affecting the rules for prosecution of rape

8/13/2019 Affecting the Rules for Prosecution of Rape

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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page 1(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

Hastings Women's Law JournalSummer, 1994

*171AFFET!"# THE $%LES F&$ THE P$&SE%T!&" &F $APE A" &THE$ #E"E$()ASE*!&LE"E )EF&$E THE !"TE$"AT!&"AL $!+!"AL T$!)%"AL F&$ THE F&$+E$ %#&SLA*!A-

A FE+!"!ST P$&P&SAL A" $!T!.%E

Jenni/er #reen$0ona o2elon

Patri3 otter)et0 Ste20ens F"a6

o2rig0t 8 1994 Hastings ollege o/ t0e Law Jenni/er #reen, $0ona o2elon,

Patri3 otter, )et0 Ste20ens

P$EFAE

W0at /ollows is a 2ro2osal su:mitte to t0e ;uges o/ t0e !nternational riminal Tri:unal /or t0e /ormerugosla!nternational Tri:unal> or >Tri:unal>? F"16 /or t0e 2ur2ose o/ in/luen3ing t0e rules ao2te :t0e Tri:unal /or t0e 2rose3ution o/ ra2e an ot0er se@ 3rimes Pre2are : /eminist 0uman rig0ts lawers ans30olars, it is :ase u2on e3aes o/ /eminist wor (( 2s30ologi3al, re0a:ilitati


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page B(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

signi/i3ant as a ste2 towar t0e esta:lis0ment o/ *173a33ounta:ilit /or 0uman rig0ts ? unertoo se


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page (Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

Arti3le 15 le/t to /uture Tri:unal mem:ers t0e e


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(( lea to t0e 2ro2er 3on


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2ersons a33use o/ serious


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page K(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

gener(:ase


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re3ogniCe t0at t0e are :oun : t0ese treaties' 2ro F"576an >will/ull 3ausing great su//ering or serious *187in;ur to :o or 0ealt0> F"5I6w0en 3ommitte against >2rote3te 2ersons> F"596 Signi/i3antl, t0e Se3uritoun3il 0as re2eatel re/erre to t0ese 2ro


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page I(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

e/ining ra2e an ot0er gener(s2e3i/i3 3rimes is a 3riti3al tas /or t0e Tri:unal )e3ause ra2e an ot0er gener(s2e3i/i3 3rimes 0a


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B For3e Prostitution

For3e Prostitution ma 3onsist o/ an o/ t0e /ollowing-

a Su:;e3ting a 2erson to re2eate a3ts o/ ra2e

*193: For3ing a 2erson to 3om2ort 0ersel/ or 0imsel/ in su30 a wa as to in3ause6 serious :oil an mental 0arm to t0emem:ers o/ t0e grou2> an >eli:eratel in/li3t on t0e grou2 3onitions o/ li/e 3al3ulate to :ring a:out its20si3al estru3tion in w0ole or in 2art> F"II6 T0e o t0is to women an t0roug0 women wit0 t0e intent toestro t0e grou2 +oreo/or3i:l trans/erring 30ilren to anot0er grou2> F"I96 For t0ese reasons, it isim2ortant t0at se@ 3rimes :e re3ogniCe as 2otential a3ts o/ geno3ie

) ons2ira3, !n3itement, Attem2ts, an om2li3it S0oul )e 0arge As#ener(S2e3i/i3 rimes

1 Pro2osal

T0ose w0o 0a


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ao2tion o/ a rule 3om2ara:le to t0at em:oie in t0e 0arter /or t0e !nternational +ilitar Tri:unal /or t0e Far East=t0e Too 0arter?, w0i30 e@tene t0e ;urisi3tion o/ t0e +ilitar Tri:unal to-

Leaers, organiCers, instigators an a33om2li3es 2arti3i2ating in t0e /ormulation or e@e3ution o/ a 3ommon 2lan or3ons2ira3 to 3ommit an o/ t0e /oregoing 3rimes are res2onsi:le /or all a3ts 2er/orme : an 2erson in e@e3utiono/ su30 2lan F"916

B ommentar

T0e enormit an nature o/ t0e etorture,6ra2e,> an >ot0er in0umane a3ts> F"96

T0e Tri:unal Statute also e@2li3itl relies u2on >international 0umanitarian law,> an international 3ustomar an3on


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3 A 3ommaner 0as a ut to o:tain in/ormation a:out w0at is 0a22ening uner 0is or 0er 3omman He or s0e>will not orinaril :e 2ermitte to en nowlege o/ re2orts re3ei F"996 !n sum, >06e 3annot ignore o:F"16

ommaning o//i3ers are res2onsi:le /or eu3ating t0eir /or3es a:out t0e laws o/ war F"116 T0e laws o/ t0e/ormer ugosla


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page 1B(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

t0en assess its weig0t

T0e /a3t t0at all 3ases will :e 0ear : ;uges maes it unne3essar to 2ro


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se@ 3rime 3ases ma 3ause traumatiCe witnesses

1 Pro2osals

a !n etermining w0et0er t0e 30arge se@ual 3onu3t is /or3e or 3oer3e, it is su//i3ient i/ t0e woman sas >no>or i/ t0e a3t=s? were 3ommitte uner 3onitions w0ere t0e


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t0e 2er2etrator t0e nee to lea


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atro3ities as an im2ortant 2art o/ t0eir re3o


