.070
3.9373.938
4.5904.284
4.7753.305
4.149
4.189
4.7424.697
-6.161
6.6786,3264.545
3.864.018
Zeros appear where estimate was fewer than 541.t.--.* base wee fewer than 50,000 persons.
: 98 27.20 ` 2,659 1.478 129 21.64 3,557
115 25.82 2,977 109 156 27.41 4.268
117 25.41 2.967 100 157 26.88 4.234
4S -
'75 26.92 2.019 350 98 27.38 2.6944 75 26.84 2.018 342 99 27.35 2.694
3 --
'1
S
97 22:95 j 2.217 622 126 22.67 2.85691 21.90 I 2.003 345 129 21.15 2.718
114 27.27 I 3.115 81 137 27.41 3.7441131 25.15 2.341 201 117 23.30 2.734
120 33.60/
4.037 393 153 34.40 5.249105- 31.97 3.366 176 154 32.84 5.048145
11935.47 5,157
::02;17245
158 35.77 5.668
I
100 22.51 2.246 29100 22.5 2.246 29
00
120 28461 3.450 52 146 32.14 4,706
124 3.506 ,444 OF.
5
s 123 17.04 2,193 76 176 12.42 3.065128 1848 2.318 68 185 17.79 3.282
--109
-f
89 22. 8i
2.000 356 116 22.32 2.59980 21,8 1.720 186 112 21.14 2.377
18
97 23. 8 2.281 152 115 23.35 2.675
76 25.66 1.955 184 98 25.01 2.45525. 6 1.963 184 98 25.01 2.455.77
- -- 0
1
0411
105 26,5 2,783 231 136 26.27 3.56399 25.80 2,560 121 138 24.71 3.414ill 29.58 3,274 68 136 29.96 4,062
119 23.49 2.800 42,
71 211.0 2.010 141 96 ,29:88 2.857
70 28.14 1,980 134 95 '" 29.97 2.844.... 3 --
4,
99 27.1 2,701 59 143 27.55 3.946102 26.87 2,751, 55 145 27.16 3.9384 3
1
137 11.05 5:077 253 160 37.12 5.948
13, 37.92 4,931 68 184 36.97 6.809145 37.26 5.418 141 159 37.57 5,971126 34.40 4,334 43
90 26.73 2.407. 96 121 28.72 3,489
84 28.02 2.3661 74 118 31.14 3,679221 -
: 436
ApPendix-table40--Rited-rmworkers-who-didfsrmvork and nonfarmvorkt Demographic
characteristics by average number of days worked and earnings, 1981
Characteristics :
:
Ihou.ands
ofworkers
: Farm andt nonfarm: earnings
: 4
Formwork Nonfaworkm! pays
worked
Earnings
worked
.---.1!""hge
; Daily ; Annual.;
.,
; Daily ! Annual
:.
Number Dollars Number --Dollars-- thimber --Dollars--
All workers4
:
:
1,014 5,381 53 25.63 1,350 125 32.18 4,031
Ethnic groups and sex: :
Whites 2 ' 861 5,401 52 25.46 1,316 128 31.82 4,085Hispanics t .69 6,641 60 29.30 1,765 -128 38.09 4,876Blacks and others : 84 4,149 57 24.00 1,362 91 30.66 2,787t.Males ' : 773 5,921 60 26.05 1,564 128 34.00 4,358.. Whites : 652 5,948 60 25.94 1,548 131 33.67 4,401Hispanics . t 60 7,019 63 29.86 1,867 130 39.71 5,152Blacks and others t 61 4,565 62 23.38 1,442 100 31.32 3,123
Females : 241 3,643 29 . 22.82 662 116 25.72 2,981Whites : 208 3,688 27 22.08 590 121 25.56 3,098Hispanics : 9 .
-- -- -- --
Blacks and others 1 23 -- -- -- t-- --
._ -. : .
Sex and age (years). : -
14 -17 : 188 1,066 31 15.59 482 57 10.24 584
18-24 : 417 5,253 52 ' 26.39 1,372 /127 30.56 3,89125-344 : /46 8,014 63 27.74 1,740 161 39.00 6,274-35-44 : 68 8,323 69 30.85 2,140 167 37.12 '6,18345-54
55-64
:
:
58
18
5,846--
60--
20.38 1,224
-- --144
, .32.01 4,622
65 and over t 20 4 -- -- -- -- -- --
Miaes :
4 14-17 : 132 1,246 34 15.01 518 66 10.96 729
18-24 : 323 5,546 59 26.86 1,596 123 32.13 ° 3,950.25 -34 t 190 -- 8,773 69 27.76 1,909 165 41.62 6,86435-44
4,: 60 8,861 77 31.17 2,405 170 37.90 6,456
45-54 : 38 -- -... -- -- -- --55-64 : 15 - -- -- -- -- -65 and over 15
Females : .
14-17 1 55 633 22 17.74 395 34 6.92 238
18-24 : 94 4.289 26 22.78 602 142 25.90. 3,68825-34 : 56 5,435 42 27.62 1,165 147 29.04 4,270
35-44 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- . -45 -54 : 20 -- -- -- -- --55-6465 and over
I1
'3
4
--*--
----
-- ---- -- --
I.- --
-- --.
Household and migrant status:
Household heads : 7,907 60 28.89 1,747 161 38.15 6,160Migratory 2i-4- - -- -- -- --
Nonmigratory 443 7,922 60 28.48 1,749 161 38.30 6;173
Other household members 551 3,258 46 22.04 1,016 95 23.64 2,241Migratory 12 -- _.
Honmigratory 539 3,-15 46 21.83 994 95 23.57 2,242
Years of education completedby workers 25 and over:All workers 409 7,480 63 27.23 1,725 154 37.26 5,755
0-4 19. - - -- awe
5-8 1 79 6,160 67 426.63 1,772 134 32.72 4,3889-11 1k 52 6,664 83 25.03 . 2,089 123 37.06 4,575
12 Q13 and over
t 149
110
8,115
8,389
65
50
28.36 1,831
27.50 1,364
171
172
36./4 6,284 0
40.91 7,025 i
-- base was fewer than 50,000 persons.
3
3745
Appendix table 11- -Hired farmwotkeri who did farmwork and nonfarmwork: Employmentchatacteristics by average number of days worked and earnings, 1981
CharacteristicsThousands
ofworkers .
Farm and: nonfarm: earnings
:
:
All workers
primary employment status:Fsrmwork
: Number Dollars
1,014
124
5,381
7,295Niredarmwork 105 7,749Without nonfarmwork .: 0
\With nonfarmwork 1,014 5,381
Other farmvork -1/ 20
NonfarmworkUnemployed
:
:
420
46' 8,341
--'
Not in labor force 423 2,132Keeping boule : 45 --Attending school 342 1,932Other 36 --
4Lasidence, sex, and days offarmwork:
All workers.Fewer than 25 526 4,893 .
25-74 264 4,550.75-149 115 6,345150-249 74 8,389250 and over 34 --
Nonfarm residence 910 5,485Fewer than 25 483 4;990
- 25-74 240 4,637,
75 -149 102 6,652150-249 55 8,878250 and over 28 ..- -
Males
Fewer'than 25 372 5;507.25=74 200 4,79775-149 98 6,811150-249 70 8,294250 and over 33 --
1
Females
Fewer than 2525-74
154
64
), . 3,412"3,780
75 and over 22 -,-
Migratory status and days ,
of farmvork:Migratory ,32 --Fewer than 25 : 11
25-74 : 12 mr
' 75-149 2 5 ,..011
150 and over 5 4Nonmigratory. 981 5,349'Fewer than 25 515 4,869
25-149 363 5,087150-249 71 8,288250 and over : 33 v. --
Farmwork Nonfarawork
Da-: Earnings t t Earnings
Daysworked Daily i Annual i worked' Daily : Annual
Number
53 "'
174
197
53
38
35
er36
4 I
9
46107
190
50
94506
1/
946'107
189I..
845--
52
964191.--
Number ----Dollars-L------Dollars----
25.63 1,350 125 32.18' 4,031
29.69 5,168 69 31.03 2,127'29.86 5,882 62 31.08 1,867 ,
25.63 1,350 125 32.18 4,031
2.01 949 198 37.33 7,393 '
-- -- -- OP.
20.29 714 76 18.73 1,421
-- -- - -L
18.98 682 75 16.66 1,250
-- --
23.69 211 142 33.04 4,68225.06 1,145 117 29.10 3,40523.38 2,493 111 34.60 3,851
29.03 5,509 82 34.99 2,881
-- -- - -- --
26.10 1,294 129 32.43 4,191
23.58 208 144 33.16 4,78225.47 1,149 118 29.44 3,488
24.08 '2,562 117 35.02 4,090,29.22' 5,565 93 35.77 3,312
./. OM.
25.31 232 149 35.50 5,27625.17 1,159 120 30.38 3,63823.36 2,508 121 35.70 4,303
29.28 5,546 79 34.82 2,748.... ...
A _
,
19.40 161 125 25.99 3,25024.72 1,100 109 24.70 2,680.. - -, .04
.4446.
40.1411.
