aerial survey of elephants and other large herbivores in ... · the elephant mortality rate during...

Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe)

and surrounding areas: 2013

K.M. Dunham, E. van der Westhuizen, H.F. van der Westhuizen & H. Ndaimani

December 2013

Frankfurt Zoological Society Gonarezhou Conservation Project

Gonarezhou National Park, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe

This survey was conducted jointly by the Parks & Wildlife Management Authority and Frankfurt Zoological Society.

The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Frankfurt Zoological Society, or the Parks & Wildlife Management Authority.

Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe)

and surrounding areas: 2013

K.M. Dunham, E. van der Westhuizen, H.F. van der Westhuizen & H. Ndaimani

December 2013

Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2013

i

Summary

Elephants and other large herbivores, wild and domestic, in Gonarezhou National Park, Malapati Safari Area and adjacent communal lands in south-eastern Zimbabwe were surveyed from the air during October 2013. The survey area lies within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. A fixed-wing aircraft was used to conduct a sample survey, flying transects over the area. The area surveyed totalled 10 224 km2 and was divided into 18 strata. Sampling intensity varied between strata and ranged from 13.3 to 23.9 %. Sampling intensity averaged 21.2 % in Gonarezhou NP and 17.7 % in the entire survey area.

The principal objective of the survey was to provide relatively precise and accurate estimates of the number of elephants and other large herbivores in the survey area as a whole, using a technique that could be executed within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Secondary objectives included determination of the spatial distributions of elephants and other large herbivores; and estimation of the number and spatial distribution of elephant carcasses. The methods used were suitable for meeting the survey objectives, repeatable and technically robust.

Some large herbivores are not easily seen from the air and their numbers were undoubtedly underestimated. Nonetheless, population estimates are given for these species, because the estimates provide useful indices of abundance with measures of precision and can be used to determine spatial distribution, as well as temporal trends in population number. No corrections have been applied to any of the estimates to compensate for any undercounting or missed animals.

For most wild species, nearly all the population was in Gonarezhou NP. The estimated population numbers of the principal large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP were: elephant 10151 (upper and lower 95% confidence limits ± 18.9 %); impala 12347 (± 17.1 %); buffalo 4425 (± 38.2 %), kudu 2564 (± 22.3 %); zebra 1685 (± 26.1 %); wildebeest 1416 (± 39.9 %); giraffe 473 (± 46.1 %); eland 384 (± 91.8 %); nyala 258 (± 55.0 %); waterbuck 578 (± 71.5 %); cattle 3451 (± 35.8 %); and sheep and goats 1128 (± 53.8 %).

Most domestic animals were in the communal lands bordering Gonarezhou NP. The estimated population numbers of the principal large domestic herbivores in the entire survey area were: cattle 58263 (± 10.8 %); sheep and goats 61286 (± 17.5 %); and donkey 3637 (± 18.6 %).

The estimated total number of elephant carcasses in the entire survey area was 513. The all-carcass ‘ratio’ (i.e. the ‘ratio’ for elephant carcasses of all age categories) was 4.7 % in the survey area as a whole and 4.2 % in Gonarezhou NP. The 1+2 carcass ‘ratio’ [based on fresh (age category 1) and recent (age category 2) carcasses of elephants] was 0.39 % in both Gonarezhou NP and the entire survey area. The 1+2 carcass ‘ratio’ provides an index of the elephant mortality rate during the year of the survey and the estimate for 2013 was the greatest ever recorded during a survey in Gonarezhou NP.

This survey was the eighth aerial survey of the wildlife populations of Gonarezhou NP since the 1992 drought. A trend analysis of the results of these surveys revealed that the estimated numbers of all elephants, elephants in cow herds, buffalo, eland, kudu, waterbuck, zebra giraffe, warthog, wildebeest and nyala have all increased significantly since that drought. The numbers of both elephant bulls and impala have increased significantly since 2007, after a period when numbers were approximately constant.

The 2013 estimate of 10151 elephants in Gonarezhou NP was the highest estimate of the number of elephants in this park since sample surveys began there during 1975. The population has increased at a mean rate of 5.9 % annually (confidence limits 4.3 and 7.6 %) since 1995.


ii

Table of Contents

Summary .................................................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... iii List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Survey Area ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Transect Surveys ................................................................................................................................. 3 Survey design .................................................................................................................................. 3 Flight procedures ............................................................................................................................. 3 Observations .................................................................................................................................... 4 Strip width and calibration................................................................................................................ 5

Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Transect surveys ............................................................................................................................. 5 Entire survey area and land units within it ....................................................................................... 6 Elephant carcasses ......................................................................................................................... 6

Search Effort ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

Search Effort ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Animal Numbers .................................................................................................................................. 8 Elephant Carcasses ........................................................................................................................... 10 Animal Distributions ........................................................................................................................... 10 Human Activities ................................................................................................................................ 10 Comparison of Observers .................................................................................................................. 10

Trends in Animal Numbers in Gonarezhou NP ..................................................................................... 12 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 23

Elephants ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Elephant Carcasses ........................................................................................................................... 23 Other Large Herbivores ..................................................................................................................... 23 Encroachment on Gonarezhou NP .................................................................................................... 23 Wildlife in Communal Areas .............................................................................................................. 24

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 24 References ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Appendix 1. Calibration of strip width .................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 2. Survey flight summary ....................................................................................................... 72 Appendix 3. Transect start and end points, and lengths ....................................................................... 73 Appendix 4. Transect summaries of sightings ....................................................................................... 87 Appendix 5. Comparison of observers ................................................................................................ 107 Appendix 6. Maintenance of flying height ............................................................................................ 110 Appendix 7. Releases of large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013 ........................ 111


iii

List of Tables

Table 1. Population estimates and statistics for major wildlife species, domestic livestock and elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP during October 2013.................................................................................9 Table 2. Analysis of the trends in the numbers of the major wildlife species in Gonarezhou NP since the 1992 drought ................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 3. Numbers of large herbivores released in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013 ................. 14 Table 4. Sampling statistics for the 2013 aerial survey of large herbivores in and around Gonarezhou NP .......................................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 5. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP .................. 35 Table 6. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP ......... 37 Table 7. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Cows in and around Gonarezhou NP ........ 38 Table 8. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 1 in and around Gonarezhou NP ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 Table 9. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 2 in and around Gonarezhou NP, and the 1+2 carcass ratios .................................................................................................................... 41 Table 10. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 3 in and around Gonarezhou NP ............................................................................................................................................................... 42 Table 11. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 4 in and around Gonarezhou NP, and the all-carcass ratios ............................................................................................................... 43 Table 12. Population estimates and statistics for Buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP ................... 44 Table 13. Population estimates and statistics for Eland in and around Gonarezhou NP ..................... 46 Table 14. Population estimates and statistics for Giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP .................... 47 Table 15. Population estimates and statistics for Impala in and around Gonarezhou NP .................... 49 Table 16. Population estimates and statistics for Kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP ...................... 50 Table 17. Population estimates and statistics for Nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP ..................... 52 Table 18. Population estimates and statistics for Waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP ............. 53 Table 19. Population estimates and statistics for Zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP ..................... 55 Table 20. Population estimates and statistics for Wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP ............. 56 Table 21. Population estimates and statistics for Warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP ................. 58 Table 22. Population estimates and statistics for Common Duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP .... 59 Table 23. Population estimates and statistics for Steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP ............... 61 Table 24. Population estimates and statistics for Sable in and around Gonarezhou NP ..................... 62 Table 25. Population estimates and statistics for Cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP ..................... 64 Table 26. Population estimates and statistics for Sheep and Goats in and around Gonarezhou NP .. 65 Table 27. Population estimates and statistics for Donkey in and around Gonarezhou NP .................. 67 Table 28. Population estimates and statistics for Hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP ....... 68 Table 29. Population estimates and statistics for Poachers' Camps in and around Gonarezhou NP .. 70 Table A5.1. Comparison of numbers of groups and individuals seen by the left and right observers 109 Table A7.1. Groups of large herbivores released in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013 ............ 111

List of Maps

Map 1. The location of the Gonarezhou survey area in south-eastern Zimbabwe ..................................2 Map 2. Land use in and adjacent to the 2013 Gonarezhou survey area .............................................. 28 Map 3. Altitude in the Gonarezhou survey area and surrounds ............................................................ 29 Map 4. River systems in and adjacent to the Gonarezhou survey area ............................................... 30 Map 5. Vegetation of Gonarezhou National Park .................................................................................. 31 Map 6. Strata used during the aerial survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds .................................. 32 Map 7. Tracklogs (flight lines) indicating the transects used during the aerial survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds........................................................................................................................................ 33 Map 8. Distribution of elephant in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .................................. 34 Map 9. Distribution of elephant bulls in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .......................... 36 Map 10. Distribution of elephant cows in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ....................... 36 Map 11. Distribution of elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ............... 39 Map 12. Distribution of buffalo in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ................................... 39 Map 13. Distribution of eland in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ..................................... 45


iv

Map 14. Distribution of giraffe in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ..................................... 45 Map 15. Distribution of impala in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .................................... 48 Map 16. Distribution of kudu in Gonarezhou NP, Zinave NP and surrounds during 2013 .................... 48 Map 17. Distribution of nyala in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ...................................... 51 Map 18. Distribution of waterbuck in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .............................. 51 Map 19. Distribution of zebra in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ...................................... 54 Map 20. Distribution of wildebeest in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ............................. 54 Map 21. Distribution of warthog in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .................................. 57 Map 22. Distribution of duiker in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ..................................... 57 Map 23. Distribution of steenbok in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ................................ 60 Map 24. Distribution of sable in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ...................................... 60 Map 25. Distribution of cattle in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ...................................... 63 Map 26. Distribution of sheep and goats in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .................... 63 Map 27. Distribution of donkeys in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ................................. 66 Map 28. Distribution of hippopotamus in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ........................ 66 Map 29. Distribution of poachers’ camps (meat & fish) in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 ............................................................................................................................................................... 69 Map 30. Distribution of wildlife species seen only infrequently during the survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013 .................................................................................................................... 69

List of Figures

Fig. 1. The number of fresh or recent carcasses of elephants in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989 ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Fig. 2. The 1+2 carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989 .......................................... 11 Fig. 3. Trend in the number of elephant in Gonarezhou NP since 1980 ............................................... 15 Fig. 4. Trend in the number of elephants in cow herds in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Fig. 5. Trend in the number of eland in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 .................................................... 16 Fig. 6. Trend in the number of waterbuck in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ............................................ 16 Fig. 7. Trend in the number of zebra in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 .................................................... 17 Fig. 8. Trend in the number of giraffe in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ................................................... 17 Fig. 9. Trend in the number of wildebeest in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 ............................................ 18 Fig. 10. Trend in the number of nyala in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 .................................................. 18 Fig. 11. Trend in the number of warthog in Gonarezhou NP since 1996 .............................................. 19 Fig. 12. Number of elephant bulls estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture, and the trend in number since 2007 ...................................................................................................... 19 Fig. 13. Number of impala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1995, and the trend in number since 2007 ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Fig. 14. Trend in the number of buffalo in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ................................................ 20 Fig. 15. Trend in the number of kudu in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ................................................... 21 Fig. 16. Number of ostrich estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1993 .......................................... 21 Fig. 17. Number of sable estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ............................................ 22 Fig. A6.1. Distribution of flying height above ground level .................................................................. 110


1

Introduction

Large wild and domestic herbivores were censused in Gonarezhou National Park and in areas adjacent this park in south-eastern Zimbabwe (Maps 1 to 5). The survey of Gonarezhou NP was part of a continuing study to monitor the numbers of elephants and other wildlife in the Parks & Wild Life Estate of Zimbabwe. The survey area is part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). Adjacent and to the north of Gonarezhou NP is Malilangwe Estate and to the north of that is Save Valley Conservancy. Both areas contain resident elephants and are fenced or partially fenced, but the fences hinder rather than prevent the movements of elephants. Since the 2009 survey, fences have been erected in the north of Gonarezhou NP. The first is aligned southwards of the Chitsa community living inside the park (thus separating them from the rest of the park) and runs eastwards to the Save River; being a short way south of the park boundary close to the Save River (Map 2). The second is aligned to run southwards from the Runde River for approximately 16 km, close to but not on the park boundary.

The survey area was extended during 2013, cf. 2009, to include communal lands northwards of Gonarezhou NP, because some elephants are on the safari hunting quotas for these areas. The surveyed communal lands to the south included Sengwe communal land, land that is viewed, at least in part, as a potential corridor for wildlife movements between Gonarezhou NP and Kruger NP in South Africa.

The methods used during this survey were similar to those used during previous surveys of the wildlife populations of Gonarezhou NP. The principal objective of the survey was to provide relatively precise and accurate estimates of the number of elephants and other large herbivores in the survey area as a whole, using a technique that could be executed within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Secondary objectives included determination of the spatial distributions of elephants and other large herbivores; and estimation of the number and spatial distribution of elephant carcasses. The methods used were suitable for meeting the survey objectives, and are repeatable and technically robust.


2

Survey Area

The study area included those areas covered during the 2001, 2007 and 2009 surveys of the Gonarezhou region (Dunham 2002, Dunham et al. 2007, Dunham et al. 2010). The survey area covered 10 224 km2 and included Gonarezhou NP (4941 km2), Malapati Safari Area, Mahenye communal land and areas of communal land along the northern, western and southern borders of Gonarezhou NP and Malapati SA, including the Sengwe communal land lying between Gonarezhou NP and the Limpopo River, which here forms the northern boundary of South Africa’s Kruger NP (Map 2). Part of Sengwe communal land were surveyed during 1996 (Mackie 1997) and communal land alongside the western border of Gonarezhou NP was surveyed during 1994 (Mackie 1994). All were surveyed during 2009 (Dunham et al. 2010).

Map 1. The location of the Gonarezhou survey area in south-eastern Zimbabwe

National Parks and Safari Areas in Zimbabwe are shown (pale green). The box highlights the survey area, which is shown in more detail in the following maps. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park includes three national parks: Gonarezhou NP (boxed, Zimbabwe), Limpopo NP (LNP, Mozambique) and Kruger NP (KNP, South

Africa). The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area does not have a formal boundary, but includes these parks and Zinave NP (ZNP) and Banhine NP (BNP) in Mozambique, as well as communal lands lying between

these parks.


3

Methods

Transect Surveys

Survey design

The procedures used followed those well established for aerial surveys of African large herbivores (Norton-Griffiths 1978) and utilised during earlier surveys of large herbivores in Zimbabwe (e.g. Dunham et al. 2010). The survey area was divided into 18 strata (Map 6), but with Chipinda Pools and Mabalauta flown as single strata, but subdivided prior to data analysis (see below).

The boundaries of the strata within Gonarezhou NP follow those used since at least the 1996 survey, but the geographic co-ordinates defining these boundaries were sometimes not a good fit to the features (e.g. roads, rivers) that defined the boundaries. (An error of say 100 m, while acceptable when digitising from a 1:250 000 scale paper map nearly 20 years ago, is less acceptable in today’s world of ubiquitous GPS receivers.) Hence, a GIS file of the strata boundaries was prepared using on-screen digitising of these same features displayed on images in Google Earth. Consequently, there have been small changes to the calculated areas of the strata and to the park, which now has a calculated area of 4941 km2, compared to 4950 km2 during 2009 for the same piece of land.

Systematic, parallel transects were positioned across each stratum, with the position of the first transect in a stratum determined randomly. Transects were arranged at right angles to the principal environmental feature within a stratum (see Map 7 and Table 4 for transect orientations).

In order to maximise the precision of the estimate of the total number of elephants and other wild herbivores in the survey area, the sampling intensity varied between strata. Hence, the distance between adjacent transects varied between strata, according to the planned sampling intensity in each stratum. The planned sampling intensity was 20 % in strata expected to contain relatively numerous wild animals and 12 % in strata expected to contain relatively few. With a planned transect width (i.e. combined width of the two search strips) of 300 m, this meant that the transect spacing varied from 1.5 km in strata expected to contain numerous wild animals, to 2.5 km in strata expected to contain few (Table 4).