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page 1K(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

) Pre(trial 20ase ( Pro2osals an ommentar

1 !nter


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2u:li3 an 2ress s0oul :e allowe

T0ese me30anisms in3lue alteration o/ a witness' image or


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page 1I(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

*! Pro2ose Penalties

T0e Tri:unal Statute 2ros0all 0a


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Wit0 regar to /a3tors w0i30 s0oul mitigate t0e o//ense uner Arti3le B4=B? o/ t0e Tri:unal Statute, it is signi/i3antt0at t0e ugosla


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) ommentar

As a result o/ t0e gener(s2e3i/i3 3rimes 2er2etrate against t0em, women are su//ering :ot0 tangi:le anintangi:le losses T0e 0aserious 2ersonal in;ur alsoin3lues instan3es o/ 20si3al or mental in;ur arising /rom se@ual assault, torture, aggra F"1KB6

T0e om2ensation ommission 2ro=a? a s2ouse, 30il or 2arent o/t0e ini


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page B1(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

Tri:unal ;uges :egan 3onsieration o/ t0eir $ules o/ Pro3eure an E


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page BB(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

&ur grou2 eli:erate long an intensel a:out t0e eli3ate :alan3e :etween t0e nee /or t0e elimination o/ gener(stereot2es, re3ognition o/ t0e 3oer3i


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situations an to >2ea3etime>

E//orts to esta:lis0 an aeuate rule w0i30 2rote3ts


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all le


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Former ugosla


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page BK(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

F"76See, eg, Fi/t0 Perio $e2ort on t0e Situation o/ Human $ig0ts in t0e Territor o/ t0e Former ugosla


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F"156Tri:unal Statute, su2ra note 1, art 5

F"1K6See $0ona o2elon, Sur/a3ing #ener- $e3on3e2tualiCing rimes Against Women in Time o/ War, in+ass $a2e- T0e War Against Women in )osnia( HerCego


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page BI(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

F"6EliCa:et0 &io()enito =osta $i3a?

F"16 !nternational Tri:unal /or t0e Prose3ution o/ Persons $es2onsi:le /or Serious *iolations o/ !nternationalHumanitarian Law ommitte in t0e Territor o/ t0e Former ugosla


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Jenni/er #reen, Aministrati


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20ase o/ t0e 2ro3eeings, trials an a22eals, t0e amission o/ e ! at 2ara B =em20asis ae?As a3ts w0i30 3learl atta3 a woman's ignit an >will/ull 3ause6 great su//ering or serious in;ur to :o or0ealt0,> /or3e im2regnation an /or3e maternit woul t0us uali/ as >gra w0en 3ommitte against>2rote3te 2ersons> !

F"596#ene


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K %ST 51K, T!AS "o K5, 75 %"TS BI7,art 147 0ereina/ter Fourt0 #ene


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+ilitar Tri:unals in "urem:erg, >3rimes against 0umanit> as e/ine in t0e "urem:erg 0arter an ontroloun3il Law "o 1, su2ra note 5, 3onsist o/ in0umane a3ts on t0e same le )la3's Law i3tionar 117 =Kt0 e 199?

F"776Wit0 res2e3t to geno3ie an ot0er 2erse3ution(:ase o//enses, /or e@am2le, t0e ugosla< onstitution2ro0i:ite 2u:li3 an 2ri


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or e2ortation as geno3ial a3ts See riminal oe, 30 11, art 1B4 =ugo? 0ereina/ter 19KB oe6 riminalLaw, So3ialisti3 si36 Feerati


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/reuentl aroun t0e time s0e o


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F"996Hostage ase =%nite States


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page K(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

$e3entl 2u:lis0e in/ormation etails t0e lin :etween su22osel ine2enent 2aramilitar grou2s an t0ego


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or im2risone 2erson s0all, e %" o3 AGKG9GL1, 2ara B =19I4? =em20asis ae? See also "igel S$ole, T0e Treatment o/ Prisoners %ner !nternational Law BB(B5 =19IK?

F"11K6See, eg, Estri30, su2ra note 11B H Fiel O L )ienen, Jurors an $a2e- A Stu !n Ps30olog an Law=l9I? Stri3t 3ontrols in non( emergen3 3onte@ts 3an :e /oun, /or e@am2le, in t0e Australian E


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5 HSTWLJ 171 Page I(Cite as: 5 Hastings Women's L.J. 171)

F"116!, art BB

F"1B6Helsini Wat30 !, su2ra note B, at 11

F"16A)A $e2ort, su2ra note 4K, at 4B "o Justi3e, "o Pea3e, su2ra note 7

F"146A)A $e2ort, su2ra note 14K, at 9 A! +emoranum, su2ra note B, at B7 %" $e2ort, A22eni@ ),in/ra "o Justi3e, "o Pea3e su2ra note 7 T0e Ameri3an )ar Asso3iation an !nternational Human $ig0ts Law#rou2 re2orts is3uss t0ese met0os in t0e 3onte@t o/ 2rote3ting t0e 2ri


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F"1476! art 1II

F"14I6! art 1I7

F"1496! arts 1I1(1II

F"156! art 41

F"1516E


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F"1K6! T0ese 3ategories en3om2ass at least some o/ t0e in3lues >lasting im2airment o/ t0e


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is t0e onl rule t0us /ar su:;e3t to an re

affecting the rules for prosecution of rape

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