25.56 1,334 125 32.15 4,015
23.81 212 141 32.97 4,65724.31 1,561 115 30.77 3,526
28.88 5,507 80 34.56' 2,781-- -- -- -- --
Zeros appear where estimate was fewer than 500.-- 16 base was fewer than 50000 petsons.1/ Includes operating a fart and unpaid familylabor.
.
38
.4-
Appendix table 12- -Hired farmworkers who did fermwork anionfarmworks Regions and racial/ethnic groups by average number of days worked and earnings, 1981
Characteristics: 'Thowsandi Pe slidsd I
Farmwork:
Nonfarmwork%
of : nonfarm : :Imm2 :%rainta.._,B: workers : earnings
worked ! Bally ' ,Annual : worked ! Doily*: nronmali
Rumba Dollars Number ----Dollars---- Number -,-- Dollars ----
:eAil workers 1.014 5,381 53 25.63 1,350 125 32.18 4,031
Census 'regions:
Northeast . 96 4,550 69 21.77 1,511 ,01128 23.76 3,039'pates Ar
: 90 4,703 72 21.86 1,569 131 23.94 3,134Hispsnics . 2 -- .- .. -- -- -- --
'Blacks and others : 3 -- -- -- -. --.
s--- North Central% 338 5,403 51 26.01 1,320 123 33.10 4,083Mites : 330 5,441 51 25.81 1,318 124 33.13 4.123Hispanics : 5 -- -. -- -- -- - . --Blacks and others : . 3 .. A6 -- .L. ....
.,, South : 378 48 24142 1;157 130 32.02 4,174
Whites : 281 5,544 46 .24.49 1.124 137 32.28 4,421Hispanics . . 32 -- -. - .... .. .. --Blacks and others : 64 3,979 51 21.90 1,115 98 29.20 2,864
Hest , : 202 5.826 57 29.47 1,682 118 35.23 4.146Whites
.
159 5,461 52 29.11 1.506 120 32.94 3,955Hispania, i 29 -.- -- -- -- --Blacks and others r 14 .. -- -. -- -- -.
Standard federal Regions:1 : 31 -- -- -- 1. M. .
. Mates : 31 .- -- -- .-
Hispanics_ :' 0Blocks one others : 0
IIa : 48 -- -- -- -- -- --Whites : 43 -- .... -- --Hispanics . 2 -. -- » -0 -- --
Blacks and others : 3 -- -- -- -- t
:.
.ill : 42 v. -- . ,- - ..- --Whites : 38 .... -. ..., ...
Hispsnics. . 0 ..
Blacks ond others : 4 -- -- .- .- ... -- ..
IV 211 4.887
:
44 '22.65 '990 125 31.20 3,897, .,
,i whites : 161 44 ' 22.08 961 132 31.25 4,116. . .
Hispanics : 05,077
Slacks and others : 50 4.271 44 24.47 1.081 103 31.01 3,190
V : 196 5,331 55 26.75 1,484 121 31.83 3.847Whites . . 193 5,352 56 26.74 1.494 121 31.81 3,858Hispanics : 3 -- -- . -- -- --Blacks and others : 0
,i
RI : 153 6,146 59 27.08 1.601 136 33.44 4,544
Whites la 6,323 55 28.85 1,600 139 34.04 4,723Hispanics : 34 -- -- -- ... ...
Blacks and others : 11 -- .- -- r*.. :
44 24.50 1,073 128VII , ._.: 128 35.15 4,504
Whites : 123
5.577
44 23.82 /1.038 1.31 35.25 4,616
Hispanics : 35,654,
-- ' '''''' -- --Blacks and others : g 2 -- ... -- .--- -- ...
VIII : 48 .... -- ... -- --
Mares . 43 -- ... --/ Hispanics , : 2 -- -- , -- --
t Blocks and others, . 3 .. -- --
IX 81 6,825 65 36.5.1 2,366 107 41.19 4,459 ;
WhIrsA 47 --Hispanics 24
Blocks sod others 10
X 76 4.389 51 26.75 1,052 119 28.09 3,337
Mates 74 4,354 51 20.83 1,061 120 27.53 3,293Hispanics 1 -- -- -. .. -- ..
Blocks sod others 1 -- -- --, -- -- ...
t
\
Zeros wear where estimate was foyer than 500.- v base was fever than 50,000 persons.
394 47
s.
I ,
Appendix table 13- -All hired farmworkers: Percentage distribution of deity fare earningsby selected characteristic, and regions. 1981 "'
Mous:soda: Boar fare earningsir_t__
: MedianCharacteristics 41: of : Fewer :$8.00 tos$11.00 tos$14.00 to:$17.00 ro:$20.00 to:523.00 col $26.0Qs .workers :then $8.00s 0.00 s $13.99 : 16.99 : 19.99 s 22.99 s $25.99 : and Wass:
ea 9 Inge
Ali workers
Ethnic groups and sex:Whites
HispanicsSlacks and others
Males
WhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
PeaaleeWhitesHispanicsMacke and others
Primary employment status:ParmworkRind tar: work
Without nonfaraworkWIch ooMarework
Other formwork 1/NontaraporkUnemployedNotin labor forceKeeping houseAttending schoolOther
Age (years):14-17
18-24
25 -34
35-4445-54
55-6465 and over
Days of far:smock:
Fewer than 2525-74 I
75-149150-249250 and --..
Household and migrantstatue:
Household headsMigratoryNonaisratory
Other household members
MigratoryNonalgrotory
Census regions:Northeast
WhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
North CentralWhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
SouthWhitesHispanicsBlacks end others
est 7
WhItcs '
HispanicsBlacks and others
Number Dollars
s sr.
2,492 8 10 5 8 4 ' 12 11
: 1,824 9 , 10 6 le 4 12 10
*: 328 3 7 2 1 7 8 11
s 340 6 13 6 9 2 11 15. ,
: 1.918 8 9 '5 8 4 11 , 9: 1,434 10 9 5 9 4 ' 11 \ 9: 237 3 3 2 0 6\i 7: 247 6 14 7 8 I 11
...
IlkI
: 574 5 14 7 4 6 15 14
: 390 6 14 8 10 6 16 13
: 90 1 18 3 2 10 10 12
: 93 4 11, 5 11 2 11 . 21
s
: 796 . 6 6 3 4 . 3 10 10
: 706 6 6 3 4 2 9 10: 601 7 6 4. 105 4 9 0
4 25 3 I) 7
8 .0
90 8 5 4 4 5 23 7: 420 5 12 4 7 5 14 12 ,
86 4 7 4V 1,189 10 _ 13 7
12 4 14 7
Il 5 12 11
s 199 4 , 13 8 6 9 12' 13'
11': 858 12 14 7 4 13 4 11
132 2 9 Abs 3 9 4 12 8
: 605 13 15 7 15 5 Il 12
t 760 7 8 5 8 4 13 8: 498 4 9 3 5 4 12 11
: 236 4 13 4 6 4 10 7s 180 9 10 5 -3 6 9 16
s 104 5 7 4 4. 1 14 19
: 108 7 9 14 5 0 11 10
s
: 969 9 14 7 12. 5 14 11
: 538 5 9 6 9 5 12 11
. 310 7 12 3 5 4 12 14
s 281 6 7 4 4 3 6' 9
: 394 10 6. 4 5 3 8 9. .
.
s 1.046 6 8 4 5 3 12 10
. 44 -- .... -- -- ...
; 1,003 6 8 3 5 3 11 10 .
/
: 1,446 9 12 6 11 6 .4.- 12 11
: 72 15 ,9 7 7 5 7 13
; 1,374 8 12 6 11 6 12 11
: 204 14 9 . 6 10 7 12 7
190 .1 10 6 Il 5 10 7
: 6 -- 1 -- -- -:.
: 8 .... -- -- ,.....
r 688 6 12 5 9 5 11 13
: 672 6' s 12 6 9 5 11 13
: 8 -- -- -- -..
s 8 -- ..m. -- =b. Ot I
e 1,004 8 12 6 11 5 14 11
s 627 10 "10 6 12 . 5 15 10
: 113 1 17 -2 0 13 15 Il
: 265 6 16 6 II 2 II 15
W s 595 6 .6 4 3 2 8 8 °: 335 8 8 5 5 3 12 54'
: 201 4 2 3 1 2 4 II,
: 59 6' 6 1C 1 0 1 -13.
40..
(to
42 23.83
39 21.7961 29.46
39 23.92
45 24.6442 23.3168 30.3041 24.19
314 20.44
28 20.21\44 24.689\
23.51
58 8.0260 $.40
:r 11544 23,5241 23.774$ 25.33
-31 20.1534 20.8927 19.5053 26.66
22 .17.0346 24.83
54. 27.48
52 21.3041 24.4946 25,4443 24.76
29 20.09411 24.2744 25.02
61 29.5756 27.48
.
54 27.55-- --
54 27.67
34 .20.40
38 23.1433 20.38
35 20.13
35 20.08--,... --
1 40 23.6839 23.36..-.. .m,
.
33 20.7632 20.3241 22.8732 21.97
62 , 29.9054 27.5273 32.68
64 30.10
Continued....
