AEROSIL® for Water-based Coatings Technical Information 1125

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1

2

3

4

5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.4.1

5.4.2

5.5

6

7

Introduction

AEROSIL® Grades for Water-based Coatings

Application of AEROSIL® in Water-based Coatings

Dispersion of AEROSIL®

Application Testing of AEROSIL® in Water-based Coatings

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Primers

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Fillers

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Base Coats

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Clear Coats

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Stoving Coatings

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Two-component Clear Coats

AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Top Coats

Notes for Practical Application

Physico-chemical Data of AEROSIL®

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4

4

5

6

6

8

9

10

12

14

14

16

18

Table of contents

Page

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1 Introduction

Ecological concerns are playing an increasingly important role in the coatings industry. Growing awareness of the environ-ment and the legislation resulting from environmental con-cerns are the reasons behind the recent sharp increase in the use of water-based coatings. The development of environmen-tally friendly coatings has for many years been among the most important tasks of the coatings industry. With its various products, Evonik Industries, as a supplier of raw materials for the coatings industry, makes a major contri-bution to this development. AEROSIL® has been successfully used for decades as an additive in the coatings industry. Excel-lent results have been attained with AEROSIL®, both in conven-tional and in environmentally-friendly paint systems.

What is gained by the use of AEROSIL®?

Which AEROSIL® is suitable for water-based coatings?

AEROSIL® is an ultra-fine, amorphous silica produced by flame hydrolysis. By adjusting the production conditions it is possible to obtain a number of product grades that differ in their specific surface area. All untreated synthetic silicas are hydrophilic because of the silanol groups on the particles‘ surfaces. When these groups are replaced with organic groups, hydrophobic products are obtained. In this Technical Bulletin, numerous figures illustrate the effectiveness of AEROSIL® in various watersoluble coating systems. The following questions are answered with the help of numerous examples:

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AEROSIL® 200

AEROSIL® 300

AEROSIL® COK 84

AEROSIL® R 816

hydrophobichydrophilic

AEROSIL® R 972 AEROSIL® R 805 AEROSIL® R 812

AEROSIL® R 974 AEROSIL® R 812 S

3 Application of AEROSIL® in Water-based Coatings

• rheology • suspension behavior • dispersibility of pigments • pigment stabilization • adhesion • abrasion resistance • corrosion protection • water resistance

2 AEROSIL® – Grades for Water-based Coatings

AEROSIL® is neither a hazardous substance under current European chemical legislation, nor a dangerous good under international transport regulations.

On the basis of intensive research and application testing, the following hydrophilic and hydrophobic AEROSIL® grades are recommended for use in water-based coatings:

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Table 1 Incorporation of AEROSIL® into a two component clear coat

Millbase wt.%

Acrylate-Dispersion, 44 % in water 16.75

Water 1.65

Defoamer 1.23

AEROSIL® 200 0.60

Letdown media

Acrylate-Dispersion, 44 % in water 52.87

Water 3.72

Defoamer 0.23

Curing agent

Isocyanate, hydrophilic / Isocyanate, hydrophobic 1 : 1 (80 % in MPA) 22.95

Total 100.00

4 Dispersion of AEROSIL®

Coating formulators can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic AEROSIL® without difficulty into water-based coatings by using the appropriate dispersion equipment (e. g. a bead or ball mill). The degree of dispersion is a crucial deter-minant of the efficiency of AEROSIL®. For AEROSIL® to work as effectively as possible, good dispersion is essential. In pigmented systems, AEROSIL® should be dispersed along with the pigments. If AEROSIL® is used in clear coatings, dispersion by the masterbatch process is recommended. For example, an AEROSIL® concentration of 4 – 8 % (relative to the solid binder) has proven satisfactory for dispersion in a bead mill; this allows efficient processing and an optimal degree of dispersion. The masterbatch can then be let down to the final concentration desired (see Table 1).

A dissolver dispersion is adequate only in exceptional cases, for example, in application areas of dispersion paints and zinc dust paints.