The survey was designed using WWF-SARPO’s custom software (AIRDESW, version dated 29/05/97). Given a stratum boundary in the form of an ATLAS GIS bna format file, and the transect orientation and spacing, this software generates flight lines (the transects), with the first flight line offset from the end of the stratum by an entered random number. The start and end points for each transect (Appendix 3) were transferred as waypoints to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in the plane prior to flying each stratum.

Flight procedures

All strata were surveyed during the period 7 to 16 October 2013 (Table 4).

The aircraft used for the survey was a Cessna 185. It was fitted with a radar altimeter and a Garmin GPSmap 296 GPS receiver. During the survey, the aircraft was flown at approximately 180 km per hour at about 300 feet above ground level. Waypoints denoting the start and end points of transects were entered into the GPS receiver and used to form routes. Navigation along the transects was undertaken by the pilot, with reference to the GPS receiver. The track of the aircraft was recorded using the track log facility of the GPS receiver, which noted the aircraft’s location at intervals of 5 seconds (of time).

The aircraft crew included a pilot (Hugo van der Westhuizen), a recorder (Henry Ndaimani) who sat next to the pilot, and two observers who sat behind the pilot and recorder. All four crew members could talk to one another through an intercom system. The two observers


4

were Julius Shimbani and Ezekiel Mungoni, who were also the observers during the 2009 survey.

All animals seen by the observers within the search strips (see section Strip Width and Calibration below) were called to the recorder, who wrote down the species, the number of individuals of the group that were within the strip, and the GPS location against the time (to the nearest 30 seconds) after the start of the transect. Locations were recorded as waypoints by the pilot using the aircraft’s GPS receiver. During the survey, the actual height of the plane above ground level (agl) was recorded by the recorder, from the radar altimeter, every 30 seconds (of time) while flying along the transects. Later the mean height above ground level for each transect was calculated. The recorder used the stopwatch function of a mobile phone to record the time (to the nearest second) taken to fly each transect. The GPS tracklog, recording the aircraft’s location at 5 second intervals, provided an additional record of times.

Occasionally, the aircraft left a transect to circle for a few minutes over an object of potential management interest – when this happened, the stopwatch was stopped until the aircraft returned to the transect line and the survey resumed. The pilot used the aircraft’s GPS receiver to ensure that the transect stopped and restarted at the same point on the transect.

Observations

As during previous surveys of this region, the observers were instructed to search for elephants but to count also other wild large herbivores and domestic livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys). Sheep and goats are not readily distinguished during aerial surveys and so both were recorded as ‘shoats’. If any animal group was too large for all the individuals within it to be counted, group size was estimated by the observer. Groups of elephant bulls were differentiated from elephant cow herds (i.e. herds containing calves), although the latter may have included some bulls. The observers were instructed to note any carcasses seen. All elephant carcasses noted were classified using four age categories as follows:

Carcass category

Definition

1 Fresh Carcass still had flesh, giving the body a rounded appearance. Vultures were probably present and the ground was still moist from body fluids. (Likely to have died within the past month).

2 Recent Rot patch and skin still present. Skeleton not scattered. (Likely to have died within the past year).

3 Old Clean bones; skin usually absent; vegetation regrown in rot patch. (Likely to have died more than 1 year ago).

4 Very Old Bones scattered and turning grey. (Likely to have died within the last 10 years).

These carcass categories are those used by Douglas-Hamilton & Hillman (1981) and now recommended by MIKE for elephant surveys (Craig 2012). MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) is a CITES programme that uses aerial and ground surveys of elephant populations, and data collected by law-enforcement patrols, to monitor the illegal killing of elephants at representative sites across Africa and Asia. Carcasses that could not be identified as elephant carcasses were recorded as ‘unknown carcasses’.

Ostriches and poachers’ camps were also counted. Poachers’ camps were identified by the presence of a fire used to dry meat or fish, and drying racks.


5

Strip width and calibration

Two fishing rods were attached with custom brackets to each wing strut of the aircraft, so that the rods pointed backwards and parallel to the ground during level flight. The distance between the rods on each strut was arranged so that, when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet agl, this distance represented a strip about 150 m wide on the ground. Each outer rod was marked with a small piece of tape to provide the observers with a “decision point” (it was at this point that the observer decided whether an animal was inside his search strip). When deciding if animals were inside or outside the strip, the observer moved his eye so as to align the tape on the outer rod with a small piece of tape on his window, thereby ensuring that all his decisions were made at the same viewing angle.

Prior to and during the survey, the strip widths were calibrated by flying the aircraft at right angles across an airstrip that had two sets of large-sized numbers (from 0 to 35) arranged at 10-meter intervals along the side of the airstrip. The numbers were arranged as 35 34 33….2 1 0 1 2…..33 34 35, with 0 near the centre of the airstrip. Each observer noted the largest and smallest number within his strip and the recorder noted the aircraft’s height above ground level, as recorded by the radar altimeter. For each flight passing over the calibration numbers, the combined strip width (in meters) was adjusted to 300 feet above ground level as follows:

Combined strip width at 300 feet =

Actual combined strip width x 300

Actual flying height

The combined strip widths, after adjustment to 300 feet above ground level, were then averaged to give the nominal (calibrated) combined strip width at 300 feet. This was 342 m (Appendix 1).

Data Analysis

Transect surveys

Two strata (Chipinda Pools and Mabalauta) were both flown as single strata, but subdivided prior to data analysis. Chipinda Pools was divided into the area occupied by the Chitsa community (substrata Chitsa S) and the remainder of the park northwards of the Runde River (a substratum also called Chipinda Pools). Mabalauta stratum was divided into areas of national park and safari area, substrata named Mabalauta NP and Malapati respectively.

Population estimates and 95 % confidence limits for individual strata were calculated using Jolly’s (1969) method 2 for unequal-sized sample units. Given the mean combined strip width when the plane was flying at 300 feet (i.e. the calibrated strip width), and the mean flying height for each transect, the actual combined strip width for each transect was determined. The actual combined strip width was the product of the nominal strip width at 300 ft and the mean height for the transect, divided by 300. The area of each transect was calculated as the product of the actual combined strip width and the transect length. Transect lengths were provided by the survey design software (Appendix 3).

Transects near the boundary of a stratum were sometimes broken into two or more sections, with land outside the stratum between the sections. For the purposes of analysis, data for all sections of the same transect were combined and treated as one transect. Calculation of the variance of a population estimate required the calculation of N, an integer that is the total number of transects that could have been used in the survey of a stratum. The value of N for a stratum was found by dividing the baseline length by the overall mean actual strip width for that stratum.

Thus, for each stratum, N was calculated as:


6

N = Baseline length x 1000 x 300

Nominal strip width x Average flying height

where:

Baseline length = length (in km) of a straight line aligned at right angles to the orientation of the transects, and running from one end of the stratum to the far end;

Nominal strip width = calibrated combined strip width (in m) when flying at 300 feet agl; and

Average flying height = Mean of the mean flying heights (in feet) for all transects in the stratum.

The calculated value of N was rounded to the nearest integer. The value of Student’s t used to calculate the 95 % confidence limits of a population estimate was tn-1 for P = 0.05 (Rohlf & Sokal 1981), where n = number of surveyed transects in stratum. The 95 % confidence interval is the difference between the mean population estimate and the upper (or lower) 95 % confidence limit. The lower 95 % confidence limit is zero if the calculated value is negative.

Entire survey area and land units within it

Population estimates for the entire survey area and for various land units within it were calculated as the sum of the estimates for the individual strata within the survey area or land unit. The upper and lower 95% confidence limits for population estimates for the entire survey area or land unit were calculated as:

Population estimate ± [tv x Square root of (Sum of Variances for individual strata) ]

where:

v = the degrees of freedom estimated by Satterthwaite’s rule (Snedecor & Cochran 1980, Gasaway et al. 1986).

v was an integer, calculated using the formula:

v = (Sum of Variances for individual strata)2

Sum of [(Variance for individual stratum)2 / (n-1)]

with the outcome of this formula rounded down to the nearest integer. tv was calculated using the EXCEL function TINV(0.05, v).

Elephant carcasses

The elephant carcass “ratio” sensu Douglas-Hamilton & Burrill (1991) - although it is a proportion or percentage, not a ratio - was calculated as the estimated number of all elephant carcasses (i.e. age categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 summed) as a percentage of the estimated number of all elephants (i.e. live + dead). Because these carcass ratios are based on all elephant carcasses, regardless of age category, the elephant carcass ratios and densities given here are directly comparable with the ratios and densities from previous surveys of this region.

When interpreting the results of this survey, it is reasonable to assume that all category 1 or 2 carcasses represent elephants that died during 2013. Hence, the 1+2 carcass ratio provides an index of elephant mortality (both natural and anthropogenic) during 2013 and it was calculated as the estimated number of elephant carcasses in age categories 1 or 2 as a percentage of the sum of the estimated number of live elephants and the estimated number of carcasses in age categories 1 or 2.


7

Search Effort

The greater the time spent searching each square kilometre of a transect, the greater the probability that the observer saw all the animals that were there. Search effort (in minutes per square kilometre) for a stratum was defined as the total time spent flying all transects within that stratum, divided by the total area of those same transects. Search effort is influenced by the speed of the aircraft and its height above ground level. The average ground speed of the aircraft for each transect was calculated as the transect length divided by the time taken to fly that transect. A mean ground speed was calculated for each stratum by averaging the transect speeds for that stratum. The recordings of the aircraft height from the radar altimeter were used to determine the mean flying height and the distribution of flying heights for the survey as a whole.

Even the largest herbivores are not easily seen from the air and the numbers of all species were probably underestimated, with the degree of underestimation greater for small or cryptic species than for large species. However, population estimates are given for all species, because the estimates provide useful indices of abundance (with measures of precision) that can be used to determine spatial distribution, as well as temporal trends in population number. No corrections have been applied to any of the estimates to compensate for any undercounting or missed animals.


8

Results

Search Effort

Search effort averaged 0.95 minutes km-2 for the entire survey area (Table 4). The mean ground speed for the survey was 180 km per hour (Table 4) and the mean flying height was 308 feet above ground level (Appendix 6).

Animal Numbers

The estimated numbers of elephants, elephant bulls in bull groups, elephants in cow herds, elephant carcasses (age categories 1, 2, 3 and 4), buffalo, eland, giraffe, impala, kudu, nyala, waterbuck, zebra, wildebeest, warthog, common duiker, steenbok, sable, cattle, sheep and goats, donkey and hippopotamus are given in Tables 5 to 28 respectively. Estimates are given for each stratum, for various land units within the survey area (Gonarezhou NP, and the communal lands) and for the entire survey area. In addition, a separate summary table is provided for Gonarezhou NP (Table 1).

The columns in these tables give (from left to right):

the name of the stratum;

the estimate of the number of animals of that species (or of carcasses, camps, etc.) in that stratum, in other words the population estimate;

the number of individuals of that species seen (No. seen) inside the search strips during the survey of that stratum;

the variance of the estimated number of animals in that stratum;

the 95 % confidence interval of the population estimate for that species in the stratum, as a percentage of the population estimate for that stratum (% CI);

the lower 95 % confidence limit of the population estimate (Lower CL); and

the upper 95 % confidence limit of the population estimate (Upper CL).

The last row of each table gives the same measures for the entire survey area and additional rows give subtotals for Gonarezhou NP and the communal lands. There may appear to be small arithmetic errors in some tables, but these are simply rounding errors: all numbers in the tables were calculated to three decimal places before they were rounded to the required number of decimal places. If the number of individuals seen (No. seen) is greater than the calculated lower confidence limit (Lower CL), then it is biologically meaningful to replace the calculated lower confidence limit with the number seen.

For practical purposes, it can be assumed that the number of a given species in a given land unit lies between the lower and upper confidence limits, with the ‘estimate’ providing the best estimate of the number there. For example, from Table 1, one can say that there were between 8229 and 12073 elephants in Gonarezhou NP, with 10151 being the best estimate of the number of elephants in the park. For practical purposes, one might say that there were between 8000 and 12000 elephants in Gonarezhou NP during the late dry season of 2013, with 10000 being the best estimate of the number of elephants there.

Small numbers of baboon, bushbuck (six in four groups in Gonarezhou NP), crocodile, honey badger, klipspringer (one in Chilojo A stratum), roan antelope (two inside the search strips in Chilojo B stratum and one outside the strips) and lion (four in Chipinda Pools stratum) were seen during the survey, but no attempt has been made to estimate the numbers of these species. No reedbuck or Lichtenstein’s hartebeest were seen during the survey. Just one ‘unidentified carcass’ was seen during the survey.


9

Table 1. Population estimates and statistics for major wildlife species, domestic livestock and elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP during October 2013

Species Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower CL Upper CL Density (km

-2)

Elephant 10151 2204 931296 18.9 8229 12073 2.05

Elephant bulls 1145 257 13384 20.0 916 1374 0.23

Elephant cows 9007 1947 917912 21.2 7098 10915 1.82

Elephant carcass 1 4 1 15 187.0 1 12 0.001




Buffalo 4425 988 716464 38.2 2734 6116 0.90

Eland 384 76 29583 91.8 76 736 0.08

Giraffe 473 103 11992 46.1 255 691 0.10

Impala 12347 2682 1124115 17.1 10240 14455 2.50

Kudu 2564 567 82281 22.3 1993 3135 0.52

Nyala 258 60 5105 55.0 116 400 0.05

Waterbuck 532 120 41972 77.3 120 943 0.11

Zebra 1685 375 49572 26.1 1245 2125 0.34

Wildebeest 1416 321 81367 39.9 851 1981 0.29

Warthog 484 106 4423 27.3 351 616 0.10

Duiker 198 35 1227 36.0 127 269 0.04

Steenbok 138 26 1062 48.9 70 205 0.03

Ostrich 13 3 116 174.7 3 35 0.003

Sable 52 12 720 104.7 12 107 0.01

Hippopotamus 322 73 16852 81.4 73 584 0.07

Cattle 3451 766 364097 35.8 2217 4685 0.70

Sheep and Goat 1128 253 77532 53.8 521 1735 0.23

Donkey 58 13 1095 125.2 13 131 0.01

Poachers’ camp 30 7 133 75.9 7 53 0.01


10

Elephant Carcasses

The estimate of 40 fresh or recent carcasses of elephants (i.e. age categories 1 or 2) in Gonarezhou NP during 2013 (Tables 8 and 9) was the highest estimate for such carcasses recorded during any survey of the park (Fig. 1). Of course, the number of elephants dying annually will increase as the number of live elephants in the park increases. The 1+2 carcass ratio represents the number of such carcasses as a percentage of the sum of the number of live elephants and the number of such carcasses. In other words, it provides an index of the mortality rate of elephants during the year of the survey. The 1+2 carcass ratio was 0.39 % during 2013 (Table 9), which is also greater than any previously-recorded 1+2 carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP (Fig. 2).

Animal Distributions

The spatial distribution of the principal wild herbivores is shown in Maps 8 to 10, 12 to 24, and 28. On most maps, the distribution is shown in two ways. First, each stratum is shaded to represent the average density of the given species in that stratum. Secondly, the locations of sightings of groups of the given species are shown, together with an indication of the size of the group. The strata were sampled with systematically-arranged transects and so maps of the locations of animal sightings provide information on the spatial distribution of the animal groups. However, it must be remembered that the recorded number of groups of any species was determined by both group density and the sampling intensity – which, by design, varied between strata (Table 4).

The spatial distribution of elephant carcasses is shown in Map 11. There were two concentrations of fresh or recent carcasses: 1) near the Mozambique border, in the vicinity of the Guluweni River; and 2) in the southern part of Mabalauta stratum.

The spatial distributions of some small, cryptic, or uncommon species (baboon, bushbuck, crocodile, grysbok, honey badger, klipspringer, lion, ostrich and roan antelope) are shown in Map 30.