Appendix table 13--All hired far:workers: Percentegilistribution of doily faro earnings .
by selected characteristics and regions. 1981-continued
:Thousands:Charsetbrietica : of
: workers
Daily fere earnings. Median
r :MOO to:$11.00 to:$14.00 to:$17.00 to:$20.00 to:$23.00 to: $26.00 . earn! s$8.00: $10.00 : $13.99 : $16.99 : $19.99 : $22.99 : $25.99 s and ever:
. -
obe --.--..-------.-----,-----fereent--------.-------------------.----,---- Nollara
/
'-;
.r
.
\
Standard Federal Re on':I
WhitesHispaniaBlacks and others
II
WhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
IIIWhitesHispanicsblacks and others
Iv
WhitesHispanics
.21acks and other.o....../
VWhitebHispanics
',Blacks aid others
VIWhite.HispanicsBlacks and others
VIIWhitesHispanicsBlacks and °there
VIIIWhitesHispanics
A
Blacks and others
IXWhitesHispanics
.
' Blacks and others--
XWhltea
RispentesBlacks and others
:
7
:
s
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
t
:'
:
:
:
r
2
:
:
;
:
I:
:
:
:
:
t
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
6060 %00
-
101
87
6
111
119106
013 .
567347 '
18201
380377
30
3$4
229102
53
. 0269258
66
10798S
4
33441',.
1! 5
16554
172
148
23,2
14
14
910
--
20 -
21
9.11
--5
88
.-
5
62
9N
44
----
87
--
4
2
a.
S
', 6
II ."
11
.,-
--
'
'
8 4
8 4
12 614 7-- --
.6 10
4 11
-- --
12 610 5--16
..
14 7
IS 7
-- --
14 4
11 619 1
17 S
8 39 3.
.-- ----
10 S
11 S
.-.
--
3 4
3 S
2
9S
2
10 4
10 4.... --
-- , ..
N.1.
13
13
-1011
19'"18
--
11
12
n-'II
II
11
.
6
9
06
88
--
88'
--
1
01
0
S
,6-.
-.
...;
.
8 I8 8
9 15
5 10....-
2 11
2 9
-- . --
5 14
.6 IS
.... ......... .-
,2 ' 10
3 /
3 7
-- . --
S 14
3 16
Il1?11
\7 IS
7 \ 16__ . ....
--
3 11
3 12.-.. ---- --
I 81 15
2 S
0 1
'
3.
3 10--
..-
----
.
,\\
11
11
3
4--
6
5
--
12
10....
16
15
IS ,0'"--.1
11
11
12
513
II
10 #
--
97
2
\6\1\\
13
6
--
4
34,34
3637--
27
30
--
3231. .
33
35'
34....
39
37
4337
44
43--
--
4747--
--
74
68
80666
4c
4.:
...-
20.25 //20.2'
20.12
20.03
--
16.0916.19
20.4220.26
--
21.89
21.5821.07-- /
. -
22.7321.6324.3422.75
24.5824.10
----
24.8024.54
..-
V"33.4734.35
35.6431.03
25.0224.94 V
--..
/
it
\\ Zeros appear where the estimate vas fever than 500.. .
-- . base vas fewer than 50.000 persona.
\l/ Includes operating a farm ..nd unpaid foully labor.
41
0
%. I
Append table 14-All lotted farsworketio: Percentage dlorribution of total en)ral earningsby selected characteristics and regions, 1981 ,
Characteristics\iTh usands: Total annual earnings
i : Fewer :S500 ro :51,000 to:$2.500t0 :$4,000 ro 45:500 tp:$7,500 to 510.000; Median: war ra :than $500 :
: Nusbe ... L....
..; All workers : 2,692 22
, Ethnic groups and sex:Whites , % 1,824 23
328Hispanics 3:
Slack, and ethers : 340
Hales : 1,918 , 18, Whites : 1,634 J 20
-- Hispanics 4 237 6Blacks and others : 247 I'7
.
Females 574 ' 34W tree : 390 32I:
Hispanics \ : 90 34Macke and other's : 93 43
Primary'enployienr status: :Formwork : 796 6"
Hired farmwork 706 1
Without nonfarawork 1 601 1
With nonfaravork : 105 0Other formwork 1/ ; 46
Nonfaravork 420 0Unemplofed : 86 20Nor in labor force : 1,1 40Keeping house : 1 41Attending school : 858 42Other 1 1182 29
Age'(yeats): ;
. 14-17 : 605 5018-14 : 760 12
2.5 -34 : 498 9
3 -44 : 236 12'
45r54 : 180 12
5564 .
.::
106 17
65 rid over 34
Days el! farnwork:
Fewer than 25' , : 969 5025-7f4 : '538 1075.-49 310 0:
150149 : 281 : 0250/aid over 394 0
1 a
:
Household and migrantstatus:
Household heads : 1.046 9
NonnigtatoryMigratory : 44 ..-
: 1.003 9
Migratory Z2 22
Other household members : 1.446 31
Nonmigratory : 1,374 32
Census regions: :
Northeast : 204 19
Whites : 190 za.Hispanics 6 .
Slacks and °theta . 8 -.
4 North Ceqtral : 688 28Whites : 672 28
% Hispanics -- : 8Slacks and others 8 -
I ':
South : 1.004 24
Whites : 627 23,
Hispanics 113 26. :
B locksand others e 265 24..
Neat : 595 13,Whites : 335 IS
Hispanics:
1 291 7
Blacks and others 59 22,-,
$999 : $2,499 : $3,999 : $5,499
Percent
10 18 11 7
-711 18 11
4 16 18 6
12 23 10 ', 5
9 18 11 7
10 18 10- 7
4 13 6.14 20 i'172 6
12 201 11 7
14 18 11 84 24 20 6
9 29 4 2
\ '3 II 12 92 11 13 103 11 13 9
0 10 12 14
8 16 8 5
2 8 16 1016 27 ' 15 .- 7
17 26 9 4 .
14 30 11 4
18 25 ' 8 4
17 29 14 5
.
19 21 6 2
9 23 16 9
tr 4 13 11 . 7
5 13 II 85 17 15 105 14 9 814 17 10 9
:
II 10 7 5
20 39 12 4
8 27 ...31 13
t 12 11 16
1 9 7 5
6. 11 /2 6-- -- --
6 12 12 6
: 23 20 813 23 11 8
1.1'
13 24 11 7
s
11 .22 10 7
9 22 "10 6
--.. -- :-. -. .-.
.
12 16 9 812 16 9 8-- -- -.
I"-- -.. --
IO 19 II ' 79 20 - '10 82 10 15 5
14 22 II 6
.8 19 15 5
12 16 15 .64 20 19 6
'44 29 3 I
: 0,490 : $9,999 sand over:e4141'114.
10 ' 9
9 8
12 15
11 11
10 11
9 915 19
13 13
6 4
7 4
6 5
5, 5
18 19
20 22
20 21
17 28'8 1
.16 ' 14
10. 01
. 1
0 0
2 1 c
1 2'
1 0
9 10
14 17
16 13
13 927 12
. 5 9
4 34 3
Dollars
13 2,484
14 2,31515 3,914
5 1,656
15 3,05316 2,68220 6,2886 2,512
5 1,1976 1,2663 1,2462 789
',,21 6,50422 7.1313. '
23 7,07920 7,4159 742
34 7.3251,795
0 ' 7260
.839
0 6793 1.159
0 49912 , 3.1722523
:::::6.058
20
74.904
2 1.195
10 4987 A 1,532
9 7 S 3.11127 ' 2019 26
13 6,33133 8,267
26
27
..- . . -:::::
3
3 1.2991,232
3 1,228
la 2,45314 2, 4/2'-- --
...
13 2%030 '
13 2,013
14 15
14 15
... ....
- 6 513 '0
6 5.
99
.9 10
- .. .
-- .4.
7 7
7 7
-- -- -- ....4
--12 10
ril 816 23
11 9
9 ' 114
8
10 12
9 20
;it):
...M ..M=
1
8 ,241511 2,246 -3 3,5743 1.563 ,
20 3.52220
32313
' 1illii
4Continued....
4.
4
..
Appendix table'14-411 hired fs theta: Percentage distribution of toteLennual e tnings.aby teIent characteristics and regions,1981.contihue4 '
- . I
Thousands: -- Torsi annual earnings_ 4
Characteristic* t of % fewer Amato :$1.000 to:42,500 to ;$4,000 to 45,500 tog(7.500 to: $10,000%... 1Nadler'
: workers :than $500 : $999 : $2,499 1 $3,999 : $5,499 1 $7,499 $9,999 :and overl'"r"g':
.
: Ihieber ---L-7..........-------------ageant----------------... ...-..:___
DollarsStsndard.Peder Regions: .
':
I . 60. 17.
8 24 18 4 S 6Whites : 60 17 8 '24: 19 4 6Hispanic, : 0
. *leeks and others % . '0
II : 101 18 15 21 6 6 11 10Whites 87 21 11 21 5 6 13 11
.
*Hispanics: 6 ... .. ... . - --
Blacks end others:
$ -- .. .. -- .. ..-
III : 10 24 . 24 13Willies ..,, .: 106 ' 23 s 21 ,12Hispanics ' 0Blacks and others : 13 -- --. --
. .
,(V : 567 12 20.'. Whites :., a 347 3 11 21
Hispanics . : 18
Blacks sad others 1 25 ...., 15 .19
VWhiterHispanicsBlacksand others
VI.WhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
. :.380 30
: 377 30 12
3 --
b,i)
1717
ma*
13.
