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Affordable Wind Turbines for Energy Poverty Alleviation
IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference Tutorial Session
30 October 2011 Seattle, WA
Dr. Henry Louie
Seattle University
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Agenda
• Case Study: Zambia • The Market • The Technology • Field Notes • Lessons Learned • Next Steps
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ZAMBIA
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Zambia +12 million people
• 25% have electricity • per capital energy use: 3.3% of USA
+8 million live in rural communities • 4% have access to electricity • 50% of rural population have electronic devices
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Case Study: Zambia 8
The Market for Electricity • Cell Phone Charging: With charger: 1000 Kwacha (US$ 0.20) With shop charger: 1500 Kwacha (US$ 0.30)
• Car Battery Charging: 2500 Kwacha (US$ 0.50) Charged overnight
• LI cellular phone battery capacity: 5 Wh Cost per Wh: US$ 0.04
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Back-of-envelope calculation: • Village size: 1000 people • Percent with cellular phones: 15 • Charge Frequency: 1/week • Charges per day: 21 • Energy required: 105 Wh per day • Wind turbine capacity factor: 15% • Wind turbine size: 30 W • Income: US$4.20/day • Payback time on $500 investment: 120 days
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Appropriate Technology Wind Turbines
• Open-source design • Support social businesses Manufacturer Service Merchant power producer
• Made in-country • Common and accessible
materials • Simple techniques
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Appropriate Technology Wind Turbines
Advantages • Manufacturability
– Simple tools – Simple process – Material availability
• Mechanical – Can be easily repaired – Intuitive design
• Supports social buisness • Renewable energy source
Disadvantages • Tower structure required • Site assessment difficult • Intermittency • Rare earth magnets • Maintenance • AC/DC conversion • Battery system
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Approach • Start with existing Do-It-Yourself wind turbine
design • Build prototypes in Seattle • Assess feasibility and field test in rural
community • Redesign, refine and retest
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Appropriate Technology Wind Turbine
• Axial Flux • Permanent Magnet (NdFeB) • Dual Rotor • 12-Pole • Direct Drive • Synchronous • Three Phase • 5 foot blades • Based on design in Homebrew Wind Power
(www.otherpower.com)
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Generator made in Seattle Blades, Tower, made in Zambia
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magnets
coils
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Simulated Power Output
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
200
400
600
800
1000
Mechanical Frequency (RPM)
Pow
er (W
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
200
400
600
800
1000
Mechanical Frequency (RPM)
Pow
er (W
)
24 V Battery 12 V Battery
Cut-in
N
N
N N
N
N S
S
S
S
S
S
Rare earth magnets
Resin
Second rotor is duplicate of first
terminals
Three phase wye 14 AWG enameled wire
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rotors
stator
hub
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ZAMBIA
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X Chikuni
Lusaka
Livingstone
230 miles
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anemometer
100
inch
es
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X 450 ft
Wind turbine location
Prevailing Wind
Wind Speed Measurements
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0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
15-minute average wind speed (mph)
occu
rrenc
es
0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
15-minute max wind speed (mph)
occu
rrenc
es
Maximum Values Average Values
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100 inches
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4 foot blades vs. 5 foot blades
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312
ρ= pAP C v
5 ft
4 ft
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Generator
Blades
Hub
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Generator assembly
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cows
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qv4B7zy08w
Wind Speed Measurements (During Field Testing)
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0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
instantaneous wind speed (mph)
occu
rrenc
es
Instantaneous Values
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Furled Position Facing into the Wind
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Va Vb
Vc n
Generator
short to stop turbine
+
- 12V battery
switch
3-Phase Rectifier