Human Activities

The estimated number of poachers’ camps in Gonarezhou NP is given in Table 29. The spatial distributions of domestic livestock and poachers’ camps and are shown in Maps 26 to 28 and 30 respectively..

Comparison of Observers

The right observer saw more groups of buffalo, herds of sheep and goats, and elephant carcasses category 4 than the left observer, who saw more elephant carcasses category 3 (Appendix 5). For other species, the two observers saw approximately similar numbers of groups. The right observer saw more individual animals of buffalo, cattle, elephants in cow herds, sheep and goats, and waterbuck than the left observer. The left observer saw more individual animals of eland, giraffe and donkey than the right observer. Overall, it appears that the abilities of the two observers were more similar during this survey than during the 2009 survey.


11

Fig. 1. The number of fresh or recent carcasses of elephants in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989

Mean estimates and 95 % confidence intervals shown for age category 1 (fresh) and category 2 (recent) carcasses combined. The lower confidence limit is taken as the greater of

the calculated confidence limit and the number of category 1 or 2 carcasses seen in the search strips.

Fig. 2. The 1+2 carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989

The 1+2 carcass ratio provides an index of the mortality rate of elephants during the year of the survey.


12

Trends in Animal Numbers in Gonarezhou NP

Seventeen aerial surveys of the elephant population of Gonarezhou NP have been conducted since 1980 (Coulson 1980, 1981; Sharp 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987; Gibson 1989; Jones 1991; Bowler 1995; Davies 1996; Davies et al. 1996; Mackie 1999; Dunham 2002; Dunham et al. 2007; Dunham et al. 2010; and this survey). The surveys before 1984 reported only elephants. From 1984, a range of large mammal species (but not all) were included in the survey reports. But for some species it was not clear if animals were not seen, or seen but not reported. Since 1993, reporting has been more consistent in terms of the species covered.

The time series of population estimates were graphed and then examined visually to see if there appeared to be any trends in the estimates. During 1991/92, there was a severe drought in south-eastern Zimbabwe and many wild animals in Gonarezhou NP died, or were captured. Hence, for each species, only post-drought time series were examined here (Dunham et al. (2010) discuss the pre-drought trends).

Approximately 600 elephants were captured in Gonarezhou NP during 1993 and the aerial survey that year occurred while the capture programme was in progress. Therefore, the post-drought time series for elephant was for the years 1995 to 2013. Separate estimates of the numbers of elephants in cow herds and in bull groups were also available for these years. The impala was not included in the 1993 survey and so their post-drought trend was also examined for the 18-year period 1995 to 2013. For other major species, the post-drought trends in numbers were examined for the 20-year period 1993 to 2013. For impala and elephant bulls, visual examination of the time series suggested a change in the trend after 2007, compared with before 2007, and so separate trends were calculated for the period after 2007.

Trends in animal numbers in Gonarezhou NP were determined assuming that an exponential model was appropriate for estimating the rate of population change for any given species. The exponential rate of population change per annum (r) was calculated using Gasaway et al.’s (1986) method based on weighted regression. The variance of r is based on the sampling variances of the population estimates. This method yields different results from the linear regression of loge [population estimate] on year (the variance of an estimate of r derived from this linear regression is based on the deviations of the population estimates from the fitted regression line).

The rate of population change per annum as a percentage was calculated as: % change = 100 x (er – 1). Population number was considered to have increased significantly if both the lower confidence limit (LCL) and upper confidence limit (UCL) of r were positive, or to have declined significantly if both the lower and upper confidence limits of r were negative. The absence of a statistically significant trend does not necessarily mean that there was no trend.

After the drought, the numbers of all elephants, elephants in bull groups, elephants in cow herds, buffalo, eland, giraffe, impala, kudu, nyala, warthog, waterbuck, wildebeest and zebra in Gonarezhou NP all increased significantly (Table 2). For all elephants, elephants in cow herds, eland, waterbuck, zebra, giraffe, wildebeest and warthog, the exponential model appeared (from visual inspection) to be a suitable model for the observed change in population number after the drought (Figs 3 to 11).

The number of elephant bulls did not change significantly between 1995 and 2009 (Dunham et al., 2010). But the estimate for 2013 suggests that, after a period between 1995 and 2007 when the number was approximately constant or maybe even declined, the number increased after 2007 (Fig. 12). The current rate of increase of 11.6 % is relatively high and greater than the expected rate of increase for a closed population.


13

Table 2. Analysis of the trends in the numbers of the major wildlife species in Gonarezhou NP since the 1992 drought

Trends were examined using data from surveys during 1993 to 2013. For elephants, the trends are those since the elephant captures during 1993.

Species Years Number of surveys

r % change

(per annum)

LCL r UCL r Trend a

Elephant 1995-2013 7 0.058 5.93 0.042 0.073 +

Elephant bulls 1995-2013 7 0.021 2.08 0.005 0.036 +

Elephant bulls 2007-2013 3 0.110 11.64 0.060 0.160 +

Elephant cows 1995-2013 7 0.064 6.60 0.046 0.082 +

Buffalo 1993-2013 8 0.192 21.22 0.151 0.233 +

Eland 1993-2013 8 0.118 12.53 0.066 0.170 +

Giraffe 1993-2013 8 0.056 5.81 0.026 0.087 +

Impala 1995-2013 7 0.059 6.07 0.044 0.074 +

Impala 2007-2013 3 0.176 19.25 0.127 0.225 +

Kudu 1993-2013 8 0.082 8.56 0.064 0.100 +

Waterbuck 1993-2013 8 0.162 17.55 0.114 0.210 +

Zebra 1993-2013 8 0.073 7.62 0.053 0.094 +

Wildebeest 1995-2013 5 b 0.250 28.38 0.190 0.310 +

Nyala 1993-2013 6 0.108 11.40 0.060 0.155 +

Warthog 1996-2013 5 0.133 14.18 0.075 0.190 +

Ostrich 1993-2013 8 0.033 3.38 -0.034 0.101 ns

a ns = no statistically significant trend; + = significant increase in population number

b population estimates of 0 during 1996 and 2001 were ignored during the calculation of this trend

Similarly, the number of impala appears to have increased dramatically after 2007, following a period when numbers were approximately constant (Fig. 13). While the numbers of both buffalo and kudu increased after the drought, the exponential model may not be the most suitable candidate for modelling these populations (Figs 14 and 15).

After the 2009 survey, the apparent increase in giraffe number was not statistically significant, but the additional data point provided by the 2013 survey has now confirmed that the increase is statistically significant.

Only small numbers of both ostrich and sable antelope have been found in the park since the 1992 drought (Figs 16 and 17). There are no pre-drought population estimates for ostrich. The sable antelope was probably more abundant before the drought than after (Fig. 17) and, unlike most other large herbivores, has shown no post-drought recovery in population number. No Lichtenstein’s hartebeest have been recorded during the five surveys of the park since 1996.


14

This analysis has again emphasised the value of aerial sample surveys for monitoring trends in animal numbers, even though the surveys are often designed to monitor one particular species (elephant), the data on other species (e.g. zebra) are collected only incidentally, and some of the species monitored are difficult to see from the air (e.g. kudu). Furthermore, a trend in population number can be detected even if a dataset initially appears unpromising, because the confidence intervals are large (e.g. eland).

The trend analysis is compounded for buffalo, eland, giraffe, impala, wildebeest and zebra by the release of individuals of these species in Gonarezhou NP during the period between the 2009 and 2013 surveys (Appendix 7). The animals released came from privately-owned ranches in the south-east lowveld of Zimbabwe, where they were considered surplus to management requirements. All the species already occurred in Gonarezhou NP and were numerous in the park, increasing in number, or both, prior to the releases (Dunham et al. 2010).

For buffalo, giraffe, impala and zebra, the number released was only 3-7 % of the 2013 survey mean estimate of the number in the park (Table 3) and so it is likely that the release of individuals of these species had little influence on the calculated rates of population increase. For eland and wildebeest, the number released formed a greater proportion of the estimated population number and so probably had a greater impact on the calculated rate of population increase.

For all species, the real population number would be greater than the estimated population number if the survey observers were not 100 % efficient, and so the number of individuals released as a percentage of the real population number would be less than the percentage given in Table 3.

Table 3. Numbers of large herbivores released in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013

Species Number of individuals

released

Number released as percentage of estimated mean population

number (2013 survey) a

Impala 376 3

Buffalo 200 5

Zebra 97 6

Giraffe 34 7

Eland 96 25

Wildebeest 390 28

a These percentages assume that the survey observers were 100 % efficient at seeing and counting

individuals of these species in the search strips. If the observers were not 100 % efficient, than the real population numbers were greater than the estimated population numbers, and the number of

individuals released as a percentage of the real population number would be less than the percentage given in this column.


15

Fig. 3. Trend in the number of elephant in Gonarezhou NP since 1980

Mean population estimates and 95% confidence intervals shown. Elephants were culled (killed or captured) in Gonarezhou NP during 1983, 1986, 1992 and 1993 (DNPWM 1997?;

but see also Booth et al. 1997). The bold line indicates the trend in the number of elephant in the park since the 1993 elephant capture.

Fig. 4. Trend in the number of elephants in cow herds in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture


16

Fig. 5. Trend in the number of eland in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

No population estimates for eland were given for the 1984 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not

reported. The bold line indicates the trend in the number of eland in the park since the 1992 drought. The lower 95% confidence limit is displayed as the number of animals seen in the

sample strips, if this number exceeds the calculated lower confidence limit.

96 individuals were released in the park during 2013, prior to the survey.

Fig. 6. Trend in the number of waterbuck in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

No waterbuck population estimates were given for the 1989 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported. The bold line indicates the trend in the number of waterbuck in the park since the

1992 drought.


17

Fig. 7. Trend in the number of zebra in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

The bold lines indicates the trends in the number of zebra in the park before (left line) and after (right line) the 1992 drought. The trend lines suggest that the number of zebra declined

by approximately 50 % during the drought.


Fig. 8. Trend in the number of giraffe in Gonarezhou NP since 1984



18

Fig. 9. Trend in the number of wildebeest in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

The method used to calculate the exponential rate of increase cannot handle estimates of zero. Hence, the illustrated trend line does not include the zero estimates of 1996 and 2001

(although it fits them well enough). It is assumed that some animals, but only a small number, were in the park during these years (otherwise the wildebeest population would not have persisted until 2007) and that the zero estimates simply represent sampling error. The

bold line indicates the trend in the number of wildebeest in the park since 1995.


Fig. 10. Trend in the number of nyala in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

No nyala population estimates were given for the 1995 and 1996 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not

reported. The bold line indicates the trend in the number of nyala in the park since the 1992 drought.


19

Fig. 11. Trend in the number of warthog in Gonarezhou NP since 1996

No warthog population estimate was given for the 1998 survey: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported. The

bold line indicates the trend in the number of warthog in the park since 1996.

Fig. 12. Number of elephant bulls estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture, and the trend in number since 2007


20

Fig. 13. Number of impala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1995, and the trend in number since 2007

The 1995 survey was the first aerial survey to provide an estimate of the number of impala in the park.


Fig. 14. Trend in the number of buffalo in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

100 individuals were released in the park during 2012 and another 100 were released during 2013, prior to the survey


21

Fig. 15. Trend in the number of kudu in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

No kudu population estimates were given for the 1989 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not

reported.

Fig. 16. Number of ostrich estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1993


22

Fig. 17. Number of sable estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

The population estimate averaged 122 before the 1992 drought (n = 5 surveys) and 27 after the drought (n = 8 surveys).


23

Discussion

Elephants

There were estimated to be 10151 (+/- 1992) elephants in Gonarezhou NP during 2013. This is the greatest ever estimate for the number of elephants in this park. Taken with the results of the earlier aerial surveys, this estimate implies that the number of elephants in Gonarezhou NP has increased at a mean annual rate of 5.9 % (lower and upper confidence limits 4.3 % and 7.6 %) during the past 18 years.

Elephant Carcasses

The estimated total number of elephant carcasses (513) in the survey area during 2013 represented 4.7 % of the estimated total number of live and dead elephants. This all-carcass ‘ratio’ (which reflects the mortality rate of elephants during the several years preceding the survey) compares with an estimate of 1.4 % in the same area during 2009 (Dunham et al. 2010).

However, just one ‘unidentified carcass’ was recorded during the 2013 survey and hence there was a big drop in the estimated number of unidentified carcasses (compared with 2009) at the same time as there was a rise in the number of ‘very old’ carcasses of elephants. It is possible that many elephant carcasses that were recorded as category 4 carcasses during 2013 would have been recorded as ‘unidentified’ during 2009. The estimate of 446 elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP during 2013 compares with a combined estimate of 337 elephant and unidentified carcasses in the park during 2009.

The 1+2 carcass ratio (which reflects the mortality rate of elephants during the survey year) was 0.39 % during 2013. This compares with 0 % during 2009; and an average of 0.10 % (range 0 – 0.28 %) during the eight earlier, post-drought surveys (1993 – 2009). In the absence of any explanation as to why the natural mortality rate of elephants may have increased, it must be assumed that the increase has anthropogenic causes, e.g. poaching.

Other Large Herbivores

The trend analysis revealed that the numbers of all large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (except sable and ostrich) have increased since the 1992 drought. The trend in impala number is particularly intriguing (Fig. 13), but further examination of this trend is complicated by the absence of records of the numbers of impala killed annually by management staff while ration shooting in Gonarezhou NP during the years before 2007.

Encroachment on Gonarezhou NP

Coincident with the occupation of Zimbabwean commercial farms during 2000, the Chitsa people illegally occupied land in the north of Gonarezhou NP. Their action stemmed from dissatisfaction dating from when they (or their ancestors) were removed from the area of the current national park when the land that they then occupied was incorporated into a hunting area, established possibly as part of a programme to control tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis. Since the 2009 survey, a game fence has been erected to separate the area occupied by the Chitsa community (Stratum Chitsa S) from the remainder of the park (Map 2) and all sightings of domestic livestock in the north of the park during the 2013 survey were northwards of this fence.

Cattle were seen in the Chilojo A stratum, near to its border with the communal lands. A new fence was also erected inside the park boundary immediately south of the Runde River (Map 2), but cattle were seen to have entered the park to the south of the point where the fence ends.


24

Wildlife in Communal Areas

Very few large, wild herbivores were seen in the communal land strata – just 22 elephants, one sable, 48 impala and a few small antelopes were counted within the search strips in these strata. In contrast, large numbers of cattle and sheep/goats were counted in the communal lands, where the mean density of both cattle and sheep/goats exceeded 10 animals per square kilometre. Even in communal land strata where domestic livestock were uncommon (e.g. Naivasha CA), few wild herbivores were seen. There is no evidence that any of the species covered by this survey are migratory within the study area and thus it is not likely that any of the species counted would be more numerous in the communal areas at other times of the year.

Acknowledgements

Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Parks & Wildlife Management Authority would hereby like to acknowledge the financial contribution made by the German Society for International Cooperation Ltd (GIZ) in commission of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development Cooperation (BMZ) in support of this aerial survey, with the facilitation of the Peace Parks Foundation.

References

Booth, V.R., Martin, R.B., Child, B. & Chingwendere, L. 1997. The number of elephants killed in Zimbabwe: 1960-1991. In: Elephant Management in Zimbabwe. Third edition. Eds Martin, R.B., Craig, G.C. & Booth, V.R. pp. 45-49. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare.

Bowler, M. 1995. The aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in north-west Matabeleland, Zambezi Valley, and Gona re Zhou National Park, Zimbabwe. August-October 1993. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 45 pp.

Coulson, I.M. 1980. Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population 16-20 August 1980. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 13 pp.

Coulson, I.M. 1981. Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population 17-21 August 1981. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 13 pp.

Craig, G.C. 2012. Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants: Aerial Survey Standards for the MIKE Programme. Version 2.0. CITES MIKE Programme, Nairobi. 25 pp.

Cunliffe, R., Muller, T. & Mapaura, A. 2012. Vegetation Survey of Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Gonarezhou National Park, Chiredzi, & Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, 170 pp.