10_
12
77
6
88
11
13
12
II12
6.5
II 8
88
77
*.
24 8 16 8 10' 16
1:: 22 ' 9 17 9 9 7 12
102 24 2 10 7 6 16 2353 24 12 23 5 5 14 16
VII ; 269 '26 ' 12 13 12 9 6 7. %do:Mite* . : 2 58 26 1 13 14 II 6 8
Hispanics : 6 ..
Blackt and others . 6 __ __ __ .. -- __
VIII : 107 17 7 18 ' Is b 10" 8Whites . 98 18 7 19 17 6 II 9Hispanics ' . : 5 -- .. -- --
Maths and others . 4 -. .- ... »» .. --
:
-- IX : 334 10 6 20 12 5 10 14
. Whitca 115 10 10 14 16 5' . 9 9:
: 165Hispanics 6 5 20 13 7 11 14
llacks and others *: 54 22 3 32 0 1 10. 22
.
: 172u-
6Whites : 148 18
X 18 14 1H' 19 5 716 19 . 13 6 7 7
18
18 .2.6212.621
13 2,29912 2.156
7 2.2208 2,527
7 1,92810 2.083
1,522
13 1,80813 1,808
,
11 3.01415 3,2257 4.4261 * 1.625
14IS
2,2462 ,158
.
-- --
15 3.36314 3,332-- ..-- ..
.
23 4,94)28 4,924.2510
5.36.6r
12 :::::13 2,029
Hispanics . : 23 .. -- -- -- -- -- -. --'--Blacks end others ,2 -- -- .. -. --
Zeros appea suture estimate was fever than 500.. baec w s fewer then 50,000 person*. 0
1/ Includes operating a farm sad unpaid family labor.
I
r
,
Appendix table fS-..411 hired farevoikers: Percentage listtibution of annual farm earningsby selected characttristics and regions: 08i
'
:Thousands: Annual farm earningsCharacteristics : of : fiver :SSW to d$1,000 tot$2000 to t$4,000 to :65000 to:87,50040: $10.000; Median
: workers :than MO % 99 t2,499 : $3,999 0,499 % $7,499 : $9,999 :and over:earnings. .
#: Number. ---------,.----------percene-..--.....---... I -- .---------
All workers : 2,492 39 12 17 7 S 6 6 6
Dollars
923
------.
Ethnic groope snd sex:
Blacks and others :18 10 15t 328
44
33
,
Whites . 12
15
17 , 6
16 -, S 10
S S1'! i 12 .2,872
4 `6 ° 694111spanics
19 ,S 4 10 9 3Males : 1,918 34 12 8 5 7 7 8 :::::
:
'
Whites : 1,434 39 0 12 I: 7 S 6 S 7 93;Hispanics 7 : , 237 12 11 11 16 .6 12 14 ' 15 3,581Blacks and pthets :' 247 26 i6 17 7 5 12 12 3 1,568
Females : 574 55 12 17 6 3 4 2 1 397Whites : 390 ;60 13 IS 4 3 3 1 '1 342Hispanics : 90 3S 9 24 16 4 6 3 ! 3 1,177Blacks and others : 93 51 12 1 26 1 5 2
/ 3347
Primaty employ:lent status: :"t, -.
.
Formwork : . 796 7 4 ,12 12 10 18 18 19 6,106Hired int-work : 706 1 3 12 12 40 20 21 6,654Witkout nunfarework : 601 ( .3 II 13 9 20 ig 23 7,079With nonformwork_ % 105 0 4 20 10 .18 i0 14 12' 5.172
Other formwork I/ : 90 55 8 15 8 4 4 1.
S , 415Nonformwork : 4201 56 IS 17 5 4 1 0 -. 0 397Unemployed : 86 43 18 22 9 - r 5 0 O. '' 676
: 1,189Nof in labor force 54 17 19 5 2 1 0 0 426Keeping housi : 199 SO 17 25 6 ' 1 0
.0 0 S12
Attending schrol : 858 57 18 18 4 2 1 0 0 . -408Other : 132 43 13 22 13 4 1 0 ' 0 ' 718
.
.
. : ..
Age (years): : .
14-17 . : 605 60 17 1S S 2 04
0 0 , 3631824 706 . 37
25..34 : 498 31
13 22 8.
5 - 5 6 1,008:
:
8 17 8%
6 10 11 9 1,823
35-44 236 23 12 12 11 6 13 9 .1, IS 3,09645-54 : 180 26 13 16 8. $ s. 8 13, 1,674
55-64 , . : 104 23 7 11 6' 8 26 10 ,- 6 3,895 '
65 and over - .. : 108 44 II 15 9 . 6 2 6. . 1
%606
t. ..
Days of formwork:
Fewer than.25 : 969 91 8 _ 1_ 0 0 0 . 0 0 140.'
150 -249
: 328161
co-.
1 13
1
30
13 ' 12 ., 19
. 3S
3 0 0 0 0 i,00014 .
28
3 ' . 015 '10
.0 2,536SA*
25-747S-149
: 538 16 34 46
250 and over : 394 0 1 9 7 6 19 . 26 321 8,116. ..
Household and migrant t ..status: :
Household heads t 1,046 28 10 13 9 5 10 10 13 2,059Migratory : 44 - -- -- -- ,... -- -- -- --Nonhigratory : 1,003 29 10 13 . o S 10 . 10 ''-1; Ill 2,059
Other household members : 1,446 47 14 20 . '7 5 4 3 2 568Migratory : 72 26 20 19 8 12, 14 o 0 1,144
Nonmigratory : 1,374 48 14 20 7 4 3 3 91' 2 527. ,
.
Conaus regions: : 'J
Northeast : ZO4 34 14. 21 , 6 3 4 7 10 1,104..
Whites % 190 35 13 '21 7 2 4 $ 10 1,143Hispanics 6. .- -- - ...... -- .- --
. .
:
8 .- t- --Blacks and others
North Central : 688 49 12 14 5 5 3 4 508
Whites : 672 49 12 14 ' 6 5 4 3 S 505#
Hispanics t $ -- -- -- --, .
: 14
--Blacks and others : 6 -- ' -- -- -- -» ....
South 1,004 40.
.
, 18 6 5 ° 8 5.
2 796Whites $ 627 44 14 19 5 6 6 3 689HispantcsBlacks and.others : lb; 1!)
35 9 10 13
4 16 19 7.5 11 11 3 , 1,882
-s 5 10 8 1 1,035..
West . : 535 27 10 17 11 4 7 , 9 13 4026Whites : 33S 37 1 16 8 4 1 e' 6 11 1,149--Hispanics : 201. 9 8 19 18 5 ;10 12 17 3.256,. i
Blacks and others 59 24 14 18 2 1 9 20 9. 1,620
otontinucd--
44
4.
Iwo
Appetedix-Tar15411 hired farmworkeis: Percentage Histribution of annual' farm earnings. .
by selected charactsistica and reglone, 1981 - -continued
010"nws4rwesrs118/ MedianCharacteristic, : of : ,..or:$to:1,,00to:s,,,otc4:85-0w.s79sotc.000s0 o : " - - -
; workers :than $500::
. .A
; Humber -----------
Standar8 Federal Regios: :
I -.
: 60 -
Whites $ : 60Hispanics: 0'Hach* and otheta ; 0
It.
4 : 10I
Whites , : 87Hispanics a : 6 _
Blacks and others : 8
.III . 0
. 119White, : 106Hispanics t 0Blacks and others : 13
IV . 567Whites 347Hispanics % 18
:Blacks and o5hers 201
V . : 380Whites 377 e
s
Hispanics . 3
Blacks and oihers . 0
4.
VI . 384Whites . . : 229Hispanics . 102%Blacks.and othets : 53
: >
VII : 269Whites . : 250
, Hispanics s 6% Blacks iind others : 4 6
1 .
VIII 107Whites 98Hispanic. : 5Blacks and others 4
1
IXWhites .
334
115
4111SPanieS 10Blacks and others 4 54
b
X ! 172 ,
Whites 148'
Hlipanics 23,
Blacks and others 2
."0
' It?
4535
30
31 t----
4443
..-
4046
. --
35
4950--
38
404028
51
52.---
37
36
--.-
1831
1
22.
3943...
--
Zeros appear 'A*6 eattaste was fewer than $00.base was fewer then 50,000 person*.
1/ Includes operating a farm and unpaid family labor.
$999 % $2,499 : $3,999 %
-----.....- - -- -.,. - percent - -
11 26 10
-.1.1 26 10
AM\
19 18 4
17 *18 '4
---.-- % --..9 21 9I0 19 9t
,-- --, -- , --
16 18, 7
16 Ill'' 4
--16 )9 7
12 17 611 17 6--
1--
12 16 5
11 19 6_
10 9 518 14 ' 5
12: 10 613 10 6-- --
- -:
13 16 912 17 .." 8.. --.... -- --
:9 16 II
8 '11 11
9. 19 14
11 19 1-
12 19 .1', 12
13 19 7'
-- . $ i-- ..- --
. .
4
, . .
$5,499 : $7,499 : $9,999 :and over:ea ra tugs
-- - ..-- mLqft.m.....--0....0.....m.m.mm......- Dollars ./
. v.4 3 6 .t, A ' 1.226
4 .3 0. 6 4 1,228
a
,ON
6 8 13 1.173'7 9 12 1,179
-- -- .s --
1 5 5 720. 5 7 5 715
.. -. .