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5 Application testing of AEROSIL® in Water-based Coatings

As a multifunctional additive, AEROSIL® can be used in all layers of a coating structure due to its versatile product capabilities:

• Primers• Fillers• Base Coats• Clear Coats• Top Coats

Extensive testing has shown that adding 0.5 – 1.0 % AEROSIL®, relative to the total coating formulation, is appropriate. These concentrations should be regarded as reference values only, and must be amended if required. The following examples illustrate how AEROSIL® can be used in various water-based coating systems.

5.1 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble PrimersFor water-soluble primers, Evonik recommends using hydro-phobic AEROSIL® on account of its good corrosion protection properties.

Figure 1 shows, with AEROSIL® R 812 S as an example, how hydrophobic AEROSIL® improves corrosion protection proper-ties. The salt spray test was carried out on an alkyd/acrylate resin-based primer.

In addition to increasing corrosion protection, AEROSIL® significantly improves rheological properties, as is proved by viscosity measurements and practice-centered tests of flow behavior in a primer based on an oil-free, saturated polyester/melamine resin. How AEROSIL® concentration affects rheo-logical behavior is exemplified by AEROSIL® R 812 S, which shows the most pronounced action in this coating system.

AEROSIL® R 812 S

Original

Figure 1Improvement in the anti-corrosion eff ect by adding 1 % AEROSIL® R 812 S. Primer based on alkyd-/acrylate resin

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Table 2 shows the increase in viscosity and the simultaneous increase in shear thinning as a result of using AEROSIL®.

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

Adh

esio

n in

N/c

m2

R 972 R 805 R 812 S R 816 withoutAEROSIL®

AEROSIL® Grade

Table 2 Positive influence of AEROSIL® on the rheological characteristics. Primer based on an oil-free, saturated polyester/melamine resin

AEROSIL® related to total formulation [%]

Viscosity [mPa•s] Shearrate Max. attainable wetfilm thickness [µm]3 rpm 30 rpm

AEROSIL® R 972 0.6 1100 568 1.9 150

AEROSIL® R 805 0.6 1620 681 2.4 175

AEROSIL® R 812 0.6 2200 892 2.5 200

AEROSIL® R 812 S 0.9 3385 1091 3.1 300

AEROSIL® R 816 0.6 1560 695 2.2 150

without AEROSIL® – 671 411 1.6 125

The adhesion affects the resistance of a coating to mechanical stress and weather. The use of AEROSIL® considerably improves the adhesion of primers on steel. This is particularly evident from torsion shear tests with a Twist-O-Meter.

Figure 2 shows, for example, that for a primer based on a styrene acrylate dispersion, the adhesion with 0.4 % AEROSIL® R 972 is approximately 20 % higher than for the corresponding primer without added AEROSIL®. The specifically heavy pigments and fillers used particularly in primers are kept in suspension by AEROSIL®. This prevents excessive separation and the formation of hard sediments. It is also shown that AEROSIL® significantly reduces the ten-dency to sag on vertical surfaces. For a simple assessment of the flow behavior, the maximum attainable wet film thickness was determined using a multi-noch applicator (75 – 300 μm).

Figure 2 Increase in the adhesion on steel by an addition of 0.4 % AEROSIL®. Primer based on styrene-acrylate dispersion.

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5.2 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Fillers Fillers based on water-soluble binders such as acrylate and PUR dispersions are already well established in many areas of application. Melamine resins or isocyanates are used as cross-linking components, depending on the field of application. Table 3 shows that using AEROSIL® in stoving fillers improves resistance to sag on vertical surfaces. The sag behavior was tested with multi-noch applicator (75 – 300 μm) after adjusting the coating to a spray viscosity of 30 s DIN 4 mm.

Hydrophobic AEROSIL® shows marked rheological action, even in water-soluble fillers based on acrylate dispersions. The use of AEROSIL®, particularly AEROSIL®R 812 S, enables the coat-ing to develop a structure in a state of rest, thus preventing sag. The viscosity measurements in Figure 4 were carried out with a Physica MC 20 rheometer. Shear stress steps provide infor-mation on the rheological behavior of the coatings during and after application. The initially high value set for the shear stress (τ = 50 Pa) simulates the application phase, while the very low value (τ = 1 Pa) set subsequently shows the extent to which the coatings form a structure after application, and therefore the degree of sag resistance to be expected.