Davies, C. 1996. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in the north west Matabeleland and Gonarezhou regions of Zimbabwe. August/September 1996. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare.

Davies, C., Craig, C., Mackie, C., Chimuti, T. & Gibson, D. 1996. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in the Gonarezhou, Zambezi Valley, north-west Matabeleland, Sebungwe, Dande and communal land regions of Zimbabwe. July to November 1995. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 136 pp.

Department of National Parks & Wildlife Management. 1997?. Gonarezhou National Park Management Plan 1998-2002. Department of National Parks & Wildlife Management, Harare. 170 pp + appendices & maps.

Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Hillman, A.K.K. 1981. Elephant carcasses and skeletons as indicators of population trends. In: Low Level Aerial Survey Techniques. Report of an International Workshop, 6-11 November 1981, Nairobi. pp. 113-129. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa. ILCA Monograph 4.


25

Douglas-Hamilton I. & Burrill, A. 1991. Using elephant carcass ratios to determine population trends. In: African Wildlife: Research and Management. Eds Kayanja, F.I.B. & Edroma, E.L. pp. 98-105. International Council of Scientific Unions, Paris.

Dunham, K.M. 2002. Aerial Census of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park and some Bordering Lands, Zimbabwe: 2001. Occasional Paper 4. WWF-SARPO, Harare. 46 pp.

Dunham, K.M., Mackie, C.S., Musemburi, O.C., Zhuwau, C., Nyaguse, G.H., Taylor, R.D. & Chimuti, T. 2007. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe: 2007. Occasional Paper 18. WWF-SARPO, Harare. 49 pp.

Dunham, K.M., van der Westhuizen, E., van der Westhuizen, H.F. & Gandiwa, E. 2010. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe), Zinave National Park (Mozambique) and Surrounds: 2009. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Chiredzi. 140 pp.

Gasaway, W.C., DuBois, S.D., Reed, D.J. & Harbo, S.J. 1986. Estimating moose population parameters from aerial surveys. Biological Paper of the University of Alaska 22. 108 pp.

Gibson, D. St C. 1989. Aerial census of larger mammals in the National Parks estate of Zimbabwe. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 48 pp.

Jolly, G.M. 1969. Sampling methods for aerial censuses of wildlife populations. East African Agriculture & Forestry Journal 34, 46-49.

Jones, M.A. 1991. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in Gonarezhou National Park and adjacent areas. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 8 pp.

Mackie, C. 1994. Aerial census of elephant and other large herbivores in selected areas of the Parks and Wildlife estate and communal lands 1994. Project Paper 48, WWF-SARPO, Harare. 24 pp.

Mackie, C. 1997. Aerial census of elephant and other large herbivores in the Sebungwe, Dande, Zambezi Valley escarpment and southeast lowveld communal lands 1996. Project Paper 50, WWF-SARPO, Harare. 41 pp.

Mackie, C. 1999. Aerial census of elephants and other large herbivores in the Sebungwe region and Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, 1998. Project Paper 71, WWF-SARPO, Harare. 80 pp.

Norton-Griffiths, M. 1978. Counting Animals. Second edition. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi.

Rohlf, F.J. & Sokal, R.R. 1981. Statistical Tables. Second edition. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

Sharp, G.J. 1982. 1982 Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 9 pp.

Sharp, G.J. 1983. 1983 Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 20 pp.

Sharp, G.J. 1984. 1984 (Dry season) Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 19 pp.

Sharp, G.J. 1986. 1986 Aerial survey - Gonarezhou National Park. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 16 pp.

Sharp, G.J. 1987. 1987 (Early Season) Aerial survey - Gonarezhou National Park. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 17 pp.

Snedecor, G.W. & Cochran, W.G. 1980. Statistical Methods. Seventh edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.


26

Table 4. Sampling statistics for the 2013 aerial survey of large herbivores in and around Gonarezhou NP

Stratum name Stratum area (km

2)

Transect spacing

(km)

Transect orientation

()

Number of

transects [= n]

Percent of stratum

sampled

Time and date sampled

Flying time (hours) a Ground

speed (km hour

-1)

Search effort

(minutes km

-2) Transect Stratum Total

Gonarezhou National Park

Chitsa S c 91 1.5 0 12 22.4 am & pm 9 Oct 0.35 -

e -

e 175 1.03

Chipinda Pools c 1075 1.5 0 38 22.5 am & pm 9 Oct 4.12 5.13

e 5.72

e 174 1.02

Chilojo A 451 1.5 45 17 22.3 pm 8 Oct 1.67 2.02 2.22 180 1.00

Chilojo B 603 1.5 134 32 23.9 am 10 Oct 2.18 2.70 3.17 182 0.91

Naivasha 895 1.5 134 27 23.5 am & pm 11 Oct 3.32 3.83 4.43 f 180 0.95

Chefu 1012 2.5 42 14 14.1 pm 11 Oct & am 12 Oct

2.15 2.40 2.95 f,g

188 0.91

Mabalauta NP d 814 1.5 90 29 23.5 am & pm 12 Oct 3.04 4.48 h 5.82

g,h 179 0.96

Subtotal / mean 4941 21.2 b 180 0.97

Malapati Safari Area

Malapati d 177 1.5 90 22 23.6 am & pm 12 Oct 0.68 - h -

h 173 0.97

Communal lands

Mahenye 221 2.5 90 11 13.3 pm 7 Oct 0.50 0.75 1.08 i 172 1.03

Mutandawe 277 2.5 90 5 13.8 pm 7 Oct 0.63 0.80 0.98 i 167 0.98

Chizvirizwi Sengwa 259 2.5 70 12 14.7 am 7 Oct 0.56 0.85 0.98 j 190 0.88

Chizvirizwi Chitsa 235 2.5 161 7 15.3 am 7 Oct 0.56 0.68 0.78 j 178 0.94

Chikwedziwa 1048 2.5 135 23 14.1 am 8 Oct 2.23 2.70 3.05 188 0.91

Naivasha CA 294 2.5 90 10 13.8 pm 10 Oct 0.66 0.88 1.37 179 0.98

Gonakudzingwa 284 2.5 90 8 14.6 am 15 Oct 0.63 0.80 1.07 k 184 0.92

Malapati CA 329 2.5 90 19 14.0 am 15 Oct 0.75 1.22 1.37 k 174 0.98


27

Stratum name Stratum area (km

2)

Transect spacing

(km)

Transect orientation

()

Number of

transects [= n]

Percent of stratum

sampled

Time and date sampled

Flying time (hours) a Ground

speed (km hour

-1)

Search effort

(minutes km

-2) Transect Stratum Total

Sengwe 1 1257 2.5 42 17 14.1 pm 15 Oct & am 16 Oct

2.67 3.27 4.00 l 188 0.90

Sengwe 2 902 2.5 42 11 14.2 am & pm 15 Oct 1.78 2.13 2.58 k,l

193 0.83

Subtotal / mean 5106 14.1 b 181 0.93

TOTAL 10224 17.7 b 28.47 34.65 41.57 180 0.95

a Transect time is the time spent searching the transects; stratum time is the transect time, plus the time spent travelling between transects in the same stratum; and total time is the

stratum time, plus the time spent travelling between the stratum and the airstrip b Weighted mean, with stratum area as a proportion of the total area as weight

c, d Strata with the same superscript were treated as a single stratum during survey execution, but treated as two strata during the analysis

e, f, g, h, I, j, k, l Strata with the same superscript (or parts of those strata) were surveyed during the same flight


28

Map 2. Land use in and adjacent to the 2013 Gonarezhou survey area

The main management stations at Chipinda Pools and Mabalauta are shown.


29

Map 3. Altitude in the Gonarezhou survey area and surrounds

Altitude is in meters. Bold white lines indicate stratum boundaries.


30

Map 4. River systems in and adjacent to the Gonarezhou survey area

The Runde, Save, Mwenezi and Limpopo Rivers are perennial, but water flow is seasonal in the other rivers. Bold black lines indicate stratum boundaries.


31

Map 5. Vegetation of Gonarezhou National Park

(Cunliffe et al. 2012)


32

Map 6. Strata used during the aerial survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds

Bold lines indicate stratum boundaries and labels give strata names.


33

Map 7. Tracklogs (flight lines) indicating the transects used during the aerial survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds

Bold lines indicate stratum boundaries. Thin parallel lines indicate flight lines along the transects.


34

Map 8. Distribution of elephant in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Colouring indicates the mean density of elephants within each stratum. The dots indicate the locations of elephants seen within the search strips, together with an indication of the size of each group. Small dots

overlaying large dots indicate two or more groups of elephants in close proximity. Variation in dot density between strata reflects differences between strata in both the density of elephant groups and the sampling intensity (given

in Table 4). The green line indicates the boundary of Gonarezhou NP. The red dashed lines indicate the international borders.


35

Table 5. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP

Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance %CI Lower CL

Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 2954 665 239298 33.6 1963 3945 2.75

Chilojo A 2230 497 184340 40.8 1320 3140 4.94

Chilojo B 1717 410 61568 29.5 1211 2223 2.85

Naivasha 759 178 88832 80.7 178 1372 0.85

Chefu 1387 195 303458 85.8 197 2577 1.37

Mabalauta NP 1104 259 53800 43.0 629 1579 1.36

Subtotals 10151 2204 931296 18.9 8229 12073 2.05

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 128 17 5426 128.2 17 292 0.58

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chizvirizwi Sengwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chizvirizwi Chitsa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Gonakudzingwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 35 5 2562 322.2 5 148 0.04

Subtotals 163 22 7989 115.7 22 352 0.03

Totals 10314 2226 939285 18.7 8385 12243 1.01


36

Map 9. Distribution of elephant bulls in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 10. Distribution of elephant cows in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


37

Table 6. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 400 90 5003 35.8 257 543 0.37

Chilojo A 211 47 2505 50.3 105 317 0.47

Chilojo B 155 37 2223 62.1 59 251 0.26

Naivasha 9 2 32 136.7 2 20 0.01

Chefu 64 9 1221 117.9 9 140 0.06

Mabalauta NP 307 72 2399 32.7 207 407 0.38

Subtotals 1145 257 13384 20.0 916 1374 0.23

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 35 5 2562 319.8 5 148 0.04

Subtotals 35 5 2562 319.8 5 148 0.01

Totals 1180 262 15946 21.2 930 1431 0.12


38

Table 7. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Cows in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 2554 575 234296 38.4 1574 3535 2.38

Chilojo A 2019 450 181835 44.8 1115 2923 4.48

Chilojo B 1562 373 59345 31.8 1065 2059 2.59

Naivasha 750 176 88799 81.7 176 1363 0.84

Chefu 1323 186 302236 89.7 186 2511 1.31

Mabalauta NP 797 187 51401 58.2 333 1262 0.98

Subtotals 9007 1947 917912 21.2 7098 10915 1.82

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 128 17 5426 128.0 17 292 0.58

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 128 17 5426 128.0 17 292 0.03

Totals 9135 1964 923339 21.0 7221 11049 0.89


39

Map 11. Distribution of elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 12. Distribution of buffalo in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


40

Table 8. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 1 in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 4 1 15 187.0 1 12 0.005

Subtotals 4 1 15 187.0 1 12 0.001

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 4 1 15 187.0 1 12 0.00


41

Table 9. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 2 in and around Gonarezhou NP, and the 1+2 carcass ratios

Stratum Estimate No. Seen

Variance %CI Lower CL

Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

1+2 carcass

ratio

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Chilojo A 4 1 15 183.0 1 13 0.010 0.20

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Naivasha 9 2 60 186.2 2 24 0.010 1.11

Chefu 14 2 78 134.1 2 33 0.014 1.02

Mabalauta NP 9 2 28 126.1 2 19 0.010 1.15

Subtotals 36 7 180 75.4 9 63 0.007 0.39

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chizvirizwi Sengwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chizvirizwi Chitsa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Gonakudzingwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Totals 36 7 180 75.4 9 63 0.003 0.39


42

Table 10. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 3 in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 4 1 14 174.9 1 12 0.010

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 9 2 28 126.9 2 19 0.010

Chefu 57 8 1183 130.5 8 131 0.06

Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 70 11 1225 108.1 11 146 0.014

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 7 1 98 313.3 1 29 0.008

Subtotals 14 2 143 187.9 2 39 0.003

Totals 84 13 1368 93.4 13 162 0.008


43

Table 11. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 4 in and around Gonarezhou NP, and the all-carcass ratios


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

All carcass

ratio (%)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 4 1 15 191.9 1 13 0.05 100.0

Chipinda Pools 67 15 165 39.0 41 93 0.06 2.2

Chilojo A 45 10 232 71.9 13 77 0.10 2.4

Chilojo B 21 5 142 116.2 5 45 0.03 1.2

Naivasha 9 2 27 126.4 2 19 0.01 3.3

Chefu 114 16 2127 87.5 16 213 0.11 11.8

Mabalauta NP 77 18 342 49.4 39 115 0.09 7.5

Subtotals 336 67 3051 33.8 223 450 0.07 4.2

Malapati SA

Malapati 25 6 73 69.6 8 43 0.14 100.0

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.0

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chizvirizwi Sengwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Chizvirizwi Chitsa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 100.0

Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Gonakudzingwa 7 1 45 231.7 1 23 0.02 100.0

Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 -

Sengwe 2 21 3 177 140.2 3 51 0.02 44.6

Subtotals 28 4 222 114.1 4 60 0.01 20.3

Totals 390 77 3346 30.3 272 508 0.04 4.7


44

Table 12. Population estimates and statistics for Buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 1479 333 188111 59.4 601 2358 1.38

Chilojo A 296 66 16509 92.0 66 569 0.66

Chilojo B 402 96 18437 68.9 125 679 0.67

Naivasha 26 6 214 117.5 6 56 0.03

Chefu 363 51 61249 147.3 51 897 0.36

Mabalauta NP 1859 436 431944 72.4 513 3205 2.28

Subtotals 4425 988 716464 38.2 2734 6116 0.90

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 4425 988 716464 38.2 2734 6116 0.43


45

Map 13. Distribution of eland in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 14. Distribution of giraffe in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


46

Table 13. Population estimates and statistics for Eland in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 4 1 16 195.0 1 13 0.05

Chipinda Pools 116 26 3410 102.4 26 234 0.11

Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo B 109 26 6872 155.3 26 278 0.18

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 142 20 19214 210.4 20 442 0.14

Mabalauta NP 13 3 71 134.5 3 30 0.02

Subtotals 384 76 29583 91.8 76 736 0.08

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 384 76 29583 91.8 76 736 0.04


47

Table 14. Population estimates and statistics for Giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 138 31 7190 124.7 31 310 0.13

Chilojo A 9 2 62 186.4 2 26 0.02

Chilojo B 50 12 464 87.5 12 94 0.08

Naivasha 153 36 2140 62.0 58 249 0.17

Chefu 71 10 1386 113.0 10 152 0.07

Mabalauta NP 51 12 750 109.6 12 107 0.06

Subtotals 473 103 11992 46.1 255 691 0.10

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 473 103 11992 46.1 255 691 0.05


48

Map 15. Distribution of impala in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 16. Distribution of kudu in Gonarezhou NP, Zinave NP and surrounds during 2013


49

Table 15. Population estimates and statistics for Impala in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 4 1 15 192.9 1 13 0.05

Chipinda Pools 5757 1296 351375 20.9 4556 6958 5.36

Chilojo A 974 217 51071 49.2 495 1453 2.16

Chilojo B 2890 690 400825 44.7 1598 4181 4.79

Naivasha 431 101 15445 59.3 175 686 0.48

Chefu 1708 240 277205 66.6 570 2845 1.69

Mabalauta NP 584 137 28179 58.9 240 928 0.72

Subtotals 12347 2682 1124115 17.1 10240 14455 2.50

Malapati SA

Malapati 68 16 1335 111.9 16 144 0.38

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 21 3 75 86.4 3 40 0.02

Sengwe 2 317 45 234267 339.8 45 1396 0.35

Subtotals 339 48 234342 318.5 48 1417 0.07

Totals 12754 2746 1359793 18.2 10438 15070 1.25


50

Table 16. Population estimates and statistics for Kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 1484 334 50168 30.6 1030 1938 1.38