4 2 786
6 6 .2 2 567. . -- -- -- --
5 I0 7. 1 918
r
. 3 5 2 4 5 5023 2 5 498 ,"
... -. ,r . 41, 1 .
a
6 ' 8 . 8 ." 5 4957
6 6 6 _6 ,
6 10 12, 6 6.1
5 13 _13 0 1607$
-
7 4 4 . \' 4 494 -
7 4 4 ..1 4 491
-- .- -- .- ..-
-10 -- # ....
S 7 1,047
6 7 7 1.157-- -- , -- .-
.. --
5 6 13 18 3,0446 3 8 20 2,2796 11 13 18 P 3.8851 10 22 9 2,217
3 6 3 6 . 991
4 ' 4 .6.- wool,
876-- --
-- --.1.
45
4
tt
5-
I
4
C
/
e
Appendix table 16Hired fsrmmorkers ha did formwork aid nonfsrmmork: Percentage dlitribution of snnual llonfoppearnIngsy
1111
selected characteristic, and.rcgions,,1981 1,.., .
.st.".
4:
:Tha:ands: . Wmnual nonfarm earnings . --.
Median'.
Charetteristics' FaviF--1$300 to :81%000 to:42,300 to :$4000 to :$3,300-tos$7,300 to:: $10,000.: . V
Ine-: vollers :than 5500: $999 1 $2,499 : $3,999 : IS,40 s $7,491) s $94S9L:11.:1 overfeere -*
. :
M1 workers :
Ethnic grcups and sex:Whites :
HispanicsBlacks and others
.
HalesWhites '
Ospanics :
:81scks And others :
Peyote,. :
:
Whites .
Hispanics .:Blocks and others ''s,
Primary employment states' :
(Farsvork :
Hired farmwork :
Without nonfarmvork :
With nonfarmwork :
Other formwork 1, :
Not in labor forceUnemployed
Keeping house
:
:
:
o
V
Age (years):
Attending school e :
Oter.. :
'Noifarmwork t
14 .,-17 .
18-24 :
:23-3435-44 :
t 4S-34 :
SS -64 :
63 and over :
.
Cays'of formwork:,
73-149
230 and over130-.249,
1.
:
fewei than 23 :
OS -74.
i
1 .
Ibuttehold and
Hour ld heads :
migrant
NI rotor,. iNonalgratory
Othqr houtiehold members :
Se Nonmigratory :
Mdlatory 1
iCensus regions:
1
Northeast :
Whites :
Hispanics 1
Blacks and others 1
.
Notch Central 1
Whites :
Hispanics s%
itleeks.and others, :
SouthWhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
' Vest t
Whites '
Hispanics s:
Blacks and others :.
Number
*
26
254
034
23
2316
33
6 33
33--
".-
, 29
33
33-...
3--47--
50--
..
72
17
14
11
7
--
24
27
491..
11..
11
38
37
.
28°26----
2828 '-.--
23'22--29
23.
23
.
10 17
9 18
16 ., 1616 20
I
11 17
10 18
18 4
17 I4°
8 -.° 19
7 17-- -.-..
16 2217 120
17 20-- __
4 11.
-- --
14 20
14
--
19--
11 14
113
`6
2214
Is 10
9 18-- --
-- --
10 14
9 2212 1913 17
L.
10 14Ob.
10 14
10 1 20--
-4 20
6 , s 20
6 lo , 21-- --. . »-
11 17
11 17
----
9 177 'e 18
.... --.
19 J9
d IS
.12 17--
-- ...
.
.
.
,
.
.
7
124
6
633
1314--
.....
33
3__
12--
4--4
,..
. 288
812
--
10 . ,
47 '
4--
0
°6
6 ,
8
8
12
12--
it
7
7
--
9 °
10--
6
3
3.., -
7 ...
It
7
'
8.. 8 -'
18
7
4
3
i2
2
13
--4
. 4--.
1 '
99 .
126
...
7 -
7
.15
7...
9..-
9,
6-.
6
88
--L.
6
6
....-
. 108
9 .
5
6.-
5
4 :
1
-14
.A 13
1:
:5'
a-
. 1
000--
.11
f --0
. 1
.6.
036 "
19'
1
.....
--
a .
3
6.
3
3..-
9a.
9
2%...N
I
1,2..
4
4--.--
7, 7
..-
0.
2
2---.
..". -t
1,014
861
6984
773632
6061
241208
923
.
124
1030 '
103,
2042046
423450
34236
188
417246683818
20
326
7
34
f
463
20443
551 -
12339
. :
969023
338330 ,
3
3
378281
3264
202
139 129
14
,
.
13
13
9
11
14
14
10
15
11
12--..-
23
24
t24__ .
IS--
10--
9--
.
1
16
14
1326--.-
11
13
16
19--
13=,13
13
--13
18
17--
o
II
11--
II
12
11
17
19
. ,f
plum 111
.,.,..,13 '.'i .111
:
e '''
. ...
13. s 4 2,211 :- 14 33264 .1L' 1
.1,1738 173 °.., , s. .. 4,..
.. .17 2,331If 21363
A 18 ... 4,044 . , ' ,.,
t ', 116 937 ". 0 4.1,7
'7
.
1,333.
A8 % r 11376.1 ...;
' . '
..'O
/
,
i 1.296
a 1,084 .-.
\'.4 2 \1,084 .
, __ ....
' 32--1
6,313
St t7
. ''.".0 ... 1194
4 '
Ot 11
24.062!7 -.430 4
2E 320 1,0
V Ilw.
t
. 10
12
74
2,52419
--"f.:11:
27 4,049 '1 '
--27 4,039;
4 1,123 f %
4 1,162 ,
1 d°7 ., 2, 138
. 8 r, lb 7
.....
-,x
' 16 1,95016 1,981
:2----
13 2,441.
a "2,581 .
, : 7'
.7 k 1.21(1.. - .
19 -\ 1:.$1,
' 16 1,1121
..) ...
Continued -. .1
:
.
a
Appendix table 16--Hired farmworkers who did formwork and sonformwork: Percentage distribution of annual nonfarm earnings
. , by selected characteristics and regional. I981 -- continued
Characteristic,TThousantW:_ Animal nonfarm earnings
Whalen
over: earnings: . of : Fewer :000 to :91,000 to:$2,500 to :$4,000 to t$5,500to:$7,500 to: saTARIC: workers :than $500 : $999 : $2,499 : $3,999 : $5,499 : $7,499 : $9, :and
Standard federal Regions:I
Whites
'MammiesgasktIond others
lI
Whites
`HispanicsBlacks: and others
Ill
Whites
HispanicsBlacks and others
tVWhites
I
lispanicsbacks and others
VWhites
HispanicsSlacks and others
VIWhitesHispanicsB:scks and otters
VIIwhitesHispanicsBlacks and ethers
VIIIWhitesHispanicsBlacks and others
IXWhites'Hispanics
,.Blacks and.others
.
XWhites
Hispanics
Blacks and others
: Humber
2321
27
29
28
--
27
29
2627
2222--
19
32
33
tr
411
40
*11.
86
16
12
;2...
86--
98
--
II
12
--
22
--
1
7
,m,
7
7
,
7
7
'
11
5
--.
44
---
89
6.
--....
3
3
w.
'--.
2
3
0
.55
--,
11
9--
3
4--44
3
2
--
3
3
r...
=,
'A-
15i6
9
1414--
12
17
--
20
21..-
1918
23 -
14
13
Dollars
31
31
00
48
43
23
r 4238
04
211
161
SOSO
0
196
1933
0
e" 1S3 .
108,
34
IL
128
1233
2
48432
1
81
47
2410
s
7674
1
: 1
=Ow
22
23
20
IIS
15
'109
--
2120
--
1315
14-4
--
2020
-- ,
12
12
13
13
14.
12
IS
74--,
8
8
20
18
12
--
20
18
Ii
12 -
7
66
.
6
8
10 ---:''
--
99
2
3.
1...
2
----
3
3
.46
2,098
2,462
1:400
1.999'1,999
--
2.9682,910
--
1,567
1.587--
1.340
1,531
1,434
Zeros appear :Amu Wise was fewer than 500a'base watsfewer then 50,000 persons.
if Includes operating a farm and unpaid family labor.
4
,
a7
r.
9
I
Appendix table 17--Hired farmworker estimates: A comparison using 1970 and1980 census weights, 1981
Census base weights
Characteristics 1970
. . .
Number 'Distribution..
: Thousands Percent ,
100- All workers 1/
Racial/ethnic groups:Whites :
Hispanics :
Blacks and others :
2,423
1,794
312
317
Primary, employment
status: ; °
Parmwork : 768
Hired farmwork : 680Without farmwork : 578With farmwork : 101
Other farmwork 2/ : 89
Nonfirmwork . 410Unemployed 83
Not it the laoorforce : 1,161
Keeping house : 192
Attending school 840Other 128
Age (years):14-17 594
18-24 737
25-34 476
35-44 231
45-54 178
55-64 101
65 and over : 105
Migratory status: :
Migratory : 112
Nonmigratory : 2,311
Census Region:Northeast 205
North Central 692
South 963Wtst 562
a
74
13
13
3228
244
4
17
3
488
35
5
25
3020
107
4
4
5 .,.