The increased structural viscosity and resulting improvement in sag behavior of AEROSIL® containing coatings is confirmed in Figure 3 with the help of rheological measurements. AEROSIL® R 812 S in particular shows a strong thickening effect in the low-shear region. As the shear increases the struc-ture breaks down; that is, the viscosity drops. This rheological behavior results in good applicability and high sag resistance. In the formulation of two-component fillers based on PUR dispersions/ isocyanates, hydrophilic or mildly hydrophobic AEROSIL® can sometimes, depending on the binder used, show more favorable pot-life behavior than hydrophobic AEROSIL®, and may therefore be a suitable alternative.

0

1

2

4

3

Visc

osity

[Pa

� s]

50 Pa 1 Pa

0 100 200 300 400 500Time in s

0.8 % AEROSIL 200® 0.8 % AEROSIL R 812 S® without AEROSIL®

Max. wet-film thickness

AEROSIL® 200 100 µm

AEROSIL® R 816 100 µm

AEROSIL® R 972 100 µm

AEROSIL® R 805 100 µm

AEROSIL® R 812 S 125 µm

without AEROSIL® 75 µm

Table 3 Increase in the max. wet-film thickness by 0.8 % AEROSIL® at spray viscosity. Stoving filler based on PUR-dispersion/melamine resin.

0

1

2

3

Visc

osity

[Pa

� s]

0 50 100 150

Shear Rate [1/s]

0.8 % AEROSIL 200® 0.8 % AEROSIL R 812 S® without AEROSIL®

Figure 3 Stoving enamel filler based on PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 4 Two component filler based on acrylate-dispersion/isocyanate

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Figure 6 shows the effect of 0.5 % AEROSIL® on the rheologi-cal properties of a base coat. An additional criterion for assess-ing the quality of a coating structure is the intercoat adhesion. For example, good adhesion between base coat and clear coat must be guaranteed.

150

170

190

210

230

250

Wet

-film

thic

knes

s in

mµwithout

AEROSIL®AEROSIL® Grade

200 R 805R 972 R 812 S R 816

Figure 6 Increase of the maximum possible wet-film thickness using a multi-noch applicator 75 – 300 μm Base coat: PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 7 Increase of the adhesion between the base coat and the claer coat Base coat: PUR-dispersion/melamine resin Clear coat: Acrylat-Dispersion/melamine resin

The use of pigments and fillers of high specific weight frequently rules out the need for antisettling agents. If AEROSIL® is preferred as an antisettling agent, the standard grades AEROSIL® 200 and AEROSIL® R 972 are generally adequate. The extent to which hydrophilic or hydrophobic AEROSIL® effectively prevents separation or sedimentation must be determined by preliminary trials.

5.3 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Base Coats In base coats, the components of a coating structure that impart color, the coloristic properties are of decisive impor-tance. Good dispersion of pigments and subsequent pigment stabilization are prerequisites for optimal coloristic properties. AEROSIL® improves the rheological properties of the mate-rial to be ground, which in turn improves the dispersibility of the pigments. In pigmented systems, higher pigment stability is attained as a result of the „enveloping“ effect of AEROSIL®. The action of AEROSIL® as a spacer prevents reagglomeration and flocculation of the pigments. The problem of sagging or cavity formation may occur in base coats, which necessitates the use of a rheological additive.

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3250

Adh

esio

n in

N/c

m(in

term

edia

te a

dhes

ion)

2

A�� ����� �rade

AEROSIL in base coat® AEROSIL in clear coat®

withoutAEROSIL®

200 R 805R 972 R 812 S R 816

Figure 7 shows that addition of even as little as 0.5 % AEROSIL® in the base coat or clear coat leads to significant improvement of the intercoat adhesion. The base coat was cov-ered with a clear coat based on acrylate dispersion / melamine resin (see 5.4, AEROSIL® in water-soluble clear coats).