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faBwLgE4NE0
Wind Speed vs. RPM
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0 5 10 15 20 250
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
instantaneous wind speed (mph)
RPMLarge variation due to inertia of blades
Efficiency and Tip Speed Ratio
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Cp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
0.6
0.2
0.4
TSR
TSR between 5 and 7 is considered good
Wind Speed vs. TSR
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0 5 10 15 20 250
1
2
3
4
5
6
instantaneous wind speed (mph)
TSR
Very low TSR, efficiency
Reshaping the Blades
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Inefficient Leading Edge
Reshaped Leading Edge
Wind Speed vs. RPM
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0 5 10 15 20 250
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
instantaneous wind speed (mph)
RPM
Wind Speed vs. TSR
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0 5 10 15 20 250
1
2
3
4
5
6
instantaneous wind speed (mph)
TSR
Improved TSR, efficiency
Performance Data
• Volts per Hz Measured: 1.07
• Cut-in RPM (12 V battery) Measured: 85 RPM
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Performance Data
• Idle Speed: 11 mph • Cut-in (battery charging): 15 mph • Max RPM tested: 330 • Maximum instantaneous power output: 75 W • Continuous power output: 5 W • Blades were wrong size for generator
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700W Wind Turbine Costs • Pipe: $78 • Wood: $13 • Wire: $0.32/m x 250m = $80 • Magnets*: 24 x $15 = $360 • Resin*: $80 • Hardware*: $130 • Rectifier*: $7 • Battery: $125 • Metal Parts*: $450 • Electrical*: $20
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* Price in the U.S.
Total: US $1343
Cost Considerations
• Does not include tools, labor • Price of rare earth magnets increasing and
volatile • Magnets not easy to find • Wind turbine is too big, expensive • Micro loans generally are $500 or less
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Lessons Learned • Very location dependent Best energy source Prices/availability Expertise Economics Tower
• Most components can be found locally, prices are usually more expensive than in U.S.
• Feasibility of blade and tower construction
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Future Plans • Design 100 W wind turbine • Engineer safe, secure tower solution • Work with local community • Promote as a business opportunity
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0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00Time [ms]
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Y1
[V]
0.00
25.00
50.00
75.00
100.00
125.00
Mov
ing1
.Pos
ition
[deg
]
Maxwell3DDesign2XY Plot 1 ANSOFT
Curve Info Y AxisMoving1.Position Moving1.Position
InducedVoltage(A_Phase) Y1
InducedVoltage(B_Phase) Y1
InducedVoltage(C_Phase) Y1
Acknowledgements • Fr. Bert Otten, S.J. • Steve Szablya, PE • Ayesha Pirbhai • Josh Peavler • Karim Farraj • Byron Lynch • Carmen Cejudo • Dino Go
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Chikuni Jesuit Mission
Questions? 63
References [1] H. Louie and S. J. Szablya “Electromagnetic Field Modeling of
Appropriate Technology Generators for Rural Electrification Applications,” IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, Seattle, WA, Oct. 2011.
[2] R. Podmore, R. Larsen, H. Louie and B. Waldron “Affordable Energy
Solutions for Developing Communities,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, Jul. 2011.
[3] H. Louie “Experiences in the Construction of Open Source Low
Technology Off-Grid Wind Turbines,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, Jul. 2011.
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Learn More
• www.communitysolutionsinitiative.org/ • www.drhenrylouie.com
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@henrylouie
S C I E N C E A N D E N G I N E E R I N G
Henry Louie, PhD Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 901 12th Avenue, Bannan 219 P.O. Box 222000 Seattle, WA 98122-1090 www.seattleu.edu
Tel: (206) 398-4619 Fax: (206) 296-5962 [email protected]
COLLEGE OF
Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ze9DSB7dRA • Raising The Turbine in Chikuni, Zambia(255.5M) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qOQk6gl7O8 • Wind Turbine and Electrical Setup in Chikuni, Zambia(27.1M) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EO38Mo_WJdk • The Wind Turbine Spinning in Chikuni, Zambia(57.87M) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ9U7uz8onk • Electric Braking During High Speed Operation in Chikuni, Zambia(59.45M) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faBwLgE4NE0 • Alternate View of the Turbine Configuration from the bottom of Dam in
Chikuni, Zambia(53.72M) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qv4B7zy08w
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