95
8 ,
29
4023
48
',..Difference,
1980 '.1980 minus1970
Number-....
;Distribution:
Thousands Percent Thousands
2,492 100 69
1,824 73 30
328 13 16
340 14 23
,
796 32 28706 28 26
601 24 23
105 4 4
90 4 1
420 17 10
86 3 3
1,189 48 28
199 8 7
858 34 18
132 5 4
,
t605 24 11
760 31 23
498 20 22
236 9 5
180 7" 2
104 4 3
108 4 3
3
115 5 3
2,377 95- 66
204 8 -.1
688 28 -4
10504 40 41
595 24 33
56
'Continued--
Appendix table 17Hired farmworker estimates: A comparison using 1970 and1980 census weights, 1981--continued
1
Characteristics:
Census base veights
..0111
Differwe*1970 1980 ;17980 minus
1970Number !Distribution! Number ;Distribution;
1 1,
1 .
Days of farmiork:
:
:Thousands
:
Percent Thousands.Percent Thousands
Fewer thar025,: : 949 39 '969 39 20
25-74 /. : 520 2 538 ,22 18
75-149 >:. : 303 13 310 12 7
150-249 : 270 11 281 11 11
250 and over : 380 16 394 \ 16 14
1/ Numbers and percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.2/ includes operating a farm and unpaid family labor.
400
49. 51,,
1-
*4
APPENDIX IIISOURCE AND RELI-ABILITY OPESTIMATES
Sa22.1 ling Procedures
. and QuestionnaireDesign
Estimates in this report are based on data obtained in December1981 frOm supplementary questions in the cps. of the Bureau ofthe Census. .
The CPS sample was initially selected from 1970 census filesand.is updated periodically to reflect new home construction.Thid sample includes 620 areas comprising 1,113 counties andindependent cities in each State and the Didtrict of Columbia,but excludes Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories and pos-seSsions. Trained interviewers collected the InfOrmation fromapproximately 58'000 U.S. households.6 The supplementaryquestions on the December survey were asked of-persons 14 yearsof age or older who performed farmwork for wages or salaryduring 1981. Questions concerned the number of days offarmwork for wage of salary, migratory status, hired '
nonfarmwork and wages, principal employment status in 1981,residence, and other matters. Persons performing hired farm-work during 1981 but who died; entered the armed -forces, or.were no longer in the civilian noninstitutional population forother reasons were not included. Also; foreign nationals whodid.hired farmwork in this country and returned to their homesbefore the field collection were not included.
The estimating procedure'used for the CPS data involves the !
expansion of the sample results to independent estimates ofU.S. civilian noninstitutional population by age, race, andsex. These independent estimates are based on statxstics fromthe 1980- Census of Population; statistics on births, deaths,immigration, and emigration; and statistics on the number of ]
people in the armed forces. .
Reliability of the Since the CPS estimates in this report are based on a sample,Estimates they may differ somewhat from the figures that would have been'
obtained from a complete census even if it had been taksu using'the same schedules, instructions, and enumerators. ?here are-
two types of errors possible in.an estimate based on a samplesurvek-:sampling and nonsampling. Sampling standard errors are i
provided for data in this report, but the extent of nonsamplingerror is unknown, Consequently, particular care should beexercised in the interpretation of figures based on a rela-tively small number of cases or on small differences among-estimates.
Nonsampling Vari-ability
As in any survey work, results are subject to erroh ofresponse and nonieperting in addition to sampling variability.Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources. A par-tial list would include inability to obtain information aboutall cases in.the sample, definitional d..fficulties, differencesin the interpretation of questions, respondents'. inability or
6For a detailed explanation of CPS sampling procedures, see
The Current Population Survey--A Report on Methodology, U.S.Bureau of the Census, Paper 7, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963.
a50, fa.)
t
1
unwillingness to provide correct information, inability of res-pondents to recall information, mistakes made in recording orcoding the data, mistakes *made in processing date, mistakesmade in estimating values of missing data, and failure to re-present all units in the sample.
Undercoverage in the CPS results from 'tagged housing units andmissed persons within sampled households. Overall undercover-age, as compared to the level of the 1980 decennial census, isabout 7 percent. CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, andrace. Generally, undercoverage is largar for males than fe-males and for blacks and other race's than for whitaa. Ratio
, estimation to independent age-sex-race'population controlspartially corrects for the bias due to survey undercoverage.However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent thatmissed, persons in missed households or missed persons in inter-viewed households have different characteristics than inter-vieweepersons in the'same age-sex-race group. Further, theindependent populatibn controls used have not been adjusted forundercoverage in the 1980 census.
Since the size of most nonsampling errors is unknown,-theability of an estimate is described only in terms of standard,errors. These are primarily measuresof.sampling variability;that is, the variations that might occur by chance because a
eftsample, rather than the,whole of the population, is surveyed.Ai calculated for this report, the standard error also par-tially measures the effect of certain response and enumerationerrors, but it does not measure any systematic biases in thedata; The chances are about 68 out fkf 100 thar_an estimatefrom the sample would differ from a complete, census figure\by
less than the standard error. The chances are about 490 out of100 that this difference would be less than 1. times the stan-dard error, and the chances are about 95 out of'100 that thedifference Would be less than twice the standard error.
Sampling Vari-ability
Cotparability withOther Data
Standard Error``Tables and Their
\
Use
q
Data obtained from the CPS are not entirely comparable with'data obtained from other governmental sources. This is due inlarge part to differences in survey processes. Therefore, tau-
,
tion should be used when comparing data in this report with -
data from other sources.
The figures presented in appendix, ables 18 through 22 provideapproximations of standard errors of various estimates shownin this retort for data on total, whitet'and black an otherhired farmworkers;--To-nbrain 'standard errors for workers orHispanic origin, multiply the standard errors in appendixtables 18 through 22 by 1..4.
Standard errors for values not shown in the standard:errorstables may be approximated by interpolatiqn. To derive stan-dard errors thft would be applicable to a wide variety of itemsand could be prepared at a moderate cost, a number of approxi-mations were,required., As a result, the tables of standard
15
S.51
O
errors (along with the factor for persons.of Hispanic origin}provide an indication of the size of the standard errors rather
I
than the precise standard error for any specific item.'
fStandard Errors Appendix table 18 'shows standard errors, ax, for estimatedEstimated Numbers numbers of hired farmworkers. Linear interpolation may be/used
to obtain standard errors for intermediate values not shown inthe tabled.
Alternately, standard errors can be calculated using the fol-lowing formula (1), which.was used to compute the tabular stan-
dard errors. Direct computation will give more accurate re-
sults than linear interpolation.
ax= C\fax 2 bx ,
(1)
/
where x is tiie actual size of the estimate (not rounded tothousands); a is 0.000382; h is 3,796; and c is 1.0 for total,
. white, or black and other persons, and 1.4 for persons of His-
panic origin. Formula (0 is used to calculate standard errorsfor estimated numbers of hired farmworkers only. .
Standard Errors of , Appendix table 19 shows standard errors of estimated percent-
Estimated Percent- ages of hired farmworkers. The reliability of,an estimated
AS es percentage, computed'by using sample data for both numeratorand the denominator, Opends on both,the size'of the percentageand the size of the total on which the percentage was based.Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the
Appendix table 18--Standard errors for estimated numbershired farmworkers 1/
(68 chances out of 100)
Size of estimates Standard error
'Thousands
10 6
25 10
50 14
100 20
250 31.
500 451,000 65
2,500 109
3,000 122
O
1/ To obtain approximate standard errors for persons ofHispanic origin, multiply the above standard errors by 1.4.
52
Appendix table 19--Standard errors of percentagespf hired farmworkers 1/
(68 chances out of.,100)
Estimatedpercentage
:
Base of percentage in thousands
:25 50 100
. , .250 500 1,000
:2,500
' :3,000
'
: .....
: Perc..nt
1 or 99 : 3.9 2.7 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 '0.42 or 98 j: 5:5 .3.9 2.7 1.7 1.2 .9 .5 .55 or 95 ' % 8.5 6.0 4.2 2.7 1.9 1.3 .8 .8
10 or 90 : 11.7 8.3 5.8 3.7 2.6, 1.8 1.2 1.115 or 85 : 13.9 9.8 7.0 4.4 3.1 2.2 1.4 1.3 1
25 or 75 : 16.9 11.9 8.4 5.3 3.8 2.7 1.7 1.550 : 19.5 13.8 9.7 6.2 4.4 3.1 1.9 '1.8
. .
1/ To obtain approkimate,atandard errors for persons of Ulspauic origin; multiplythe above standard errors by 1.4.
corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages,particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or more. Linearinterpolation maybe used to obtain standard errors for inter-mediate values of the percentages and the base of the percent-age shoWn in appendix table 19. Or standard errors, o(x,p),can be calculated using formula (2). Direct computation will.give more accurate results than linear interpolation.
(x,p)
=Albp (100- p)
*(2)
where * is the actual.siie (not 'rounded to thousands) of thesubclass of the population which is the base of the percentage;p is the percentage (0.<:p < 100); b is 3,796; and c is 1.0 fortotal,, white, or'black and otherxpersons and 1.4 for persons ofHispanic origin. Formula (2) is used calculate- standarderrors for estimated-percentages_of-hirdd farmworkers only.