Figure 5 Settlement after 8 weeks storage at room temperature Left: without AEROSIL®, Right: 0.8 % AEROSIL® R 972 filler based on PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

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5.4 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Clear Coats In clear coats AEROSIL® is used mainly as a rheological additive. In addition, as described in Section 5.3, AEROSIL® improves the mechanical properties such as the intercoat adhesion. For rheological control of clear coats, addition of 0.5 – 1.0 % AEROSIL® relative to the total coating formulation is adequate. Only in exceptional cases, such as for improve-ment of abrasion resistance, is a significant increase of AEROSIL® concentration necessary. Thorough dispersion is essential, particularly in the case of very high added amounts. Numerous studies testify to the effectiveness of AEROSIL® in controlling the flow properties of water-soluble clear coatings with particular reference to sag behavior. It has been shown in Sections 5.1 – 5.3 that in pigmented systems it is often advanta-geous to use hydrophobic AEROSIL® as opposed to hydrophilic products. In clear coatings, on the other hand, hydrophilic or mildly hydrophobic AEROSIL® controls rheology more effectively.

The following two coating systems illustrate that for an other-wise identical formulation, pigment addition alone can be the crucial factor determining whether hydrophilic or hydro-phobic AEROSIL® possesses the greater rheological action. In the unpigmented coatings the hydrophilic AEROSIL® 200 has significantly greater rheological action than the highly hydro-phobic AEROSIL® R 812 S. Simply by incorporating a pigment/filler mixture into an otherwise identical formulation, the result changes to the extent that the hydrophobic AEROSIL® is then more effective. For example this reversal can be detected in a two component coating based on acrylate/isocyanate or in a stoving coating based on PUR-dispersion/ melamine resin (see Figure 8 – 11).

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Figure 8 PUR-dispersion/melamine resin without pigments/fillers Figure 10 Acrylate-dispersion/isocyanate without pigments/fillers

Figure 9 PUR-dispersion/melamine resin with pigments/fillers Figure 11 Acrylate-dispersion/isocyanate with pigments/fillers

0

1

2

4

3

Visc

osity

[Pa

s]�with pigments/fillers

50 Pa 1 Pa

0 100 200 300 400 500Time in s

AEROSIL 200® AEROSIL R 812 S®

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Visc

osity

[Pa

s]�

without pigments/fillers

50 Pa 1 Pa

0 100 200 300 400 500Time in s

AEROSIL 200® AEROSIL R 812 S®

0

1

2

3

Visc

osity

[Pa

s]�

0 50 100 150Shear Rate [1/s]

AEROSIL 200® AEROSIL R 812 S®

0

1

2

3

Visc

osity

[Pa

s]�

with pigments/fillers

0 50 100 150Shear Rate [1/s]

AEROSIL 200® AEROSIL R 812 S®

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5.4.1 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Stoving Coatings The following rheological tests were performed in a clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/melamine resin. Figures 12 and 13 show the increase of the maximum attainable wet-film thickness by the use of 0.5 % AEROSIL®. The test was performed using a multi-noch applicator (75 – 300 μm).

Shear stress crack tests were carried out also on these clear coat, corresponding to the viscosity measurements described in Section 5.2. Figure 14 shows the variation in viscosity for a load of τ = 67 Pa and after the load had been abruptly reduced to τ = 6 Pa. Viscosity recovery was measured via this step function.

100

150

200

250

Wet

-film

thic

knes

s in

mµ

withoutAEROSIL®

AEROSIL® Grade

200 R 805R 972 R 812 S R 816

Visc

osity

[mPa

� s]

0

200

0

400

800

1000

600

50 150 250 350 450Time in s

AEROSIL R 816® without AEROSIL®

Figure 12 Increase of the maximum attainable wet-film thickness by the addition of 0,5 % AEROSIL®. Clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 13 Reformation of the viscosity when using 0.5 % AEROSIL® R 816. Clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 14 Determination of the maximum attainable wet-film thickness using a multi-noch applicator Left: without AEROSIL®, Right: with 0.5 % AEROSIL® R 816 Clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/melamine resin

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The results of the rheological measurements are confirmed in Figure 15 with the help of a practice-centered spray applica-tion. The use of 0.5 % AEROSIL® R 816 results in significantly higher sag resistance. When rheological additives are used in clear coatings, it must be ensured that gloss and transparency are not adversely affected. Table 4 shows that, with adequate dispersion, AEROSIL® has no negative impact on the optical properties of clear coatings. For critical testing of the optical properties (gloss and transpar-ency) the clear coating was applied on jet-black base coats. In individual cases, the use of AEROSIL® can lead to a certain deterioration (blooming) in the gloss and transparency of clear coatings. The deterioration in the optical properties can be almost completely eliminated by the use of a suitable wetting agent. This applies even for critical (jetblack) undercoats.

