affective and cognitive trust in multicultural work groups and the role of cultural intelligence as...
TRANSCRIPT
Affective and cognitive trust in multicultural work groups and the role of Cultural Intelligence as a moderator of the effects of cultural diversity
Thomas Rockstuhl & Kok-Yee Ng
Special thanks to David A. Kenny
2April 10, 2023
Agenda
1. Theory Development2. Empirical Testing (Experimental
Methods)3. Empirical Testing (Field Methods)4. Additional Methods5. Discussion
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Motivation
Growing number of employees work in MCTs (Grensing-Pophal, 2002)
Challenge to create MCTs that work effectively remains (Montaya-Weiss, Massey, & Song, 2001)
Cultural diversity broadens range of perspectives, skills, and insights (Maddux & Galinsky, 2006), yet cultural barriers can cause misunderstandings (Behfar, Kern, & Brett, 2006)
Trust particularly relevant in global collaborations where uncertain and incomplete knowledge of group members is common (Child, 2001)
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Diversity and performance
The simple model of diversity…
Has received no empirical support… in reviews (Jackson, Joshi, & Erhardt, 2003; Williams &
O’Reilly, 1998) in meta-analysis (Stewart, 2006; Webber & Donahue,
2001)
CulturalDiversity
Performance+
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Diversity and performance (2)
CulturalDiversity
Performance
Trust / Cohesion
Creativity /Resources
-
+
+
+
…because the two effects likely cancel each otherout (e.g., Reagans et al., 2004)
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But what about levels of analysis?
Explanations of negative effects rely on Social Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) and Similarity-Attraction-Paradigm (Byrne, 1971)
Essentially located at the Relational or dyadic level of analysis
Problem best addressed by SRM (e.g., Van der Vegt et al., 2006)
Examine trust as outcome because conceptualized as individual, dyadic, and group-level construct (Rousseau et al., 1998)
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Cognitive and affective foundations of trust (McAllister, 1995)
Cognitive foundations of trust exist if the partner reliably and dependably meets the actors expectations
More likely to depend on partner’s role performance than social categorization processes
H1: Cognitive trust is not reciprocal
H2: Cognitive trust does not depend on dyadic cultural diversity
Affective foundations of trust exist in the emotional bonds between individuals
Likely to depend on social categorization processes
H1: Affective trust is reciprocal
H2: Affective trust is negatively related to dyadic cultural diversity
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Cultural Intelligence…
The capability of an individual, group, ororganization to function effectively insituations characterized by cultural diversity
- Earley & Ang, Cultural Intelligence, Stanford University Press, 2003
Cultural intelligence helps individuals and organizations
(i) overcome cultural barriers, and (ii) synergize differences to achieve win-win outcomes.
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… may dampen negative effects of cultural diversity…
based on Sternberg’s (1986) integrative framework of intelligences: mental CQ: Cognitive – processes and strategies of knowing
(metacognitive); knowledge (cognition) motivational CQ: drive & interest in learning and adapting
to other cultures behavioral CQ: flexibility in enacting appropriate verbal and
nonverbal actions across cultures
CQ may change the flexibility of process of identification and categorization (Moynihan et al., 2006)
Diversity trainings essentially aim at competencies that are related to high CQ (Roberson, 2006)
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…by affecting the social categorization process!
Individuals high in mental CQ possess more flexible self-concepts (Moynihan et al., 2006) that integrate new cultural aspects more easily and thus reduce feelings of dissimilarity
Individuals high in behavioral CQ are more likely to enhance the sense of familiarity by putting the other party at ease (Earley & Mosakowski, 2004)
H3: The actors mental CQ positively moderates the negative effect of dyadic cultural diversity
H4: The partners behavioral CQ positively moderates the negative effect of dyadic cultural diversity
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Sample & Measures
259 students from 40 project teams at NBS age 22 years (SD=1.9) 75 % female 197 local Singaporean, the rest exchange students from 9
countries group diversity range: 0 - 0.81 623 dyads of which 199 (32%) are cross-cultural
Affective Trust (McAllister, 1995) 3 items (α=0.89) Cognitive Trust (McAllister, 1995) 3 items (α=0.86) CQ (Ang et al., 2006)
mental CQ (4 items meta-cognitive; α=0.77 / 6 items cognitive; α=0.87)
behavioral CQ (5 items; ; α=0.81)
CQ assessed at project start, trust at project end (4 months)
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Not all types of trust are relational…
Affective Trust Cognitive Trust
Actor Variance 0,279 0,170
Partner Variance 0,034 0,084
Actor-Partner Covariance
0,011 0,005
Group Variance 0,033 0,030
Dyadic Covariance 0,103 0,008
Error 0,272 0,099*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* p < .01
Reciprocity: Affective Trust 0.379 Cognitive Trust 0.082
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…or affected by dyadic cultural diversity
Beta Std. Error Beta Std. Error
Intercept 4.35 (0.07)** 4.58 (0.06)**
Group-level cultural diversity -0.41 (0.17)* -0.55 (0.15)**
Cross-cultural dyad -0.21 (0.05)** 0.01 (0.04)
Affective Trust Cognitive Trust
Ethnic background of partner only affects affective trust but not cognitive trust
Effect is quite large (Cohen’s d = -0.91) Supportive of Social Categorization Process
* p< .05; ** p< .01
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But Cultural Intelligence does matter…
Beta Std. Error
Intercept 3.98 (0.29)**
Group-level cultural diversity -0.36 (0.17)*
Cross-cultural dyad -0.31 (0.05)**
Mental CQ Actor 0.14 (0.06)*
Mental CQ Partner -0.04 (0.03)
Behavioral CQ Actor -0.03 (0.05)
Behavioral CQ Partner 0.02 (0.02)
Cross-cultural dyad * Mental CQ Actor 0.14 (0.06)*
Cross-cultural dyad * Mental CQ Partner -0.00 (0.06)
Cross-cultural dyad * Behavioral CQ Actor -0.00 (0.06)
Cross-cultural dyad * Behavioral CQ Partner 0.09 (0.05)†
Affective Trust
† p<.1; * p< .05; ** p< .01
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…in reducing negative effects of cultural diversity!
3,8
3,9
4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,8
low high
M e n t a l C Q s e l f
affe
ctive
Tru
st
3,7
3,8
3,9
4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
low high
B e h a v i o r a l C Q p a r t n e r
affe
ctive
Tru
st
mono-cultural dyad
cross-cultural dyad
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Future directions
Group-level trust? issues of subgroup formation trust-climate vs. group trust
Linking Trust back to performance Moderator or Mediator
Development of Trust over time… Training interventions for CQ?