Standard Errors of Averages are subject to large sampling variability since theEstimated Averages Sample estimates of an average are affected by extreme values.
Appendix table 20 shows standard errors of average numbers ofdays of hired farmwork; appendix table 21-showsIstandard errorsof average annual. earnings ;, and appendix table 22 shows sten-
.) lard errors of average daily earnings. Linear interpolationmay be used to obtain standard errors for intermediate valuesnot shown.
.
In the source and reliability statement for tables 20 and 21 inThe Hired Farm Working Force of 1979, standard errors were pro-vided .ased on a new variance estimation proc4dure. However, /
rb...
i3
a
Appendix table 20--Standard errors of average number of days of hired.farmwork 1/
(68.chances out of 100)
Average number of days; Base of average, in thousands, of hired farmworkersof hired farmwork per
year per worker : '50 ! 100 .. 200 f 250
10 : 1.2 1.0 0.8 6.725 : 3.5 3.1 2.5 2450 :40.2 7.2 6.4 5.775 : 16.4 11.6 9.2 '8.2100 : 19.2 13.q 10.1k 9.6125 .: 20:0 14.2 10.8.1. 9.7
150 : 19.7 14:0 10.6 9.5200 : 15.5 11.0 7.8 7.0250, : 11.3 8.0' 5.6 5.0
300 : 7.1 5.0 3.4 3.0:
.
! 500 ; 750 1.1,000 1.2,500 :3,000
Number
0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.21.5 1.4' 1.3 .9 .7
4.0 3.6 3.4 2.3 2.05.7 4.7 4.5 2.8 2.56.8 5.6 5.0 3.3 2.9 ..
7.2 5.9 4.8 3.0 2.8
6.8 5.6 3.6 2.4 2.1
5.0 4.1 3.0 2.0 1.7
3.5 2.9 1.3 .9 .7
2.0 1.6 .8 .5 .4
Note: Appendix table 20 pertains to averages computed from distributions allowedto vary over the ejtire range of days worked. Standard errors for truncated distri-butions (for example, workers with fewer than 25 days of hired farmwork) are somewhatsmaller.
1/ To obtain' approximate standard errors for persons of Hispanic origin, multiplythe above standard errors by 1.4.
I
, A 'Appendix table 21--Standard errors of average annual earnings from hired farmwork 1/
-
(68 chances cut. of 100),
Au.-. ...4,
0
Average earnings from :
. Base of average, in thousands, of hired farmworkershired formwork per :
'year per. workerf 50 f 100
(Dollars) ° . .
:
:
. :.
100 : 174 12
250 : 58 41
500 : 118 84
750 : 17111 126
1,000 : 219 155
2,000' : 314 223
3,000 ' : 331 2354,000 . : 340 241
5,000 : 344 . 244
6,000 : 346 245
9000 : 345 245
1
,
:200 !
.250 : 500 : 750 :T,000 .2,5001.3,000
.
. Dollars
.
9 8 6 5 . 4 3 2
29 26 19 18 16 11 10,
59 53 41 40 35 23 21
89 80 64 62 54 36 33
110 98 85 79 68 45 41
158 141 132 110 96 64 58
167 149 138 114 99 66. 60 .
171 153 141 115 100 s 67 61
173 155 142 115 100 67 61174 156 142" 115 100 67 61
174 156 142 115 100 67 61
* 1/ To obtain approximate standard, errors for persons of Hispanic origin, multiplythe above standard errors by 1.4.
954
Appendix table 22--Standard errors of average daily earnings fromhi red farmwork 1/
(68 chances out of 100)
Average earnings fromhired farmwork per
year per worker(Dollars)
:
Base of average, in thousands, of hired farmworkers:
50 100°1/4: 250 : 500 : 750 : 1 000 ::
2 500:' :
3,000
Dollars
-5.00 : 0.42 0.27 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.09 10.08
7.00 : 1.13' .81 .51 .36 .31 .26i .16 .15
9.00 : 1.46 1.04 .66 .50 .42 .35 .22 .2Q
11.00 : 1.52' 1.08 .68 .53 .48 .43 .27 .25
13.00 : 1.54' 1.09 .69 .55 .51 .47 .30 .27
15.00 : 1.57 1.11 .71 .56 .53' .50 .32 .29
11.00 : 1.59 1:13 .13 .57 .55 .52 ..33 .30
19.00 : 1.62 1.15 .75 .58 .56 .53 .34 .31
21.00 : 1.64 1.16 .76, .59 .57 .54 .34 .31.
2.00 : 1.66 1.18 .78 .6b .59 .55 .35 .32
27.00 1.68 1.19 .80 ,62't .60 .56 .35 .32
30.00 1.69 1.20 .81 .63 .61 .57 .36 .33
li To pbtain approximate,standard errors for persons of Hispanic origin, multiplythe abov standard errors by 1.4.
Illustration. of Use of
StandardError, Tables 1(
AI
e
re-analysis of the 1979 standard errors via the variance a andb parameters showed that the individual curves were based ononly a few items; thud the reliability of these variances isquestionableI,77bereforei,it is rdeommended.that the. parametersand tables in the 1981 report be used to calculate standarderrors.for 1979-data.
.Appendix table 1 of this report shows 2,492,000 persons per-forming hited farmwork in 1981. Interpolation of data inappendix table 18.shows'the standard error for an estimate cyf
this size to be approxiMately 109,000. Thus, the chances are68 out of'100 that the estimate would have been a figure dif-fering fres: a complete census figure byless than 109,000. Thechances are 95out of,100 that the estimate would have differedfrom d complete census figure by less than 218,000 (twice thestandard error);
Appendix table 1 also shows 39 perient of the farmworkers.worked ftwer than 25 days. Interpolatioh in appendix table 19
'indicates the standard error for 39 percent of a -base of2,492,000 would be approximately 1.9 percent. Consequently,
chances are 68 out of 100 that the estimated 39_percent wouldhave differed from a complete census'figure by less than 1.9"percent; the chances ate 95 out of 100 that the estimate would
55
%!,
-e0
have differed from a complete cinsus_figure by less than 3.8percent. For example, the 95-percent confidence interval wouldbe from 35.2 to 42.8 percent.
.. t.
Standard Fqr a difference beti4een two sample estimates, the standardError of a . error is approximately equal to the square root of the sumDifference of.the squared standard errors'of the estimates. Thwestimatel.
can be of numbers, percentages, and eierages. This method will. .
represpnt the actual standard error quite accurately for the
i .
differltnce between two estimates of the same' characteristic in
two different areas, or for the difference between separat% anduncorrelated characteristics in the same area. If, however,
there is a high positive correlation between the two chamacterjistics, the formula will overestimate the true standard error.
Illustration Appendix table 1 shows that 16 percent of faraworkers worked,,of-the'COmpn 250days-Ad over. The apparent differences between theCation of the 'workers who worked fewer than 25 days (39 percent) and thoseStandard Error who worked 250 days and over is 23 percentage points. ;.
of 'a Difference ,
it- .
Appendix table 19 sham.; by interpolation,. the.standard errorfor 16 percent on a bane OT 2,492,000 to be approximately°1.4'percent (ax).' The standard error for 19 percent is 1.9 pence t
(!?.,); To get the' standard error of the estimated difference,fogloula (r3) for the standard error of,a difference is used asftWows .
.9
imw
1\
y .a(x-Y) a + °y2
x2 4. (3)
, .
il
1 ..
. Therefore, the standard -error of the estimated difference is
2.36 =Ai (1.4)2 + (1.9)2 . 0
O 0
t,
'
0
1 This means the'chances are 68 out of 100 that the estimated/. differencepbased'on the sample would vary by 2.36 petteentage
P points from the difference derived, using comple0 census fig-ures. Since the standard-error of the estimated difference(2.36 percentage,points) s less thantthe difference betweenthe two estimates (23 percentage points), it can be concludedwith 68 percent confidence that the percentage,of hired farm-workers who worked fewer than 25 days in 1981 isgreater thanthe percentage of workers who worked 250 days and over in 1981.
imA
APPENDIX III: ' Hired Farmworkers: herons 14 years old and over in the
DEFINITIONS civilian noninstitutional porgation of the United StatesAND EXPLANA- at the time of the survey who did any farm4ork f3r cashTIONS wages or salary at any rime in the year, even if only for one
.. day. !, -.
Farmwork for Cash Wages or-Salary: 1) 1.ork done on any farmfor cash wages or salary .in connection w$th,the production,
.harvesting, threshing, preparation for Market, or delivery tomarket of agrIcultural/produvs; 2) work done off ,the farm for
56
4
.1
4,
alormer by foriworkers, such as trips tod'buy feed, seeds, oriertilizer, or to handle other:matters involved inrunning thefarm business; 3) repairs of farm buildings and machinery, forexample, performed by a hired farmworker when done olong with
r. the, type of worm specified in (1) and (g) above'; and 4) manag-inging formenteprise..forcash salary.
. .
