afaa pft anatomy and kinesiology
TRANSCRIPT
Ch 3 – January 20101
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Kinesiology
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Anatomical Position
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Sagittal Frontal Horizontal
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General Joint Action Terms
Flexion—characterized by the joint angle diminishing (most flexion movements are forwards, except for the knee joint)
Extension—return from flexion; joint angle increases Abduction—movement away from the midline of the
body Adduction—movement toward the midline of the body Rotation—movement around an axis Circumduction—movement in a 360° circle
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Shoulder (Gleno-humeral) Joint Actions
1. Shoulder Flexion2. Shoulder Extension3. Shoulder Abduction4. Shoulder Adduction5. Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (or Flexion)6. Shoulder Horizontal Abduction (or Extension)7. Shoulder Internal Rotation8. Shoulder External Rotation9. Shoulder Circumduction
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Shoulder Girdle (Scapular) Actions:
1. Scapular Elevation2. Scapular Depression3. Scapular Retraction
(Adduction)4. Scapular Protraction
(Abduct ion)5. Scapular Upward
Rotation6. Scapular Downward
Rotation7. Scapular Upward Tilt8. Scapular Reduction of
Upward Tilt
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A. Elevation B. Protraction Depression Retraction
C. Upward D. Upward Tilt Rotation Reduction Downward of Upward Rotation Tilt
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Elbow Joint: * Flexion * Extension
Radio-Ulnar Joint
* Supination
* Pronation
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The Spine
Flexion Extension Rotation Lateral Flexion
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Pelvis* Anterior pelvic tilt* Posterior pelvic tilt* Lateral pelvic tilt
Hip Joint1. Hip flexion2. Hip extension3. Hip abduction4. Hip adduction5. Hip horizontal adduction
(flexion)6. Hip horizontal abduction
(extension)7. Hip internal rotation8. Hip external rotation9. Hip circumduction
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Knee Joint* Flexion* Extension
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Ankle Joint
Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Eversion Inversion
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Six (6) Major Upper Body Muscle Groups:
1. Biceps—elbow flexion2. Triceps—elbow extension
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Biceps Brachii * elbow flexion
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Triceps Brachii * elbow extension
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Upper Body Muscle Groups, cont’d
3. Deltoids: shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction (anterior and medial portions)
4. Latissimus Dorsi: shoulder extension, shoulder adduction
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Deltoids(anterior and medial) * shoulder flexion * shoulder abduction
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Latissimus Dorsi * shoulder extension * shoulder adduction
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Upper Body Muscle Groups, cont’d
5. Pectoralis Major: shoulder horizontal adduction, shoulder flexion (clavicular), shoulder adduction and extension (sternal)
6. Mid-Trapezius, Rhomboids, and Posterior Deltoid: scapular retraction, shoulder horizontal abduction
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Pectoralis Major * shoulder horizontal adduction - clavicular portion: shoulder flexion - sternal portion: shoulder adduction and shoulder extension
Middle Trapezius and Rhomboids* Scapular retraction
Posterior Deltoid
Posterior Deltoid* shoulder horizontal abduction
Rhomboids
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Mid-Trapezius
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Other Upper Body Muscles:
Scapular protractors: Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Minor (also responsible for
scapular depression)
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Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Minor * scapular protraction * scapular protraction
* scapular depression
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Other Upper Body Muscles
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
* Subscapularis: shoulder internal rotation
* Infraspinatus and Teres Minor: shoulder external rotation
* Supraspinatus: shoulder abduction
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Infraspinatusshoulder external rotation
Teres Minorshoulder external rotation
Supraspinatusshoulder abduction
Subscapularisshoulder internal rotation25 Ch 3 – 5/2007
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Torso Muscles and Their Joint Actions
• Rectus Abdominis: spinal flexion
• External and Internal Obliques: spinal flexion with rotation
• Transverse Abdominis: abdominal compression, vigorous exhalation and expulsion
• Erector Spinae: spinal extension
• Quadratus Lumborum: spinal lateral flexion
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Rectus Abdominis * spinal flexion
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External Obliques / Internal Obliques* spinal flexion with rotation
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Transverse Abdominis * abdominal compression * vigorous exhalation and expulsion
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Erector Spinae * spinal extension
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Multifidus (multifidi)* spinal extension, spinal rotation, spinal lateral flexion
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Quadratus Lumborum * spinal lateral flexion
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Hip Joint Muscles and Their Primary Joint Actions
Iliopsoas and Rectus Femoris: hip flexion Gluteus Maximus and Hamstrings: hip extension Gluteus Medius: hip abduction Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Adductor
Brevis, Gracilis, Pectineus: hip adduction Gluteus Minimus: hip inward rotation Gluteus Maximus and the 6 Outward Rotators:
hip outward rotation
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Hip Flexors
Rectus Femoris * hip flexion
Iliopsoas * hip flexion
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Hip Extensors
Gluteus Maximus * hip extension
Hamstrings * hip extension
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Gluteus Medius * hip abduction
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Hip AdductorsAdductor Adductor Adductor
Magnus Longus Brevis Pectineus Gracilis
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Gluteus Minimus * hip inward rotation
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Hip Outward Rotators
Gluteus Maximus
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Knee Joint Muscles and Their Joint Actions
Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis): knee extension
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus): knee flexion
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Quadriceps * knee extension
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Hamstrings * knee flexion
1. Biceps Femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus
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Major Ankle Joint Muscles and Their Actions
Anterior Tibialis: ankle dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius and Soleus: ankle plantarflexion
Anterior Tibialis and Posterior Tibialis: ankle inversion
Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneus Tertius, Peroneus Longus, and Peroneus Brevis: ankle eversion
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Anterior Tibialis * ankle dorsiflexion
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AnklePlantarflexors
Gastrocnemius Soleus
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Ankle Invertors:Anterior Tibialis &Posterior Tibialis
Ankle Evertors
Extensor Digitorum Peroneus Peroneus Peroneus Longus Tertius Longus Brevis
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Ch 3 – January 201048
Connective Tissues
Ligament—a non-elastic band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and provides joint stability
Tendon—dense, fibrous tissue that forms the end of a muscle and attaches muscle to bone
Fascia—fibrous tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles, fasciculi, and muscle fibers
Cartilage—white, semi-opaque tissue that cushions joints and prevents wear on joint surfaces
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Roles Muscles Play
Agonist or Prime Mover—the muscle directly responsible for the movement that you see
Antagonist—the muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover
Assistor—the muscle that assists in performing a movement
Stabilizer—a muscle that maintains a static or isometric contraction and prevents unwanted movement
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Muscle Actions
Isometric—a held, static muscle action in which there is no change in the joint angle or muscle length.
Isotonic/Dynamic—joint movement occursTwo Types:* Concentric—shortening action* Eccentric—lengthening action
Opposing Muscle GroupsJoint Primary Movers Primary Movers
Elbow Biceps Triceps
Shoulder Pectoralis Major Posterior Deltoids
Shoulder Deltoids, Supraspinatus Latissimus Dorsi
Shoulder Subscapularis, Teres major Infraspinatus, Teres Minor
Scapulae Upper Trapezius Lower Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor
Scapulae Mid-Trapezius, Rhomboids
Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior
Spine Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae
Hip Iliopsoas, Rectus Femoris
Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings
Hip Gluteus Medius Hip Adductors
Knee Hamstrings Quadriceps
Ankle Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius, Soleus
Ankle Tibialis Anterior, Tibialis Posterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneals
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