Chilojo A 130 29 2117 75.0 33 228 0.29

Chilojo B 276 66 4562 49.9 139 414 0.46

Naivasha 290 68 5151 50.9 142 437 0.32

Chefu 213 30 15341 125.3 30 481 0.21

Mabalauta NP 171 40 4941 84.4 40 315 0.21

Subtotals 2564 567 82281 22.3 1993 3135 0.52

Malapati SA

Malapati 21 5 124 108.9 5 44 0.12

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 2585 572 82405 22.1 2014 3157 0.25


51

Map 17. Distribution of nyala in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 18. Distribution of waterbuck in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


52

Table 17. Population estimates and statistics for Nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 71 16 988 89.6 16 135 0.07

Chilojo A 36 8 958 182.8 8 102 0.08

Chilojo B 117 28 2573 88.3 28 221 0.19

Naivasha 9 2 59 185.4 2 24 0.01

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 26 6 527 183.7 6 73 0.03

Subtotals 258 60 5105 55.0 116 400 0.05

Malapati SA

Malapati 51 12 518 92.9 12 98 0.29

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 309 72 5623 48.1 160 458 0.03


53

Table 18. Population estimates and statistics for Waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 329 74 34173 113.9 74 703 0.31

Chilojo A 148 33 6774 117.8 33 323 0.33

Chilojo B 25 6 499 181.3 6 71 0.04

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 30 7 527 157.5 7 77 0.04

Subtotals 532 120 41972 77.3 120 943 0.11

Malapati SA

Malapati 47 11 507 100.3 11 94 0.26

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 578 131 42479 71.5 165 992 0.06


54

Map 19. Distribution of zebra in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 20. Distribution of wildebeest in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


55

Table 19. Population estimates and statistics for Zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 657 148 13520 35.8 422 893 0.61

Chilojo A 99 22 2594 109.4 22 207 0.22

Chilojo B 281 67 10884 75.9 68 493 0.47

Naivasha 226 53 11067 95.7 53 442 0.25

Chefu 149 21 3398 84.3 24 275 0.15

Mabalauta NP 273 64 8109 67.6 88 457 0.34

Subtotals 1685 375 49572 26.1 1245 2125 0.34

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 1685 375 49572 26.1 1245 2125 0.16


56

Table 20. Population estimates and statistics for Wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 653 147 37833 60.3 259 1047 0.61

Chilojo A 72 16 3656 178.6 16 200 0.16

Chilojo B 293 70 17837 92.9 70 566 0.49

Naivasha 47 11 1784 185.2 11 134 0.05

Chefu 57 8 3074 210.4 8 177 0.06

Mabalauta NP 294 69 17182 91.3 69 563 0.36

Subtotals 1416 321 81367 39.9 851 1981 0.29

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 1416 321 81367 39.9 851 1981 0.14


57

Map 21. Distribution of warthog in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 22. Distribution of duiker in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


58

Table 21. Population estimates and statistics for Warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 262 59 2404 37.9 163 361 0.24

Chilojo A 4 1 14 177.7 1 12 0.01

Chilojo B 105 25 1100 64.6 37 172 0.17

Naivasha 13 3 70 134.4 3 30 0.01

Chefu 57 8 467 82.0 10 104 0.06

Mabalauta NP 43 10 368 92.1 10 82 0.05

Subtotals 484 106 4423 27.3 351 616 0.10

Malapati SA

Malapati 8 2 52 176.2 2 23 0.05

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 492 108 4475 27.0 359 625 0.05


59

Table 22. Population estimates and statistics for Common Duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 13 3 63 124.7 3 30 0.03

Chilojo B 25 6 120 89.1 6 48 0.04

Naivasha 34 8 279 100.6 8 68 0.04

Chefu 121 17 750 48.9 62 180 0.12

Mabalauta NP 4 1 15 183.8 1 12 0.01

Subtotals 198 35 1227 36.0 127 269 0.04

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 14 2 83 133.1 2 33 0.01

Naivasha CA 29 4 173 103.0 4 59 0.10


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 7 1 17 121.8 1 16 0.006

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 50 7 273 68.7 16 85 0.01

Totals 248 42 1500 31.5 170 326 0.02


60

Map 23. Distribution of steenbok in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 24. Distribution of sable in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


61

Table 23. Population estimates and statistics for Steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 13 3 43 100.1 3 27 0.01

Chilojo A 13 3 68 129.9 3 31 0.03

Chilojo B 8 2 26 124.0 2 19 0.01

Naivasha 30 7 136 80.3 7 54 0.03

Chefu 64 9 760 93.0 9 124 0.06

Mabalauta NP 9 2 28 127.2 2 19 0.01

Subtotals 138 26 1062 48.9 70 205 0.03

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 14 2 69 130.4 2 33 0.05


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 7 1 19 131.3 1 16 0.01

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 22 3 89 93.8 3 42 0.004

Totals 159 29 1150 43.7 90 229 0.02


62

Table 24. Population estimates and statistics for Sable in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 18 4 116 127.1 4 41 0.04

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 34 8 604 148.1 8 85 0.04

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 52 12 720 104.7 12 107 0.01

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 7 1 52 225.5 1 24 0.02


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 7 1 52 225.6 1 24 0.001

Totals 59 13 772 94.8 13 115 0.006


63

Map 25. Distribution of cattle in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 26. Distribution of sheep and goats in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


64

Table 25. Population estimates and statistics for Cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 2336 522 170617 38.9 1426 3245 25.67

Chipinda Pools 124 28 7098 137.2 28 295 0.12

Chilojo A 718 160 170304 121.9 160 1593 1.59

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 85 12 6384 202.1 12 258 0.08

Mabalauta NP 188 44 9693 107.5 44 389 0.23

Subtotals 3451 766 364097 35.8 2217 4685 0.70

Malapati SA

Malapati 276 65 26214 122.0 65 613 1.56

Communal lands

Mahenye 1984 263 324767 64.0 714 3253 8.98

Mutandawe 6820 943 921669 39.1 4155 9485 24.62



Chikwedziwa 15589 2193 2918584 22.7 12045 19132 14.87

Naivasha CA 130 18 12349 193.2 18 381 0.44

Gonakudzingwa 2520 367 332507 54.1 1156 3883 8.87

Malapati CA 4075 571 825829 46.9 2166 5984 12.39

Sengwe 1 8329 1173 422440 16.5 6951 9707 6.63

Sengwe 2 6101 865 2507171 57.8 2573 9629 6.76

Subtotals 54537 7749 9500872 11.3 48377 60696 10.68

Totals 58263 8580 9891183 10.8 51988 64539 5.70


65

Table 26. Population estimates and statistics for Sheep and Goats in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 1047 234 72064 56.4 456 1638 11.51

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 81 19 5468 187.0 19 232 0.10

Subtotals 1128 253 77532 53.8 521 1735 0.23

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 943 125 123949 83.2 158 1727 4.27

Mutandawe 4216 583 1406521 78.1 924 7508 15.22



Chikwedziwa 19527 2747 2870784 18.0 16013 23041 18.63

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Gonakudzingwa 1078 157 212913 101.2 157 2169 3.80

Malapati CA 5288 741 1224165 44.0 2963 7613 16.07

Sengwe 1 9855 1388 1043512 22.0 7690 12021 7.84

Sengwe 2 10192 1445 17552672 91.6 1445 19526 11.30

Subtotals 60158 8536 26567937 17.8 49439 70877 11.78

Totals 61286 8789 26645469 17.5 50581 71991 5.99


66

Map 27. Distribution of donkeys in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 28. Distribution of hippopotamus in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


67

Table 27. Population estimates and statistics for Donkey in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 58 13 1095 125.2 13 131 0.64

Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 58 13 1095 125.2 13 131 0.01

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 15 2 184 200.1 2 45 0.07

Mutandawe 391 54 15576 88.7 54 737 1.41



Chikwedziwa 910 128 29324 39.0 555 1265 0.87

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Gonakudzingwa 21 3 341 211.9 3 64 0.07

Malapati CA 507 71 13302 47.8 264 749 1.54

Sengwe 1 831 117 7769 22.5 644 1018 0.66

Sengwe 2 522 74 31846 76.2 124 920 0.58

Subtotals 3579 507 112256 18.8 2906 4251 0.70

Totals 3637 520 113351 18.6 2962 4312 0.36


68

Table 28. Population estimates and statistics for Hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 271 61 15851 94.1 61 526 0.25

Chilojo A 13 3 132 181.2 3 38 0.03

Chilojo B 38 9 869 159.5 9 98 0.06

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 322 73 16852 81.4 73 584 0.07

Malapati SA

Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 14 2 199 228.4 2 45 0.003

Totals 336 75 17052 78.5 75 599 0.03


69

Map 29. Distribution of poachers’ camps (meat & fish) in Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013

Map 30. Distribution of wildlife species seen only infrequently during the survey of Gonarezhou NP and surrounds during 2013


70

Table 29. Population estimates and statistics for Poachers' Camps in and around Gonarezhou NP


Upper CL

Density (km

-2)

Gonarezhou NP

Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chipinda Pools 13 3 78 134.0 3 31 0.01

Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chilojo B 4 1 13 178.0 1 12 0.01

Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mabalauta NP 13 3 42 104.2 3 26 0.02

Subtotals 30 7 133 75.9 7 53 0.01

Malapati SA

Malapati 4 1 14 182.5 1 12 0.02

Communal lands

Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Mutandawe 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00



Chikwedziwa 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00


Malapati CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Sengwe 2 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00

Totals 35 8 147 69.8 10 59 0.003


71

Appendix 1. Calibration of strip width

For each run (i.e. flight over the calibration numbers):

Strip width (in meters) for one observer = 10 x (1 + Difference between outer and inner);

Combined strip width (in meters) at flying height = Left strip width + right strip width; and

Combined strip width at 300 ft agl1 = Actual combined strip width x 300 / (Flying height)

1 agl: above ground level

Calibration flights were flown at Chipinda Pools on 6 October 2013.

Run no.

Left observer: Julius Shimbani

Right observer: Ezekiel Mungoni

Combined strip width (m) at flying height

Flying height agl (ft)

Combined strip width (m) when flying at 300 ft

Outer marker

Inner marker

Strip width (m)

Outer marker

Inner marker

Strip width (m)

1 26 11 160 18 7 120 280 260 323

2 23 8 160 26 13 140 300 290 310

3 24 10 150 24 10 150 300 260 346

4 23 8 160 28 11 180 340 310 329

5 26 10 170 25 10 160 330 300 330

6 25 8 180 26 11 160 340 280 364

7 26 10 170 25 9 170 340 300 340

8 18 7 120 29 18 120 240 280 257

9 23 11 130 24 8 170 300 250 360

10 22 6 170 24 9 160 330 230 430

11 21 9 130 23 8 160 290 240 363

12 18 7 120 23 8 160 280 250 336

13 32 14 190 31 13 190 380 360 317

14 27 9 190 - 15 - - 360 -

15 33 11 230 21 6 160 390 310 377

16 26 10 170 28 9 200 370 310 358

17 26 13 140 21 6 160 300 280 321

18 25 9 170 28 12 170 340 300 340

19 22 7 160 33 14 200 360 300 360

20 25 9 170 26 11 160 330 290 341

21 32 15 180 24 8 170 350 300 350

22 18 7 120 24 10 150 270 230 352

23 24 11 140 16 5 120 260 240 325

24 20 6 150 28 13 160 310 270 344

25 33 15 190 18 3 160 350 290 362

26 25 9 170 27 12 160 330 310 319

Mean combined strip width (in meters) when flying at 300 feet agl = 342.3

Standard error of mean combined strip width as a percentage of the mean 1.8


72

Appendix 2. Survey flight summary

Date Time take off

Time land

Flight time (hours)

Duty

06-Oct-13 15:57 16:32 0.58 Calibration

07-Oct-13 6:47 8:33 1.77 Strata Chizvirizwi Chitsa & Chizvirizwi Sengwa

07-Oct-13 15:15 17:19 2.07 Strata Mutandawe & Mahenye

08-Oct-13 6:42 9:45 3.05 Stratum Chikwedziwa

08-Oct-13 15:04 17:17 2.22 Stratum Chilojo A

09-Oct-13 6:38 9:58 3.33 Stratum Chipinda Pools part 1

09-Oct-13 15:01 17:24 2.38 Stratum Chipinda Pools part 2

10-Oct-13 6:36 9:46 3.17 Stratum Chilojo B

10-Oct-13 15:03 16:25 1.37 Stratum Naivasha CA

11-Oct-13 6:37 10:05 3.47 Stratum Naivasha part 1

11-Oct-13 14:58 17:25 2.45 Strata Naivasha part 2 & Chefu part 1

12-Oct-13 6:19 10:16 3.95 Strata Chefu part 2 & Mabalauta part 1

12-Oct-13 14:11 17:31 3.33 Stratum Mabalauta part 2

15-Oct-13 7:18 11:04 3.77 Strata Gonakudzingwa, Malapati CA & Sengwe 2 part 1. Land at Mabalauta

15-Oct-13 15:28 17:40 2.20 Stratum Sengwe 2 part 2 & Sengwe 1 part 1

16-Oct-13 6:34 9:37 3.05 Stratum Sengwe 1 part 2. Land at Chipinda Pools

Total 42.15


73

Appendix 3. Transect start and end points, and lengths

Degrees and decimal minutes; datum WGS84

Chipinda Pools Number of transects : 38 Transect Bearing : 0.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.962 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.092 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.897 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.092 Length : 5.44 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.297 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.959 Finish Lat : S 21 : 13.052 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.959 Length : 7.86 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.822 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.827 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.445 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.827 Length : 12.26 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.824 Start Lon : E 31 : 55.694 Finish Lat : S 21 : 10.706 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.694 Length : 16.88 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 10.286 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.561 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.287 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.561 Length : 18.52 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.458 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.429 Finish Lat : S 21 : 9.865 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.429 Length : 19.62 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 9.445 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.296 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.971 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.296 Length : 21.34 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.207 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.163 Finish Lat : S 21 : 9.024 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.163 Length : 24.41 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.604 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.030 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.014 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.030 Length : 26.69 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.743 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.898 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.183 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.898 Length : 28.81 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.762 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.765 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.757 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.765 Length : 31.47 km

Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.906 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.632 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.408 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.632 Length : 34.26 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.183 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.500 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.190 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.500 Length : 35.20 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.720 Start Lon : E 32 : 4.367 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.957 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.367 Length : 36.60 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 6.731 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.234 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.633 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.234 Length : 36.85 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.648 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.102 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.506 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.102 Length : 33.60 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.476 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.969 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.330 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.969 Length : 31.21 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.206 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.836 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.552 Finish Lon : E 32 : 7.836 Length : 28.99 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.988 Start Lon : E 32 : 8.704 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.172 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.704 Length : 28.12 km Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.223 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.571 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.736 Finish Lon : E 32 : 9.571 Length : 28.68 km Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.465 Start Lon : E 32 : 10.438 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.883 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.438 Length : 26.70 km Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.139 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.306 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.195 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.306


74

Length : 25.82 km Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.868 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.173 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.626 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.173 Length : 25.48 km Transect # : 24 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.473 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.040 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.511 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.040 Length : 24.00 km Transect # : 25 Start Lat : S 21 : 6.334 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.908 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.928 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.908 Length : 25.17 km Transect # : 26 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.533 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.775 Finish Lat : S 21 : 5.975 Finish Lon : E 32 : 14.775 Length : 25.11 km Transect # : 27 Start Lat : S 21 : 5.935 Start Lon : E 32 : 15.642 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.531 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.642 Length : 23.33 km Transect # : 28 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.456 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.509 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.494 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.509 Length : 20.30 km Transect # : 29 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.169 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.377 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.758 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.377 Length : 14.05 km Transect # : 30A Start Lat : S 21 : 19.317 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.244 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.730 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.244 Length : 12.20 km Transect # : 30B