. got included.asperformed by fawork between fakind;" 3) workthe farm opeiatnot consideredfarm, such as t
" well, hauling atruckers, br docustom work sueperson is Paidlabor.
farmwork for cash wages or salary are: 1) workm operators on their 'own forks, or "exchange"oera; 2) work done exclusively foe "pay inne witholik poy'on a family farm by a member Ales, family (a small,regular'cash allowance iss farm wages); 4): nonfarmwork performed'on a.,,
e building of a firm structure, drilling a \
ricultural products to market by commercial 1 .-estic service inithe home of, a farmer; and 5)1-as spraying, threshing, and combining when alcombined rate forNple use of equipment and
. i 4-
Work Classification; usual workers - -persons who worked fewekthan 25 days'at formwork. Seasonal workers -- persons who worked'25-149 days. .Regular workers - -persons who worked 150-249 days.Year-round workers -- persons who Oorked 250 days or more.
r4.
of%Eired FarmwOrk or Noniermworkl Days on which any hiredfarnntork or nonfarmwork was reported The work may have beenlor all or Only -part of a day.
ii
Earnings from Formwork anci Nonfarmwork: Total cash wages. or
salary received for farmwork or for nonfarmwork. Estimates ofearnings do not include the value of-perquisites received inconnection with formwokk nor the value of fringe benefits re-ceived in connection with nonfarmwork.
Primary Empfoyme4tStatus (termed "chief activity" in reportsprior to 1976)1. lInformation on the primary employment status,of hired fariworiers during the year was derived from the ques-tion, "What was . doing most of l981-..working, "keepinghouse, going to school, or something e).seV'' ff the initial.response was "working," the kind of work the person was doingmost of the year was determined. "Mired farmwork" was recordedif most of a person's work was 'formwork for cash wages ortsal-ery. "Other farmwork" was recorded If most of a person's work-ing time was spInt operatVg a farm (ss a tenant, owner, orsharecropper) okos an unpaid family formWorker. "Nonfarmwork"was reco*ded if most of a person's working time was spent oper-atinea nonfarm business, in a profession, working without payin a family nonfarm business, or working for pay (or pay inkind) in any nonfarm activity (such as manufacturing, trader
construction,, and domestic aervicei). For the person who dfdnot report "working" as the primary activity, information was
t. obtained op what he or she was. doing most of the year. "Look-
ing for work" (unemployed) was reported for a person whospent most of the time without employment but was'hctivelylooking fordo job., "Keeping house" was reported for a person
57 65-
A
1
,
who spent ,most of the:time doing his or her own housewort4"Going to dhooli was reported for a person who spent most of °
4 the time during he year going to school. The category ''other"was reported for a person who spent most of..the aft at some
, activity other han those named above. 10
oMajorCrop.or Livestock Activity: Informapion on crop.or live-stock activity was derived'from the question, "What crops orlivestock did work with most on the farm e heorsheworked the greatest number of days in 198I?" Ca ries of
eesponse included grains, tobacco, cotton, other field drops,'vegetables and melons, fruit or tree nuts, beef cattle;°dairy,other livestock, nursery or tree crops, and other.
Migratory Status: Migratory workers are thoie who 1) lefttheir home tempoFarily overnight to do hiredsfarmwork in adifferent county within the same State or in a different Statewith the expectation of eventually returning home, or 2) had nousual place of residence, and did hired farmworkin two or morecounties during the year. Nonmigratory workers are those who1) did all their hired formwork for the year in the' same countyin whith they live42) made a permanent move froeone countyto another during the'year raven if--thki-did hired illftstork in
both countiooY, or 3) commuted daily across the county, or Stateline to work and returned home each night. ".
. .
Distance Traveled: Determinedhy Asking the respondent, "What'was the longest distance away from home that traveledwhile doing farmlork.for cash 'wages ?" Interviewers were in-structed to record the mileage traveled by the workers from thetime they left their homesite until the, time they reached theplace,that.was the longest distance away from their hoiae. Dis-tance traveled does not include miles to return to homesite.
Based,on the person's age at his or hpy last birthday.
Education Completed: Derived froM the combination of-answersto questions concerning the highest grade of sdhool attended bythe person and whether or not the grade'was finished. Ques-tions on educational attai+ent apply only to progress in 'fgraded public, private, an1d parochial elementary and-highschoolg, whether day. schools or night Schools. Thus, schoolingis thatphich may, advance a person toward an elementary-schoolcertifidOite; a high school diploma; or a college, university,or' professional school degree. Schooling in other schools wascounted'only iuthe credits obtained were regarded as trans-ferable to a school in the regular school system.
Racial/Ethnic Group: Refers to division of the population intothree mutually exclusillroups--whiles, Hispanics, and blacksand others. "Ethnic ori ri; was determined for_this report byasking respondents their origin,or descent. The answer to thisquestion may produce results somewhat different from resultsbased on inferred
i
ethnic identification using such character-istics as country of birth of the person or his or her parents;language spoken in'the home, or surname. "Hispanic'
58
1
O
includes all Mexican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or
- South American, or other Hispanic persons? "White" refers tow.h.terpettods other than those of Hispanic origins "Black andTithe i" includes blacks aria other groups such as Indians, Chin-
4 ese, Japanese, and others not of Hispanic engin. For. city of presentation, these groups are termed whites,, Hispan-ics, and blacks and others.
Family Income: As defined in this study, represents the corn-_ bind total money, income of the family head plus the income ofall the head's relatives 14 years of age and,over.who werefamily members at the time of the survey. Family income in-cludes wages and salaried, net income from business or farm,pensions, dividends,'interest, rent, social security payments,;and anyother money income received by members of the family/during the 12-month period prior to the interview.
..1
/ Re0on: Hired farmworket data are presented in the report bytwo different regtonal aggregattonof States, the four census
/ regionsand the lb Standard Federal Regions.-. ...
/ States Included in each of-the four' census regions are as fol-
.- lows: Northeast -Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and NewJersey; North Central--Ohio, Indiana, Illinoie,-Wisconsin,Michigaft, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Da-
,
kota, Nebraska, and Kansas; SouthMaryland, Delayare, Districtof Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South ,
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentulrlanessee, Alabama, Miss-issippi, Arkansas, LouisianaOkla oma, and Texas; and West --Montana,, Wyoming, Idaho, ColOrado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, -
.Nevada,' Washington, Oregon, California, Hawaii, and Alaska.
.Thb Staies'ificluded in each of the 10 StandardTederal Regionsare as follows: 'Region I-- Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Region IINew Jerkyand'New York; Region Ill- Delaware, District of Columbia, Mary-land, Pennsxlvania, Virginia, and West Virginia; Region IV--Al-abama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,South-Cm:olina, and Tennessee; Region V7-Illinois, Indiana, d.
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconain; Region VIArkansas,Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; Region VII - -IowanKansas, Missouri, and Nebraska; Region VIII--Colorado, Montana,North: Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming; Region Tic7-Ari-zone, California*, Hawaii, and Nevada; ReiuriXAlaska, Idaho,Oregon, and Washington.
Residence: Based on the tiassification of the pit'ce in ghichthe worker lived at the time of the survey. Farm--hired farm-workers were classified as living on farms (farm residents). ifthey lied onplaces from which at least $1;q00 worth of agri-cultural products were sold or normally would have been Sold inthe reporting year. Prior to1981, the old farm defiatioridwasused, with farm residents classified as those living on a placeof 10 or morelacres'of land from which at least $50 worth ofagricultural products were sold, or less thag 10 acred, if as'
"
59 VA,
V
.. ,
.,
NL
,
s
1
.. . " as, c
much a's $250 worth of agricultural products were told from the .-
place, in the reported year., Nonfarmworkars who liyed inurban places, rural towns or 'villages, or in the open countryon praces thaEtdid not meet, the criteria for firmclassifica
.ti-on.
_ . ..'
,d
...
.a
...
41*
.
6
...
i
0
Vt I
,..
.6* 4
Q
60
Norkhern*Great Plains Co! MiningWhat are the likely effects of ex.
rinded coal mining in Montana.Prnipg, and North Dakota on the
small towns and communities there?Mining activity In the sparsely popu.lated region has grown dramaticallyover the last decadefrom less than 20million tons of coal in 1970, to 100million tons in 1978, with projectionsfor 350 million tons per year by themid-1980's.
The Fort Union coal formation,which straddles thosi three States con,tains nearly 40 pereen of the Nation'scoal reserves. Its coal is highly desirablebecause:
It is low in sulfur, meaning that itcan be burned by utility companieswith less air pollution than other -coal.
It is In thick seams (some seamsup to 200 feet thick), and can be recovered by strip mining.
To try to ascertain the effects ofdevelopmint on the region, the authors
Pi
of This report used computerized' simu.lations of various levels of coal activityto see if the eommunitiestould affordthe increased level of governmentservices and upgraded infrastructurerequired by new energy projects andthelarger popillation attracted bythosse prpjects.
In the long run (V years or more),most communities in the region will beable to pay for the services required bythe new coal-related development, pro-vided thit they can tax the new devel-opments. Without taxing authority (forinstance, if the mine lies outside thetaxing district of a locality), they willhave problems.
Noptlrera Great Plains Coal:Mining:Regional Impacts (by Thomas F.Stinson. Lloyd D. Bender, and StanleyW. Voelker; A113452. 'illy 1902 :36pages; color illustrations: $5; stock no.001.000.042653).
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