Table 4 Optical properties when using 0.5 % AEROSIL®

PUR-Dispersion/Melamine Resin Acrylat-Dispersion/Melamine Resin20° Reflectometer Value Black Value MY 20° Reflectometer Value Black Value MY

AEROSIL® 200 87 274 91 286

AEROSIL® R 972 87 276 92 286

AEROSIL® R 805 86 276 91 286

AEROSIL® R 812 S 86 274 92 287

AEROSIL® R 816 87 275 91 289

without AEROSIL® 88 275 91 287

Figure 15 Increase in the sag stability during spray application. Left: without AEROSIL®, Right: with 0.5 % AEROSIL® R 816 Clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/melamine resin

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0

500

1000

2000

2500

1500

Visc

osity

[mPa

� s]

0 100 200 300 400 500Time in s

1.0 % AEROSIL 200®

0.6 % AEROSIL 200®

0.8 % AEROSIL 200®

without AEROSIL®

200 Pa 20 Pa

5.4.2 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Two-component Clear Coats In a two-component clear coating for the car refinishing sector, the optimal quantities of AEROSIL® in respect of rheological properties were deter-mined. The amounts of AEROSIL® added were 0.6 %, 0.8 % and 1.0 % relative to the total formulation. As expected, the thixotropic effect increased with the amount of AEROSIL® added (see Figure 16).

20° Reflectometer Value

60° Reflectometer Value

AEROSIL® 200 74 88

AEROSIL® R 972 74 88

AEROSIL® R 805 73 88

AEROSIL® R 812 S 74 88

AEROSIL® R 816 74 88

without AEROSIL® 75 87

20° Reflectometer Value

60° Reflectometer Value

AEROSIL® COK 84 92 97

AEROSIL® 200 91 95

AEROSIL® R 816 91 96

without AEROSIL® 92 96

5.5 AEROSIL® in Water-soluble Top Coats The use of rheological additives in top coats requires that these have no adverse effect on the gloss. Table 5 and 6 show that, if adequately dispersed, AEROSIL® has no adverse effects on gloss behavior. The choice of the following AEROSIL® grades for the respective coating systems was made specifically after taking the rheological action into consideration.

In two-component coatings, pot life is an important criterion; the rheological additive should therefore not negatively impact the processability. The use of AEROSIL® ensures favorable pot-life behavior.

Figure 16 Two-component clear coat based on acrylate dispersion/isocyanate

Table 5 Gloss behavior with a content of 0.8 % AEROSIL®. White top coat based on PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

Table 6 Gloss behavior with a content of 0.5 % AEROSIL®. Black top coat based on alkyd/melamine resin

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Figure 17 Increase of the maximum attainable wet-film thickness by the addition of 0.8 % AEROSIL®. White top coat based on a PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 18 Influence of 0.8 % AEROSIL® on the rheological properties White top coat based on PUR-dispersion/melamine resin

Figure 19 Influence of 0.8 % AEROSIL® on the rheological properties Black top coat based on alkyd/melamine resin

0 0.0

500

1000

1500

1.5

2000 3.0

2500

Visc

osity

[mPa

� s] Shear Rate

3/30 rpm

withoutAEROSIL®

AEROSIL® Grade

Viscosity at 3 pmr

200 R 805R 972 R 812 S R 816

Shear Rate

0 0.0

300

600

900

1.0

1.5

2.5

0.5

1200 2.0

1500

Visc

osity

[mPa

� s]

withoutAEROSIL®

AEROSIL® Grade

Viscosity at 3 pmr

200 COK 84 R 816

Shear Rate

75

125

175

225

Wet

-film

thic

knes

s in

mµ

withoutAEROSIL®

AEROSIL® Grade

200 R 805R 972 R 812 S R 816

The outstanding action of AEROSIL® as a rheological additive is demonstrated with the use of various test methods in Figures 17, 18 and 19.

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6 Notes for Practical Application

For improvement of the rheological properties of pigmented coating systems, it is preferable to use AEROSIL® R 805 or AEROSIL® R 812 S, and, where applicable, AEROSIL® R 816. For clear coatings AEROSIL® 200 and AEROSIL® R 816 are preferred.