Start Lat : S 21 : 12.729 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.244 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.128 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.244 Length : 1.11 km Transect # : 31 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.718 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.111 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.586 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.111 Length : 10.87 km Transect # : 32 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.431 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.979 Finish Lat : S 21 : 14.651 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.979 Length : 8.85 km Transect # : 33 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.012 Start Lon : E 32 : 20.846 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.296 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.846 Length : 7.93 km Transect # : 34 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.468 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.713 Finish Lat : S 21 : 15.260 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.713 Length : 7.79 km Transect # : 35 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.847 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.581 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.951 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.581 Length : 5.75 km Transect # : 36 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.834 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.448 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.592 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.448 Length : 4.15 km Transect # : 37 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.397 Start Lon : E 32 : 24.315 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.755 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.315 Length : 2.51 km Transect # : 38 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.897 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.182 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.226 Finish Lon : E 32 : 25.182 Length : 1.24 km

Chilojo A Number of transects : 17 Transect Bearing : 45.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.832 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.686 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.578 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.740 Length : 7.19 km Transect # : 2A Start Lat : S 21 : 23.794 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.518 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.744 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.572 Length : 0.13 km Transect # : 2B Start Lat : S 21 : 23.673 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.648 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.775 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.902 Length : 12.83 km

Transect # : 3A Start Lat : S 21 : 19.581 Start Lon : E 31 : 55.267 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.752 Finish Lon : E 31 : 48.646 Length : 16.16 km Transect # : 3B Start Lat : S 21 : 28.264 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.952 Finish Lat : S 21 : 28.271 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.944 Length : 0.02 km Transect # : 3C Start Lat : S 21 : 28.609 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.581 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.104 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.051 Length : 1.29 km


75

Transect # : 3D Start Lat : S 21 : 29.123 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.029 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.192 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.956 Length : 0.18 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.396 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.893 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.995 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.052 Length : 27.24 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.381 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.866 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.934 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.545 Length : 27.64 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.560 Start Lon : E 31 : 47.175 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.575 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.888 Length : 26.15 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.213 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.433 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.386 Finish Lon : E 31 : 48.591 Length : 24.02 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.340 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.869 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.924 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.898 Length : 22.04 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.536 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.470 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.707 Finish Lon : E 31 : 50.704 Length : 21.40 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.007 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.611 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.083 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.112 Length : 20.75 km

Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.626 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.759 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.185 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.650 Length : 19.80 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.102 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.967 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.180 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.393 Length : 18.13 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.896 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.855 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.003 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.302 Length : 16.00 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.441 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.062 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.612 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.316 Length : 15.27 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.023 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.103 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.727 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.984 Length : 14.94 km Transect # : 16A Start Lat : S 21 : 32.326 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.570 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.325 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.717 Length : 5.24 km Transect # : 16B Start Lat : S 21 : 29.385 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.725 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.876 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.344 Length : 3.95 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.193 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.161 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.360 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.981 Length : 0.44 km

Chilojo B Number of transects : 32 Transect Bearing : -46.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.795 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.733 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.463 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.476 Length : 1.78 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.064 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.892 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.942 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.646 Length : 2.99 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.395 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.898 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.664 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.308 Length : 3.38 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.265 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.724 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.325 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.569 Length : 5.17 km

Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.512 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.526 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.866 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.142 Length : 6.28 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.468 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.559 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.880 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.573 Length : 9.57 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.462 Start Lon : E 32 : 15.858 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.070 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.976 Length : 12.28 km


76

Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.671 Start Lon : E 32 : 20.394 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.858 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.047 Length : 12.83 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.614 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.636 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.273 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.811 Length : 12.42 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.874 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.229 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.978 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.789 Length : 13.05 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.454 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.067 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.476 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.646 Length : 13.39 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.078 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.063 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.135 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.573 Length : 13.18 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.735 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.988 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.679 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.481 Length : 13.18 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 27.281 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.898 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.191 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.244 Length : 13.57 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.733 Start Lon : E 32 : 10.595 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.882 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.315 Length : 13.73 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 28.484 Start Lon : E 32 : 15.733 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.478 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.171 Length : 13.35 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.138 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.654 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.085 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.150 Length : 13.19 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.687 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.567 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.156 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.422 Length : 14.75 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.281 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.311 Finish Lat : S 21 : 28.909 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.451 Length : 12.35 km Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.659 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.034 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.502 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.305 Length : 13.76 km Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.336 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.981

Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.492 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.820 Length : 16.41 km Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 21 : 32.093 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.237 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.159 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.644 Length : 15.82 km Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.712 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.008 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.695 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.654 Length : 15.95 km Transect # : 24 Start Lat : S 21 : 33.296 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.072 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.382 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.390 Length : 18.43 km Transect # : 25 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.757 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.556 Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.898 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.489 Length : 19.04 km Transect # : 26 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.500 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.906 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.496 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.126 Length : 18.67 km Transect # : 27 Start Lat : S 21 : 28.786 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.308 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.101 Finish Lon : E 32 : 9.324 Length : 16.84 km Transect # : 28 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.703 Start Lon : E 32 : 8.741 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.467 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.814 Length : 16.62 km Transect # : 29 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.072 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.235 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.304 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.158 Length : 16.62 km Transect # : 30 Start Lat : S 21 : 36.906 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.576 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.231 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.271 Length : 15.13 km Transect # : 31A Start Lat : S 21 : 32.085 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.970 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.549 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.818 Length : 9.23 km Transect # : 31B Start Lat : S 21 : 36.010 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.330 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.271 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.620 Length : 0.70 km Transect # : 31C Start Lat : S 21 : 36.311 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.664 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.571 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.953 Length : 0.70 km Transect # : 32 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.446 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.342 Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.857 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.687 Length : 1.57 km


77

Naivasha Number of transects : 27 Transect Bearing : -46.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.292 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.454 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.523 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.711 Length : 0.61 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.211 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.224 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.513 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.448 Length : 1.86 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.109 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.859 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.326 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.212 Length : 3.24 km Transect # : 4A Start Lat : S 21 : 37.584 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.919 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.560 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.668 Length : 5.40 km Transect # : 4B Start Lat : S 21 : 32.214 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.947 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.822 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.399 Length : 3.71 km Transect # : 5A Start Lat : S 21 : 31.322 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.703 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.220 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.926 Length : 7.73 km Transect # : 5B Start Lat : S 21 : 34.450 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.181 Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.185 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.335 Length : 9.96 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 38.785 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.750 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.103 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.319 Length : 17.81 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.484 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.379 Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.386 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.166 Length : 21.06 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 39.986 Start Lon : E 32 : 4.581 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.993 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.580 Length : 23.97 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.216 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.576 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.586 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.996 Length : 24.98 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.186 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.412 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.298 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.416 Length : 26.36 km

Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.493 Start Lon : E 31 : 50.268 Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.787 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.827 Length : 30.11 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 42.387 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.242 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.327 Finish Lon : E 31 : 48.831 Length : 32.15 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.462 Start Lon : E 31 : 47.729 Finish Lat : S 21 : 42.987 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.658 Length : 33.39 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.588 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.073 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.668 Finish Lon : E 31 : 46.706 Length : 34.44 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.897 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.708 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.188 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.488 Length : 35.43 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.788 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.904 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.232 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.829 Length : 36.14 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.898 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.317 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.388 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.319 Length : 35.96 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 45.989 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.735 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.568 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.810 Length : 35.78 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 33.236 Start Lon : E 31 : 43.301 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.589 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.150 Length : 35.60 km Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.189 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.565 Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.892 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.778 Length : 35.45 km Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.548 Start Lon : E 31 : 42.255 Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.790 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.981 Length : 35.30 km Transect # : 22A Start Lat : S 21 : 48.390 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.396 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.360 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.027 Length : 8.08 km


78

Transect # : 22B Start Lat : S 21 : 44.246 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.788 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.180 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.715 Length : 0.17 km Transect # : 22C Start Lat : S 21 : 40.878 Start Lon : E 31 : 48.042 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.207 Finish Lon : E 31 : 41.736 Length : 15.12 km Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.870 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.221 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.605 Finish Lon : E 31 : 46.486 Length : 12.62 km Transect # : 24 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.623 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.254 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.548 Finish Lon : E 31 : 40.722 Length : 10.86 km


Chefu Number of transects : 14 Transect Bearing : 42.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.326 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.583 Finish Lat : S 21 : 48.203 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.229 Length : 37.68 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.246 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.202 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.016 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.898 Length : 36.81 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 22 : 0.606 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.309 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.179 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.281 Length : 35.95 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.711 Start Lon : E 31 : 52.749 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.197 Finish Lon : E 31 : 38.720 Length : 36.10 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 57.787 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.131 Finish Lat : S 21 : 43.896 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.584 Length : 34.61 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 42.882 Start Lon : E 31 : 50.612 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.377 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.543 Length : 33.63 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.968 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.954 Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.898 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.612 Length : 32.57 km

Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.074 Start Lon : E 31 : 48.455 Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.558 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.365 Length : 31.11 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.148 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.777 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.553 Finish Lon : E 31 : 47.006 Length : 28.89 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.675 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.934 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.738 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.189 Length : 25.07 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.326 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.602 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.936 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.727 Length : 20.91 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.656 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.045 Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.916 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.014 Length : 18.09 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.505 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.426 Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.983 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.742 Length : 16.25 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 38.535 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.191 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.094 Finish Lon : E 31 : 32.839 Length : 16.35 km


79

Mabalauta Number of transects : 29 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km Transect # : 1A Start Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Start Lon : E 31 : 18.584 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.204 Length : 4.51 km Transect # : 1B Start Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.694 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Finish Lon : E 31 : 24.100 Length : 2.42 km Transect # : 1C Start Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Start Lon : E 31 : 30.522 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.389 Finish Lon : E 31 : 32.544 Length : 3.48 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 45.199 Start Lon : E 31 : 32.882 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.199 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.554 Length : 22.93 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.009 Start Lon : E 31 : 19.780 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.009 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.219 Length : 23.12 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.819 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.557 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.819 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.509 Length : 24.17 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.629 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.011 Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.629 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.894 Length : 23.89 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 48.439 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.232 Finish Lat : S 21 : 48.439 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.354 Length : 23.88 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.249 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.630 Finish Lat : S 21 : 49.249 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.569 Length : 23.98 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.059 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.906 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.059 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.624 Length : 24.58 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.869 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.423 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.869 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.243 Length : 25.50 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 51.679 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.580 Finish Lat : S 21 : 51.679 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.419 Length : 26.09 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.489 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.240

Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.489 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.919 Length : 25.26 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 53.299 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.257 Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.299 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.445 Length : 25.49 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.109 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.646 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.109 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.595 Length : 25.72 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.919 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.934 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.919 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.856 Length : 25.94 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 55.729 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.078 Finish Lat : S 21 : 55.729 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.272 Length : 26.14 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 56.539 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.610 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.539 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.293 Length : 26.36 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 57.349 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.498 Finish Lat : S 21 : 57.349 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.948 Length : 26.58 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 58.159 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.287 Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.159 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.704 Length : 26.81 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 58.969 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.911 Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.969 Finish Lon : E 31 : 38.625 Length : 27.04 km Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 59.779 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.963 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.779 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.111 Length : 27.28 km Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 22 : 0.589 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.340 Finish Lat : S 22 : 0.589 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.302 Length : 27.46 km Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 22 : 1.399 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.640 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.399 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.572 Length : 27.65 km Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 22 : 2.209 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.802 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.209 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.978 Length : 27.83 km


80

Transect # : 24A Start Lat : S 22 : 3.019 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.890 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.019 Finish Lon : E 31 : 26.713 Length : 22.67 km Transect # : 24B Start Lat : S 22 : 3.019 Start Lon : E 31 : 25.137 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.019 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.956 Length : 2.03 km Transect # : 25 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.829 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.551 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.829 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.702 Length : 19.19 km Transect # : 26 Start Lat : S 22 : 4.639 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.514 Finish Lat : S 22 : 4.639 Finish Lon : E 31 : 26.390 Length : 15.70 km


Mahenye Number of transects : 11 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 5.909 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.783 Finish Lat : S 21 : 5.909 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.432 Length : 2.33 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.259 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.474 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.259 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.944 Length : 11.18 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.609 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.049 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.609 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.863 Length : 8.96 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 9.959 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.162 Finish Lat : S 21 : 9.959 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.877 Length : 11.60 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.309 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.737 Finish Lat : S 21 : 11.309 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.425 Length : 10.91 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 12.659 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.272 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.659 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.295 Length : 10.41 km

Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 14.009 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.554 Finish Lat : S 21 : 14.009 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.475 Length : 10.51 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.359 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.953 Finish Lat : S 21 : 15.359 Finish Lon : E 32 : 26.141 Length : 7.24 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 16.709 Start Lon : E 32 : 27.248 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.709 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.589 Length : 6.32 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.059 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.008 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.059 Finish Lon : E 32 : 28.159 Length : 5.44 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.409 Start Lon : E 32 : 28.778 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.409 Finish Lon : E 32 : 28.095 Length : 1.18 km

Mutandawe Number of transects : 5 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km


81

Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 20 : 59.824 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.418 Finish Lat : S 20 : 59.824 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.580 Length : 17.58 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 1.174 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.893 Finish Lat : S 21 : 1.174 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.478 Length : 19.78 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 2.524 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.413

Finish Lat : S 21 : 2.524 Finish Lon : E 32 : 26.453 Length : 26.02 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 3.874 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.529 Finish Lat : S 21 : 3.874 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.690 Length : 23.94 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 5.224 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.162 Finish Lat : S 21 : 5.224 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.255 Length : 17.46 km

Chizvirizwi Sengwa Number of transects : 12 Transect Bearing : 70.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 20 : 55.097 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.435 Finish Lat : S 20 : 55.006 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.703 Length : 0.49 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 20 : 55.503 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.468 Finish Lat : S 20 : 56.374 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.906 Length : 4.72 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 20 : 57.650 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.378 Finish Lat : S 20 : 56.232 Finish Lon : E 32 : 7.547 Length : 7.68 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 20 : 57.051 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.364 Finish Lat : S 20 : 58.926 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.849 Length : 10.15 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 0.203 Start Lon : E 32 : 4.320 Finish Lat : S 20 : 58.527 Finish Lon : E 32 : 9.249 Length : 9.08 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 20 : 59.904 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.424 Finish Lat : S 21 : 1.479 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.791 Length : 8.53 km

Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 2.756 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.262 Finish Lat : S 21 : 0.823 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.945 Length : 10.46 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 1.982 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.761 Finish Lat : S 21 : 4.032 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.733 Length : 11.10 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 5.309 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.205 Finish Lat : S 21 : 3.538 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.412 Length : 9.59 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 4.396 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.112 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.587 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.670 Length : 11.86 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.876 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.104 Finish Lat : S 21 : 5.465 Finish Lon : E 32 : 14.195 Length : 13.06 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.100 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.611 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.848 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.470 Length : 9.47 km

Chizvirizwi Chitsa Number of transects : 7 Transect Bearing : -19.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 6.916 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.324 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.667 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.233 Length : 0.49 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 4.696 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.034

Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.832 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.559 Length : 8.10 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.204 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.855 Finish Lat : S 21 : 2.724 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.836 Length : 10.73 km


82

Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 0.753 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.638 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.575 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.152 Length : 13.36 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.174 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.532 Finish Lat : S 20 : 56.318 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.531 Length : 21.26 km


Chikwedziwa Number of transects : 23 Transect Bearing : -45.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 10.661 Start Lon : E 31 : 50.571 Finish Lat : S 21 : 11.548 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.523 Length : 2.32 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.694 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.776 Finish Lat : S 21 : 10.795 Finish Lon : E 31 : 48.668 Length : 7.59 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.457 Start Lon : E 31 : 47.331 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.467 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.702 Length : 13.12 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.775 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.129 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.152 Finish Lon : E 31 : 46.029 Length : 17.34 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 12.416 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.266 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.878 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.265 Length : 19.54 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.987 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.408 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.605 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.421 Length : 21.95 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.549 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.387 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.182 Finish Lon : E 31 : 50.641 Length : 22.61 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.314 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.808 Finish Lat : S 21 : 13.303 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.076 Length : 26.22 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.418 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.152 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.575 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.114 Length : 29.22 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.938 Start Lon : E 31 : 48.528

Finish Lat : S 21 : 14.541 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.309 Length : 29.85 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.606 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.405 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.960 Finish Lon : E 31 : 47.577 Length : 29.73 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 27.907 Start Lon : E 31 : 46.546 Finish Lat : S 21 : 17.043 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.898 Length : 28.45 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.658 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.583 Finish Lat : S 21 : 28.690 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.338 Length : 26.27 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.192 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.902 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.805 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.766 Length : 27.20 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.709 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.760 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.272 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.013 Length : 25.05 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.651 Start Lon : E 31 : 42.372 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.365 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.489 Length : 21.70 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.221 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.432 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.054 Finish Lon : E 31 : 40.757 Length : 17.89 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 32.441 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.125 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.823 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.103 Length : 14.71 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 28.929 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.314 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.817 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.482 Length : 10.18 km


83



Naivasha CA Number of transects : 10 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.635 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.517 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.635 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.436 Length : 3.59 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 32.985 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.682 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.985 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.493 Length : 11.74 km Transect # : 3A Start Lat : S 21 : 34.335 Start Lon : E 31 : 42.425 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.335 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.811 Length : 20.01 km Transect # : 3B Start Lat : S 21 : 34.335 Start Lon : E 31 : 30.218 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.335 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.728 Length : 0.84 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.685 Start Lon : E 31 : 29.433 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.685 Finish Lon : E 31 : 41.361 Length : 20.56 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 37.035 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.362 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.035 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.481 Length : 18.75 km

Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 38.385 Start Lon : E 31 : 30.043 Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.385 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.345 Length : 16.03 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 39.735 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.806 Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.735 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.607 Length : 12.40 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.085 Start Lon : E 31 : 31.170 Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.085 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.238 Length : 8.73 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 42.435 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.656 Finish Lat : S 21 : 42.435 Finish Lon : E 31 : 31.733 Length : 5.04 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.785 Start Lon : E 31 : 32.294 Finish Lat : S 21 : 43.785 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.073 Length : 1.34 km

Gonakudzingwa Number of transects : 8 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.956 Start Lon : E 31 : 29.465 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.956 Finish Lon : E 31 : 25.777 Length : 6.35 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 36.305 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.155 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.305 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.406 Length : 5.60 km

Transect # : 3A Start Lat : S 21 : 37.656 Start Lon : E 31 : 29.737 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.656 Finish Lon : E 31 : 25.690 Length : 6.97 km Transect # : 3B Start Lat : S 21 : 37.656 Start Lon : E 31 : 24.872 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.656 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.647 Length : 5.56 km


84


Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.056 Start Lon : E 31 : 31.991 Finish Lat : S 21 : 43.056 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.051 Length : 22.29 km Transect # : 8A Start Lat : S 21 : 44.405 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.236 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.405 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.625 Length : 2.39 km Transect # : 8B Start Lat : S 21 : 44.405 Start Lon : E 31 : 24.146 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.405 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.225 Length : 10.47 km

Malapati CA Number of transects : 19 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.907 Start Lon : E 31 : 18.475 Finish Lat : S 21 : 43.907 Finish Lon : E 31 : 15.382 Length : 5.32 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 21 : 45.257 Start Lon : E 31 : 14.604 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.257 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.572 Length : 8.55 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.607 Start Lon : E 31 : 19.525 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.607 Finish Lon : E 31 : 13.818 Length : 9.82 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.957 Start Lon : E 31 : 13.042 Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.957 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.150 Length : 12.23 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.307 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.600 Finish Lat : S 21 : 49.307 Finish Lon : E 31 : 12.268 Length : 14.34 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.657 Start Lon : E 31 : 11.493 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.657 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.445 Length : 15.40 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.007 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.354 Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.007 Finish Lon : E 31 : 10.717 Length : 16.58 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 53.357 Start Lon : E 31 : 16.750 Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.357 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.459 Length : 8.10 km Transect # : 9A Start Lat : S 21 : 54.707 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.799 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.707 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.499

Length : 3.96 km Transect # : 9B Start Lat : S 21 : 54.707 Start Lon : E 31 : 18.855 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.707 Finish Lon : E 31 : 18.559 Length : 0.51 km Transect # : 10A Start Lat : S 21 : 56.057 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.539 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.057 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.232 Length : 1.19 km Transect # : 10B Start Lat : S 21 : 56.057 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.234 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.057 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.168 Length : 1.61 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 57.407 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.513 Finish Lat : S 21 : 57.407 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.682 Length : 1.43 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 58.757 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.728 Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.757 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.857 Length : 1.94 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 22 : 0.107 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.201 Finish Lat : S 22 : 0.107 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.780 Length : 2.45 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 22 : 1.457 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.982 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.457 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.588 Length : 2.76 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 22 : 2.807 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.922 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.807 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.189 Length : 4.70 km


85

Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 22 : 4.157 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.694 Finish Lat : S 22 : 4.157 Finish Lon : E 31 : 25.331 Length : 6.26 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 22 : 5.507 Start Lon : E 31 : 25.292 Finish Lat : S 22 : 5.507 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.222 Length : 7.00 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 22 : 6.857 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.973 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.857 Finish Lon : E 31 : 24.771

Length : 4.82 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 22 : 8.207 Start Lon : E 31 : 24.352 Finish Lat : S 22 : 8.207 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.080 Length : 2.19 km

Sengwe 1 Number of transects : 17 Transect Bearing : 42.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1A Start Lat : S 22 : 7.285 Start Lon : E 30 : 56.875 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.292 Finish Lon : E 30 : 57.838 Length : 2.47 km Transect # : 1B Start Lat : S 21 : 54.464 Start Lon : E 31 : 9.310 Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.217 Finish Lon : E 31 : 11.489 Length : 5.60 km Transect # : 2A Start Lat : S 21 : 52.531 Start Lon : E 31 : 13.142 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.410 Finish Lon : E 31 : 6.469 Length : 17.14 km Transect # : 2B Start Lat : S 22 : 4.891 Start Lon : E 31 : 1.153 Finish Lat : S 22 : 9.533 Finish Lon : E 30 : 56.651 Length : 11.57 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 22 : 9.915 Start Lon : E 30 : 58.237 Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.965 Finish Lon : E 31 : 14.678 Length : 42.24 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 53.226 Start Lon : E 31 : 16.381 Finish Lat : S 22 : 11.301 Finish Lon : E 30 : 58.850 Length : 45.04 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 22 : 11.605 Start Lon : E 31 : 0.512 Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.832 Finish Lon : E 31 : 17.751 Length : 44.29 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.699 Start Lon : E 31 : 18.867 Finish Lat : S 22 : 13.713 Finish Lon : E 31 : 0.424 Length : 47.38 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 22 : 15.221 Start Lon : E 31 : 0.919 Finish Lat : S 21 : 55.473 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.073 Length : 49.21 km

Transect # : 8A Start Lat : S 21 : 56.194 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.330 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.347 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.182 Length : 0.38 km Transect # : 8B Start Lat : S 21 : 56.449 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.083 Finish Lat : S 22 : 16.113 Finish Lon : E 31 : 2.010 Length : 49.00 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 22 : 17.085 Start Lon : E 31 : 3.024 Finish Lat : S 21 : 57.897 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.635 Length : 47.81 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 59.477 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.060 Finish Lat : S 22 : 17.593 Finish Lon : E 31 : 4.488 Length : 45.14 km Transect # : 11A Start Lat : S 22 : 18.600 Start Lon : E 31 : 5.469 Finish Lat : S 22 : 11.502 Finish Lon : E 31 : 12.353 Length : 17.69 km Transect # : 11B Start Lat : S 22 : 9.147 Start Lon : E 31 : 14.637 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.344 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.236 Length : 16.95 km Transect # : 11C Start Lat : S 22 : 1.725 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.836 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.543 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.013 Length : 0.45 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 22 : 12.578 Start Lon : E 31 : 13.266 Finish Lat : S 22 : 19.510 Finish Lon : E 31 : 6.542 Length : 17.28 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 22 : 20.081 Start Lon : E 31 : 7.946 Finish Lat : S 22 : 14.437 Finish Lon : E 31 : 13.420 Length : 14.06 km


86



Sengwe 2 Number of transects : 11 Transect Bearing : 42.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km Transect # : 1 Start Lat : S 22 : 2.905 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.269 Finish Lat : S 22 : 25.430 Finish Lon : E 31 : 18.402 Length : 56.13 km Transect # : 2 Start Lat : S 22 : 24.416 Start Lon : E 31 : 17.428 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.995 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.253 Length : 50.89 km Transect # : 3 Start Lat : S 22 : 5.127 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.195 Finish Lat : S 22 : 23.108 Finish Lon : E 31 : 16.739 Length : 44.81 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 22 : 20.879 Start Lon : E 31 : 16.944 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.259 Finish Lon : E 31 : 31.138 Length : 36.43 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 22 : 7.390 Start Lon : E 31 : 28.081 Finish Lat : S 22 : 19.398 Finish Lon : E 31 : 16.424 Length : 29.92 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 22 : 19.511 Start Lon : E 31 : 14.355 Finish Lat : S 22 : 7.714 Finish Lon : E 31 : 25.808 Length : 29.40 km Transect # : 7A Start Lat : S 22 : 5.208 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.281 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.727 Finish Lon : E 31 : 24.807 Length : 3.78 km

Transect # : 7B Start Lat : S 22 : 8.304 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.276 Finish Lat : S 22 : 17.912 Finish Lon : E 31 : 13.948 Length : 23.94 km Transect # : 8A Start Lat : S 22 : 16.052 Start Lon : E 31 : 13.796 Finish Lat : S 22 : 7.457 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.140 Length : 21.42 km Transect # : 8B Start Lat : S 22 : 4.169 Start Lon : E 31 : 25.332 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.707 Finish Lon : E 31 : 26.752 Length : 3.64 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 22 : 6.196 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.406 Finish Lat : S 22 : 14.401 Finish Lon : E 31 : 13.440 Length : 20.45 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 22 : 12.572 Start Lon : E 31 : 13.257 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.012 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.625 Length : 16.35 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 22 : 9.154 Start Lon : E 31 : 14.616 Finish Lat : S 22 : 11.489 Finish Lon : E 31 : 12.350 Length : 5.82 km


87

Appendix 4. Transect summaries of sightings

Species codes:

Code Species

Bab Baboon

Bbk Bushbuck

Buff Buffalo

Catt Cattle

Croc Crocodile

Dkr Common or Bush Duiker

Donk Donkey

ElC1 Elephant carcass, age category 1




Eld Eland

EleF Elephant cow

EleM Elephant bull

Gbk Grysbok

Grf Giraffe

Hb Honey badger

Hipo Hippopotamus

Imp Impala

Klip Klipspringer

Kudu Kudu

Lion Lion

Nyl Nyala

Ost Ostrich

PC Poachers’ camp

Pig Pig domestic

Roan Roan antelope

Sab Sable antelope

Sbk Steenbok

Shoa Sheep and/or goats

UnCa Unknown carcass

Water Pan containing water

Wbk Waterbuck

Wbst Wildebeest

Whog Warthog

Zeb Zebra

Other abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning

n number of transects sampled

N possible number of transects in stratum

t Student’s t value, P = 0.05

T # transect number

- no animals were seen in search strips


88

The following tables list, for each stratum, the number of individuals of each species that were seen inside the search strips on each transect.

Date of Survey : 09/10/13 Stratum Name : Chitsa S

Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou Base Line Length : 18.2 km

Stratum Area : 91 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 342 m

N : 54 n : 12 t : 2.201

Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table :

T # ElC4 Imp Cat Eld Shoa Donk

7 0 0 23 0 42 0

8 0 0 26 0 0 7

9 0 0 111 0 3 0

10 1 0 51 0 55 0

11 0 0 63 0 3 0

12 0 0 67 0 19 5

13 0 1 15 0 40 0

14 0 0 18 0 18 0

15 0 0 21 1 12 0

16 0 0 81 0 15 0

17 0 0 0 0 27 1

18 0 0 46 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

ElC4 Imp Cat Eld Shoa Donk

1 1 522 1 234 13


89

Date of Survey : 09/10/13 Stratum Name : Chipinda Pools



N : 174 n : 38 t : 2.026



T # EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Hb Grf Lion Bbk

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0

2 2 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 0 0 0 2 1 64 12 0 0 0 0 15 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

6 3 15 0 2 0 9 39 23 0 0 0 0 12 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

7 0 13 0 0 0 14 29 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 1 0 20 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 45 0 2 0 0 0 0

9 0 6 0 1 0 5 63 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 15 3 0 9 0 2 67 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 6 25 0 0 1 11 49 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0

12 2 2 0 4 0 8 38 10 0 0 1 0 33 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

13 5 8 1 5 5 10 25 26 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 5 46 1 4 33 18 67 18 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 6 28 1 2 3 10 59 18 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2

16 4 26 0 5 1 1 28 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 1 14 1 2 0 5 22 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 2 9 0 0 0 0 57 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19 3 0 1 4 0 3 47 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 1 23 2 2 59 0 67 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 7 16 1 1 80 5 54 31 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0

22 1 9 1 5 20 0 37 32 0 3 0 2 5 4 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

23 2 30 1 0 8 18 69 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0

24 5 0 0 5 0 8 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25 0 28 0 0 2 0 18 3 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0

26 0 18 0 3 20 0 3 12 2 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0


90


T # EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Hb Grf Lion Bbk

27 0 0 0 0 30 8 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

28 6 6 1 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 0 8 0 0 45 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

30 1 11 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 0 45 0 2 4 2 65 0 0 2 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

32 0 71 0 0 0 6 70 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 3 13 1 2 0 0 37 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0

34 1 54 1 1 0 0 70 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

35 2 48 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

37 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Hb Grf Lion Bbk

90 575 15 59 333 148 1296 334 28 26 3 3 147 16 74 3 61 2 31 4 2


91

Date of Survey : 08/10/13 Stratum Name : Chilojo A



N : 74 n : 17 t : 2.12



T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC3 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Sbk Sab Wbst Nyl Wbk Hipo Grf Klip

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 28 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 12 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

6 7 34 0 0 4 0 2 2 0 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

7 6 46 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 7 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

10 2 76 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 20 8 0 0 0 16 0 1 0 0 0

11 7 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 1 34 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 0 0

13 1 21 1 0 1 0 0 6 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 21 0 0 1 2 0 8 20 0 0 0

15 1 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC3 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Sbk Sab Wbst Nyl Wbk Hipo Grf Klip

47 450 1 1 10 1 3 66 22 217 29 160 3 4 16 8 33 3 2 1


92

Date of Survey : 10/10/13 Stratum Name : Chilojo B



N : 134 n : 32 t : 2.04



T # EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Ost Grf Roan Bbk

1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 1 0 15 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

4 0 15 0 5 0 20 0 71 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 3 0 16 0 5 0 22 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

7 1 38 3 1 1 0 0 114 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

9 1 11 0 0 0 0 22 16 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 7 0 4 0 1 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

11 1 10 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 0 12 1 2 2 0 7 72 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 0 18 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 37 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 60 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

18 1 32 0 2 0 0 0 14 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 35 2 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 2 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0

22 0 26 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

23 0 3 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0

24 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 47 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

25 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 0 32 0 0 0 3 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


93


T # EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Ost Grf Roan Bbk

27 6 17 0 0 2 2 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 5 30 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

30 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 5 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Eld Sbk PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Croc Hipo Ost Grf Roan Bbk