AEROSIL® 300 shows greater efficiency of rheological action as compared with AEROSIL® 200, but requires higher dispersion energy.

AEROSIL® R 972 is the most easily dispersible of the products, and is therefore preferred for improving pig-ment dispersibility or for increasing pigment stability, and in some cases also for controlling rheology.

To improve water resistance and corrosion protection, hydrophobic AEROSIL® should preferably be used (e. g. in primers).

If a simple antisettling agent is required, the use of AEROSIL® R 972 or AEROSIL® 200 is recommended, depending on the coating system.

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* Narrower pH possible, depending on region.1 ISO 9277, modified2 ISO 787-11, modified3 ISO 787-2, modified4 ISO 787-9, modified5 ISO 3262-20, modified6 based on the ignited substance – according to ISO 3262-207 acc. to ISO 3262-208 ISO 3262-20, modified

AEROSIL® Test method 200 300 380 COK 84 R 972 R 974 R 805 R 812 R 812 S R 816

Behavior in thepresence of water hydrophilic hydrophobic

slightlyhydrophobic

Appearance fluffy white powder

BET surface area 1 m2/g 175 – 225 270 – 330 350 – 410 140 – 200 90 – 130 150 – 190 125 – 175 230 – 290 230 – 290 170 – 210

Tamped density 2

approx. value g/l 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60

Loss on drying 3 (2 h at 105 °C) at leaving plant site %

≤ 1.5

≤ 1.5

≤ 2.0

≤ 1.5

≤ 0.5

≤ 0.5

≤ 0.5

≤ 0.5

≤ 0.5

≤ 1.0

pH value 4 3.7 – 4.5 3.7 – 4.5 3.7 – 4.5 3.6 – 4.5 4.0 – 5.5* 3.8 – 5.0 3.5 – 5.5 5.5 – 8.0 5.5 – 9.0 4.0 – 5.5

C content 5 % – – – – 0.7 – 1.0 0.8 – 1.4 4.5 – 6.5 2.0 – 3.0 3.0 – 4.0 0.9 – 1.8

SiO2 6 % > 99.8 > 99.8 > 99.8 82 – 86 > 99.8 > 99.8 > 99.8 > 99.8 > 99.8 > 99.8

Al2O3 7 % ≤ 0.03 ≤ 0.03 ≤ 0.03 14 – 18 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050

Fe2O3 7 % ≤ 0.003 ≤ 0.003 ≤ 0.003 ≤ 0.100 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.010

TiO2 7 % ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.030

HCI 8 % ≤ 0.020 ≤ 0.020 ≤ 0.020 ≤ 0.100 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.025

7 Physico-chemical Data of AEROSIL®

The data represents typical values (no product specification).

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This information and any recommendations, techni-cal or otherwise, are presented in good faith and believed to be correct as of the date prepared. Recipients of this information and recommendations must make their own determination as to its suit-ability for their purposes. In no event shall Evonik assume liability for damages or losses of any kind or nature that result from the use of or reliance upon this information and recommendations. EVONIK EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (EVEN IF EVONIK IS AWARE OF SUCH PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY INFORMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PROVIDED. Reference to any trade names used by other companies is neither a recommendation nor an endorsement of the corresponding product, and does not imply that similar products could not be used. Evonik reserves the right to make any changes to the information and/or recommendations at any time, without prior or subsequent notice.

AEROSIL® is a registered trademark of Evonik Industries or its subsidiaries.

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Europe / Middle-East /Africa / Latin AmericaEvonik Resource Efficiency GmbHBusiness Line SilicaRodenbacher Chaussee 4 63457 HanauGermany phone +49 6181 59-12532 fax +49 6181 59-712532 ask-si@evonik.comwww.evonik.com

North America

Evonik CorporationBusiness Line Silica299 Jefferson RoadParsippany, NJ 07054-0677USA phone +1 800 233-8052 fax +1 973 929-8502ask-si-nafta@evonik.com

Asia Pacific

Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd.Business Line Silica3 International Business Park#07-18, Nordic European CentreSingapore 609927 phone +65 6809-6877 fax +65 6809-6677ask-si-asia@evonik.com

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