37 373 5 25 6 96 67 690 66 26 2 1 70 28 6 2 9 3 12 2 1


94

Date of Survey : 11/10/13 Stratum Name : Naivasha



N : 120 n : 27 t : 2.056



T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Sbk Sab Wbst Nyl Grf

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 1 29 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 2 0 0 0

5 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 7

7 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

8 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 2 0 6 0 0 0

12 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 1

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0

16 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 12 0 0 0 0 1

17 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 25 0 5 0 0 0 2 0

18 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 4

19 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 11 7 0 0 11 0 8

20 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 1

21 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 1 0 0 0 0 2

23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 1 0 0 0 0


95


T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Sbk Sab Wbst Nyl Grf

25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 3 0 0 0 0 4

26 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Sbk Sab Wbst Nyl Grf

2 176 2 2 2 3 8 6 53 101 68 7 8 11 2 36


96

Date of Survey : 11-12/10/2013 Stratum Name : Chefu



N : 102 n : 14 t : 2.16



T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Gbk Kudu Cat Eld Sbk Wbst Water Grf

1 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 5 0 1 12 0 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 34 0 16 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 5 5 1 4 0 0 77 1 12 0 0 4 0 0 3

5 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 6 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

7 0 31 0 1 6 0 1 2 5 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

8 1 39 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 5 63 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

10 1 43 0 0 0 2 0 36 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 1 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 20 1 8 1 1

12 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Gbk Kudu Cat Eld Sbk Wbst Water Grf

9 186 2 8 16 8 17 51 21 240 1 30 12 20 9 8 2 10


97

Date of Survey : 12/10/13 Stratum Name : Mabalauta NP



N : 126 n : 29 t : 2.048



T # EleM EleF ElC1 ElC2 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk Shoa PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Water Croc Grf

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

3 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0

4 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0

5 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 10 13 0 0 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7

7 8 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 3 0 0 1 3 0 147 15 0 8 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 2

10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 0 14 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0

12 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0

15 2 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0

16 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 35 11 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

17 2 21 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 5 34 0 0 3 0 0 15 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

19 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

22 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 80 0 17 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

23 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0


98


T # EleM EleF ElC1 ElC2 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk Shoa PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Water Croc Grf

25 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

27 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 30 0 8 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM EleF ElC1 ElC2 ElC4 Whog Dkr Buff Zeb Imp Kudu Cat Eld Sbk Shoa PC Wbst Nyl Wbk Water Croc Grf

72 187 1 2 18 10 1 436 64 137 40 44 3 2 19 3 69 6 7 1 2 12


99

Date of Survey : 12/10/13 Stratum Name : Malapati



N : 91 n : 22 t : 2.08



T # ElC4 Whog Imp Kudu Cat PC Nyl Wbk Bbk

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

16 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 2

17 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

18 0 0 9 3 0 0 1 0 0

19 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

22 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

23 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

ElC4 Whog Imp Kudu Cat PC Nyl Wbk Bbk

6 2 16 5 65 1 12 11 3


100

Date of Survey : 07/10/13 Stratum Name : Mahenye



N : 75 n : 11 t : 2.228



T # EleF Cat Shoa Donk

1 0 40 22 2

2 0 6 13 0

3 0 50 8 0

4 12 0 0 0

5 0 4 0 0

6 5 16 0 0

7 0 18 10 0

8 0 51 27 0

9 0 58 45 0

10 0 20 0 0

11 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleF Cat Shoa Donk

17 263 125 2

Date of Survey : 07/10/13 Stratum Name : Mutandawe



N : 38 n : 5 t : 2.776



T # Cat Shoa Donk

1 105 207 17

2 182 104 12

3 161 67 18

4 319 110 2

5 176 95 5

Sighting Totals

Cat Shoa Donk

943 583 54


101

Date of Survey : 07/10/13 Stratum Name : Chizvirizwi Sengwa



N : 84 n : 12 t : 2.201



T # Cat Shoa Donk Hipo

1 0 0 0 2

2 4 30 0 0

3 83 80 2 0

4 42 212 5 0

5 84 43 0 0

6 29 148 0 0

7 91 112 5 0

8 25 47 0 0

9 55 51 0 0

10 34 121 0 0

11 38 53 5 0

12 20 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

Cat Shoa Donk Hipo

505 897 17 2

Date of Survey : 07/10/13 Stratum Name : Chizvirizwi Chitsa



N : 46 n : 7 t : 2.447



T # ElC3 Cat Shoa Donk

1 0 0 0 0

2 1 85 22 0

3 0 54 25 3

4 0 164 45 4

5 0 122 61 24

6 0 148 106 1

7 0 278 194 9

Sighting Totals

ElC3 Cat Shoa Donk

1 851 453 41


102

Date of Survey : 08/10/13 Stratum Name : Chikwedziwa



N : 161 n : 23 t : 2.074



T # Dkr Cat Shoa Donk UnCa Pig

1 0 0 82 0 0 0

2 0 38 64 12 0 0

3 0 209 99 0 0 0

4 0 73 112 4 0 0

5 0 156 301 10 0 0

6 0 160 169 8 0 0

7 0 186 158 3 0 0

8 0 196 204 19 0 0

9 0 244 220 6 0 1

10 0 172 157 12 0 0

11 0 86 160 11 0 0

12 0 129 139 24 0 2

13 0 107 222 2 0 0

14 0 47 145 2 0 0

15 0 47 66 2 1 1

16 0 87 78 6 0 0

17 1 63 140 2 0 0

18 1 65 137 2 0 0

19 0 4 75 0 0 0

20 0 43 0 0 0 0

21 0 18 0 3 0 0

22 0 26 11 0 0 0

23 0 37 8 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

Dkr Cat Shoa Donk UnCa Pig

2 2193 2747 128 1 4


103

Date of Survey : 10/10/13 Stratum Name : Naivasha CA



N : 72 n : 10 t : 2.262



T # Dkr Cat Sbk Sab

1 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0

3 0 18 0 0

4 2 0 0 0

5 1 0 1 0

6 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 1 0

8 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 1

10 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

Dkr Cat Sbk Sab

4 18 2 1

Date of Survey : 15/10/13 Stratum Name : Gonakudzingwa



N : 56 n : 8 t : 2.365



T # ElC4 Cat Shoa Donk

1 0 80 58 0

2 0 0 0 0

3 0 33 47 0

4 0 38 0 0

5 0 91 13 0

6 0 44 12 3

7 0 81 27 0

8 1 0 0 0

Sighting Totals

ElC4 Cat Shoa Donk

1 367 157 3


104

Date of Survey : 15/10/13 Stratum Name : Malapati CA



N : 133 n : 19 t : 2.101



T # Cat Shoa Donk

1 14 0 0

2 37 50 8

3 80 115 14

4 48 30 8

5 136 25 9

6 9 5 0

7 32 79 9

8 18 53 8

9 22 43 0

10 0 51 0

11 27 15 0

12 0 0 0

13 0 0 0

14 0 0 0

15 0 0 0

16 5 119 13

17 100 63 2

18 14 68 0

19 29 25 0

Sighting Totals

Cat Shoa Donk

571 741 71


105

Date of Survey : 15-16/10/2013 Stratum Name : Sengwe 1



N : 80 n : 17 t : 2.12



T # Dkr Imp Bab Cat Sbk Shoa Donk Pig

1 0 0 0 1 1 6 0 0

2 0 0 0 36 0 15 19 0

3 0 0 0 41 0 22 9 0

4 0 1 0 88 0 207 16 0

5 0 0 10 141 0 180 11 0

6 0 0 0 72 0 172 3 0

7 0 0 0 160 0 152 14 0

8 0 0 0 98 0 18 4 0

9 1 0 0 52 0 90 5 0

10 0 2 0 115 0 108 9 0

11 0 0 0 69 0 179 15 1

12 0 0 0 31 0 48 3 0

13 0 0 0 106 0 112 4 0

14 0 0 0 40 0 3 4 0

15 0 0 0 64 0 46 0 0

16 0 0 0 8 0 12 1 0

17 0 0 0 51 0 18 0 0

Sighting Totals

Dkr Imp Bab Cat Sbk Shoa Donk Pig

1 3 10 1173 1 1388 117 1


106

Date of Survey : 15/10/13 Stratum Name : Sengwe 2

Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou Base Line Length : 45 km


N : 120 n : 11 t : 2.228



T # EleM ElC3 ElC4 Imp Cat Shoa Donk

1 0 0 1 0 111 12 3

2 0 1 1 0 70 12 12

3 5 0 0 0 57 144 5

4 0 0 1 0 35 190 13

5 0 0 0 0 141 170 2

6 0 0 0 0 139 269 9

7 0 0 0 0 103 152 12

8 0 0 0 45 49 102 3

9 0 0 0 0 60 186 4

10 0 0 0 0 90 208 11

11 0 0 0 0 10 0 0

Sighting Totals

EleM ElC3 ElC4 Imp Cat Shoa Donk

5 1 3 45 865 1445 74


107

Appendix 5. Comparison of observers

Introduction

The numbers of groups and animals counted by the two observers were compared to determine if the observers appeared to be similarly efficient.

Methods

For each of the commoner species, the total numbers of groups and of individual animals counted by each observer in all transects were determined. For each observer and each species, the numbers of groups and individual animals that the observer was expected to see (if the observers were equally efficient and the animals similarly distributed on the two sides of the aircraft) were calculated as follows.

Expected Number = Total Number x Observer’s Strip Width

Total Strip Width for both Observers

where:

Expected Number = the number of groups/animals of a given species that an observer was expected to count if the two observers saw similar numbers;

Total Number = the total number of groups/animals of a given species actually counted by both observers;

Observer’s Strip Width = the width (in metres) of the search strip of one observer when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet above ground level; and

Total Strip Width for both Observers = the calibrated combined strip width (in metres) for both observers when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet above ground level (Appendix 1).

For each species, the observed and expected numbers of groups/animals were compared using a chi-square one-sample statistical test with 1 degree of freedom (Siegel 1956). No test was conducted for a species if either expected number was <5.

Results

The right observer saw more groups of buffalo, herds of sheep and goats, and ‘groups’ of elephant carcasses category 4 than the left observer, who saw more ‘groups’ of elephant carcasses category 3 (Table A5.1). For all other species, the two observers saw approximately similar numbers of groups. The right observer saw more individual animals of buffalo, cattle, elephants in cow herds, sheep and goats, and waterbuck than the left observer. The left observer saw more individual animals of eland, giraffe and donkey than the right observer.

Conclusion

The two observers appear to have been approximately equally efficient at detecting groups of animals. However, for some species there do appear to have been differences between the observers in their ability to count or estimate the number of animals in a group, once a group was detected. However, from the data collected during the survey, there is no way of telling which observer provided the most accurate figures. The observer who saw most


108

animals may have overestimated numbers, or the observer who saw least animals may have underestimated numbers.

The survey observers during 2013 were the same as for the 2009 survey. During 2009, the right observer saw more individual animals for almost all species, than the left observer. But during 2013, the left observer saw more individuals of several species than the right observer. Also, there were several species for which the observers did not differ.

Overall, it appears that the abilities of the two observers were more similar during 2013 than during 2009.

Reference

Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo. 312 pp.


109

Table A5.1. Comparison of numbers of groups and individuals seen by the left and right observers

The strip width when flying at 300 feet above ground level was 170 m for the left observer and 172 m for the right observer. No chi-square test was conducted if any expected number was <5. P indicates the probability of the observed numbers if there was no difference in the efficiency of the two

observers. ns = not significant.

Species Observed Number of

Groups

Expected Number of

Groups

Observed Number of individuals

Expected Number of individuals

Chi-square (groups)

P Chi-square (individuals)

P

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right

Buffalo 31 51 41 41 460 528 491 497 4.9 0.027 3.9 0.049

Carcass elephant 2 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4

Carcass elephant 3 10 3 6 7 10 3 6 7 5.0 0.026 5.0 0.026

Carcass elephant 4 29 48 38 39 29 48 38 39 4.2 0.040 4.2 0.040

Cattle 462 478 467 473 3794 4786 4265 4315 0.1 ns 103.4 0.000

Donkey 103 89 95 97 288 232 258 262 1.3 ns 6.9 0.009

Duiker 17 20 18 19 20 22 21 21 0.1 ns 0.1 ns

Eland 10 6 8 8 65 11 38 38 1.0 ns 38.4 0.000

Elephant bull 75 78 76 77 116 146 130 132 0.0 ns 3.0 ns

Elephant cow 108 122 114 116 793 1171 976 988 0.6 ns 68.2 0.000

Giraffe 23 15 19 19 61 42 51 52 1.7 ns 3.9 0.049

Impala 175 155 164 166 1358 1388 1365 1381 1.5 ns 0.1 ns

Kudu 72 86 79 79 271 301 284 288 1.2 ns 1.2 ns

Nyala 8 14 11 11 28 44 36 36 1.6 ns 3.6 ns

Sheep/goat 368 428 396 400 3565 5224 4369 4420 3.9 0.047 294.2 0.000

Steenbok 13 14 13 14 13 16 14 15 0.0 ns 0.1 ns

Warthog 24 25 24 25 49 59 54 54 0.0 ns 0.9 ns

Waterbuck 11 21 16 16 25 106 65 66 3.1 ns 48.9 0.000

Wildebeest 18 16 17 17 173 148 160 161 0.1 ns 2.1 ns

Zebra 43 46 44 45 177 198 186 189 0.0 ns 0.9 ns


110

Appendix 6. Maintenance of flying height

The intended height for flying the survey was 300 feet agl. The mean height flown was 308 feet agl (SD = 38.7 feet, n = 3468 observations).

Variation in height is influenced by both the undulating nature of the terrain in the survey area, and by the pilot’s ability to maintain the given flying height.

Fig. A6.1. Distribution of flying height above ground level


111

Appendix 7. Releases of large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013

Table A7.1. Groups of large herbivores released in Gonarezhou NP during 2012 and 2013

Group No.

Date Source a Release area Number

arrived alive

Number died in transit

Total number received

Number died after arrival

Number released

Age classification

Male Female Male Female Ad M Ad F Subad

M Subad

F Juv

Wildebeest

1 13-Aug-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 25 0 0 25 0 0 25

6 16-Aug-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 21 0 1 22 0 2 19 3 12 2 4 0


9 25-Aug-13 Sango Marakeet 23 0 1 24 0 0 23 2 8 3 6 4


12 12-Aug-13 Sango Chionja 28 1 0 29 0 0 28

13 20-Aug-13 Sango Runde South 33 1 0 34 0 0 33 10 16 4 3 0


33 25-Aug-13 Sango Mabalauta (Nyamugwe) 32 0 0 32 0 0 32






Totals

399

390


112

Group No.


arrived alive




Number released

Age classification


M Subad

F Juv

Eland


3 17-Aug-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 23 0 2 25 0 0 23 1 15 7 1


19 27-Aug-13 Sango Marakeet 3 0 0 3 0 0 3



Totals 100 96

Giraffe

21 31-Aug-13 Sango Gulugi 7 0 0 7 0 0 7

25 02-Oct-13 Sango Runde South 7 0 0 7 0 0 7




Totals 35 34

Impala





24 31-Aug-13 Sango Gulugi 59 0 0 59 0 0 59

30 07-Oct-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 55 0 0 55 0 0 55 12 22 5 6 10

31 08-Oct-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 23 0 0 23 0 0 23


Totals

377

376


113

Group No.


arrived alive




Number released

Age classification


M Subad

F Juv

Zebra

4 16-Aug-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 17 0 0 17 0 0 17 6 7 2 0 2


16 26-Aug-13 Sango Runde South 16 0 0 16 0 0 16



32 08-Oct-13 Sango Masasanya Dam 5 0 0 5 0 0 5



Totals

99

97

Buffalo

2012 Malilangwe Chipinda airstrip 100

2013 Malilangwe Chipinda airstrip 100

Totals 200

a Sango Ranch in Save Valley Conservancy; Malilangwe Estate on northern border of Gonarezhou NP

aerial survey of elephants and other large herbivores in ... · the elephant mortality rate during...

Documents